Fascism and Diavik Airport: Difference between pages

Revision as of 15:06, 20 September 2005

Revision as of 08:31, 5 July 2007

Line 1:

{{Infobox Airport

{{Template:Fascism}}

| name = Diavik Airport

'''Fascism''' (in [[Italian language|Italian]], ''fascismo''), capitalized, was the [[authoritarian]] [[politics|political]] movement which ruled [[Italy]] from [[1922]] to [[1943]] under the leadership of [[Benito Mussolini]]. Similar political movements spread across [[Europe]] between [[World War One]] and [[World War Two]] and took several forms such as [[Nazism]] and [[Clerical fascism]]. [[Neofascism]] is generally used to describe post-WWII movements seen to have fascist attributes.

| nativename =

| nativename-a =

| nativename-r =

| image =

| image-width =

| caption =

| IATA =

| ICAO = CDK2

| type = Private

| owner-oper = [[Diavik Diamond Mine]]s

| city-served =

| ___location = Diavik Diamond Mine

| elevation-f = 1,413

| elevation-m = 431

| coordinates = {{Coord|64|30|41|N|110|17|22|W|type:airport}}

| website = [http://www.diavik.ca/index.htm www.diavik.ca/]

| metric-elev =

| metric-rwy =

| r1-number = 10T/28T

| r1-length-f = 5,004

| r1-length-m = 1,525

| r1-surface = [[Gravel]]

}}

'''Diavik Airport''' {{Airport codes|||CDK2}}, is a private aerodrome in the [[Northwest Territories]], [[Canada]] that serves the [[Diavik Diamond Mine]]. It's situated in a busy area due to the closeness of [[Ekati Airport]]. Prior permission is required to land except in the case of an emergency.

Fascism was typified by attempts to impose state control over all aspects of life. The definitional debates and arguments by academics over the nature of fascism, however, fill entire bookshelves. There are clearly elements of both left and right ideology in the development of Fascism.

==External link==

Modern colloquial usage of the word has extended the definition of the terms fascism and neofascism to refer to any [[totalitarian]] worldview regardless of its political ideology, although scholars frown on this. Sometimes the word "fascist" is used as a [[Fascist (epithet)|hyperbolic political epithet]].

*[http://www.copanational.org/PlacesToFly/airport_view.php?pr_id=8&ap_id=1039 Page about this airport] on [[Canadian Owners and Pilots Association|COPA's]] ''Places to Fly'' airport directory

==References==

*{{CFS}}

{{Canadian Airports}}

The word "fascism" comes from ''[[fascio]]'' (plural: ''fasci''), which may mean "bundle," as in a political or militant group or a nation, but also from the [[fasces]] (rods bundled around an axe), which were an [[ancient Rome|ancient Roman]] symbol of the authority of [[magistrate]]s. The Italian 'Fascisti' were also known as [[Black Shirts]] for their style of uniform incorporating a black shirt (See Also: [[political colour]]).

[[Category:Airports in the Northwest Territories]]

{{NorthwestTerritories-airport-stub}}

Italian Fascism is often considered to be a proper noun and thus denoted by a capital letter "F", whereas generic fascism is conventionally represented with the lower-case character "f". Italian Fascism is considered a model for other forms of fascism, yet there is disagreement over which aspects of structure, tactics, culture, and ideology represent a "fascist minimum" or core.

[[lmo:Diavik Airport]]

==Definition==

[[pms:Diavik Airport]]

The term fascism has come to mean any system of government resembling Mussolini's, that in various combinations:

* exalts the nation and party above the individual, with the [[state]] apparatus being supreme.

* stresses loyalty to a single leader, and submission to a single culture.

* engages in economic [[totalitarianism]] through the creation of a [[Corporatist]] State, where the divergent economic and social interests of different races and classes are combined with the interests of the State.

As a political and economic system in Italy, fascism combined elements of corporatism, totalitarianism, [[nationalism]], and [[anti-Communism]]. In an article in the [[1932]] ''Enciclopedia Italiana'', written by [[Giovanni Gentile]] and attributed to Benito Mussolini, fascism is described as a system in which "The State not only is authority which governs and molds individual wills with laws and values of spiritual life, but it is also power which makes its will prevail abroad... For the Fascist, everything is within the State and... neither individuals nor groups are outside the State... For Fascism, the State is an absolute, before which individuals or groups are only relative..."

Mussolini, in a speech delivered on [[October 28]], [[1925]], stated the following maxim that encapsulates the fascist philosophy: "''Tutto nello Stato, niente al di fuori dello Stato, nulla contro lo Stato.''" ("Everything in the State, nothing outside the State, nothing against the State".) Therefore, he reasoned, all individuals' business is the state's business, and the state's existence is the sole duty of the individual.

Another key distinguishing feature of fascism is that it uses a mass movement to attack or absorb the organizations of the [[working class]]: parties of the [[left-wing politics|left]] and [[trade union]]s. Peter Fritzsche and others have described fascism as a militant form of right-wing [[populism]], although in terms of the [[political compass]] Fascism is more of a [[third positionist]] doctrine of the 'extreme center'. This mobilization strategy involves the creation of a ''Corporative State'' [http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/bus/A0813636.html], in brief, this is a form of state action designed to both minimize the power of key business leaders and [[labor unions]]. Mussolini, for example, capitalized on fear of a Communist revolution [http://www.thecorner.org/hists/total/f-italy.htm], finding ways to unite Labor and Capital to prevent [[class war]]. In [[1926]] he created the National Council of Corporations, divided into guilds of employers and employees, tasked with managing 22 sectors of the economy. The guilds subsumed both labor unions and management, and were represented in a chamber of corporations through a triad comprising of a representative from management, from labour and from the party. Together they would plan aspects of the economy for mutual advantage. The movement was supported by small [[capitalist]]s, low-level [[bureaucracy|bureaucrats]], and the [[middle class]]es, who had all felt threatened by the rise in power of the Socialists. Fascism also met with great success in rural areas, especially among farmers, peasants, and in the city, the [[lumpenproletariat]]. This working class support arose from the greater allegiance that many had to their State over class.

Unlike the pre-World War II period, when many groups openly and proudly proclaimed themselves fascist, since World War II the term has taken on an extremely pejorative meaning, largely in reaction to the [[crimes against humanity]] committed by the [[National Socialist]] [[Nazi]]s, who were allied with Mussolini during the war.

Today, very few groups proclaim themselves as openly fascist, and the term is almost universally used for groups for whom the speaker has little regard, often with minimal understanding of what the term actually means. The term "fascist" is often ascribed to individuals or groups who are perceived to behave in an authoritarian or racialistic manner; by silencing opposition, judging personal behavior, or otherwise attempting to concentrate power. More particularly, "fascist" is sometimes used by members of the Left to characterize some group or persons of the [[right-wing politics|Right]]. This usage receded following the [[1970s]], but has interestingly enjoyed a strong resurgence in connection with [[anti-globalization]] activism, even though most genuine Fascist movements are rabidly anti-Globalist.

In addition to being anti-Globalist, fascism may be understood as being anti-[[liberalism]], anti-[[socialist]], anti-[[Communist]], anti-[[Democracy|democratic]], anti-[[Egalitarianism|egalitarian]], anti-[[rationalist]] etc., and in some of its forms anti-[[religion]] and anti-[[monarchy]].

==The origin and ideology of Fascism==

Etymologically, the use of the word Fascism in modern Italian political history stretches back to the [[1890]]s in the form of ''fasci'', which were radical left-wing <!-- yes, that's left-wing, see [[Fascio]] if in doubt. -- [[User:Jmabel|Jmabel]] | [[User talk:Jmabel|Talk]] 06:42, [[5 May]] [[2005]] (UTC) --> [[political faction]]s that proliferated in the decades before World War I. (See [[Fascio]] for more on this movement and its evolution.)

One of the first of these groups were the ''[[Fasci Siciliani]]'' who were part of the first movement that consisted of the Italian working-class peasants that made real progress. The ''Fasci Siciliani dei lavoratori'', were revolutionary socialists that were led by [[Giuseppe De Felice Giuffrida]].

==Italian Fascism==

''The [[Doctrine of Fascism]]'' was written by [[Giovanni Gentile]], a [[neo-Hegelian]] philosopher who served as the official philosopher of fascism. Mussolini signed the article and it was officially attributed to him. In it, French socialists [[Georges Sorel]], [[Charles Peguy]], and [[Hubert Lagardelle]] were invoked as the sources of fascism. Sorel's ideas concerning [[syndicalism]] and violence are much in evidence in this document. It also quotes from [[Ernest Renan]] who it says had "pre-fascist intuitions". Both Sorel and Peguy were influenced by the Frenchman [[Henri Bergson]]. Bergson rejected the [[scientism]], mechanical evolution and [[materialism]] of [[Marxist]] ideology. Also, Bergson promoted an ''[[elan vital]]'' as an evolutionary process. Both of these elements of Bergson appear in fascism. Mussolini states that fascism negates the doctrine of scientific and Marxian socialism and the doctrine of historic materialism. Hubert Lagardelle, an authoritative syndicalist writer, was influenced by [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]] who, in turn, inspired [[anarchosyndicalism]].

There were several strains of tradition influencing Mussolini. [[Sergio Panunzio]], a major theoretician of fascism in the [[1920]]s, had a [[syndicalist]] background, but his influence waned as the movement shed its old left wing elements. The fascist concept of corporatism and particularly its theories of [[class collaboration]] and economic and social relations have similarities to the model laid out by [[Pope Leo XIII]]'s [[1892]] [[encyclical]] ''[[Rerum Novarum]]''[http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Leo13/l13rerum.htm]. This encyclical addressed politics as it had been transformed by the [[Industrial Revolution]], and other changes in society that had occurred during the nineteenth century. The document criticized capitalism, complaining of the exploitation of the masses in industry. However, it also sharply criticized the socialist concept of [[class struggle]], and the proposed socialist solution to exploitation (the elimination, or at least the limitation, of private property). ''Rerum Novarum'' called for strong governments to undertake a mission to protect their people from exploitation, while continuing to uphold private property and reject socialism. It also asked [[Catholics]] to apply principles of social justice in their own lives.

Seeking to find some principle to compete with and replace the Marxist doctrine of [[class struggle]], ''Rerum Novarum'' urged social solidarity between the upper and lower [[classes]]. Its analogy of the state as being like a body working together as "one mind" had some cultural influence on the early Fascists of Catholic nations. It also indicated the state had a right to suppress "firebrands" and striking workers. Further ''Rerum Novarum'' proposed a kind of [[corporatism]] that resembled medieval guilds for an industrial age. This relates far more directly to [[Brazilian Integralism]] form of Fascism than anything in Italy. There are also disputable claims that it influenced [[The New Deal]]. The encyclical intended to counteract the "subversive nature" of both [[Marxism]] and [[liberalism]].

Themes and ideas developed in ''Rerum Novarum'' can also be found in the ideology of fascism as developed by Mussolini. Although it also contains ideas like "the members of the working classes are citizens by nature and by the same right as the rich" or "the State has for its office to protect natural rights, not to destroy them; and, if it forbid its citizens to form associations, it contradicts the very principle of its own existence," that never fit easily with Italian Fascism.

Fascism also borrowed from [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]]'s [[Constitution of Fiume]] for his ephemeral "regency" in the city of [[Fiume]]. [[Syndicalism]] had an influence on fascism as well, particularly as some syndicalists intersected with D'Annunzio's ideas. Before the First World War, syndicalism had stood for a militant doctrine of working-class revolution. It distinguished itself from Marxism because it insisted that the best route for the working class to liberate itself was the [[trade union]] rather than the party.

The [[Socialist Party of Italy|Italian Socialist Party]] ejected the syndicalists in [[1908]]. The syndicalist movement split between [[anarcho-syndicalists]] and a more moderate tendency. Some moderates began to advocate "mixed syndicates" of workers and employers. In this practice, they absorbed the teachings of Catholic theorists and expanded them to accommodate greater power of the state, and diverted them by the influence of D'Annunzio to nationalist ends.

When [[Henri De Man]]'s Italian translation of ''Au-dela du marxisme'' emerged, Mussolini was excited and wrote to the author that his criticism "destroyed any scientific element left in Marxism". Mussolini was appreciative of the idea that a corporative organization and a new relationship between labour and capital would eliminate "the clash of economic interests" and thereby neutralize "the germ of class warfare.'"

Renegade socialist thinkers, [[Robert Michels]], Sergio Panunzio, [[Ottavio Dinale]], [[Agostino Lanzillo]], [[Angelo Oliviero Olivetti]], [[Michele Bianchi]], and [[Edmondo Rossoni]], turning against their former left-wing ideas, played a part in this attempt to find a "third way" that rejected both capitalism and socialism.

Many historians claim that the [[March 23]], [[1919]] meeting at the Piazza San Sepolcro was the historic “birthplace” of the fascist movement. However, this would imply that the Italian Fascists “came from nowhere” which is simply not true. Mussolini revived his former group, ''Fasci d'Azione rivoluzionaria'', in order to take part in the 1919 elections in response to an increase in Communist activity occurring in Milan. The Fasci di Combattimenti were the result of this continuation (not creation) of the Fascist party. The result of the meeting was that Fascism became an organized political movement. Among the founding members were the revolutionary syndicalist leaders Agostino Lanzillo and Michele Bianchi.

In [[1921]], the fascists developed a program that called for:

* a [[republic|democratic republic]],

* [[separation of church and state]],

* a national army,

* [[progressive taxation]] for inherited wealth, and

* development of co-operatives or guilds to replace labor unions.

As the movement evolved, several of these initial ideas were abandoned and rejected.

Mussolini's fascist state was established nearly a decade before Hitler's rise to power (1922 and the [[March on Rome]]). Both a movement and a historical phenomenon, Italian Fascism was, in many respects, an adverse reaction to both the apparent failure of ''[[laissez-faire]]'' economics and fear of the Left.

Fascism was, to an extent, a product of a general feeling of anxiety and fear among the middle class of postwar Italy. This fear arose from a convergence of interrelated economic, political, and cultural pressures. Under the banner of this authoritarian and nationalistic ideology, Mussolini was able to exploit fears regarding the survival of capitalism in an era in which postwar depression, the rise of a more militant left, and a feeling of national shame and humiliation stemming from Italy's 'mutilated victory' at the hands of the World War I postwar peace treaties seemed to converge. Such unfulfilled nationalistic aspirations tainted the reputation of [[liberalism]] and [[constitutionalism]] among many sectors of the Italian population. In addition, such democratic institutions had never grown to become firmly rooted in the young [[nation-state]].

This same postwar depression heightened the allure of Marxism among an urban proletariat who were even more disenfranchised than their continental counterparts. But fear of the growing strength of [[trade union]]ism, [[Communism]], and socialism proliferated among the [[elite]] and the middle class. In a way, Benito Mussolini filled a political vacuum. Fascism emerged as a "third way" &mdash; as Italy's last hope to avoid imminent collapse of the 'weak' Italian liberalism, and Communist revolution.

While failing to outline a coherent program, fascism evolved into a new political and economic system that combined corporatism, totalitarianism, nationalism, and anti-Communism in a state designed to bind all classes together under a capitalist system. This was a new capitalist system, however, one in which the state seized control of the organization of vital industries. Under the banners of nationalism and state power, Fascism seemed to synthesize the glorious Roman past with a futuristic utopia.

Despite the themes of social and economic reform in the initial [[Fascist manifesto]] of June [[1919]], the movement came to be supported by sections of the middle class fearful of socialism and communism. Industrialists and landowners supported the movement as a defense against labour militancy. Under threat of a fascist [[March on Rome]], in October 1922, Mussolini assumed the premiership of a right-wing coalition [[Cabinet]] initially including members of the pro-church [[Partito Popolare|Partito Popolare (People's Party)]].

The [[regime]]'s most lasting political achievement was perhaps the [[Lateran Treaty]] of February [[1929]] between the Italian state and the [[Holy See]]. Under this treaty, the [[Papacy]] was granted temporal sovereignty over the [[Vatican City]] and guaranteed the free exercise of [[Catholicism]] as the sole state religion throughout Italy in return for its acceptance of Italian sovereignty over the Pope's former dominions.

In the [[1930s]], Italy recovered from the [[Great Depression]], and achieved economic growth in part by developing domestic substitutes for imports ([[Autarky|''Autarchia'']]). The draining of the malaria-infested Pontine Marshes south of Rome was one of the regime's proudest boasts. But growth was undermined by international sanctions following Italy's October [[1935]] invasion of [[Ethiopia]] (the [[Abyssinia crisis]]), and by the government's costly military support for Franco's Nationalists in [[Spain]].

International isolation and their common involvement in Spain brought about increasing diplomatic collaboration between Italy and [[Nazi Germany]]. This was reflected also in the Fascist regime's domestic policies as the first [[anti-semitic]] laws were passed in [[1938]].

Italy's intervention ([[June 10]]th [[1940]]) as [[Germany]]'s ally in World War II brought military disaster, and resulted in the loss of her north and east African colonies and the [[United States|American]]-[[United Kingdom|British]]-[[Canada|Canadian]] invasion of Sicily in July [[1943]] and southern Italy in September 1943.

Mussolini was dismissed as prime minister by King [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy|Victor Emmanuel III]] on [[July 25]]th 1943, and subsequently arrested. He was freed in September by German paratroopers under command of Otto Skorzeny and installed as head of a puppet "[[Italian Social Republic]]" at [[Salo]] in German-occupied northern Italy. His association with the German occupation regime eroded much of what little support remained to him. His summary execution on [[April 28]]th [[1945]] during the war's violent closing stages by the [[Italian resistance movement|northern partisans]] was widely seen as a fitting end to his regime.

After the war, the remnants of Italian fascism largely regrouped under the banner of the [[neo-Fascism|neo-Fascist]] "[[Italian Social Movement]]" (MSI). The MSI merged in [[1994]] with conservative former [[Democrazia Cristiana|Christian Democrats]] to form the [[Alleanza Nazionale|"National Alliance" (AN)]], which proclaims its commitment to [[constitutionalism]], [[Parliamentarism|parliamentary government]] and political pluralism.

==Nazism and Fascism==

[[Image:Hitlermusso.jpg|thumb|[[Benito Mussolini]] and [[Adolf Hitler]]]]

The extent and nature of the affinity between Fascism and Nazism has been the subject of much

academic debate. Although the modern consensus sees Nazism as a type or offshoot of fascism, there are many experts who argue that Nazism was ''not'' fascist at all, either on the grounds that the differences are too great, or because they deny that fascism is generic.

'''Differences'''

Nazism differed from Fascism proper in the emphasis on the state's purpose in serving a racial rather than a national ideal, specifically the [[social engineering (political science)|social engineering]] of [[culture]] to the ends of the greatest possible prosperity for the so-called "[[Master race]]" at the expense of all else and all others. In contrast, Mussolini's Fascism held that cultural factors existed to serve the state, and that it wasn't necessarily in the state's interest to serve or engineer any of these particulars within its sphere. The only [[purpose of government]] under fascism proper was to uphold the state as supreme above all else, and for these reasons it can be said to have been a governmental [[statolatry]]. Where Nazism spoke of "Volk", Fascism talked of "State".

While Nazism was a [[Metapolitics|metapolitical]] ideology, seeing both party and government as a means to achieve an ideal condition for certain chosen people, fascism was a squarely anti-socialist form of [[statism]] that existed as an end in and of itself. The Nazi movement, at least in its overt ideology, spoke of class-based society as the enemy, and wanted to unify the racial element above established classes. The Fascist movement, on the other hand, sought to preserve the class system and uphold it as the foundation of established and desirable culture, although this is not to say that Fascists rejected the concept of [[social mobility]]. Indeed a central tenet of the Corporate State was [[meritocracy]]. This underlying theorem made the Fascists and National Socialists in the period between the two world wars sometimes see themselves and their respective political labels as at best partially exclusive of one another, and at worst diametrically opposed to one another.

'''Affinities'''

Nevertheless, despite these differences, Kevin Passmore (2002 p.62) observes:

<blockquote>There are sufficient similarities between Fascism and Nazism to make it worthwhile applying the concept of fascism to both. In Italy and Germany a movement came to power that sought to create national unity through the repression of national enemies and the incorporation of all classes and both genders into a permanently mobilized nation.</blockquote>

Hitler and Mussolini themselves recognised commonalities in their politics.

The second part of Hitler's ''Mein Kampf'', "The National Socialistic Movement", first published in 1926, contains this passage:

<blockquote>I conceived the profoundest admiration for the great man south of the Alps, who, full of ardent love for his people, made no pacts with the enemies of Italy, but strove for their annihilation by all ways and means. What will rank Mussolini among the great men of this earth is his determination not to share Italy with the Marxists, but to destroy internationalism and save the fatherland from it. (p. 622)</blockquote>

==Mussolini's influences==

Fascism did not spring forth full-grown, and the writings of Fascist theoreticians cannot be taken as a full description of Mussolini's ideology, let alone how specific situations inevitably resulted in deviations from ideology. Mussolini's policies drew on both the history of the Italian nation and the philosophical ideas of the 19th century. What resulted was neither logical nor well defined, to the extent that Mussolini defined it as "action and mood, not doctrine".

Nonetheless, certain ideas are clearly visible. The most obvious is nationalism. The last time Italy had been a great nation was under the banner of the [[Roman Empire]] and Italian nationalists always saw this as a period of glory. Given that even other European nations with imperial ambitions had often invoked ancient Rome in their architecture and vocabulary, it was perhaps inevitable that Mussolini would do the same.

Following the [[fall of the Western Roman Empire]], Italy had not again been united until its final [[Italian unification|unification]] in 1870. Mussolini desired to affirm an Italian national identity and therefore saw the unification as the first step towards returning Italy to greatness and often exploited the unification and the achievements of leading figures such as [[Garibaldi]] to induce a sense of Italian national pride.

The Fascist cult of national rebirth through a strong leader has roots in the [[Romanticism|romantic movement]] of the 19th century, as does the glorification of war. For example, the loss of the war with [[Abyssinia]] had been a great humiliation to Italians and consequently it was the first place targeted for Italian expansion under Mussolini.

Not all ideas of fascism originated from the 19th century; for example, the use of systematic propaganda to pass on simple slogans such as "believe, obey, fight" and Mussolini's use of the [[radio]] both were techniques developed in the 20th century. Similarly, Mussolini's corporate state was a distinctly 20th-century creation.

==Fascism and the political spectrum==

Early fascists demonstrated a willingness to do whatever was necessary to achieve their ends, and easily shifted from left-wing to right-wing positions as suited their purposes. This inconsistency makes it difficult to strictly categorize fascism on the traditional political spectrum. Some scholars argue that Italian Fascism, unlike some other contemporary movements, did not grow out of a strict theoretical basis. Layton <!-- who?? cite, please -- [[User:Jmabel|Jmabel]] | [[User talk:Jmabel|Talk]] 06:05, Jan 5, 2005 (UTC) --> describes Fascism as "not even a rational system of thought", and as "unique but not original".

Fascism tends to be associated with the political right, but the appropriateness of this association is often contested. In one sense, fascism can be considered to be a new ideological development that transcends the right/left framework. At the same time, it does contain ideological elements usually associated with the right. These two facets can be seen in the following quote from Mussolini himself, writing in ''The Doctrine of Fascism'': "Granted that the XIXth century was the century of socialism, liberalism, democracy, this does not mean that the XXth century must also be the century of socialism, liberalism, democracy. Political doctrines pass; nations remain. We are free to believe that this is the century of authority, a century tending to the 'right', a Fascist century."

Griffin, Eatwell, Laqueuer, and Weber are among the top scholars of fascism, and they are reluctant to call fascism simply a right-wing ideology. Yet in their lengthy discussions they observe that generally fascism and neofascism allies itself with right-wing or conservative forces on the basis of racial nationalism, hatred of the political left, or simple expediency.

Laqueuer: "But historical fascism was always a coalition between radical, populist ('fascist') elements and others gravitating toward the extreme Right" p. 223.

Eatwell talks about the need of fascism for "syncretic legitimation" which sometimes led it to forge alliances with "existing mainstream elites, who often sought to turn fascism to their own more conservative purposes." Eatwell also observes that "in most countries it tended to gather force in countries where the right was weak" p. 39.

Griffin also does not include right ideology in his "fascist minimum," but he has described Fascism as "Revolution from the Right" pp. 185-201.

Weber: "...their most common allies lay on the right, particularly on the radical authoritarian right, and Italian Fascism as a semi-coherent entity was partly defined by its merger with one of the most radical of all right authoritarian movements in Europe, the Italian Nationalist Association (ANI)." p. 8.

Thus according to these scholars, there are both left and right influences on fascism, and right-wing ideology should not be considered part of the "fascist minimum". However, they also show that in actual practice, there is a gravitation of fascism toward the political right.

The adoption of the name by the Italian Fascist Party reflected the previous involvement of a number of ideologues who intersected with radical left politics. While opposing [[communism]] and [[social democracy]], fascism was influenced by the theories of [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]] (a former anarchist), [[Alceste de Ambris]] (influenced by [[anarcho-syndicalism]]), and former socialist [[Benito Mussolini]].

Fascists themselves often rejected categorization as left or right-wing, claiming to be a "[[third force]]" (see [[international third position]] and [[political spectrum]] for more information).

Analysts on the left counter that Fascism rejects [[Marxism]] and the concept of [[class struggle]] in favor of [[corporatism]]. Contrary to the practice of socialist states, fascist [[Italy]] did not [[nationalization|nationalize]] any industries or capitalist entities. Rather, the left insists, it established a [[corporatism|corporatist]] structure influenced by the model for class relations put forward by the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]]. (For more on the influence of Catholicism on fascism see [[Roman Catholicism's links with democracy and dictatorships#Fascism|links between the clergy and fascist parties]].)

==Fascism and other totalitarian regimes==

Some historians and theorists regard fascism and "[[Soviet Union|Soviet]] Communism" (or more specifically, [[Stalinism]]) as being similar, lumping them together under the term "totalitarianism". [[Friedrich Hayek]] argues that the differences between fascism and totalitarian forms of socialism (see [[Stalinism]]) are rhetorical rather than actual. Others see them as being so dissimilar as to be utterly incomparable.

According to the [[libertarian]] [[Nolan chart]], "fascism" occupies a place on the [[political spectrum]] as the capitalist equivalent of communism, wherein a system that supports "economic liberty" is constrained by its social controls such that it becomes totalitarian.

[[Hannah Arendt]] and other theorists of totalitarian rule argue that there are similarities between nations under Fascist and Stalinist rule. They condemn both groups as [[dictatorship]]s and totalitarian [[police state]]s. For example, both Hitler and Stalin committed the [[mass murder]] of millions of their country's civilians who did not fit in with their plans.

In [[1947]], [[Austrian]] economist [[Ludwig von Mises]] published a short book entitled "Planned Chaos". He asserted that fascism and Nazism were socialist dictatorships and that both had been committed to the Soviet principle of dictatorship and violent oppression of dissenters. He argued that Mussolini's major heresy from Marxist orthodoxy had been his strong endorsement of Italian entry into World War I on the Allied side. (Mussolini aimed to "liberate" Italian-speaking areas under Austrian control in the [[Alps]].) This view contradicts the statements of Mussolini himself (not to mention his socialist opponents), and is generally viewed with skepticism by historians. Critics of von Mises often argue that he was attacking a [[straw man]]; in other words, that he changed the definition of "socialism" in his book, for the precise purpose of accommodating fascism and Nazism into it.

Critics of this view point out that Mussolini imprisoned [[Antonio Gramsci]] from [[1926]] until [[1934]], after Gramsci, a leader of the [[Italian Communist Party]] and leading Marxist intellectual, tried to create a [[common front]] among the political left and the workers, in order to resist and overthrow fascism. Other Italian Communist leaders like [[Palmiro Togliatti]] went into exile and fought for the Republic in Spain.

The Marxist concept of [[dictatorship of the proletariat]] alluded to by Von Mises is not the same as the dictatorship concept employed by fascists, argue proponents of communism. ''Dictatorship of the proletariat'' is supposed to mean workers' democracy, or dictatorship by the working class, rather than dictatorship by the capitalist class. They claim that this concept had been distorted under Stalin to mean dictatorship by the [[General Secretary of the CPSU|General Secretary]] over the party and the working class. In this, Stalin deviated from Marx, and therefore it cannot be said that the Stalinist form of government is Marxist. Opponents of Communism, however, argue that the Soviet Union was dictatorial already under [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]].

The fascist economic model of corporatism promoted [[class collaboration]] by attempting to bring classes together under the unity of the state, a concept that is anathema to classic socialism.

The fascist states from the period between the two world wars were police states, as were the ostensibly socialist [[Soviet Union|USSR]] and the post-WWII [[Soviet bloc]] states. Conversely, there have been multi-party socialist states that ''have not'' been police states, and non-socialist states that ''have'' been police states.

Examples of police states in modern times, outside of the Communist world, include:

* [[Afghanistan]] under the [[Taliban]];

* [[Brazil]] under [[Getulio Vargas]] (fascism-like state) and also during the [[military dictatorship]] from 1964 to 1986;

* [[Burma]] ([[Myanmar]]) under the current [[military dictatorship]];

* [[Chile]] under General [[Augusto Pinochet]];

* the [[Republic of China]] under [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s [[Kuomintang]];

* [[Iran]] under the [[Mohammad Ali Shah]], as well as under the last [[Shah]], [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]], and later on under the [[Islamic Republic]];

* [[Iraq]] and [[Syria]] under [[Ba'athist]] dictatorships;

* [[South Vietnam]], [[South Korea]], [[Singapore]], etc. during certain periods of their recent history;

==Anti-Communism==

Fascism and Communism are political systems that rose to prominence after World War I. Historians of the period between World War I and World War II such as [[E.H. Carr]] and [[Eric Hobsbawm]] point out that liberalism was under serious stress in this period and seemed to be a doomed philosophy. The success of the [[Russian Revolution]] of [[1917]] resulted in a revolutionary wave across Europe. The socialist movement worldwide split into separate [[social democratic]] and [[Leninist]] wings. The subsequent formation of the [[Third International]] prompted serious debates within social democratic parties, resulting in supporters of the Russian Revolution splitting to form [[Communist Parties]] in most industrialized (and many non-industrialized) countries.

At the end of World War I, there were attempted socialist uprisings or threats of socialist uprisings throughout Europe, most notably in Germany, where the [[Spartacist uprising]], led by [[Rosa Luxemburg]] and [[Karl Liebknecht]] in January [[1919]], was eventually crushed. In Bavaria, Communists successfully overthrew the government and established the [[Munich Soviet Republic]] that lasted from [[1918]] to 1919. A short lived [[Hungarian Soviet Republic]] was also established under [[Béla Kun]] in 1919.

The Russian Revolution also inspired attempted revolutionary movements in Italy with a wave of factory occupations. Most historians view fascism as a response to these developments, as a movement that both tried to appeal to the working class and divert them from Marxism. It also appealed to capitalists as a bulwark against [[Bolshevism]]. Italian fascism took power with the blessing of Italy's king after years of leftist-led unrest led many conservatives to fear that a communist revolution was inevitable.

Throughout Europe, numerous [[aristocracy|aristocrats]], [[conservative]] intellectuals, capitalists and industrialists lent their support to fascist movements in their countries that emulated Italian fascism. In Germany, numerous right-wing nationalist groups arose, particularly out of the post-war [[Freikorps]], which were used to crush both the Spartacist uprising and the Munich Soviet.

With the worldwide [[Great Depression]] of the [[1930s]], it seemed that liberalism and the liberal form of capitalism were doomed, and Communist and fascist movements swelled. These movements were bitterly opposed to each other and fought frequently, the most notable example of this conflict being the [[Spanish Civil War]]. This war became a [[proxy war]] between the fascist countries and their international supporters &mdash; who backed [[Francisco Franco]] &mdash; and the worldwide Communist movement allied uneasily with [[anarchists]] and [[Trotskyists]] &mdash; who backed the [[Popular Front]] &mdash; and were aided chiefly by the Soviet Union.

Initially, the Soviet Union supported a coalition with the western powers against Nazi Germany and popular fronts in various countries against domestic fascism. This policy was largely unsuccessful due to the distrust shown by the western powers (especially Britain) towards the Soviet Union. The [[Munich Agreement]] between Germany, [[France]] and Britain heightened Soviet fears that the western powers were endeavoring to force them to bear the brunt of a war against Nazism. The lack of eagerness on the part of the British during diplomatic negotiations with the Soviets served to make the situation even worse. The Soviets changed their policy and negotiated a [[non-aggression pact]] known as the [[Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact]] in [[1939]]. [[Vyacheslav Molotov]] claims in his memoirs that the Soviets believed this was necessary to buy them time to prepare for an expected war with Germany. Stalin expected the Germans not to attack until [[1942]], but the pact ended in [[1941]] when [[Nazi]] Germany invaded the Soviet Union in [[Operation Barbarossa]]. Fascism and communism reverted to being lethal enemies. The war, in the eyes of both sides, was a war between ideologies.

*''See also:'' [[Anti-Communism]]

==Fascism and the Catholic Church==

Another controversial topic is the relationship between fascist movements and the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]]. As mentioned above, [[Pope Leo XIII]]'s [[1891]] [[encyclical]], ''[[Rerum Novarum]]'' included doctrines that fascists used or admired. Forty years later, the [[corporatist]] tendencies of ''Rerum Novarum'' were underscored by Pope Pius XI's [[May 25]], [[1931]] encyclical ''[[Quadragesimo Anno]]''[http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Pius11/P11QUADR.HTM] restated the hostility of ''Rerum Novarum'' to both unbridled competition and [[class struggle]]. The criticism of both socialism and capitalism in these encyclicals was not fascist ''per se'', but by weakening support for either alternative such writings arguably opened the door to fascism.

In the early [[1920s]], the Catholic party in Italy ([[Partito Popolare]]) was in the process of forming a coalition with the Reform Party that could have stabilized Italian politics and thwarted Mussolini's projected coup. On [[October 2]], [[1922]], [[Pope Pius XI]] circulated a letter ordering clergy not to identify themselves with the Partito Popolare, but to remain neutral, an act that undercut the party and its alliance against Mussolini. Following Mussolini's rise to power, the Vatican's [[Secretary of State]] met ''Il Duce'' in early [[1923]] and agreed to dissolve the ''Partito Popolare'', which Mussolini saw as obstacle to fascist rule. In exchange, the fascists made guarantees regarding Catholic education and institutions.

In [[1924]], following the murder of the leader of the Socialist Party by fascists, the ''Partito Popolare'' joined with the Socialist Party in demanding that the King dismiss Mussolini as Prime Minister, and stated their willingness to form a coalition government. Pius XI responded by warning against any coalition between Catholics and socialists. The Vatican ordered all priests to resign from the ''Partito Popolare'' and from any positions they held in it. This led to the party's disintegration in rural areas where it relied on clerical assistance.

The Vatican subsequently established [[Catholic Action]] as a non-political lay organization under the direct control of bishops. The organization was forbidden by the Vatican to participate in politics, and thus was not permitted to oppose the fascist regime. Pius XI ordered all Catholics to join Catholic Action. This resulted in hundreds of thousands of Catholics withdrawing from the ''Partito Popolare'', and joining the apolitical Catholic Action. This caused the Catholic Party's final collapse. [http://www.cephas-library.com/catholic/catholic_vatican_in_world_politics_chpt_9.html]

When Mussolini ordered the closure of Catholic Action in May [[1931]], Pius XI issued an encyclical, ''[[Non abbiamo bisogno]]''. This document stated the Catholic Church's opposition to the dissolution, and argued that the order "unmasked the 'pagan' intentions of the Fascist state". Under international pressure, Mussolini decided to compromise, and Catholic Action was saved. For Catholics, the encyclical's disapproval of any system that puts the nation above God or humanity remains doctrine.

Aside from certain ideological similarities, the relationship between the Church and fascist movements in various countries has often been deemed close. An early example is [[Austria]] which developed a quasi-fascist authoritarian Catholic regime some call the "[[Austrofascism|Austro-fascist]]" ''[[Ständestaat]]'' between [[1934]] and [[1938]]. There is little debate over [[Slovakia]], where the fascist dictator was a Catholic [[monsignor]]; and [[Croatia]], where the fascist [[Ustashe]] identified itself as a Catholic movement. The [[Iron Guard]] in [[Romania]] identified itself as an Eastern Orthodox movement (with no connection to Roman Catholicism), and had particularly strong leanings toward [[clerical fascism]]. (''See also [[Involvement of Croatian Catholic clergy with the Ustasa regime]].'')

The [[Vichy France|Vichy]] regime in France was also deeply influenced by the reactionary Catholic-influenced ideology of the ''[[Action Française]]''. This group had actually been led by an agnostic and condemned by the Catholic Church in 1926. Many of its members were reactionary Catholics so this condemnation damaged the group, but then in 1938 the condemnation was lifted. Conversely, many Catholic priests were persecuted under the Nazi regime, and many Catholic laypeople and clergy played notable roles in sheltering [[Jew]]s during [[the Holocaust]].

For a further exploration of the relationship between Catholicism and Fascism, see the article article on [[Clerical Fascism]].

==Fascism and the Protestant churches==

Hitler, in his manifesto, ''Mein Kampf'', listed [[Martin Luther]] as one of Germany's great historic reformers. In Luther's 1543 book ''On the Jews and Their Lies'', Luther advocated the burning of [[synagogue]]s and schools, the [[deportation]] of Jews, and many other measures that resemble the actions later taken by the Nazis.

[[Protestantism|Protestant]] churches made no comment on the Nazis' growing anti-Jewish activities. Many Protestants opposed the governments of the [[Weimar Republic]] in the [[1920s]] which they saw as coalitions between the Socialists and the Catholic Centre party. In 1932, many German Protestants joined together to form the [[German Christians|German Christian Movement]] which enthusiastically supported Nazi propaganda, and sought to join Church and State. 3,000 of the 17,000 Protestant pastors in Germany were to join the movement. Hitler wished to unite a Protestant church of 28 different federations into one nationalist body. Pastor [[Ludwig Muller]], the leader of the German Christian Movement, was soon appointed Hitler's advisor on religious affairs. He was elected Reich's Bishop in charge of the German Protestant churches in [[1933]].

An "Aryan Paragraph" was introduced to the constitution which stated that no one of non-Aryan background, or married to anyone of non-Aryan background, could serve as either a pastor or church official. Pastors and officials who had married a non-Aryan were to be dismissed. Much of the [[Lutheran]] and [[Methodist]] establishment in Germany had fallen behind Hitler in his promise to oppose [[Bolshevism]] and instability.

The new measures began to raise some opposition to the German Christians from a minority of Lutherans and Evangelicals who disliked state interference in church affairs. A small group of Protestant clergy under [[Martin Niemoeller]] separated from the main churches to form the [[Confessing Church]]. Neither the official, nor the Confessing church, however, openly opposed the Nazis' anti-Jewish policies.

==Practice of fascism==

Examples of fascist systems include:

* Mussolini's Italy

* [[Nazi Germany]]

* [[Clerical fascism]]

Fascism in practice embodied both political and economic policies, and invites different comparisons. As noted elsewhere in this article, some writers who focus on the politically repressive policies of fascism identify it as one form of totalitarianism, a description they use to characterize not only Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, but also countries such as the Soviet Union, [[People's Republic of China|The People's Republic of China]] or [[North Korea]]. It should be noted that "totalitarianism" is a catch-all group which includes many different ideologies that are sworn enemies.

However, some analysts point out that certain fascist governments were arguably more authoritarian than totalitarian. There is almost universal agreement that Nazi Germany was totalitarian. However, many would argue that the governments of [[Francisco Franco|Franco]]'s Spain and [[António de Oliveira Salazar|Salazar's]] [[Portugal]], while fascistic, were more authoritarian than totalitarian. Spain under the [[Falange|Falange Española y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista]] (FET y de las JONS) Party of [[Francisco Franco]], was a coalition that included fascists.

Those who focus on economic policies and state intervention in the economy, identify fascism as corporatism. In this corporatist model of private management, the various functions of the state were controlling and regulating trade, while maintaining ''de jure'' private ownership. This contrasts with state socialism, in which the state controls industry through outright nationalization. Private activity is controlled by the state, so that the state may subsidize or suspend the activities of any entity in accordance with their usefulness and direction. Corporatism was a political outgrowth of [[Catholicism|Catholic]] social doctrine from the [[1890s]]. Some contested examples of fascism are [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s [[New Deal]] in the [[United States]] and Juan Peron's populism in [[Argentina]].

Prominent proponents of fascism in pre-WWII America included the publisher [[Seward Collins]], whose periodical [[The American Review]] ([[1933]]-[[1937]]) featured essays by Collins and others that praised Mussolini and Hitler. The [[America First]] anti-war movement fought to keep the US neutral after Britain entered the war in [[1939]], but was not supportive of fascism. [[Father Charles E. Coughlin]]'s [[Great Depression|Depression]]-era radio broadcasts extolled the virtues of fascism. [[Henry A. Wallace|Henry Wallace]], wrote in [[1944]] during his term as vice president of the United States, "American fascism will not be really dangerous until there is a purposeful coalition among the [[cartel|cartelists]], the deliberate poisoners of public information, and those who stand for the [[Ku Klux Klan|K.K.K.]] type of demagoguery." [Wallace, 1944]

==Fascism as an international phenomenon==

It is often a matter of dispute whether a certain government is to be characterized as fascist, authoritarian, totalitarian, or just a plain police state. Regimes that are alleged to have been either fascist or sympathetic to fascism include:

Austria ([[1933]]-[[1938]]) - [[Austro-fascism]]: Dollfuß dissolved parliament and established a clerical-fascist dictatorship which lasted until Austria was incorporated into Germany through the ''[[Anschluss]]''. Dollfuß's idea of a "Ständestaat" was borrowed from Mussolini.

Italy ([[1922]]-[[1943]]) - The first fascist country, it was ruled by Benito Mussolini (''Il Duce'') until he was dismissed and arrested on the [[25 July]] [[1943]]. Mussolini was then rescued from prison by German troops, and set up a short lived puppet state named "Repubblica di Salò" in northern Italy under the protection of the German army.

Germany ([[1933]]-[[1945]]) - Ruled by the Nazi movement of [[Adolf Hitler]] ''(der Führer)''. In the terminology of the Allies, Nazi Germany was as their chief enemy the mightiest and best-known fascist [[state]]. See above for a discussion on the differences and similarities between Nazism and fascism.

Spain ([[1936]]-[[1975]]) - After the [[1936]] arrest and execution of its founder [[José Antonio Primo de Rivera]] during the Spanish Civil War, the fascist [[Falange]] Española Party was allied to and ultimately came to be dominated by Generalissimo [[Francisco Franco]], who became known as ''El Caudillo'', the undisputed leader of the Nationalist side in the war, and, after victory, head of state until his death over 35 years later. However, it was best described as an autocracy based on the Falangist fascist principles in its early years. By the mid-50s, the [[Spanish Miracle]] and the rise of the [[Opus Dei]] in the Franco regime led to Falangist fascism being discarded and fascists minimized in importance.

Portugal ([[1932]]-[[1974]]) - Although less restrictive than the Italian, German and Spanish regimes, the [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]] regime of [[António de Oliveira Salazar]] was quasi-fascist. However, it was closer to the Spanish example of paternal authoritarianism than the Italian fascist or German Nazi model.

[[Greece]] - [[Joannis Metaxas]]' [[1936]] to [[1941]] dictatorship was not particularly ideological in nature, and might hence be characterized as authoritarian rather than fascist. The same can be argued regarding Colonel [[George Papadopoulos]]' [[1967]] to [[1974]] military dictatorship, which was supported by the United States.

Brazil ([[1937]]-[[1945]]) - Many historians have argued that Brazil's [[Estado Novo (Brazil)|Estado Novo]] under [[Getúlio Vargas]] was a Brazilian variant of the continental fascist regimes. For a period of time, Vargas' regime was aligned with [[Plínio Salgado]]'s [[Integralist Party]], Brazil's fascist movement. However, it also showed great affinity with organized labour and leftist ideas, leaving its classification open to interpretation.

[[Belgium]] ([[1940]]-[[1945]]) - The violent [[Rexism|Rexist]] movement and the [[Vlaamsch-Nationaal Verbond]] party achieved some electoral success in the [[1930s]]. Many of its members assisted the Nazi occupation during World War II. The [[Verdinaso]] movement, too, can be considered fascist. Its leader, [[Joris Van Severen]], was killed before the Nazi occupation. Some of its adepts collaborated, but others joined the [[Resistance movement|resistance]]. These collaborationist movements are generally classified as belonging to the National Socialist model or the German fascist model because of its brand of racial nationalism and the close relation with the occupational authorities.

Slovakia ([[1939]]-[[1944]]) - The [[Slovak People's Party]] was a quasi-fascist nationalist movement associated with the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]]. Founded by Father [[Andrej Hlinka]], his successor Monsignor [[Jozef Tiso]] became the Nazis' [[Vidkun Quisling|quisling]] in a nominally independent Slovakia. The clerical element lends comparison with Austrofascism or the clerical fascism of Croatia, though not to the excesses of either model. The market system was run on principles agreeing with the standard Italian fascist model of industrial regulation.

France ([[1940]]-[[1944]]) - The Vichy regime of [[Philippe Pétain]], established following France's defeat by Germany, collaborated with the Nazis, including in the death of 65,000 French Jews. However, the minimal importance of fascists in the government until its direct occupation by Germany makes it appear to seem more similar to the regime of Franco or Salazar than the model fascist powers. While it has been argued that anti-Semitic massacres performed by the Vichy regime were more in the interests of pleasing Germany than in service of ideology, anti-semitism was strong in France before World War II.

As early as October 1940 the Vichy regime introduced the infamous ''statut des Juifs'', that produced a new legal definition of Jewishness and which barred Jews from certain public offices. Worse still, in May 1941 the Parisian police force had collaborated in the internment of foreign Jews. As a means of identifying Jews, the German authorities required all Jews in the occupied zone to wear the Star of David on their clothing. On the 11th June, they demanded that 100, 000 Jews be handed over for deportation.

The most infamous of these mass arrests was the so-called grande rafle du Vél' d'Hiv' which took place in Paris on the 16th and 17th July 1942. The Vélodrome d'Hiver was a large indoor sports arena situated on the rue Nélaton near the Quai de Grenelle in the 15th arrondissment of Paris. In a vast operation codenamed vent printanier, the French police rounded up 12,884 Jews from Paris and its surrounding suburbs. These were mostly adult men and women but there were around 4,000 children amongst them. The rounding up was made easier by the large number of files on Jews complied and held by Vichy authorities since 1940. The French police, headed by René Bousquet, were entirely resonsible for this operation and not one German soldier assisted.

[[Romania]] ([[1940]]-[[1944]]) - The [[Iron Guard]], turned more and more into a pro-Nazi and pro-German movement, and took power in September 1940 when [[Ion Antonescu]] forced King [[Carol II of Romania|Carol II]] to abdicate. However, the cohabitation between the Iron Guard and [[Ion Antonescu]] was short-lived.

The Antonescu regime that followed hardly qualifies as fascist, as it did not have a clear political program or party. It was rather a [[military dictatorship]]. The regime was characterized by nationalism, anti-semitism, and anti-communism, but had no social program. Despite the [[Iaşi pogrom]] and a near-liquidation of the Jews of many parts of [[Moldavia]], the regime ultimately refused to send the Romanian Jews to German death camps. The regime was overturned on the 23rd of August 1944 by a coup lead by the king [[Mihai of Romania]].

[[Independent State of Croatia]] ([[1941]]-[[1945]]) - ''Poglavnik'' [[Ante Pavelic|Ante Pavelić]], leader of the infamous [[Ustase|Ustaše]] movement, came to power in [[1941]] as the Croatian puppet leader under the control of Nazi Germany. Under the indirect control of Germany, the Ustaše regime was based heavily upon both upon clerical fascism and the Italian model of fascism, with elements of racial integrity and organic nationalism drawn from Nazism.

[[Norway]] ([[1943]]-[[1945]]) - [[Vidkun Quisling]] had staged a ''[[coup d'état]]'' during the German invasion on [[April 9]]th, [[1940]]. This first government was replaced by a Nazi puppet government under his leadership from [[February 1]]st, [[1943]]. His party had never had any substantial support in Norway, undermining his attempts to emulate the Italian fascist state.

[[Hungary]] ([[1932]]-[[1945]]) - By 1932, support for right-wing ideology, embodied by [[Gyula Gömbös]], had reached the point where Hungarian Regent [[Miklos Horthy]] could not postpone appointing a fascist prime minister. Horthy also showed signs of admiring the efficiency and conservative leanings of the Italian fascist state under Mussolini and was not too reluctant to appoint a fascist government (with terms for the extent of Horthy's power). Horthy would keep control over the mainstream fascist movement in Hungary until near the end of the Second World War. [[Ferenc Szálasi]] headed the extremist [[Arrow Cross]] party, which had been banned until German pressure lifted the law. In [[1944]], with German support, he replaced Admiral [[Miklós Horthy]] as [[Head of State]]; following Horthy's attempt to have Hungary change sides. The regime changed to a system more in line with Nazism and would remain this way until the capture of Budapest by Soviet troops. Starting in 1938, several racial laws were passed by the regime, and over 400,000 Jews were sent by Hungary to German death camps from 1941 to 1944.

Argentina ([[1946]]-[[1955]] and [[1973]]-[[1974]]) - [[Juan Peron|Juan Perón]] admired Mussolini and established his own pseudo-fascist regime. After he died, his third wife and vice-president [[Isabel Perón]] was deposed by a military junta. Similarities are best drawn, though, with the Vargas regime of Brazil.

[[South Africa]] ([[1948]]-[[1994]]) - Many scholars have labelled the [[apartheid]] system built by [[Daniel Francois Malan|Malan]] and [[Hendrik Verwoerd|Verwoerd]] as a type of fascism. Whether it was a fascist regime or an example of a socially conservative administration with excessive powers is hotly debated. The racial and nationalist ideas were implanted inside the South African regime, however the economic structure of the country was not as regulated as that of a typically fascist state.

[[Guatemala]] (1953-1980s) - [[Mario Sandoval Alarcón]], a self-declared fascist, headed the [[National Liberation Movement]] after a ''coup d'état'' overthrew the democratic government of Col. [[Jacobo Arbenz]]. Sandoval became known as the "godfather of the death squads" during the Guatemalan military's 30-year counter-insurgency campaign and at one point served as Guatemala's vice president.

[[Rhodesia]] (1965-1978) - The racial segregation system by [[Ian Douglas Smith|Ian Smith]] is similarly considered by some to be a form of fascism. See the comments of South Africa.

[[Lebanon]] (1982-1988) - The right wing Christian [[Phalangist Party]], backed by its own private army and inspired by the Spanish Falangists, was nominally in power in the country during the 1980s but had limited authority over the highly factionalised state, two-thirds of which was occupied by [[Israel|Israeli]] and [[Syria|Syrian]] troops. Phalangists, trained and supported by [[Israel]] are alleged to have carried out the [[Sabra and Shatila Massacre]] in [[1982]].

[[Iran]] ([[1950]]-[[1953]]) - Under the Iranian [[National Front]], during the regime of [[Mohammad Mossadegh]], attacks on the political left were led by right-wing groups with fascistic elements including the [[Mellat Iran|Iranian Nation Party]], led by [[Dariush Forouhar]]; the [[Sumka]] (The National Socialist Iranian Workers Party) led by Dr. [[Davud Monshizadeh]]; and [[Kabud]] (Iranian Nazi Party) founded by [[Habibollah Nobakht]].

==Fascism in the United States?==

This idea was first brought up in the cautionary novel [[It Can't Happen Here]] by [[Sinclair Lewis]]. Cases have been made both for and against this allegation on all sides of the political spectrum. For example, there are those on the right who claim that the US has been Fascist since the time of [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]. Some on the political left see fascism in authoritarian policies of various Republican administrations or the Christian Right. Few scholars take these claims seriously (see [[Neo-Fascism]]).

In [[1933]], retired General [[Smedley Butler]] testified to the McCormack-Dickstein Committee that he had been approached by a group of wealthy business interests, led by the [[Du Pont]] and [[J. P. Morgan]] industrial empires, to orchestrate a fascist coup against Roosevelt. The alleged coup attempt has come to be known as the [[Business Plot]].

==Neo-Fascism==

Contemporary [[neo-fascism]] and allegations of neofascism are covered in a number of other articles rather than on this page:

*See: [[Neo-Fascism]]; [[Neo-Nazism]]; [[Neofascism and religion]]; [[Christian Identity]]; [[Creativity Movement]]; [[National Alliance]]; [[Nouvelle Droite]]; [[American Nazi Party]]; [[Alain de Benoist]]; [[William Luther Pierce]]; [[George Lincoln Rockwell]].

==Fascist mottos and sayings==

* ''Me ne frego'', literally "I don't care,&quot; closer, in meaning, to "I don't give a damn": the Italian Fascist [[motto]].

* ''Libro e moschetto - fascista perfetto'', "The book and the musket - make the perfect Fascist."

* ''Viva la Morte'', "Long live death (sacrifice)."

* The above mentioned ''Tutto nello Stato, niente al di fuori dello Stato, nulla contro lo Stato'', "Everything in the State, nothing outside the State, nothing against the State."

* ''Credere, Obbedire, Combattere'' ("Believe, Obey, Fight")

==Related topics==

*[[Fascio]] (usage [[1890]]s to [[World War I]])

*''[[The Manifesto of the Fascist Struggle]]''

*[[George Seldes]], early reporter of US fascism.

*[[Horst Wessel Lied]], a German song that encapsulates much of Fascist ideology.

*[[Fascist symbolism]]

*[[Japanese nationalism]], Japanese Radical Right-Nationalist Local Ideology from the [[World War II]] times to the present day.

== References ==

*[[Adolf Hitler|Hitler, Adolf]]. ''[[Mein Kampf]]'' (1992). London: Pimlico. ISBN 071265254X

*"Labor Charter" (1927-1934)

*[[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini, Benito]]. ''[[Doctrine of Fascism]]'' which was published as part of the entry for ''fascismo'' in the ''Enciclopedia Italiana'' 1932.

*[[Georges Sorel|Sorel, Georges]]. ''[[Reflections on Violence]]''.

* Wallace, Henry. [http://newdeal.feri.org/wallace/haw23.htm "The Dangers of American Fascism"]. ''[[The New York Times]]'', Sunday, [[9 April]] [[1944]].

==General bibliography==

*Hughes, H. Stuart. 1953. ''The United States and Italy.'' Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

* Payne, Stanley G. 1995. ''A History of Fascism, 1914-45''. Madison, Wisc.: University of Wisconsin Press.

*Eatwell, Roger. 1996. ''Fascism: A History.'' New York: Allen Lane.

===Bibliography on Fascist ideology===

*Laqueur, Walter. 1966. ''Fascism: Past, Present, Future,'' New York: Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.

*Griffin, Roger. 2000. "Revolution from the Right: Fascism," chapter in David Parker (ed.) ''Revolutions and the Revolutionary Tradition in the West 1560-1991'', Routledge, London.

*Schapiro, J. Salwyn. 1949. ''Liberalism and The Challenge of Fascism, Social Forces in England and France (1815-1870).'' New York: McGraw-Hill.

*Laclau, Ernesto. 1977. ''Politics and Ideology in Marxist Theory: Capitalism, Fascism, Populism.'' London: NLB/Atlantic Highlands Humanities Press.

*Sternhell, Zeev with Mario Sznajder and Maia Asheri. [1989] 1994. ''The Birth of Fascist Ideology, From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution.'', Trans. David Maisei. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

*Fritzsche, Peter. 1990. ''Rehearsals for Fascism: Populism and Political Mobilization in Weimar Germany''. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195057805

*Gentile, Emilio. 2002. ''Fascismo. Storia ed interpretazione'' . Roma-Bari: Giuseppe Laterza & Figli.

===Bibliography on international fascism===

* Coogan, Kevin. 1999. ''Dreamer of the Day: Francis Parker Yockey and the Postwar Fascist International''. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Autonomedia.

* Griffin, Roger. 1991. ''The Nature of Fascism''. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

* Paxton, Robert O. 2004. ''The Anatomy of Fascism''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

* Weber, Eugen. [1964] 1982. ''Varieties of Fascism: Doctrines of Revolution in the Twentieth Century,'' New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, (Contains chapters on fascist movements in different countries.)

==Further reading==

*Seldes, George. 1935. ''Sawdust Caesar: The Untold History of Mussolini and Fascism''. New York and London: Harper and Brothers.

*Reich, Wilhelm. 1970. ''The Mass Psychology of Fascism''. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux.

*Mises, Ludwig von. 1944. [http://www.mises.org/etexts/mises/og.asp ''Omnipotent Government: The Rise of the Total State and Total War'']. Grove City: Libertarian Press.

==External links==

{{wikiquote}}

*[http://www.worldfuturefund.org/wffmaster/Reading/Germany/mussolini.htm The Doctrine of Fascism by Benito Mussolini (complete text)]

*[http://www.wzo.org.il/en/resources/view.asp?id=585 Fascism and Zionism - From The Hagshama Department - World Zionist Organization]

*[http://www.rationalrevolution.net/understanding_fascism.htm Fascism Part I - Understanding Fascism and Anti-Semitism]

*[http://www.themodernword.com/eco/eco_blackshirt.html Eternal Fascism: Fourteen Ways of Looking at a Blackshirt] - [[Umberto Eco]]'s list of 14 characteristics of Fascism, originally published 1995.

*[http://www.fascismoeliberta.net/ Site of an italian fascist party] Italian and German languages

*[http://www.metaxas-project.com/ Site dedicated to the period of fascism in Greece (1936-1941)]

*Text of the papal encyclical [http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Pius11/P11QUADR.HTM ''Quadragesimo Anno''].

*[http://www.mises.org/upcomingstory.aspx?control=75 The Economics of Fascism], Supporters Summit 2005, October 7-8, 2005, Mises Institute, Auburn, Alabama.

<!-- Categorization -->

[[Category:Fascism]]

[[Category:Politics of Italy]]

[[Category:Political theories]]

[[Category:Human societies]]

[[Category:Nazi Germany]]

[[Category:Anti-Semitism]]

<!-- Localization -->

[[bg:Фашизъм]]

[[cs:Fašismus]]

[[da:Fascisme]]

[[de:Faschismus]]

[[et:Fašism]]

[[es:Fascismo]]

[[eo:Faŝismo]]

[[fa:فاشیسم]]

[[fr:Fascisme]]

[[id:Fasisme]]

[[it:Fascismo]]

[[he:פשיזם]]

[[lv:Fašisms]]

[[lt:Fašizmas]]

[[nl:Fascisme]]

[[ja:ファシズム]]

[[nb:Fascisme]]

[[nn:Fascisme]]

[[pl:Faszyzm]]

[[pt:Fascismo]]

[[ro:Fascism]]

[[ru:Фашизм]]

[[sk:Fašizmus]]

[[sl:Fašizem]]

[[sr:Фашизам]]

[[fi:Fasismi]]

[[sv:Fascism]]

[[tl:Pasismo]]

[[tr:Faşizm]]

[[uk:Фашизм]]

[[zh:法西斯主义]]