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:''For other uses, including the [[Amazon Rainforest]] & [[Amazon River]] see [[Amazon (disambiguation)]]''
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The '''Amazons''' (in [[Ancient Greek|Greek]], ''Αμαζόνες'') were a mythical ancient nation of all-female warriors, at the edges of [[Scythia]] in [[Sarmatians|Sarmatia]] ([[Herodotus]]). The histories and legends in [[Greek mythology]] may be inspired in warrior women among the [[Sarmatians]] (Iranians).
The nomadic Sarmatians had women fighting alongside men, probably defending their village from attacks; but they were ordinary, man-loving, child-rearing women, not muscle-bound man-haters as depicted in mythology, moreover they were always buried alongside the men so the story of an all female race is most likely untrue. <ref name=amaz>http://www.stoa.org/diotima/essays/wilde.shtml</ref>
[[Image:Amazon preparing for the battle (Queen Antiope or Armed Venus) - Pierre-Eugene-Emile Hebert 1860 - NG of Arts Wash DC.jpg|right|thumb|Amazon preparing for the battle (Queen Antiope or Armed Venus) - [[Pierre-Eugène-Emile Hébert]] 1860 [[National Gallery of Art]]]]
==Etymology==
This word is probably derived from the [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] [[ethnonym]] ''*ha-mazan-'', originally meaning "''warriors''". A connected word is probably the [[Hesychius of Alexandria|Hesychius]] of [[Alexandria]] gloss {{polytonic|ἁμαζακάραν· πολεμεῖν. Πέρσαι}} ("''hamazakaran'': 'to make war' (Persian)", containing the [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] root ''kar-'' "make" also in ''[[karma|kar-ma]]'').
The Greek variant of the name was connected by [[popular etymology]] to ''[[privative a|a-]]'' (privative) + ''mazos'', "without [[breast]]", connected with an [[etiology|aetiological]] tradition that Amazons had their right breast cut off or burnt out, so they would be able to use a bow more freely and throw spears without the physical limitation and obstruction; there is no indication of this practice in works of art, in which the Amazons are always represented with both breasts, although the right is frequently covered. Other suggested derivations were: ''[[copulative a|a-]]'' (intensive) + ''mazos'', breast, "full-breasted"; ''a-'' (privative) and ''masso'', touch, "not touching" (men); ''maza'', a [[Circassian]] word said to signify "moon", has suggested their connection with the worship of a [[Lunar deity|moon-goddess]], perhaps the Asiatic representative of [[Artemis]]. According to John Colarusso,<ref>[http://www.circassianworld.com/colarusso_3.html Colarusso, "Myths from the forests of Circassia", ''The World and I'' 1989.]</ref> the Circassian word a-maz(ə)-áh-na, pronounced like the Greek Amazon (stress on the last syllable), means 'mother-of-the-forest', but could also be interpreted as 'moon mother'.<ref>[http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0147.html Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. 1, p. 138]; [[Daniel Garrison Brinton|Daniel G. Brinton]], ''The Protohistoric Ethnography of Western Asia'',
Proceedings of the [[American Philosophical Society]] (1895), calls them a "Hittite class of priestesses", deriving the Circassian word from an [[Indo-European]] word for "moon" (Sanskrit ''{{IAST|māsa}}'').</ref>
== Amazons of Greek mythology ==
<!-- comment out missing image [[Image:AmazonBattle.JPG|thumbnail|right|''Amazon Preparing for Battle'' or ''Armed Venus'', by [[Pierre-Eugène-Emile Hébert]].]]-->
[[Image:Amazonomachia Louvre Ma2119 2.jpg|right|thumb|''[[Amazonomachy]]'' (fight between Greeks and Amazons), relief of a sarcophagus (ca. [[180 BC|180]]), found in Thessaloniki, 1836.]]
Amazons were said to have lived in [[Pontus]], which is part of modern day [[Turkey]] near the shore of the [[Euxine Sea]] (the [[Black Sea]]), where they formed an independent kingdom under the government of a queen, often named [[Hippolyta]] ("she lets her horses loose"). They were supposed to have founded many towns, amongst them [[Smyrna]], [[Ephesus]], [[Sinope]], and [[Paphos]]. According to the dramatist [[Aeschylus]], in the distant past they had lived in [[Scythia]], at the ''Palus Maeotis'' ("Lake Maeotis", the [[Sea of Azov]]), but later moved to [[Themiscyra]] on the River [[Thermodon]] (the Terme river in northern Turkey). [[Herodotus]] called them [[Androktones]] ("killers of men"), and he stated that in the Scythian language they were called 'Oiorpata', which also has this meaning.
In some versions, no men were permitted to have sexual encounters or reside in Amazon country; but once a year, in order to prevent their race from dying out, they visited the [[Gargareans]], a neighbouring tribe. The male children who were the result of these visits were either [[infanticide|put to death]], sent back to their fathers or [[child abandonment|left in the wilderness]] to fend for themselves; the females were kept and brought up by their mothers, and trained in agricultural pursuits, hunting, and the art of war ([[Strabo]] xi. p. 503).
In the ''[[Iliad]]'', the Amazons were referred to as ''Antianeira'' ("those who fight like men").
The Amazons also make an appearance with the [[Argonauts]], who came across the island of [[Lemnos]] on their way to the land of [[Colchis]]. They found Lemnos inhabited only by women and ruled by Queen [[Hypsipile]]. They named the island '''Gynaikokratumene''', which in Greek means ''reigned by women''. [[Apollonius of Rhodes]] writes that the women received Jason and his companions in battle array -- "Hypsipile assumed her father's arms, and led the van, terrific in her charms." The young queen tells them that Lemnos was invaded in the past and all of the men were killed. The Amazons invite the Argonauts to take their fallen husbands' places. What the Argonauts do not realize is that the men of the island were slain by their own womenfolk. The Argonauts fortunately were not persuaded to stay long. As they sailed away through the [[Hellespont]] and crept up the [[Euxine]] they are told -- "flee the Amazonian shore, Else Themyscira soon, with rude alarms, Had seen the assembled Amazons in arms."
The Amazons appear in [[Greek art]] of the [[Archaic period]] and in connection with several Greek legends. They invaded [[Lycia]], but were defeated by [[Bellerophon]], who was sent out against them by [[Iobates]], the king of that country, in the hope that he might meet his death at their hands (''Iliad'', vi. 186). The tomb of [[Myrine]] is mentioned in the ''Iliad''; later interpretation made of her an Amazon: according to [[Diodorus Siculus|Diodorus]],<ref>Book ii.45-46; book iii.52-55.</ref> Queen Myrine led her Amazons to victory against [[Ancient Libya|Libya]] and much of [[Gorgon]].
They attacked the [[Phrygia]]ns, who were assisted by [[Priam]], then a young man (''Iliad'', iii. 189). Although in his later years, towards the end of the [[Trojan War]], his old opponents took his side again against the Greeks under their queen [[Penthesilea]] "of [[Thrace|Thracian]] birth" ([[Quintus Smyrnaeus]]), who was slain by [[Achilles]], in the ''[[Aethiopis]]''<ref>The epic, by [[Arctinus of Miletus]], is lost: only references to it survive.</ref> that continued the ''Iliad''. (Quintus Smyrn. i.; [[Justin II|Justin ii]]. 4; Virgil, ''Aeneid'' i. 490).
One of the tasks imposed upon [[Heracles]] by [[Eurystheus]] was to obtain possession of the [[girdle]] of the Amazonian queen [[Hippolyte]] (''[[Apollodorus]]'' ii. 5). He was accompanied by his friend [[Theseus]], who carried off the princess [[Antiope (mythology)|Antiope]], sister of Hippolyte, an incident which led to a retaliatory invasion of [[Attica, Greece|Attica]], in which Antiope perished fighting by the side of Theseus. In some versions, however, Theseus marries Hippolyta and in others, he marries Antiope and she does not die. The battle between the Athenians and Amazons is often commemorated in an entire genre of art, [[amazonomachy]], in marble [[bas-relief]]s such as from the '''''[[Parthenon]]''''' or the sculptures of the '''''[[Mausoleum of Maussollos|mausoleum]] of [[Halicarnassus]]'''''.
[[Image:Thalestris, Queen of the Amazons, visits Alexander (1696).jpg|left|thumb|Thalestris, Queen of the Amazons, visits [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]] ([[1696]])]]
The Amazons are also said to have undertaken an expedition against the [[Snake Island (Black Sea)|island of Leuke]], at the mouth of the [[Danube]], where the ashes of Achilles had been deposited by [[Thetis]]. The ghost of the dead hero appeared and so terrified the horses, that they threw and trampled upon the invaders, who were forced to retire. [[Pompey]] is said to have found them in the army of [[Mithridates VI of Pontus|Mithridates]].
They are heard of in the time of Alexander, when some of the great king's biographers make mention of Amazon Queen [[Thalestris]] visiting him and becoming a mother by him. However, several other biographers of Alexander dispute the claim, including the highly regarded [[secondary source]], [[Plutarch]]. In his writing he makes mention of a moment when Alexander's secondary naval commander, [[Onesicritus]], was reading the Amazon passage of his Alexander history to King [[Lysimachus]] of [[Thrace]] who was on the original expedition: the king smiled at him and said "And where was I, then?"
The Roman writer [[Virgil]]'s characterization of the [[Volsci]]an warrior maiden [[Camilla (mythology)|Camilla]] in the ''[[Aeneid]]'' borrows heavily from the myth of the Amazons.
Some "Amazon" names are purely poetic invention. Quintus Smyrnaeus (''Posthomerica'' i) lists the attendant warriors of Penthesilea: "Clonie was there, Polemusa, Derinoe, Evandre, and Antandre, and Bremusa, Hippothoe, dark-eyed Harmothoe, Alcibie, Derimacheia, Antibrote, and Thermodosa glorying with the spear."
* [[Ainia]]
* [[Antianara]]
* [[Antibrote]]
* [[Antiope (mythology)|Antiope]]
* [[Asteria]]
* [[Cleite]]
* [[Helene (mythology)|Helene]]
* [[Hippolyte]]
* [[Melanippe]]
* [[Otrera]]
* [[Penthesilea]]
* [[Thalestris]]
* [[Thebe (mythology)|Thebe]]
== Scythia and Sarmatia==
[[Image:Nuremberg chronicles f 28v 2.png|thumb|250px|right|Amazons. From the ''[[Nuremberg Chronicle]]'' (1493).]]
[[Herodotus]] reports that the Sarmatians were descendants of Amazons and Scythians, and that their females "have continued from that day to the present [i.e. up to [[440 BC]]] to observe their ancient [Amazonian] customs, frequently hunting on horseback with their husbands; in war taking the field; and wearing the very same dress as the men" Moreover, said Herodotus, "No girl shall wed till she has killed a man in battle". In the story related by [[Herodotus]], a group of Amazons was blown across the [[Sea of Azov|Maeotian Lake]] (the [[Sea of Azov]]) into [[Scythia]] near the cliff region (today's southeastern [[Crimea]]). After learning the Scythian language, they agreed to marry Scythian men, on the condition that they not be required to follow the customs of Scythian women. According to Herodotus, this band moved toward the northeast, settling beyond the [[Don River (Russia)|Tanais]] ([[Don River (Russia)|Don]]) river, and became the ancestors of the [[Sarmatians|Sauromatians]]. According to [[Herodotus]], the [[Sarmatians]] fought with the Scythians against [[Darius the Great]] in the [[5th century]] B.C.
Hippocrates describe them as: "They have no right breasts...for while they are yet babies their mothers make red-hot a bronze instrument constructed for this very purpose and apply it to the right breast and cauterize it, so that its growth is arrested, and all its strength and bulk are diverted to the right shoulder and right arm." But experts agree that the Amazons would not have had the medical knowledge to manage the inevitable massive hemorrhage or infection if such ablation of the breast actually occurred. Others claim that amputation of the breast followed by cauterization could have been performed with instruments specifically designed for this purpose.
Both Herodotus' and Hippocrates' accounts inform us the Sarmatians took interest in turning their women into strong-armed huntresses and fighters.
Archaeological evidence seems to confirm the existence of Women-Warriors, as Sarmatian women's active role in [[military operation]] and social life. Burial of armed Sarmatian women comprise about 25 percent of the military burial in the group, and are usually buried with bows.<ref name=amaz>http://www.stoa.org/diotima/essays/wilde.shtml</ref>
Russian archaeologist Vera Kovalevskaya points out that when Scythian men were away fighting or hunting, nomadic women would have to be able to defend themselves, their animals and pasture-grounds competently. During the time that the Scythians advanced into Asia and achieved near-hegemony in the Near-East, there was a period of twenty-eight years when the men would have been away on campaigns for long periods. During this time the women would not only have had to defend themselves, but to reproduce and this could well be the origin of the idea that Amazons mated once a year with their neighbours, if Herodotus actually intended to base this on a factual base.<ref name=amaz>http://www.stoa.org/diotima/essays/wilde.shtml</ref>
Before modern archaeology uncovered some of the Scythian burials of warrior-maidens entombed under [[kurgan]]s in the region of [[Altay Mountains]] and [[Sarmatia]],<ref>In a recent excavation of [[Sarmatian]] sites by Dr. Jeannine Davis-Kimball,{{Fact|date=March 2007}} a tomb was found wherein female warriors were buried.</ref> giving concrete form at last to the Greek tales of mounted Amazons, the origin of the story of the Amazons has been the subject of speculation among classics scholars. In the 1911 ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' speculation ranged along the following lines:
:While some regard the Amazons as a purely mythical people, others assume an historical foundation for them. The deities worshipped by them were [[Ares]] (who is consistently assigned to them as a god of war, and as a god of [[Thrace|Thracian]] and generally northern origin) and [[Artemis]], not the usual Greek goddess of that name, but an Asiatic deity in some respects her equivalent. It is conjectured that the Amazons were originally the temple-servants and priestesses (''hierodulae'') of this goddess; and that the removal of the breast corresponded with the self-mutilation of the god [[Attis]] and the [[galli]], Roman priests of [[Cybele]]. Another theory is that, as the knowledge of geography extended, travellers brought back reports of tribes ruled entirely by women, who carried out the duties which elsewhere were regarded as peculiar to man, in whom alone the rights of nobility and inheritance were vested, and who had the supreme control of affairs. Hence arose the belief in the Amazons as a nation of female warriors, organized and governed entirely by women.
According to J. Vurtheim (''De Ajacis origine'', [[1907]]), the Amazons were of Greek origin: "all the Amazons were Dianas, as [[Diana (goddess)|Diana]] herself was an Amazon". It has been suggested that the fact of the conquest of the Amazons being assigned to the two famous heroes of Greek mythology, Heracles and Theseus — who in the tasks assigned to them were generally opposed to monsters and beings impossible in themselves, but possible as illustrations of permanent danger and damage — shows that they were mythical illustrations of the dangers which beset the Greeks on the coasts of [[Anatolia|Asia Minor]]; rather perhaps, it may be intended to represent the conflict between the [[Culture of Greece|Greek culture]] of the colonies on the [[Black Sea]] and the [[barbarism]] of the native inhabitants. It's very likely that they tried to portray [[Culture of Greece|Greek culture]] as the center of civilitzation, portraying the inhabitants in the surrounding of their territories as barbaric.
[[Image:Deruet-Departure_of_the_Amazons-1620.jpg|thumb|400px|left|"Departure of the Amazons",by [[Claude Deruet]], 1620.]]
Medieval and Renaissance authors credit the Amazons with the invention of the [[Battle-axe people|battle-axe]]. This is probably related to the [[Sagaris]], an axe-like weapon associated with both Amazons and Scythian tribes by Greek authors (see also [[Aleksandrovo kurgan]]). [[Paulus Hector Mair]] expresses astonishment that such a "manly weapon" should have been invented by a "tribe of women", but he accepts the attribution out of respect for his authority, [[Johannes Aventinus]].
== Alternative origin hypotheses ==
:''See also [[Minoan women]].''
P. Walcot spoke for most [[mythographers]] when he wrote, "Wherever the Amazons are located by the Greeks, whether it is somewhere along the Black Sea in the distant north-east, or in Libya in the furthest south, it is always beyond the confines of [[Civilization|the civilized world]]. The Amazons exist outside the range of normal human experience."<ref>P. Walcot, "Greek Attitudes towards Women: The Mythological Evidence" ''Greece & Rome''2nd Series '''31'''.1 (April 1984, pp. 37-47) p 42.</ref> Thus it is unexpected to find them placed by a modern writer in Crete, in the heart of the Aegean world. When Minoan archeology was still in its infancy, nevertheless, a theory raised in an essay regarding the Amazons contributed by L.R. Farnell and J.L. Myres to Marett,'s ''Anthropology and the Classics'', 1908,<ref>L.R. Farnell and J.L. Myres, "Herodotus and anthropology" in [[Robert Ranulph Marett|Robert R. Marett]] ''Anthropology and the Classics'' 1908, pp. 138ff.</ref> placed their possible origins in [[Minoan]] civilization, drawing attention to overlooked similarities between the two cultures. According to Myres, (pp. 153 ff), the tradition interpreted in the light of evidence furnished by supposed Amazon cults seems to have been very similar and may have even originated in [[Minoan]] culture. <!--The following is a "hard sell" for an outdated idea: "The theory that the Amazons originally represented Minoan Crete's females has a strong case based on what [[archeologists]] and historians have been discovering about Minoan culture. Out of all the ancient civilizations which are so far known to archaeologists and historians the Minoans seem to fit most of the aspects that classical Greeks and later scholars have come to associate with the Amazonian culture."-->
Recent archaeological finds{{Fact|date=March 2007}} unearthed on the island of [[Lemnos]], which is part of the [[Lesbos Prefecture]] islands, brings to light similarities that are found in Greek mythology between the Amazons and the [[Argonauts]] who came across this island and found it inhabited only by women, naming it '''Gynaikokratumene''' (''Reigned By Women''). The city of '''Poliochni''' dating back to the [[Bronze Age|Early Bronze Age]] makes it one of the oldest in Europe. Excavations show that Poliochni was a rather wealthy city, twice the size of contemporary Troy and had large houses arranged in blocks with main roads, wells and drainages. The city had a 5 meter high [[stone wall]] surrounding it with what seem to be slots for archers. Poliochni is also the only place were arrowheads have been found during this time period. Some theorize that the city's uniformed large houses demonstrates there existed a society with very little social differences that one would associate with a society of matriarchy, similar to that a society of Amazons would have had. Another interesting theory raised between the island and the Amazons of Greek mythology is the name of the ancient city of [[Myrina, Greece|Myrina]], a striking coincidence that one of the earliest Amazon queens was named [[Myrina (mythology)|Myrina]] who could muster 30,000 [[Infantry|foot-soldiers]] and 3000 cavalry. It was during her reign that the Amazons encountered another race of woman warriors known as the [[Gorgons]]. Interestingly the island of Lesbos has a church dedicated to a ''[[Panagia]] [[Gorgon|Gorgona]]''. Although most of these theories are more based on the desire of proving the actual existence of the mythological Amazons, than on a strong factual base.
==Amazon cults and tombs in Ancient Greece==
According to ancient sources, ([[Plutarch]] [[Theseus]][http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:BiDerPMT15YJ:classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/theseus.html+Amazon+statues+in+Scotussa&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=4], [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]][http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:B2dsDIpcPU0J:www.swan.ac.uk/classics/staff/dg/lectures/attica/atticapaus.htm+amazon+statues+in+Megara&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=4]), Amazon tombs could be found frequently throughout what was once known as the ancient Greek world. Some are found in [[Megara]], [[Athens]], [[Chaeronea]], [[Chalcis]], [[Thessaly]] at '''Scotussa''', in [[Cynoscephalae]] and statues of Amazons are all over Greece. At both '''Chalsis''' and [[Athens]] [[Plutarch]] tells us that there was an Amazoneum or shrine of Amazons that implied the presence of both tombs and cult. On the day before the Thesea at Athens there were annual sacrifices to the Amazons. In historical times Greek maidens of [[Ephesus]] performed an annual circular dance with weapons and shields that had been established by [[Hippolyte]] and her Amazons. They had initially set up wooden statues of [[Artemis]], a bretas, ([[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], (fl.c.[[160]]): Description of Greece, Book I: Attica[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/pausanias-bk1.html]). With the fall of the [[Minoan civilization]], other than the mythological Amazons, there has yet to be discovered a culture which historically was known to exist, their [[Superstructure|social infrastructure]] so well organized and somewhat familiar to scholars which was dominated by women the way Minoan culture was.
[[Image:Gladiatrix relief.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Two [[female gladiator]]s with their names '''Amazonia and Achillea''']]
== Amazons in Greek and Roman art ==
In works of art, battles between Amazons and Greeks are placed on the same level as and often associated with battles of Greeks and [[centaurs]]. The belief in their existence, however, having been once accepted and introduced into the national poetry and art, it became necessary to surround them as far as possible with the appearance of not unnatural beings. Their occupation was hunting and war; their arms the bow, spear, axe, a half shield, nearly in the shape of a crescent, called ''pelta'', and in early art a helmet, the model before the Greek mind having apparently been the goddess Athena. In later art they approach the model of Artemis, wearing a thin dress, girt high for speed; while on the later painted vases their dress is often peculiarly [[Iran|Persian]] – that is, close-fitting trousers and a high cap called the kidaris. They were usually on horseback but sometimes on foot. They can also be identified in vase paintings by the fact that they are wearing one earring. The battle between Theseus and the Amazons (''[[Amazonomachy]]'') is a favourite subject on the friezes of temples (e.g. the reliefs from the frieze of the temple of [[Apollo]] at [[Bassae]], now in the [[British Museum]]), vases and sarcophagus reliefs; at [[Athens]] it was represented on the shield of the statue of [[Athena Parthenos]], on wall-paintings in the [[Theseum]] and in the [[stoa|''Stoa Poikile'']]. There were also three standard [[Amazon statue types]].
==In later literature==
{{see|Woman warriors in legend and mythology|Amazons in popular culture}}
''[[Orlando furioso]]'' contains a country of warrior women, ruled by Queen Orontea; the epic describes an origin much like that in Greek myth, in that the women, abandoned by a band of warriors and unfaithful lovers, rallied together to form a nation from which men were severely reduced, to prevent their regaining power.
''[[Wonder Woman]]'' created by William Moulton Marston, is an American comic book super heroine (1941), who is a modern adaption of the 'Amazon' legend. Wonder Woman is Princess Diana of the Amazons, based on Greek mythology. The Amazon ambassador to the larger world, Diana was awarded several gifts by the Olympian gods, including the magic Lasso of Truth and immobility, and indestructible bracelets. For several years she was described in the splash page of each story, as "beautiful as Aphrodite, wise as Athena, swifter than Mercury, and stronger than Hercules." Her mother is [[Hippolyta]], Queen of the Amazons and her aunt is Antiope.
In addition to comic books, the character was featured in the popular 1975 to 1979 television adaptation starring [[Lynda Carter]], as well as the Super Friends and Justice League animated series. Plans for a motion picture adaptation are also underway.
The TV series "Xena Warrior Princess" and "Legendary Adventures of Hercules" have both featured Amazon characters.
==Sources and notes==
<references/>
== Bibliography ==
* [[A. D. Mordtmann]], ''Die Amazonen'' (1862)
* [[W. Stricker]], ''Die Amazonen in Sage und Geschichte'' (1868)
* [[A. Klugmann]], ''Die Amazonen in der attischen Literatur und Kunst'' (1875)
* [[H. L. Krause]], ''Die Amazonensage'' (1893)
* [[F. G. Bergmann]], ''Les Amazones dans l'histoire et dans la fable'' (1853)
* [[P. Lacour]], ''Les Amazones'' (1901)
* articles in [[Pauly-Wissowa]]'s ''Realencyclopadie,'' and [[W. H. Roscher]]'s ''Lexikon der Mythologie''
* [[George Grote]], ''History of Greece,'' pt. i. ch. 11.
* [[J. A. Salmonson]], ''The Encyclopedia of Amazons'' (1991), ISBN 0-385-42366-7
* [[Josine H. Blok]], ''The Early Amazons: Modern and Ancient Perspectives on a Persistent Myth'' (1995)
{{1911}}
== See also ==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commonscat|Amazons}}
{{wiktionary|Amazon}}
* [[Amazons in popular culture]]
* [[History of women in the military]]
* [[Timeline of women in ancient warfare]]
* [[woman warriors in legend and folklore]]
* [[Dahomey Amazons]]
* [[Valkyrie]]
* [[Themis]]
* [[Artemis]]
* [[Liburnians]] (according to [[Scylax of Caryanda|Pseudo-Scylax]] ruled by women)
* [[Virago]]
* [[Matriarchy]]
* [[Terra Feminarum]]
* [[Sitones]]
== External links ==
* [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Hdt.+4.110.1 Herodotus on the Amazons]
** [http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?pageno=180&fk_files=1131 Herodotus via Gutenberg]
** [http://www.perseus.org/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0004%3Aid%3Damazon Perseus]
* [http://www.theowljournal.com/article.php?issue=06&story=04&comments=1 Man-Handlers: Feminism in Ancient Greece] by Declan Jenkins, [[New College, Oxford]], in [http://www.theowljournal.com ''The Owl Journal'']
* [http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/mamazon.html Straight Dope: Amazons]
** [http://www.sacred-texts.com/wmn/rca/index.htm Religious cults associated with the Amazons]
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/wmn/rca/rca02.htm The Amazons in Greek Legend]
* [http://www.lisasmedman.topcities.com/page22.html Amazons of Mythology]
* [http://www.net4you.co.at/users/poellauerg/Amazons/1372210e.html Amazon Research Center]
* [http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/mamazon.html Straight Dope]
* [http://folk.uio.no/thomas/lists/amazon-connection.html The Amazon Connection]
* [http://www.moonspeaker.ca/amazonsframe.html Amazon Nation]
* [http://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/case_amazon/index.html Secrets of the Dead: Amazon Warrior Women (PBS)]
* [http://www.silk-road.com/artl/sarmatian.shtml The Women Warriors - the Sarmatians]
* [http://www.theamazonspolo.com The Amazons Polo Team]
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