Hydraulic machinery and Ning Baizura: Difference between pages

Revision as of 21:52, 14 January 2007

Revision as of 14:21, 5 July 2007

Line 1:

{{Infobox musical artist 2

[[Image:Blmexcavsm.jpg|thumb|340px|right|[[Hydraulic cylinder|Hydraulically powered cylinders]] are visible on this [[excavator]].]]

|Background = solo_singer

|Name = Ning Baizura

|Img =

|Img_capt = Ning Baizura at the MTV Video Music Award Japan

|Birth_name = Ning Baizura binti Sheikh Hamzah

|Born = {{birth date and age|1975|6|28}}<br/><small>{{Flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Kajang]], [[Malaysia]]</small>

|Died =

|Origin = Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia

|Label = [[Warner Music Group]]

| Occupation = [[Singer]]

|Years_active = 1992 - present

| Instrument = [[Singer|Voice]]

|Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]], [[Soul music|Soul]]

|URL = [http://myspace.com/ningbaizura myspace.com/ningbaizura]

}}

'''Ning Baizura''' (born [[28 June]], [[1975]]), known as '''Ning''', is a Malaysian pop and R&B singer who records and sings in several different languages, including Bahasa Malaysia and English. She was was born in [[Kajang]], [[Malaysia]] from Arab Malay and Dutch Javanese parents.

'''Hydraulic machinery''' are machines and tools which use [[fluid power]] to do work. [[Engineering vehicle|Heavy equipment]] is a common example.

{{TOCleft}}

In this type of machine, [[hydraulic fluid]] is generated by the engine that drive a number of pumps. These pumps generate the hydraulic power that is transmitted throughout the machine to various hydraulic motors and hydraulic cylinders. Pressurized fluid is controlled directly, remote controled or automatically by [[control valves]] and distributed through [[Hydraulic machinery#Hose, tubes and pipes|hoses]] and [[Hydraulic machinery#Hose, tubes and pipes|tubes]].

== Childhood ==

The popularity of hydraulic machinery is due to the very large amount of power that can be transferred through small tubes and flexible hoses; and the high power density and wide array of [[actuator]]s that can make use of this power.

Ning started singing professionally at the age of six by recording radio and television jingles and began formal studies in voice at the age of nine under the renowned Indonesian opera linguist and soprano [[Siti Chairani]] for five years. In that time, she also sang with the National Choir at the [[Akademi Seni Kebangsaan]], and was offered a full scholarship in music at the prestigious [[Vienna Conservatoire]], which she turned down). At the age of 16, Ning had won the 'Best Artiste Development' award at the prestigious [[Voice of Asia]] Competition.

==Hydraulic power==

The science of [[Fluid pressure]] provides some of the theory of hydraulics.

# A force acting on a small area can create a much larger force by acting on a larger area by virtue of hydrostatic pressure.

# A large amount of energy can be carried by a small flow of highly pressurized fluid.

== Career ==

Hydraulic machinery offers a very large amount of power and force with relatively small components. A typical hydraulic cylinder with a 75 mm (3 inch) bore, for example, can supply 89 000 [[Newton|N]] (20,000 [[pound-force|lbf]]). The power transmission in a hydraulic system is easily controlled with valves.

Ning crossed over into the commercial scene in 1992 and became a recording artiste under various international labels ([[Sony]], [[BMG]], [[AMS Records Japan]], and currently [[Warner Music Group]]), where she recorded within the genres of pop and R&B. Her discography includes nine full studio albums (two of which are full English albums), as well as numerous compilations. Ning has also won various industry awards and prizes, and has performed in the UK, Italy, France, China, Indonesia, Korea, Japan, Singapore, Hong Kong, Pakistan and Monte Carlo, Monaco.

Some parts of a hydraulic system will operate at about 2000 [[Pascal (unit)|kPa]] (300 [[pound-force per square inch|psi]]) (pilot controls, vehicle brakes). The main hydraulic actuators (for example, cylinders or fluid motors) will typically operate in the range of 7000 - 42000 kPa (1000 - 6000 psi). With advances in materials and design, there is a trend toward higher pressure, with some systems operating to 100 000 kPa (15,000 psi). Some exotic systems with [[titanium]] hardware will operate at over 350 000 kPa (50,000 psi).

In 2006, Ning set up her own recording company, 'Artiste United Records (AUR)'. Her stable of artistes are her proteges, [[Nicolette Palikat]] or 'Nikki' from [[Malaysian Idol]] Season 1) and Siti Surianie Julkarim (Yanie) (from Mentor Season 1). Ning is currently in the midst of recording her latest studio album.

==Hydraulic circuits==

{| style="border-collapse: collapse; float:right; clear:right; width:200px;"

|-

|[[Image:Hydraulic circuit directional control.png|thumb|220px|right| A simple ''open center'' hydraulic circuit.]]

|[[ Image:Hydraulic circuit schematic directional control.png|thumb|220px|right| The equivalent circuit [[schematic]]. ]]

|}

Ning is best known for her live stage performances, an extensive repertoire and her versatility especially in cross-over projects. She is also an actor and has taken roles in a musical, seven major films, a short film and several tele-movies. Most significant is her critically acclaimed performance in the short film 'Malaikat Di Jendela', directed by Osman Ali. The short film had participated in several film festivals in Cannes, Rotterdam and Singapore. Beside singing and acting, Ning is also a violinist and played 1st violin in the National Youth Orchestra in her teens.

For hydraulics fluid to do work, that fluid must flow to the actuator and or motors, then return to a reservoir. The fluid is then [[Filter (oil)|filtered]] and re-pumped.

== Commercial Endorsements ==

The path taken by hydraulic fluid is called a [[hydraulic circuit]] of which there are several types.

She has been the brand ambassador for several brands in the Malaysian and Singaporean market, most significant among them are [[Sony Truvox]] (1992), [[Guess?]] (1994 - 1999), [[Adidas]] (1996 - 1998), Petronas Malaysian F1 Grand Prix (2003 - 2004), [[The Singapore Tourism Board]] (2004)and TIME dotNet Berhad (2003 - 2005). She also has had strong brand associations with Christian DIOR couture, Christian DIOR parfums, the Carat Club and REDKEN in the past. Ning is currently the brand ambassador for SSANGYONG and was recently appointed the Judo Ambassador by the Judo Association of Selangor to create awareness of self-defence for women.

'''Open center circuits''' use pumps which supply a continuous flow. The flow is returned to ''tank'' through the control valve's ''open center''; that is, when the control valve is centered, it provides an open return path to tank and the fluid is not pumped to a high pressure. Otherwise, if the control valve is actuated it routes fluid to and from an actuator, and then to tank. The fluid's pressure will rise to meet any resistance, since the pump has a constant output. If the pressure rises too high, fluid returns to tank through a [[pressure relief valve]]. Multiple control valves may be stacked in series[http://www.tpub.com/content/engine/14105/css/14105_179.htm]. This type of circuit can use inexpensive, constant displacement pumps.

== Controversey ==

[[Image:Hydraulic_circuits.png|thumb|260px|right|Open loop and closed loop circuit.]]

In 1996, Ning's first professional manager created a stir when it was alledged that he had cheated her out of significant revenue.

In 1998, Ning performed in Singapore wearing a "tank top". Criticism in the Malaysian media was swift as her choice of clothing was deemed "inappropriate" for a Muslim woman.

'''Closed center circuits''' supply full pressure to the control valves, whether any valves are actuated or not. The pumps vary their flow rate, pumping very little hydraulic fluid until the operator actuates a valve. The valve's spool therefore doesn't need an open center return path to tank. Multiple valves can be connected in a parallel arrangement and system pressure is equal for all valves.

In the July 2000 issue of the Malaysian version of [[FHM]] (For Him Magazine), Ning gave a tell-all interview where she mentioned, among other things, that she prefers G-string underwear, she likes sex in the morning, and that her personal fantasy was to sleep with five guys at the same time. Initially, this English-language interview was little noticed by the general Malaysian society. But within a few weeks, a translation of the interview appeared in a popular and widely-read Malay-language daily newspaper. Public outrage in predominantly Muslim Malaysia was immediate and widespread and Ning was subsequently ordered to appear at the [[Malaysia]] Ministry of Information. FHM magazine was subject to increased scrutiny by Malaysian authorities.

'''Load-sensing circuits''' pumps can reduce both flow and pressure to match the load requirements. This results in a much more efficient system when partially loaded.

== Discography ==

There exists basically 4 type of load sensing system:

* 1993 — Dekat Padamu (Sony Music)

* 1994 — Ning (Sony Music)

* 1995 — Teguh (BMG)

* 1997 — Ke Sayup Bintang (BMG)

* 1997 — Always (BMG)

* 1999 — Pujaan Ku (BMG)

* 2001 — Natural Woman (AMS Records,Japan)

* 2003 — Selagi Ada... (Warner)

* 2004 — Erti Petermuan (Warner)

* 2006 — 3113 (Greatest Hits Compilation)(Warner & SonyBMG)

* 2006 - Drama (Featuring Yanie and Nikki)(Warner Music)

== Awards ==

(1) Load sensing without compensators in the directional valves.

* 1991 — Voice of Asia

* 1991 — Best Artiste Development Award

* 1993 — AIM Awards Best New Artiste

* 1993 — AIM Awards Album of the Year (Dekat Padamu)

* 1994 — AIM Awards Best Pop Album (Ning)

* 2003 — Anugerah ERA Choice Female Vocalist

* 2004 — AIM Awards Song of The Year (Selagi Ada Cinta)

* 2005 — AIM Awards Best Album Cover (Erti Pertemuan)

* 2005 — AIM Awards Best Music Video (Awan Yang Terpilu)

* 2005 — AIM Awards Song of The Year (Awan Yang Terpilu)

* 2005 — AIM Awards Best Pop Album (Erti Pertemuan)

== Films ==

* 1997 - Gemilang

* 1998 - Maria Mariana 2

* 1999 - Bara

* 2000 - Mimpi Moon

* 2001 - Malaikat Di Jendela

* 2003 - Azura 2003 (Telemovie)

* 2005 - Lady Boss

* 2007 - [[Media: Diva]]

== Theatre ==

(2) Load sensing with up-stream compensator for each connected directional valve.

* 1996 — The Storyteller

(3) Load sensing with down-stream compensator for each connected directional valve.

(4) Load sensing with down-stream compensators and electro-hydraulic operated pump instead of hydraulic operated.

System type (3) gives the advantage that activated functions are synchronized (flow relation remains) independant of load pressures even if pump reach max. swivel angle. This feature is important for machines that often runs with the pump att max. swivel angel and several activated functions, such as excavators. Disadvantage: the LS-system have a tendancy to become more unstable, needs more fine tuning. Type 4 is the latest one, with all valves and pumps electro-hydraulic operated.

'''Open-loop:''' Pump-inlet and motor-return (via the directional valve) are connected to the hydraulic tank.

'''Closed-loop:''' Motor-return is connected directly to the pump-inlet. To keep up pressure on the low pressure side, the circuit have a charge pump (a small gearpump) that supplies cooled and filtered oil to the low pressure side. Closed-loop circuits are generally used for hydrostatic transmissions in mobile applications. ''Advantages:'' No directional valve and better respons, the circuit can work with higher pressure. The pump swivel angle covers both positive and negative flow direction. ''Disadvantages:'' The pump cannot be utilized for any other hydraulic function and cooling can be a problem due to the limited exchange of oil flow.

==Pumps==

[[Image:Gear pump exploded.png|thumb|right|220px|A magnified view of an external gear pump.]]

Hydraulic [[pump]]s supply fluid to the components in the system. Pressure in the system develops in reaction to the load. Hence, a pump rated for 5,000 psi is capable of maintaining flow against a load of 5,000 psi.

Pumps have a power density about ten times greater than an electric motor (by volume). They are powered by an electric motor or an engine, connected through gears, belts, or a flexible [[elastomer]]ic coupling to reduce vibration.

Common types of hydraulic pumps for hydraulic machinery applications are;

*[[Gear pump]]: cheap, durable, simple. Less efficient, because they are constant displacement, and mainly suitable for pressures below 200 bar (3000 psi).

*[[Rotary vane pump|Vane pump]]: cheap and simple, reliable (especially in g-rotor form). Good for higher-flow low-pressure output.

*[[Axial piston pump]]: many designed with a variable displacement mechanism, to vary output flow for automatic control of pressure. There are various axial piston pump designs, including swashplate (sometimes referred to as a valveplate pump) and checkball (sometimes referred to as a wobble plate pump). The most common is the swashplate pump. A variable-angle [[axial piston pump|swash plate]] causes the pistons to reciprocate.

*[[Radial piston pump]] A pump that is normally used for very high pressure at small flows.

Piston pumps are more expensive than gear or vane pumps, but provide longer life operating at higher pressure, with difficult fluids and longer continuous duty cycles. Piston pumps make up one half of a [[Transmission_(mechanics)#Hydrostatic_transmission|hydrostatic transmission]].

==Control valves==

'''[[Directional control valve (hydraulics)|Directional control valves]]''' route the fluid to the desired actuator. They usually consist of a spool inside a [[iron|cast iron]] or [[steel]] housing. The spool slides to different positions in the housing, intersecting grooves and channels route the fluid based on the spool's position.

The spool has a central (neutral) position maintained with springs; in this position the supply fluid is blocked, or returned to tank. Sliding the spool to one side routes the hydraulic fluid to an actuator and provides a return path from the actuator to tank. When the spool is moved to the opposite direction the supply and return paths are switched. When the spool is allowed to return to neutral (center) position the actuator fluid paths are blocked, locking it in position.

Directional control valves are usually designed to be stackable, with one valve for each hydraulic cylinder, and one fluid input supplying all the valves in the stack.

Tolerances are very tight in order to handle the high pressure and avoid leaking, spools typically have a clearance with the housing of less than a thousandth of an inch. The valve block will be mounted to the machine's frame with a ''three point'' pattern to avoid distorting the valve block and jamming the valve's sensitive components.

The spool position may be actuated by mechanical levers, hydraulic ''pilot'' pressure, or [[solenoid]]s which push the spool left or right. A [[o-ring|seal]] allows part of the spool to protrude outside the housing, where it is accessible to the actuator.

The main valve block is usually a stack of ''off the shelf'' directional control valves chosen by flow capacity and performance. Some valves are designed to be proportional (flow rate proportional to valve position), while others may be simply on-off. The control valve is one of the most expensive and sensitive parts of a hydraulic circuit.

'''[[Pressure relief valve]]s''' are used in several places in hydraulic machinery; on the return circuit to maintain a small amount of pressure for brakes, pilot lines, etc... On hydraulic cylinders, to prevent overloading and hydraulic line/seal rupture. On the hydraulic reservoir, to maintain a small positive pressure which excludes moisture and contamination.

'''[[Pressure reducing valve (hydraulic)|Pressure reducing valves]]''' reduce the supply pressure as needed for various circuits.

'''[[Sequence valve (hydraulic)|Sequence valves]]''' control the sequence of hydraulic circuits; to insure that one hydraulic cylinder is fully extended before another starts its stroke, for example.

'''[[Shuttle valve (hydraulic)|Shuttle valves]]''' provide a logical [[logical disjunction|or]] function.

'''[[Check valve]]s''' are one way valves, allowing an accumulator to charge and maintain its pressure after the machine is turned off, for example.

'''[[Pilot controled Check valve]]s''' One way valve that can be opened (for both directions) by a foreign pressure signal. For instance if the load should not be hold by the chack valve anymore. Often the foreign pressure comes from the other pipe that is connected to the motor or cylinder.

'''[[Counterbalance valve (hydraulic)|Counterbalance valves]]''' A counterbalance valve is in fact a special type of pilot controled checkvalve. Whereas the checkvalve is open or closed, the counterbalance valve acts a bit like a pilot controled flow control.

'''[[Cartridge valve (hydraulic)|Cartridge valves]]''' is in fact the inner part of a check valve; they are ''off the shelf'' components with a standardized envelope, making them easy to populate a proprietary valve block. They are available in many configurations; on/off, proportional, pressure relief, etc. They generally screw into a valve block and are electrically controlled to provide logic and automated functions.

'''[[Fuse (hydraulic)|Hydraulic fuses]]''' are in-line safety devices designed to automatically seal off a hydraulic line if pressure becomes too low, or safely vent fluid if pressure becomes too high.

'''Auxiliary valves'''. Complex hydraulic systems will usually have auxiliary valve blocks to handle various duties unseen to the operator, such as accumulator charging, cooling fan operation, air conditioning power, etc... They are usually custom valves designed for the particular machine, and may consist of a metal block with ports and channels drilled. Cartridge valves are threaded into the ports and may be electrically controlled by switches or a microprocessor to route fluid power as needed.

==Actuators==

* [[Hydraulic cylinder]]

* [[Rotary actuator (hydraulic)]]

* Motor (a pump plumbed in reverse)

* [[Transmission_(mechanics)#Hydrostatic_transmission|hydrostatic transmission]]

* [[Brakes]]

==Reservoir==

The hydraulic fluid reservoir holds excess hydraulic fluid to accommodate volume changes from: cylinder extension and contraction, temperature driven expansion and contraction, and leaks. The reservoir is also designed to aid in separation of air from the fluid. Design engineers are always pressured to reduce the size of hydraulic reservoirs, while equipment operators always appreciate larger reservoirs.

Some designs include dynamic flow channels on the fluid's return path that allow for a smaller reservoir.

==Accumulators==

[[Hydraulic accumulator|Accumulator]]s are a common part of hydraulic machinery, they store energy by using pressurized gas. One type is a tube with a floating piston. On one side of the piston is a charge of pressurized gas, on the other side is the fluid. Bladders are used in other designs.

Examples of accumulator uses are backup power for steering or brakes, or to act as a shock absorber for the hydraulic circuit.

==Calculation of the required diesel engine power, mobile machinery==

Calculation of the required max. power output for the diesel engine:

(1) Check the max. powerpoint, i.e. the point where Pressure x Flow reach the max. value.

(2) '''E'''_diesel = ('''P'''_max &middot; '''Q'''_tot) &divide; '''η'''.

'''Q'''_tot = theoretical pumpflow not including leakage @ max. power point.

'''P'''_max = pumppressure @ max. power point.

Note: '''η''' is the total efficiency = (output mechanical power &divide; input mechanical power). For rough estimations, '''η''' = '''0.7''' and includes both the volumetric and the hydromechanical efficiencies in pump, motors and cylinders as well as pressure drops in hydraulic hoses, pipes and valves. The '''E'''_diesel value gives an idea what size of diesel engine will be required. Add 10-20% (depends on the application) to this power value.

(3) Calculate the required pumpdisplacement from max. flow required and the dieselengine rpm in this point. The max. flow can differ from the flow used for calculation of the diesel engine power. In most cases for large mobile equipment, variable pumps must be used, probably att least 2 pump units in order to cover the worst case. However, this first calculation gives an idea what size of power pack that will be required.

Calculation of prel. cooler capacity: Heat dissipation from hydraulic oiltanks, valves, pipes and hydraulic components is less than a few percent in standard mobile equipment and the cooler capacity must include some margins.

(4) Cooler capacity, '''E'''_loss = '''E'''_diesel - '''E'''_out= '''E'''_diesel &middot; 0.42

Thus in theory 42 % of the input power must be dissipated in worst case when peak power is utilized for long periods. However, normally the peak power is never utililized for long periods of the load cycle. Calculate the cooling capacity for at least 25-30% of the avarage power input from diesel engine.

==Hydraulic fluid==

Also known as ''tractor fluid'', [[hydraulic fluid]] is the life of the hydraulic circuit. It is usually petroleum oil with various additives. Some hydraulic machines require fire resistant fluids, depending on their applications.

In addition to transferring energy, hydraulic fluid needs to [[lubrication|lubricate]] components, suspend contaminants and metal filings for transport to the [[Filter (oil)|filter]], and to function well to several hundred degrees [[Fahrenheit]] or [[Celsius]].

==Filters==

Filters are a very important part of hydraulic machinery. Metal filings are continually produced by mechanical components and need to be removed, along with other contamination.

Filters may be positioned in a variety of locations. The filter may be located between the reservoir and the pump intake. Blockage of the filter will cause [[cavitation]] and possibly failure of the pump. Sometimes the filter is located after the pump, and before the control valves. This arrangement is more expensive, since the filter housing is pressurized, but eliminates cavitation problems and protects the control valve from pump failures. The third common filter ___location is just before the return line enters the reservoir. This ___location is relatively insensitive to blockage and does not require a pressurized housing, but any contaminants that may enter the reservoir (from external sources) are not filtered until they pass through the system at least once.

==[[Tubing (material)|Tubes]] [[Pipe (material)|Pipes]] and [[Hoses]]==

'''Hydraulic tubes''' are seamless steel precision pipes, specially manufacured for hydraulics. The tubes have standard sizes for different pressure ranges and the standard diameters go up to some 100 mm. The tubes are supplied in length of 6 m, cleaned, oiled and plugged. The tubes are interconnected by different types of flanges (especially for the larger sizes and pressures), welding cones/nipples (with o-ring seal), several types of flare connection and by cut-rings. In case the sizes are larger, Hydraulic pipes are used.Direct welding of 2 tubes together is not acceptable because one cannot check the inside surface.

'''Hydraulic pipe''' is used in case standard hydraulic tybes are not available. In general these pipes are used for low pressure. They can be connected by threat connections, but mostly by welding. Because of the larger diameters, in general the pipe can be inspected internally after welding. Steel suppliers carry '''black pipe''', which is [[Galvanization|non-galvanized]] and suitable for [[welding]].

'''Hydraulic hose''' is graded by pressure, temperature, and fluid compatibility. A hose in used in case a pipe or tube can not be used. This means in general if there is a need for some flexibility. The hise is build up with rubber and steel layers. A rubber interior is surrounded by multiple layers of woven wire and rubber. The exterior is designed for abrasion resistance. The bend radius of hydraulic hose is carefully designed into the machine, since hose failures can be deadly, and violating the hose's minimum bend radius will cause failure. Hydraulic hoses generally have steel fittings [[swaging|swaged]] on the ends. The dangerous part of the high pressure hose is the connection of the hose to the fitting. Another disadvantage of the hose is the fact that because of the rubber all hoses have to be changed every say 5- 7 years

Tubes and pipes for hydraulic applications are internally oiled before the system is commissioned. In general the steel piping is painted outside. In case flare- and other couplings are used, under the nut, there are spots where the paint is removed; here the rust process will start. For this reason, for Marine and Offshore use, more and more piping (especially outside and especially small size)is made from stainless steel.

==[[Seal (mechanical)|Seals]], [[Compression fitting|fittings]] and connections==

In general, [[valve]]s, [[Cylinder (engine)|cylinders]] and [[pump]]s have [[Gender of connectors and fasteners|female]] threaded bosses for the fluid connection, and hoses have female ends with captive nuts. A male-male fitting is chosen to connect the two. Many standardized systems are in use.

Fittings serve several purposes;

#To bridge different standards; [[O-ring]] [[boss]] to [[JIC (hydraulic)]], or [[Threaded pipe|pipe threads]] to [[Face seal (o-ring)|face seal]], for example.

#To allow proper orientation of components, a [[Angle|90°]], 45°, straight, or swivel fitting is chosen as needed. They are designed to be positioned in the correct orientation and then tightened.

#To incorporate bulkhead hardware.

#A ''quick disconnect'' fitting may be added to a machine without modification of hoses or valves

A typical piece of heavy equipment may have thousands of sealed connection points and several different types of seals, below are some of the most common types;

* [[Pipe threads|Pipe fittings]], the fitting is screwed in until tight, difficult to orient an angled fitting correctly without over or under tightening.

* [[O-ring boss seal|O-ring boss]], the fitting is screwed into a boss and orientated as needed, an additional nut tightens the fitting, washer and [[o-ring]] in place.

* [[Flare seal]], a metal to metal compression seal with a cone and flare mating.

* [[Face seal (o-ring)|Face seal]], metal flanges with a groove and o-ring are fastened together.

* [[Beam seal]], an expensive metal to metal seal used mostly for aircraft.

* [[Swage]]d seals, tubes are connected with fittings that are swaged in place (non-serviceable). Primarily used in aircraft.

Elastomeric seals (O-ring boss and face seal) are the most common types of seals in heavy equipment and are capable of reliably sealing 6000+ [[Pound-force per square inch|psi]] (41368+ [[Pascal (unit)#Definition|kPa]]) of fluid pressure.

==See also==

*[[Automatic transmission]]

*[[Brake fluid]]

*[[Hydraulics]]

*[[Hydraulic press]]

*[[Hydraulic fluid]]

*[[Hydraulic brake]]

*[[National Fluid Power Association]]

==External links==

*[http://www.myspace.com/ningbaizura Official Myspace page]

*[http://www.haave.no/pdf/FactsWorthKnowingAboutHydraulics.pdf ''Facts worth knowing about hydraulics'', Danfoss Hydraulics, 1.4Mb pdf file]

*[http://www.divathefilm.com]

*[http://hydraulics.eaton.com/products/pdfs/694.pdf ''Hydraulic Hints & Trouble Shooting Guide General Product Support'', Eaton Corporation, 300Kb pdf file]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baizura, Ning}}

*[http://64.78.42.182/free-ed/MechTech/hydraulics01/default.asp On-line re-print of U.S. Army Field Manual 5-499]

[[Category:1975 births]]

*[http://www.nfpa.com Information about Fluid Power is also available on the National Fluid Power Association web-site nfpa.com]

[[Category:Arab Malaysians]]

[[Category:Javanese Malaysian]]

[[Category:EngineeringLiving people]]

[[Category:EngineeringMalaysian vehiclessingers]]

[[Category:Fluid dynamicsMuslims]]

[[ms:Ning Baizura]]

[[cs:Hydraulické zařízení]]

[[da:Hydraulisk maskine]]

[[de:Hydraulik (Technik)]]

[[es:Máquina hidráulica]]

[[eo:Hidraŭla meĥanismo]]

[[fr:Machine hydraulique]]

[[sk:Hydraulický pohon]]