|
=== This article is a Joke ===
'''Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari''' (Tamil: சக்ரவர்தி ராஜகோபாலாச்சாரி) ([[December 10]] [[1878]] - [[December 25]], [[1972]]), known as or '''Rajaji''' or '''C.R.''', was an [[India]]n lawyer, writer, [[statesman]] and a devout [[Hindu]] . He was the second [[Governor-General]] of independent India. Later he became the [[Chief Minister]] of [[Madras State]], and was one of the first awardees of India's highest civilian award [[Bharat Ratna]] (in 1954), the other two being Dr. [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]] and Dr. [[C.V.Raman]], all from the same state [[Tamil Nadu]].
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This article is joke.It may fool some Americans that never left US and have no idea of where the balkans are, but for everyone knowing the realities of the region it can be treated only as a joke.If such union exists, it goes as far as to the point that Serbian and Croat are essentially the same language as (Slavo)-Macedonian are more or less a dialect of Bulgarian. This is more of a propaganda article than anything else.Actually it must be noted that despite the fact that all these nations lived under a common ruler (Turks) they kept their native languages intact.
==Early life==
[[Image:Gandhi Rajagopalachari.jpg|thumb|300px|right|CR with Mahatma Gandhi]]
Rajagopalachari was born in a small village called [[Thorapalli]] of [[Salem]] District. He had his school education at [[Hosur]] and college education at [[Madras]] ([[Chennai]]) and [[Bangalore]]. He was married to Alamelu Mangamma when he was young and they had five children. His wife died when he was 37 and he solely took the responsibility of taking care of his children. Rajaji studied law in Banglore and started his practice at Salem. As a lawyer he was very successful. When in Salem, Rajaji showed keen interest in the social and political affairs. He was even elected as the Municipal Chairman of Salem and he held that post for two years. He was affectionately hailed as the "Mango of Salem".
The syncretism examples are a joke, because anyone that knows the slightest of Greek knows that EVERYTHING goes into sycretism.
==With the Congress==
<!--Not covered under WP:Fair use [[Image:Rajajistamp.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Stamp on Rajaji issued by Govt of India on 10-Dec-1978.]]-->
Rajaji started to take part in the politics of the nation at the beginning of the 1900s. At first he was drawn towards [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]]. He had a good relationship with V.O. Chidambaram Pillai, an ardent follower of Tilak. During the [[Home Rule League]] days he admired Dr. [[Annie Besant]] and he highly revered Salem C. [[Vijayaraghavachariar]], one of the founders of the [[Congress Party]].
The loan words is another joke, because for example English, has much more greek words than any balkan language.The same word " sycretism" is a loan (συγκρητισμός!).
In the year 1919 Rajaji chose to follow [[Gandhiji]], who had just returned from [[South Africa]]. In the year 1921, Rajaji was selected as the General Secretary of the [[Congress Party]] and he came into close contact with [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Vallabhbhai Patel]], [[Maulana Azad]], [[Rajendra Prasad]] etc. and began to gain stature in the party.
Τhe loss of the infinite in Greek is not complete.It's a lie.
At one time considered [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s heir<ref>[http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/12/10/stories/2003121002061000.htm The Hindu]</ref>, this brilliant lawyer from [[Salem, Tamil Nadu]] was regarded in pre-independence years as one of the top five leaders of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] along with [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Rajendra Prasad]], [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]], and [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]]. Rajaji was also connected by marriage to Mahatma Gandhi, as his daughter married [[Devdas Gandhi]]. Of the five, Rajaji, Nehru and Patel were christened the "head, heart and hands" of Gandhi, in whose shadows they remained till his death{{cn}}. Ironically, all three of them were to have a tempestuous relationship, bound together only by their common goal and Gandhi's charm. However, they respected each other immensely. Nehru wrote about Rajaji in his autobiography of how Rajaji's "brilliant intellect, selfless character, and penetrating powers of analysis have been a tremendous asset to our cause". Rajaji's intellect and political acumen is often compared with that of [[Chanakya]].
Bare subjunctive constructions & Future tense formation- God, do your comparisons with other languages e.g scandinavian.Are they belonging to the Balkan Bund too?
He had a very intimate relationship with Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru and Sardar Patel.
In fact after his resignation as Governor-General he was called back to join Nehru's Cabinet mainly to work as a bridge between Nehru and Patel, a role in which he very well suited and succeeded after Mahatma Gandhi. Though in later years Rajaji developed differences with Nehru with regards to economic policy, their personal relationship remained unstrained. Both had a high regard and affection on each other. Sardar Patel had always identified Rajaji as one of his close companions, he always shared a cordial relationship with Rajaji. He was so open to Rajaji that he shared his personal views about Nehru, Maulana Azad and their policy with him.{{cn}} Both of Sardar Patel and Rajaji were averse to Socialism and communism. As one of the Top Five Leaders of the Congress, Rajaji had to play a very vital role in policy making of the Congress Party. He was a member in the Working Committee from [[1919]] to [[1942]] and then [[1950]] to [[1955]].
Though he was active in Congress for nearly 50 years, Rajaji was not [[Congress president]] even once. In [[1932]] he was the acting President of Congress Party and played a vital role in forging the Poona Pact with Ambedkar[[http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2013/stories/20030704005912200.htm]]. Rajaji was requested to occupy the Presidency of Congress in the years [[1934]] and [[1936]] by Mahatma Gandhi and Sardar Patel but he refused.{{cn}} Once again in [[1950]] Rajaji was sought after by Nehru and Patel to accept the Presidentship of the party but he put down the offer once again.{{cn}}
Clitic pronouns - Again the example applied for Greek is wrong.
Rajaji was perhaps the earliest Congress leader in the 1940s to accept the right of Muslims to self-determination. He devised a formula whereby there could be common defence and communications between the two nations. But the Rajaji formula was rejected by Jinnah as well as some Congress leaders. Rajaji was known to be a fierce defender of his political ideals, and did not hesitate to contradict his closest aides and friends in public, whenever he sensed a threat to them.
I wonder with the insistence of making something out of nothing.
In the words of Jawaharlal Nehru, "Rajaji represents fundamentally the highest type of mind in India." A close associate of Mahatma Gandhi, "conscience keeper of the Mahatma", was an ardent freedom fighter.
Αργύρης Φωτόπουλος (Argyris Fotopoulos)
After serving time in British prisons for his work in the independence movement, he became a member of the [[Governor's Council]] in 1946 and first held the portfolios of Education and Arts[http://www.indhistory.com/mutiny-interim-government.html] and in Jan,1947 held the portfolio of Industries and Supply[[http://www.archives.lib.soton.ac.uk/mbindex/index38.shtml]] and after the resignation of [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] from the Interim Government, the portfolio of Finance was also held by him.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In 1948, after Indian independence was attained, he replaced [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Mountbatten]] to become the only Indian [[Governor-General of India]], in which post he continued till the Republic was declared on [[January 26]], [[1950]]. The office was replaced by that of [[President of India|President]], first held by [[Rajendra Prasad]].
Is there any reason why the table of contents is aligned to the right in this article? It seems incongruous with the rest of Wikipedia. -[[User:Alexanderj|Alexanderj]] 18:52, 28 May 2006 (UTC)
Rajaji became a member of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s cabinet, first without portfolio, then, after Patel's death, as [[Home Minister]]. He was chief minister of [[Tamil Nadu|Madras]] from 1952 to 1954.
----
On leaving government, he was among the first recipients of the [[Bharat Ratna]], the Indian government's highest civilian award.
Why don't you include a section about phonetics, as well? I mean mostly the middle "schwa" vowel.
==As Govenor-General==
: Thank you for the idea.
Rajaji has the unique distinction of being the only Indian Governor-General. Prior to his occupying this great distinguished position he was serving as the Governor of West Bengal. Rajaji had served as Acting Governor-General during November,1947, when [[Lord Mountbatten]] was in England to attend his cousin's marriage. Rajaji led a very simple life in the viceregal palace. He even use to wash his clothes on his own.
: But I will need an example in Bulgarian where an unstressed /a/ (from Old Bulgarian or common Slavic) is transformed into the schwa. [[User:Bogdangiusca|Bogdan]] | [[User talk:Bogdangiusca|Talk]] 16:50, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
Once when a friend of Rajaji came to see him, was surprised to see Rajaji polishing his shoes on his own. He was astonished to see a Governor-General polishing his shoes, so he put up to him "Rajaji! polishing your shoes?!", to this Rajaji replied, "Yes! Ofcourse, I am polishing my shoes and whose shoes do you polish!".
Rajaji as Governor-General, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], as Prime Minister and [[Sardar Patel]], as Deputy Prime Minister, constituted an impressible triumvirate which ruled the country from 1948 - 1950.
What is "Serbian Torlak" in this article, by the way? [[User:Vassili Nikolaev|Vassili Nikolaev]] 22:18, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
==President of India==
By the end of the year 1949, it was assumed that Rajaji, already Governor-General, was going to continue as President. But due to the internal politics of the Congress mainly between the supporters of Nehru and patel, Rajendra prasad was also taken up as a possible candidate. Congressmen who were opponents of Rajaji used his non-participation in the [[Quit India Movement]] as a weapon against him.Rajaji immediately called Rajendra Prasad and he said to him that he did not want the country to witness a conflict between senior leaders so soon after the death of Mahatma Gandhi and said he is withdrawing from the Presidential Contest. Thus Rajendra Prasad became the President.
: It's a Serbian dialect. See [[Serbo-Croatian dialects#Torlakian]]. [[User:Bogdangiusca|Bogdan]] | [[User talk:Bogdangiusca|Talk]] 09:02, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
==As Union Home Minister==
: This dialect of Serbian is peculiar exactly because of its fitting into the Sprachbund. It should probably get its own page one of these days and be explained in more detail. --[[User:Joy|Joy <small><small>[shallot]</small></small>]] 09:03, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
Rajaji served as the country's Home Minister for nearly 10 months. He at that time warned Nehru about the expansionist designs of China and also expressed regret over the Tibet problem, his views being in par with that of Sardar Patel, his predecessor{{cn}}. He had also expressed concern over the demands made about establishing new states on a linguistic basis, saying that it would generate differences amongst the people. Once in a cabinet meeting regarding Foreign Policy was going on, Rajaji stressed a point and Nehru's view was different to that of Rajaji. The other members in the meeting also supported Nehru. Nehru turned to Rajaji and said "See Rajaji, the majority is with me!". To this Rajaji retorted "Yes, Jawaharlal! The majority is with you, but the logic is with me!". Nehru laughed and supported Rajaji's proposal.
I'm not much of a linguistic buff (don't know what the different terms mean), but I added the sentences in Albanian. Some of them could have slightly different forms depending on the context in which you are using them, so if you want to make sure I'd have to know the version in language other than english (say italian or french). If you need any other sentences let me know. [[User:Dori|Dori]] | [[User talk:Dori|Talk]] 18:25, Oct 24, 2004 (UTC)
When Rajaji was piloting the Press Bill in the Parliament in the year 1951, Shyama Prasad Mukerjee interupted and said "Rajaji! Please remember that you have ceased to be a lawyer". And to this Rajaji shot back "Yes indeed, I accept that I had ceased to be a lawyer, But I had not ceased to be reasonable!".
: Hey Whoever translated the phrase: Vedo George, I see George, in Albanian "I shikoj Gjergjin" doesn't make sense, apo e kam gabim o Doro? Vedo is shoh, guardo is shikoj. And I shikoj is utterly wrong.
== As Chief Minister of Madras Presidency/Madras State(Tamil Nadu) ==
[[User:Xhamlliku|Xhamlliku]] 03:41, 6 November 2005 (UTC)
[[Image:Mgrajaji4R.jpg|thumb|300px|right|CR with Dr M. G. Ramachandran]]
:* ci ho dato il libro a Maria.
:* e' il libro di Maria.
:* voglio scrivere.
:* vedo George.
[[User:Bogdangiusca|Bogdan]] | [[User talk:Bogdangiusca|Talk]] 19:19, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
in Bulgarian "къща" ъ is stressed and I doubt it should be called shwa. It is just specific bulgarian vowel, often stressed. [[User:Vassili Nikolaev|Vassili Nikolaev]] 02:28, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)
Rajaji became the Premier of Madras Presidency in 1937 and he made Hindi a compulsory language in schools.This was immediately opposed and protests were organised by [[Periyar Ramasami]] and Sir A. D. Panneerselvam a few people were killed in the [[Anti-Hindi agitations]].He introduced prohibition in 1937 and to compensate the loss of revenue introduced sales tax for the first time in India.<ref>http://www.freeindia.org/biographies/greatleaders/rajaji/page11.htm
</ref>
He resigned along with other Congress governments in 1939 due to viceroy of India, Lord Linlithgow declaring that India was also at war without consultation and no discussion on the question of immediate independence .<ref>
http://www.lclark.edu/~india03/History217/Lecture%2017.htm </ref>
----
Rajaji again became the Chief minister due to a constitutional impropriety in 1952.In the 1952 elections Congress Party was reduced to a minority in the State Assembly and the Communist Party of India led coalition appeared to be in a better position to form the Government.<ref>
http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19971108/31250413.html</ref>But Governor Sri Prakasa nominated Rajaji to the Legislative Council without the advice of the council of ministers and the selection of a nominated member as Chief Minister and
further majority was obtained by luring opposition MLA to join the party and [[Nehru]] was furious and wrote to Rajaji that"the one thing we must avoid giving is the impression that we stick to office and we want to keep others out at all costs"<ref>http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050303/asp/opinion/story_4445928.asp </ref><ref>http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2001/06/04/stories/05041306.htm
</ref> Rajaji refused to contest a bye election and remained a non elected member.
Some comments on the Bulgarian examples. I'm not a specialist, just an user.
Dr. P.C. Alexander himself a former [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Maharashtra]] governor writes that the most conspicuous case of constitutional impropriety was the one by Sri Prakasa when he invited Rajagopalachari to form the government in the Madras state.[[Potti Sriramulu]] died in a fast for a separate Andhra and violence followed in the Telugu areas of [[Madras State]] .Intially Nehru was opposed giving in warning "This method of fasting to achieve administrative or political changes will put end to democratic government." But later he agreed to the demand of Andhra ,but [[Nehru]]
refused to include Madras city in Andhra<ref>
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,822565-1,00.html </ref>
The State of Andhra was carved out of the [[Madras State]] in 1953, Rajaji remained aloof from the Andhra State and related issues .<ref>
http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep26/spt1.asp</ref> Rajaji introduced a new education policy based on family vocation.As per this policy schools will work in the morning and students had to compulsorily learn the family vocation in the afternoon it was severely opposed as casteist and dubbed [[Kula Kalvi Thittam]](Hereditary Education Policy) and opposition to this came from within the Congress and outside led to his resignation in 1955.<ref>
http://sify.com/news/politics/fullstory.php?id=13569138</ref><ref>
http://www.tamilnation.org/hundredtamils/periyar.htm </ref><ref>
http://www.periyar.org/html/dk_movement_eng.asp </ref>
* the merging of genitive and dative is not really important in Bulgarian since all cases are almost extinct
==Split==
* I really don't know how to form future tense with "to want"/"to wish" in Bulgarian
Just ahead of the 1957, CR and his followers broke away from the Congress and formed the [[Congress Reform Committee]]. He came to an understanding with his former adversary, [[Forward Bloc]] leader [[U. Muthuramalingam Thevar]], in forming an anti-Congress front. The two parties contested the elections jointly. In September CRC was renamed the Indian National Democratic Congress.
--[[User:Nk|Nk]] 16:19, 26 Nov 2004 (UTC)
==The Swatantra Party==
[[User:Nk|Nk]], Bulgarian sample shows that the same preposition is used in genitive and dative constructions, which ''is'' merging of genitive and dative in sense of [[surface structure]], not morphological [[Declension|cases]]. Compare to English prepositions: Dadoh knigata '''na''' Mariya - I gave a book '''to''' Maria. Knigata e '''na''' Mariya - The book is '''of''' Maria.
In July 1957, CR merged his INDC into the [[Swatantra Party]]. He attacked the [[License Raj|license-permit Raj]] fearing its potential for corruption and stagnation, even while the tide was in favour of Nehru's socialistic pattern. He wrote in his newspaper ''Swarajya'' thus -
[[User:Vassili Nikolaev|Vassili Nikolaev]] 19:26, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
== Latin Table ==
:"Encouraging competition in industry and giving incentives for higher production are good for the public as well as for the private interests. I want an India where talent and energy can find scope for play without having to cringe and obtain special individual permission from officials and ministers, and where their efforts will be judged by the open market in India and abroad. [...] I want the inefficiency of public management to go where the competitive economy of private management can look after affairs. [...] I want the corruptions of the permit-license-raj to go. [...] I want the officials appointed to administer laws and policies to be free from pressures of the bosses of the ruling party, and gradually restored back to the standards of fearless honesty which they once maintained. [...] I want real equal opportunities for all and no private monopolies created by the permit-license- raj. [...] I want the money power of big business to be isolated from politics. [...] I want an India where [[dharma]] once again rules the hearts of men and not greed."
There were many great personalities who got themselves affiliated with the Swatantra Party such as [[K.M. Munshi]], Prof. [[N.G. Ranga]], [[Minoo Masani]], [[H.M. Patel]], [[V.P. Menon]] and [[Gayatri Devi]] of Jaipur.
The Classical Latin word for "[[table]]" (Romanian ''masǎ'') was '''mensa''', not "mesa": the form given here is incorrect. Though such a form would probably be found in [[ Vulgar Latin ]]. [[User:Alexander 007|Alexander 007]] 10:25, 5 Jan 2005 (UTC)
The party proved to be a good opponent to the ruling Congress. The party won 45 [[Lok Sabha]] members in the 1967 general elections and was the single largest party in the opposition. It was the principal opposition party in the states of [[Rajasthan]] and [[Gujarat]]. It also formed a coalition government in Orissa. It also had a significance presence in the Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Bihar. In the mid 1960s it won nearly 207 legislative assembly seats all over India, as against 153 by the communists, 149 by the socialists and 115 by the [[Jan Sangh]]. But the Party started to disintegrate after the death of Rajaji. It finally merged with [[Charan Singh]]'s [[Bharatiya Lok Dal]].
== Greek ==
==Literary Contributions==
CR made several literary contributions. His works in his native Tamil are recognized as modern classics (published and re-printed several times). After his break with politics, he started on the massive task of translating the Hindu Scriptures [[Ramayana]] http://www.rajaji.net/Rajaji-Original/ramayana/index.htm, [[Mahabharata]] http://www.rajaji.net/Rajaji-Original/mahabharata/index.htm from Sanskrit to [[Tamil language|Tamil]]; and later into English. He received rave reviews from scholars and religious seers alike. He translated [[Upanishads]] http://www.rajaji.net/Rajaji-Original/Upanishads/upanishad.htm and [[Bhaja Govindam]] http://www.rajaji.net/Rajaji-Original/adisankara.htm into English. His book [[Hinduism - Doctrine and Way of Life]] http://www.rajaji.net/Rajaji-Original/hinduism/hinduism.htm is a concise essence of the doctrine and way of life propogaged by Hinduism.
The Greek examples are wrong, and honestly, I believe that this 'Language Union' is more of a political idea than scientific. There are very few things linking Greek to any of the Slavic languages, linguistically speaking. Thanks, [[User:Vyruss|-=vyruss=-]] 14:10, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)
His novels and short stories, themselves would have won him public adulation. He also translated 'The Tirukkural' from Tamil to English. 'Tirukkural' is an ancient piece of the Tamil literature and is often referred to as 'the flower of Tamilnad'. His ability as a writer, is in a sense, unparalleled, not just in India alone.
: If the Greek examples are wrong, could you correct them or at least tell us what is wrong with them ? The idea of a Balkan sprachbund is supported by a consensus among the linguists: I never saw any article that would claim it does not exist. If you want to see some scientific works on the Balkan linguistic union, please look at the reference section. [[User:Bogdangiusca|Bogdan]] | [[User talk:Bogdangiusca|Talk]] 16:42, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)
Some of his poetry was set to music and sung by [[Carnatic]] music's dominant personality [[M.S. Subbulakshmi]] at several occasions of importance, and once at the [[United Nations]]
Kurai Onrum Illai http://www.rajaji.net/Rajaji-Original/kurai.htm - (meaning - No regrets have I My lord,
None) is a very famous song in the semi-[[Carnatic music]] genre written by Rajaji and the most popular version, (widely acknowledged as soul-stirring) has been rendered by [[M.S. Subbulakshmi]]. Rajaji also composed a hymn http://www.rajaji.net/Rajaji-Original/hereunderthisunitingroof.htm which was sung in 1966 at the United Nations, again by M.S. Subbulakshmi.
::I think the correction shows what is wrong (replacement of ancient Greek dative with accusative and not genitive - from τη, Μαρία (ti Maria with dative ti (eta (η) with cedille), to εις τη Μαρία (eis ti Maria), to στη Μαρία (sti Maria)). And besides, the article you refer to says specifically that Greek is quite peripheral to the Balkan "sprachbund" and is not really part of it. [[User:Vyruss|-=vyruss=-]] 20:35, 4 November 2005 (UTC)
He was invited to the White House by President Kennedy; perhaps the only civilian, not in power, ever to be accorded formal state reception.{{fact}} The two discussed various matters and it is said that the great Indian statesman tried to impress the young President on the folly of an arms race - even one which the US could win. At the end of the meeting President Kennedy remarked "His meeting had the most civilizing influence on me. Seldom have I heard a case presented with such precision, clarity and elegance of language".
It is not true that the greek is not part of this union. There are many similar features in both slavic (macedonian, bulgarian) and greek language. You need to be smart and have a basic knowledge og linguistics to understand and see them. They're all around..
The nonagenarian's public life, spanning nearly eighty years are perhaps best recognized by [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s rich tribute to him praising him as: ''"the keeper of my conscience"''. Rajaji died in December, 1972 after a short illness.
==Titles HeldReferences...==
''Batzarov, Zdravko, Lindstedt, J., Du Nay, André, Grey Thomason, Joseph, Brian D., Kopitar, Jernej K., Rosetti, Alexandru, Russu, Ion, Tomić, Olga Mišeska, Winford, Donald''
{{start box}}
{{succession box | before= [[Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu]]|title=[[Premier]] of [[Madras Presidency]] | after= [[Tanguturi Prakasam]]| years=[[14 July]] [[1937]]–[[29 October]] [[1939]]}}
You call that a '''Neutral POV'''? Ancient greek have nothing in common with the slavic languages. Slavs came in the region later. Where are the greek references? I also agree that this 'Union' is more of a political idea than scientific, as it comes in the end, from the article. Have funm making up the history :) [[el:user:Kassianos|Kassianos]]
{{succession box | before= [[Sir Frederick Burrows ]]|title=[[Governor of West Bengal]] | after= [[Kailash Nath Katju]]| years=[[15 August]] [[1947]]–[[20 June]] [[1948]]}}
==Torlakian==
{{succession box | before=[[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|The Earl Mountbatten of Burma]]| title=[[Governor-General of India]] | years=1948–1950 | after= title abolished and replaced by the [[President of India]]}}
By the way, about serbocroattian-torlak, I know that dialect well, and I am not sure they use any article at all?? Never heard a word with an article in this dialect, but in contrary, they use one "general" case, which corresponds to all 7 "normal" cases in serbocroatian language..
{{succession box | before=[[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]]| title=[[Home Minister of India]] | years=1950–1951 | after= [[Kailash Nath Katju]] }}
Thanks;
:AFAIK it's not universal in all subdialects but it exists ([http://www.matica.hr/Kolo/kolo0401.nsf/AllWebDocs/torl]):
::''Balkanizmi nisu svagdje podjednako uobičajeni; timočko-lužnički dijalekt najbalkaniziraniji je, pa ima i postpozitivni član, dok su prizrensko-južnomoravski i karaševsko-svinjički dijalekt najmanje balkanizirani.''
:I invite you to ammend [[Torlakian dialect]] if you're more familiar with it than I am; accidentally, I wrote a large part of that article although I belong to ones who needed subtitles in Zona Zamfirova :-). [[User:Duja|Duja]] 09:23, 8 December 2005 (UTC)
Cao Dujo; Hvala za poziv da napisem nesto o torlackom dijalektu. Ja sam poreklom iz Makedonije i sreo sam mnogo ljudi (na faksu) iz Juzne Srbije, koji su govorili taj dijalekat. Mozda bih i mogao napisati nesto. Anyway, interesiraju me jezici i volim citati o tim temama. Cheers;
{{succession box | before= [[P. S. Kumaraswamy Raja]]| title=[[Chief Minister]] of [[Madras State]] | years=[[10 April]] [[1952]]–[[13 April]] [[1954]] | after= [[K. Kamaraj]]}}
{{end box}}
==Further readingConlang ==
* ''Rajaji, A life'' by [[Rajmohan Gandhi]]. ISBN 0-14-026967-3.
* " Unfolding Rajaji" by C.R.Kesavan
* "Rajaji" by Kousigan (Tamil)
Has anyone attempted a kind of [[Balkanto]], a [[conlang]] mixing features from the Balkan languages?
==Notes==
<references/>
== Balkansprachbund ==
==External links==
* [http://www.rajaji.net RAJAJI.NET is an exclusive web-site on Rajaji and his works]
* [http://www.geocities.com/promiserani2/c1296.html Article about Rajaji at Karnatik]
* [http://indiapicks.com/stamps/Presidnts_PMs/Presidents_Main.htm Stamps on C. Rajagopalachari]
*[http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2001/05/31/stories/0231000q.htm Dr. P.C. Alexander constitutional impropriety ]
*[http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/aug/22flip.htm From Rajaji to Jayalalithaa ]
*[[http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2013/stories/20030704005912200.htm]]
*[[http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2002/12/22/stories/2002122200220100.htm]]
*[[http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2001/12/23/stories/2001122300120500.htm]]
*[[http://www.hinduonnet.com/mag/2003/02/02/stories/2003020200680300.htm]]
{{IndiaFreedom}}
Can anyone explain why the term "Balkansprachbund" is used in the intro? Is this a common term for the BLU? If so, why? Nothing in the article explains its significance. --[[User:Bletch|Bletch]] 18:20, 3 January 2006 (UTC)
[[Category:1878 births|Rajagopalachari, Chakravarti]]
[[Category:1972 deaths|Rajagopalachari, Chakravarti]]
[[Category:Governors-General of India]]
[[Category:Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Bharat Ratna recipients|Rajagopalachari, Chakravarti]]
[[Category:Tamil politicians|Rajagopalachari, Chakravarti]]
[[Category:Tamil writers|Rajagopalachari, Chakravarti]]
[[Category:Indian politicians|Rajagopalachari, Chakravarti]]
:''Balkan linguistic union'' is the exact English translation of German "Balkansprachbund", which is commonly used because many of the earliest reports on this subject were in German and the term stuck. [[User:Bogdangiusca|bogdan]] 18:45, 3 January 2006 (UTC)
[[de:C. Rajagopalachari]]
[[fr:Chakravarti Râjagopâlâchâri]]
::I think I'll add that to the article, because that is an interesting tidbit. --[[User:Bletch|Bletch]] 21:33, 3 January 2006 (UTC)
[[hi:चक्रवर्ती राजगोपालाचारी]]
:::Is "Balkan linguistic union" actually used very commonly? I've always heard it referred to as the "Balkan Sprachbund" in English. [[User:Angr]] 15:54, 16 August 2006 (UTC)
[[mr:चक्रवर्ती राजगोपालचारी]]
[[sv:Rajaji]]
::::I actually was going to ask the same question as [[User:Angr|Angr]]. ''Sprachbund'' is the only term I've encountered in English. When I first saw "linguistic union", I thought this was a formal organization like the [[Latin Union]] or [[La Francophonie]]. I tend to feel that this translation pushes the [[WP:UE|Use English]] principle a bit too far. [[User:QuartierLatin1968|Q·L·]]''[[User talk:QuartierLatin1968|1968]]'' [[Special:Contributions/QuartierLatin1968|☿]] 14:29, 21 October 2006 (UTC)
[[zh:查克拉瓦尔蒂·拉贾戈巴拉查理]]
WP policy says we use the most common name used ''in English''. This is not necessarily an English-language name, for example, we have [[croissant]], not "crescent roll"; [[calque]], not "loan-translation"; [[dachshund]], not "badger-dog"; and so on. So I did a few Google tests -- as usual, not definitive, but certainly suggestive:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
|-
|
| Google
| .edu
| G Scholar
| G Books
| Google %
| .edu %
| G Scholar %
| G Books %
|-
| Balkan sprachbund
| 1030
| 97
| 117
| 85
| 69%
| 66%
| 59%
| 43%
|-
| Balkanisms
| 268
| 30
| 43
| 51
| 18%
| 20%
| 22%
| 26%
|-
| Balkan linguistic league
| 32
| 8
| 12
| 5
| 2%
| 5%
| 6%
| 3%
|-
| Balkan linguistic area
| 29
| 4
| 10
| 23
| 2%
| 3%
| 5%
| 12%
|-
| Balkansprachbund
| 25
| 2
| 11
| 27
| 2%
| 1%
| 6%
| 14%
|-
| Balkan linguistic union
| 103
| 0
| 5
| 5
| 7%
| 0%
| 3%
| 3%
|-
| Balkan linguistic convergence
| 4
| 2
| 1
| 2
| 0%
| 1%
| 1%
| 1%
|-
| Balkan linguistic alliance
| 4
| 4
| 1
| 1
| 0%
| 3%
| 1%
| 1%
|}
:Sorted by descending median percentage.
:For plain and .edu Google search, I restricted to English-language pages not containing the word "wikipedia"; for other searches, Google doesn't offer limitation by language -- most of the hits for Balkansprachbund (one word) were in German. I considered excluding some common German words which don't exist in English (und, der, das), but that would exclude English-language articles with German titles in the footnotes/references.
So it seems that the conclusion is pretty clear. The article should be renamed to "Balkan sprachbund". Discussion? --[[User:Macrakis|Macrakis]] 17:44, 12 March 2007 (UTC)
::Moving to ''Balkan Sprachbund'' or ''Balkan sprachbund'' would certainly seem the correct thing to do. - [[User:f-m-t|Francis Tyers]] [[User_talk:f-m-t|·]] 18:33, 12 March 2007 (UTC)
== Bare subjunctive in Serbian ==
Millosh, I think that "Serbian (mainly Torlak)" more accurately reflects the usage; it doesn't say that it's incorrect in standard language, but that it's more frequent in Torlak dialect. You will seldom hear bare subjunctive in the north and west; imperative (yes, I'm aware of the difference) is more often used in similar contexts. On the other hand, it is true that the construct exceeds the borders of Torlakian dialects. For example:
#da dođeš pa da popijemo (bare subjunctive + bare subjunctive)
#dođi pa da popijemo (imperative + bare subjunctive)
#dođi pa ćemo popiti (imperative + future)
while semantics of the three are not identical, I'd estimate that #1 will be heard further south, while #2 will be preferred in north; #3 might be heard as well, but it more resembles western (Croatian/Bosnian) usage in my ears. [[User:Duja|Duja]] 12:09, 16 January 2006 (UTC)
== Admirative mood ==
There's a fine section in [[Grammatical mood#Admirative mood]] article which suggests that this, originally Turkish, mood has influenced Albanian, Macedonian and/or Bulgarian. It looks like a Balkansprachbund issue, and if so, it should be mentioned in this article as well. (I'm not sure whether [[renarrative mood]] is the same thing, so I put the merge tag). [[User:Duja|Duja]] 15:13, 31 January 2006 (UTC)
==Loanwords==
I corrected γομάρι < γομάριον and λ(ε)ιβάδι < λιβάδιον < λιβάς < *λιψ < λείβω. Now from the table it looks like greek words are from ancient greek only but ofcourse this is not true. greek have many words from other languages, mainly from turkish, venetian, italian, french, albanian and latin (english words are very recent in the vocabulary). I tried for more than an hour to find a slavic word but I failed (I dont say there are no slavic words, I say I cant find any. (the only I found is πούτσος and even that disputed) --[[User:Lucinos|Lucinos]] 02:43, 7 February 2006 (UTC)
:Loanwords aren't really directly relevant to the Balkan sprachbund, and the vast majority of words which are common among the Balkan languages are common loans from Turkish (with a few from Italian and more recently French and English), but here are a few loanwords from Slavic into Greek (found in Ανδριώτης, Ετυμολογικό Λεξικό της Κοινής Νεοελληνικής): by far the most common I can find is ρούχο/α 'clothes'; the others are very obscure: τσάσκα 'cup', μπάρα 'swamp', οβορός 'court'. --[[User:Macrakis|Macrakis]] 18:54, 16 March 2007 (UTC)
==Reference==
Hi, in trying to look up this reference I've had some difficulty... Is the reference to a paper in the book described by ISBN 9042013222 ? If so, it should be noted that the editors are: Dicky Gilbers, John Nerbonne, Jos Schaeken.
# ↑ Lindstedt, J. et al. (2000) Languages in Contact; Rodopi ISBN 9042013222
should probably be something like:
# Lindstedt, J. et al. (2000) "<name of the paper>" in Gilbers, D. et al. (eds.) ''Languages in Contact''; (Amsterdam : Rodopi) ISBN 9042013222
I'm really trying to find the paper and am having some difficulty.... - [[User:FrancisTyers|FrancisTyers]] 14:39, 2 April 2006 (UTC)
:Ok, here is the real reference:
:# Lindstedt, J. (2000) Linguistic Balkanization: Contact-induced change by mutual reinforcement. Pp. 231–246 in D. G. Gilbers & al. (eds.), ''Languages in Contact''. Amsterdam & Atlanta, GA, 2000: Rodopi. (Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics, 28.)
== magar and mesa ==
the Latin word ''mensa, mesa'' should be removed. it is inherited in Romanian, which would make its appearance in Bulgarian and Macedonian a borrowing from Romanian.
the word ''magar'' in the brief vocabulary chart should be removed as well. it does not come from Thracian/Illyrian (which are most certainly not related languages!). instead, the word is borrowed in all the languages ultimately from Albanian ''magar'' "ass, donkey", with many dialectal variants including ''margaç, magjar, gomar, gumar''. this word is believed to come from an earlier hypothetical *''margar'', from *''margë'', borrowed from Germanic ''marh'' "horse" (cf. E ''mare'', OHG ''marh'' "horse", ''marha'' "mare", etc.).
[[User:Flibjib8|Flibjib8]] 23:59, 18 July 2006 (UTC)
Vowel harmony does not, as far as I know, exist in Balkan Greek (it has been reported in strongly turcified Greek dialects of pre-1922 Anatolia, but that is beside the point).
==Bulgarian infinitive==
Source - "Съвременен български език, Задачи и текстове за упражнения" издателство "Наука и изкуство", Петър Пашов, Венче Попова, Христо Първев, pages 182 and 183. The examples in this book are from Bulgarian authors, there are many examples I will cite only a few:
# Имало в градът Ви някоя госпожица, която била свършила английска школа. Можетели ми '''да''' някои сведения за нея, ако Ви е възможно да ги получите там? (Ив. Вазов).
# Той хлаба не може '''я''' от клисавина и ризите не може '''позна''' от синкавина (Ив. Богоров).
# Да бъде тъй неделя още,<br>неделя пек и мирно време,<br>'''олекна-ще''' и тежко бреме,<br>на мъките ни края '''до-ще.''' (П. К. Яворов)
# Додето сили има,<br>селяк без отдих труд се труди...<br>Почивка - ей я, '''би-ще''' зима... (П. К. Яворов)
I will try and find out not only the authors but also the names of the works. It is understandable why these forms sound weird to you (and to me also). They are dialectical and I wanted to include them to illustrate that this infinitive form does not always coincide with the past aorist tense. [[User:Arath|Arath]] 09:51, 3 July 2007 (UTC)
:Thanks for the examples! I see what you mean, but I think this article should emphasize the literary language, not fomrs that are ''so'' archaic and dialectical. I mean, you can find all kinds of strange things in authors from Vazov's, Bogorov's and Yavorov's time - look at this "би-ще зима", a Serbian-like future tense construction that is totally un-Bulgarian ''today'', so we don't include it as an example of Bulgarian future tense. My point is that in the modern language, the "infinitive" forms tend to coincide with the aorist, and those that don't coincide simply aren't used a lot, and are hardly part of the language any longer. I'd expect to hear [http://www.google.com/search?client=opera&rls=sv&q=%22%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0+%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B5%22&sourceid=opera&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8 "стига яде"] (or indeed [http://www.google.com/search?hl=sv&client=opera&rls=sv&hs=r2k&q=%22%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%B8+%D1%8F%D0%BB%22&btnG=S%C3%B6k&lr= "стига си ял"]) in modern colloquial Bulgarian, but not "стига я". Don't bother to find the names of the works; it's more important to check precisely what the authors of grammars say about them, and whether they regard them as part of the modern language. --[[User:91.148.159.4|91.148.159.4]] 12:40, 5 July 2007 (UTC)
| 