South Tyrol and Diavik Airport: Difference between pages

Revision as of 14:35, 20 September 2005

Revision as of 08:31, 5 July 2007

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{{Infobox Airport

[[Image:tyrol.gif|222px|right|Flag of the Autonomous Province of Bozen - South Tyrol]]

| name = Diavik Airport

| nativename =

| nativename-a =

| nativename-r =

| image =

| image-width =

| caption =

| IATA =

| ICAO = CDK2

| type = Private

| owner-oper = [[Diavik Diamond Mine]]s

| city-served =

| ___location = Diavik Diamond Mine

| elevation-f = 1,413

| elevation-m = 431

| coordinates = {{Coord|64|30|41|N|110|17|22|W|type:airport}}

| website = [http://www.diavik.ca/index.htm www.diavik.ca/]

| metric-elev =

| metric-rwy =

| r1-number = 10T/28T

| r1-length-f = 5,004

| r1-length-m = 1,525

| r1-surface = [[Gravel]]

}}

'''Diavik Airport''' {{Airport codes|||CDK2}}, is a private aerodrome in the [[Northwest Territories]], [[Canada]] that serves the [[Diavik Diamond Mine]]. It's situated in a busy area due to the closeness of [[Ekati Airport]]. Prior permission is required to land except in the case of an emergency.

'''South Tyrol''' ([[Italian language|Italian]]: ''Alto Adige'', [[German language|German]]: ''Südtirol''; official in Italian: ''Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano-Alto Adige'', official in German: ''Autonome Provinz Bozen-Südtirol'') is an autonomous [[Provinces of Italy|province]] of [[Italy]] that belongs to the [[Regions of Italy|region]] of [[Trentino-Alto Adige]], of which it is a subdivision. South Tyrol's extensive autonomy makes it ''[[de facto]]'' comparable to an autonomous region of Italy. The province itself is divided into 116 municipalities called [[Communes of South Tyrol|communes]]. {{ref|communes}} The capital of the province is [[Bolzano-Bozen]]. It has an area of 7,400 sq km, and a total population of 476,023 (2004). South Tyrol is known for their [[mountains]], which compose a portion of the Italian Alps and the main [[alps]] chain located in [[Europe]].

==External link==

The province was part of the [[Austria-Hungary]] Empire until the end of [[World War I]] when it was ceded to Italy together with the southern italian-speaking province of Trent (Trento). After World War II, the German-speaking minority requested a possible reunification with [[Austria]], but the idea was rejected by the [[Allied Powers]] in [[1945]] and in [[1946]]. Due to the rejection, Austria and Italy agreed on [[autonomy]] for South Tyrol and now the province enjoys a degree of self rule from the [[Government of Italy|Italian Government]] and lively relations with Austria.

*[http://www.copanational.org/PlacesToFly/airport_view.php?pr_id=8&ap_id=1039 Page about this airport] on [[Canadian Owners and Pilots Association|COPA's]] ''Places to Fly'' airport directory

==HistoryReferences==

*{{CFS}}

{{Canadian Airports}}

:''See main article: [[History of South Tyrol]].''

[[Category:Airports in the Northwest Territories]]

===World War I===

Since [[1882]], Italy was part of the [[Triple Alliance (1882)|Triple Alliance]] (German: ''Dreibund''), a defensive pact signed with Germany and Austria-Hungary. When Austria-Hungary, in [[1914]], declared war against Serbia, thus starting [[World War I]], Italy remained neutral. Austria-Hungary, fearing Italian intervention in war against it, offered some territorial compensations in exchange for Italian neutrality for the whole war. On the other side, [[Triple Entente]] signed with Italy the [[London Pact]], which promised territorial gains at expenses of Austria-Hungary, including South Tyrol, in exchange for Italian intervention in war.

The frontline followed mostly the South Tyrol- Italian border, which ran right through the highest mountains of the Alps. The ensuing front became know as the "War in ice and snow", as troops occupied the highest mountains and glaciers all year long. 12 metres (40 feet) of snow were a usual occurrence during the winter of 1915/16 and tens of thousands of soldiers disappeared in [[avalanches]]. The remains of these soldiers are still being uncovered today. The Italian [[Alpini Corps|Alpinis]], as well as their South Tyrolean counterparts: [[Kaiserjäger]], [[Standschützen]] and [[Landeschützen]] occupied every hill and mountain top and began to carve whole cities out of the rocks and even drilled tunnels and living quarters deep into the ice of glaciers like the [[Marmolada]]. Guns were dragged by hundreds of troops on Mountains up to 3,890 m (12,760 feet) high. Streets, cable cars, mountain railroads and walkways through the steepest of walls were built.

But whoever had occupied the higher ground first was almost impossible to dislodge, so both sides turned to drilling tunnels under mountain peaks, filling them up with explosives and then detonating the whole mountain to pieces, including its defenders: Col di Lana, Monte Pasubio, Lagazuoi, etc.

Climbing and skiing became essential skills for the troops of both sides and soon Ski Battalions and Special Climbing units were formed.

In 1918, after Austrian defeat at the [[Battle of Vittorio Veneto]], Italian troops ended the war with Austria-Hungary by penetrating deep in South Tyrol. The annexation was confirmed by the [[Treaty of Saint-Germain]]. The areas around [[Trento]] formed Italian-speaking [[Trentino]]. In the north the region around [[Bozen-Bolzano|Bozen/Bolzano]] were inhabited by ethnic Germans and [[Ladin language|Ladins]] (today Ladin is the third official language of South Tyrol, alongside German and Italian).

{{NorthwestTerritories-airport-stub}}

===Fascist rule and World War II===

After the rise of [[Fascism]] in [[1922]] a policy of [[Italianisation]] was implemented. All places, down to the tiniest hamlet, were given Italian names, and even family names were translated. The process intensified in the [[1930s]], when the government of [[Benito Mussolini]] encouraged thousands of southern Italians to relocate to the region. Hitler did not claim the German speaking South Tyrol for his "Reich", because Mussolini was too important as an ally. In 1939, both dictators agreed to give the German-speaking population a choice: they could emigrate to Germany (or its new territories) or stay in Italy and accept their complete Italianisation. It was a difficult choice for the people of South Tyrol: between their language or the landscape where their ancestors had lived. Both solutions meant the crackdown of their culture. As a consequence, South Tyrolen society was deeply riven. Those who wanted to stay ("Dableiber"), were condemned as traitors, those who left ("Optanten") were defamed as Nazis. Because of the outbreak of the WWII, this agreement between Mussolini and Hitler was never fully accomplished.

[[lmo:Diavik Airport]]

In 1943, after the deposition of Mussolini and the capitulation of Italy, German troops invaded Northern Italy. South Tyrol became part of the "Operationszone Alpenvorland". Many German-speaking South Tyroleans wanted revenge upon Italians living in the area, which was mostly stemmed by the occupying Nazis, who still considered Mussolini head of the "[[Italian Social Republic|Repubblica di Salò]]".

[[pms:Diavik Airport]]

In 1945 the South Tyrolean Peoples Party (Südtiroler Volkspartei) was founded, above all by "Dableiber" - people who had chosen to stay in Italy after the agreement between Hitler and Mussolini. A party founded by the "Optanten" would not have been acceptable for the occupying Americans, due to their apparently close relationship to the Nazis.

===After World War II===

With the [[Treaty of Gruber-De Gasperi]] (1946) the German-speaking people were granted special rights. But the statutory order was implemented by De Gasperi for the whole region (South Tyrol and Trentino), where Italians were in the majority, making real self-government for the German-speaking South Tyroleans impossible. Even the implementation of this "First statutory order" was delayed repeatedly, while more and more Italians were encouraged to relocate to South Tyrol, with the aim of creating an Italian majority.

As a consequence of delaying implementation of the statutory order, the late [[1950s]] and especially [[1960s]] saw the rise of anti-Italian terrorism in South Tyrol. At the beginning the terrorist strategy was targeted only against structures.

The 1960s brought some progress towards the establishment of self-government for the South Tyroleans. In consequence, only the most fanatical of the terrorists wanted to continue their fight for an Austrian South Tyrol by violent means. Terrorists carried out 361 attacks with explosives, guns and land mines between [[1956]] and [[1988]]. Acts were mainly against structures; however, there were 21 casualties, four of which were 4 terrorists, slain by their own explosive devices. The wounded amounted to 57.

Eventually, the pressure of terrorism caused the Italian central government to consider a "Second statutory order", primarily for the mostly German-speaking province of Bozen/Bolzano (South Tyrol).

Today, the [[South Tyrol]] (i.e. the [[Province]] of Bozen-Südtirol or Bolzano-Alto Adige) enjoys a high degree of autonomy, and relations with [[Tyrol (state)|North and East Tyrol]] - the two portions of the old state retained by [[Austria]] - are lively, especially since [[Austria]] joined the [[European Union]]. The [[South Tyrolean People's Party]], or ''Südtiroler Volkspartei'', has been consistently in power since its founding in 1945. Places today have two (German/Italian) or even three (Ladin/German/Italian) names.

According to the [[2001]] [[census]] more than two-thirds of the population is German speaking (68%); the second most used language is Italian (28%), followed by Ladin (4%).

== Government ==

[[Image:Villnoess St Magdalena.jpg|thumb|250px|Funes-Villnöss]]

During the closing months of World War II, South Tyrol was involved in negotiations with the Austrian provisional government to come up with a plan to hand the land back over to [[Austria]]. However, the Allied Powers did not allow this plan to continue in a decision made in the [[fall]] of [[1945]]. While a [[referendum]] and protests were held inside of South Tyrol and in Austria to support the merger with Austria, the plan was finally defeated the following year. This opened the door for the Italian and Austrian governments to allow autonomy for the province. Due to the [[Paris Agreement]] between Italy and Austria, South Tyrol was promised legislative and executive power by the Italian government. The details of these powers were laid out in the [[Autonomous Statute]], an agreement that was passed by the Italian [[Constituent Assembly]] on [[31 January]] [[1948]].

The province is divided into eight districts, with one of them being the capital city of Bozen-Bolzano. The other seven districts encompass a portion of the various communes and the people who are located in those communes. Each district is headed by a president and two bodies called the district committee and the district council. The districts are responsible for inter-communal disputes, roads, schools and social services such as retirement homes. {{ref|districts}}

== Economy ==

Out of the 454,000 residents of the province, 219,000 of them are employed ([[1999]]). Most of these employees are working in the fields of [[agriculture]], handicrafts, [[industry]], commerce, [[tourism]], self employed professionals and the service industry. The unemployment level in 1999 was roughly around 3 [[percent]], which is lower than the national (Italian) average of 9 percent, or the [[Germany|German]] average of 10%. In the handicraft industry, a majority of the products that come from here are [[cabinet]] making, [[construction]], [[painting]], [[plumbing]], [[butchery]] and [[baking]]. South Tyrol also acts as a bridge between the European and Italian markets and hotel stays in the province count for 8 percent of the money Italy earns from hotels and other lodging. {{ref|economy}}

== Geography ==

[[Image:Map of South Tyrol (de).png|thumb|Map (German)]]

South Tyrol is located at the uppermost point in Italy. The province is bordered by [[Austria]] to the east and north and by [[Switzerland]] to the west. Italian provinces that border South Tyrol are [[Belluno]] to the south east, [[Trentino]] to the south and by [[Sondrio]] to the south west. The landscape itself is mostly cultivated with different types of [[srubs]] and [[forests]]. {{ref|landscape}}

=== Mountains ===

[[Image:Schlern 1.jpg|thumb|Schlern mountain]]

[[Mountains]] dot many parts of the of South Tyrol landscape. Many of these mountains belong to a chain of mountains called the [[Alps]], which are a group of mountains in various nations in Europe. In this mountain chain, there is a smaller group of alps called the [[Ortler Alps]]. In this grouping, which is considered the center of the Italian alps, there is a mountain called the [[Ortler]]. Standing at 3905 [[meters]] tall, the Ortler is the highest point of the Ortler alps. Another group of Aleutians located in South Tyrol are called the [[Dolomites]]. The Dolomites are a section of the main alps chain, which equal parts of it are located in South Tyrol and neighboring Italian provinces. A mountain that is located in South Tyrol, the [[Schlern]] (2563 meters), is part of the Dolomite chain. Other mountains that are located in South Tyrol are:

* [[Rosengarten]] (''Catinaccio'')

* [[Latemar]]

* [[Drei Zinnen]] (''Tre Cime di Lavaredo'')

* [[Zainggerberg]]

== Notable natives ==

Freedom fighters:

* [[Andreas Hofer]]

* [[Sepp Kerschbaumer]]

Inventors and scientists:

* [[Max Valier]]

Others:

* [[Reinhold Messner]]

* [[Gilbert & George]] Artists

* [[Luis Trenker]]

* [[Walther von der Vogelweide]]

* [[Oswald von Wolkenstein]]

* [[Giorgio Moroder]]

* [[Ötzi the Iceman]]

== References ==

# {{Note|communes}} [http://www.upinet.it/indicatore.asp?id_statistiche=6 Italian institute of statistics ''Istat'']

# {{Note|districts}} [http://www.provinz.bz.it/english/overview/municipal.htm South Tyrol Municipal and District Government]

# {{Note|landscape}} [http://www.trauttmansdorff.it/Landscapes_of_South_Tyrol.html Landscapes of South Tyrol]

# {{Note|economy}} [http://www.hk-cciaa.bz.it/eic/pag1-e.htm Euro Info Center - South Tyrol (1999)]

== See also ==

*[[Communes of South Tyrol]]

*[[Castles of South Tyrol]]

== External links ==

{{Commons|South_Tyrol}}

*[http://www.suedtirol.info Südtirol - the official tourism website]

*[http://www.provinz.bz.it/english/ Civic network of South Tyrol] - Official site of the Autonomous Province of Bozen - South Tyrol

*[http://www.provinz.bz.it/english/overview/autonomy_statute.htm Details of the autonomy statute South Tyrol]

*[http://www.lugbz.org Linux User Group Bozen-Bolzano-Bulsan (South Tyrol)]

[[Category:Provinces of Italy|Bozen-Bolzano]]

[[Category:South Tyrol|*]]

[[als:Südtirol]]

[[ca:Tirol del Sud]]

[[de:Südtirol]]

[[fr:Province autonome de Bolzano]]

[[it:Provincia autonoma di Bolzano]]

[[ja:ボルツァーノ自治県]]

[[la:Tirolum Meridionale]]

[[ro:Tirolul de Sud]]

[[nl:Zuid-Tirol]]

[[pl:Południowy Tyrol]]

[[pt:Tirol Meridional]]

[[ru:Южный Тироль]]

{{Trentino-Alto Adige}}