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[[Image:Parkzone-slov.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[ParkZone Slo-V]].]]
== Summaries & dates ==
'''Radio-controlled aircraft''' (abbreviated '''RC aircraft''' or '''RC plane''') is a [[model aircraft]] that is controlled remotely via [[radio control]]. It is typically controlled with a hand-held [[transmitter]] and a [[receiver (radio)|receiver]] within the craft. The receiver controls the corresponding [[servomechanism]]s that move the [[Flight controls|control surface]]s based on the position of [[joysticks]] on the transmitter, which in turn maneuvers the plane.
<div style="background-color:#F9F9F9; border:1px solid #AAA; padding:5px;"> [[Image:Information_icon.svg|20px|left]] Hello. Please don't forget to provide an [[Help:Edit summary|edit summary]]. Thanks, and happy editing. <!-- Template:Editsummary --></div>
RC planes as a [[hobby]] has been internationally growing due to the availability of smaller, relatively inexpensive parts and advancing technologies. A variety of models and styles are available to suit any preference or budget. Due to the availability and advances in high performance electric [[battery (electricity)|batteries]] and [[electric motor|motors]], a growing number of hobbyists are flying electric powered craft instead of fuel (most often [[methanol]] or [[gasoline]] based) powered craft, because of their ease of construction and the absence of fuel mess and fuss.
Also, note that dates should be wikified in order to allow users' preferences to work. Thus:
Scientific, government and military organizations are also utilizing RC aircraft for experiments, gathering weather readings, [[aerodynamics|aerodynamic]] modeling and testing, and even use them as [[unmanned aerial vehicle|drone]]s or spy planes.
* <nowiki>[[November 22]] [[2006]]</nowiki> shows as [[November 22]] [[2006]]
==History==
* <nowiki>[[22 November]] [[2006]]</nowiki> shows as [[22 November]] [[2006]]
[[Image:KetteringAerialTorpedo.jpg|thumb|right|Full size model of [[Kettering Bug]] on display at [[National Museum of the United States Air Force]] in [[Dayton, Ohio]]]]
* <nowiki>[[2006]] [[November 22]]</nowiki> shows as [[2006]] [[November 22]]
The earliest examples of electronically guided model aircraft were hydrogen-filled model [[airship]]s of the late 19th century. They were flown as a music hall act around theater auditoriums using a basic form of spark-emitted radio signal.<ref>{{cite book | title = Radio-Controlled Model Aircraft | first = David |last = Boddington | publisher = Crowood Press | year = 2004 | isbn= 1861266790 }} Chapter 1.</ref> During [[World War I]] the first radio-controlled target aircraft [[Kettering Bug]] was introduced, but it was far from reliable. In 1920s, the [[Royal Aircraft Establishment]] of England built and tested the Larynx, a [[monoplane]] with a 100-mile range powered by a Lynx engine. It was not until the 1930s that British came up with the Queen Bee, a modified [[de Havilland Tiger Moth]], and similar target aircraft.
etc. --[[User:Mel Etitis|Mel Etitis]] ([[User talk:Mel Etitis|<font color="green">Μελ Ετητης</font>]]) 23:51, 6 January 2007 (UTC)
==Types ==
There are many types of radio-controlled aircraft. For beginning hobbyists, there are [[park flyer]]s and [[trainer (aircraft)|trainer]]s. For more advanced pilots there are [[glow plug]] engine, electric powered and [[sailplanes|sailplane]] aircraft. For expert flyers, jets, pylon racers, [[helicopter]]s, autogyros, 3D aircraft, and other high end competition aircraft provide adequate challenge. You can also build scale models of manned aircraft. Some models are made to look and operate like a bird instead.
A distinction is typically made between toy grade and hobby grade model aircraft. Toy aircraft are exclusively electric, have less power, and require little skill to fly. As a result, they are much cheaper (less than $75 or so). Hobby grade aircraft come in all varieties, from small electrics, to multi-thousand dollar craft with hundreds of cubic centimeters "under the hood".
<p>When [[Wikipedia:How to edit a page|editing an article on Wikipedia]] there is a small field labeled "[[Help:Edit summary|Edit summary]]" under the main edit-box. It looks like this:</p> [[Image:Edit_Summary-2.png|Edit summary text box]]<!--
=== Park flyers and trainers ===
[[Image:Parkzone1.JPG|right|thumb|200px|[[ParkZone]] J-3 Cub park flyer custom painted in the color scheme of a US Army Air Corps [[surveillance plane]]]]
{{main|park flyer}}
Park flyers are small, easy to fly electric aircraft. They are designed with the beginning flyer in mind, requiring an area no bigger than a park to fly. They are low budget and easy to fly. Trainers are similar to park flyers in that they are on the docile side and are comparatively inexpensive, however, they are bigger and are usually electric or glow engine powered. A glow engine is an [[internal combustion engine]] that burns a methanol/nitromethane/oil mixture.
--><p>The text written here will appear on the [[Special:Recentchanges|Recent changes]] page, in the [[Help:Page history|page revision history]], on the [[m:Help:Diff|diff page]], and in the [[meta:Help:Watching pages|watchlists]] of users who are watching that article. See [[m:Help:Edit summary]] for full information on this feature.</p><!--
=== Scale and sport planes ===
<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:funtana.jpg|thumb|right|300px|"Mini Funtana" glow-powered stunt plane from E-Flite Balsa Models]] -->
[[Scale model]]s and sport planes are larger aircraft, and usually more expensive.
-->
There are many different types of sport aircraft. They range from simple "fun-fly" glow engine planes with wingspans of under 40 inches, to colossal aircraft that range from 25 to 50 percent of the full scale size, with engines with hundreds of cubic-centimeters (cc's) under the [[cowling]].
Filling in the edit summary field greatly helps your fellow contributors in understanding what you changed, so please always fill in the edit summary field, especially for big edits or when you are making subtle but important changes, like changing dates or numbers. Thank you. <!-- Template:Summary --> --[[User:Mel Etitis|Mel Etitis]] ([[User talk:Mel Etitis|<font color="green">Μελ Ετητης</font>]]) 10:30, 7 January 2007 (UTC)
Most sport aircraft are capable to some degree of performing [[aerobatics]]. Many "giant-scale" aircraft are capable of performing complex aerobatics, ranging from loops and rolls to multiple snap rolls and tailslides. Giant Scale aircraft are flown in world-class competition. Most world-class competitors' aircraft have wingspans between 2 meters and 3.5 meters, with 2 cycle gas engines of 50 to 250 cc's.
== category has been deleted. ==
Other sport aircraft are designated for scale-like flying referred to as "Scale." Scale is a very demanding but very rewarding aspect of the hobby. (More to come later)
Hi, Whiskey Pete. This is just a note to let you know that [[:Category:Supermodels]] has now been deleted and [[WP:SALT]]ed, so please don't add it to articles anymore. Thanks! — [[User:Coelacan|coe<span style="font-variant:small-caps">l</span>acan]] [[User talk:Coelacan|<span style="font-variant:small-caps">t</span>a<span style="font-variant:small-caps">lk</span>]] — 06:34, 20 January 2007 (UTC)
===Pattern Planes===
==AfD Nomination: [[P. S. Prasad (disambig)]]==
Pattern Planes are RC models that are specifically designed to perform precision aerobatics in a graceful and flowing manner. Pattern models are traditionally powered by glow engines and for the last couple of years by electric motors as well. Pattern designs are inherently stable, meaning that they are designed and built with the ability to fly in the direction they were last pointed to with minor or no self induced changes in pitch yaw or roll yet are extremely maneuverable.
An editor has nominated the article [[P. S. Prasad (disambig)]] for deletion, under the [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion|Articles for deletion]] process. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and has explained why in the nomination (also see [[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]] and [[WP:DP|Deletion policy]]). Your opinions on why the topic of the article meets inclusion criteria and what should be done with the article are welcome: participate in the discussion by editing [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/P. S. Prasad (disambig)]]. Add four tildes like this ˜˜˜˜ to sign your comments. You can also edit the article [[P. S. Prasad (disambig)]] during the discussion, but do not remove the "Articles for Deletion" template (the box at the top of the article), this will not end the deletion debate. [[User:Jayden54Bot|Jayden54Bot]] 15:07, 22 January 2007 (UTC)
== Re: Liberating [[Mayo A. Shattuck III]] ==
===Sailplanes and gliders===
[[Image:DicussLaunchGlider.JPG|thumb|A discus launch.]]
{{main|radio-controlled glider}}
[[Glider]]s are planes that do not usually have any form of propulsion. As most gliders are unpowered, flight must be sustained through exploitation of the natural lift produced from [[thermal]]s and [[wind]] hitting a [[slope soaring|slope]]. [[Dynamic soaring]] is another popular way of providing propulsion to gliders.
Hey there. You left a message on my [[User_talk:DarkElf109|talk page]] earlier today, and I was wondering, was this in error, or are you asking me to personally remove the copyright infringement tag? I've had no participation in the article you mention, hence my question. If you could clarify, that would be great. -[[User:DarkElf109|DarkElf109]] 08:19, 25 January 2007 (UTC)
===Jets===
[[Jet aircraft|Jet]]s tend to be very expensive and commonly use a [[turbine]] or [[ducted fan]] to power them. These aircraft can often reach speeds in excess of 200 [[mph]]. They require incredibly quick reflexes and very expensive equipment, so are usually reserved for the expert.
But isn't it still a copyvio? I don't think anyone has touched the page since I flagged it. I seem to be the last editor. [[User:Quatloo|Quatloo]] 22:01, 26 January 2007 (UTC)
===Pylon racers===
Racers are small [[propeller]] aircraft that race around a 2, 3, or 4 pylon track. They tend to be hard to see and can often go over 150 MPH, though some people do pylon races with much slower aircraft. Although several different types of aircraft are raced across the world, those flown primarily in the US are; Q500 (424 or ARPRA, and 428), and Q40.
424 is designed as a starting point into the world of pylon racing. Inexpensive (under $200 for the airframe) kits with wing areas of 500 square inches are flown with .40 size engines that can be purchased for less than $100. The goal is for the planes to be not only inexpensive, but closely matched in performance. This places the emphasis on good piloting. APRA is a version of 424 with specific rules designed for consistency.
428 aircraft are similar to 424 in appearance. The difference is in engine performance and construction. The planes are primarily made of fiberglass with composites used at high load points. Wings are often hollow to save weight. (All aircraft must meet a minimum weight. A lighter wing moves more of the weight closer to the center of gravity. This requires less control deflection and it's resulting drag to change the planes attitude.) They also use .40 size engines but unlike 424 they are much more expensive. They have been designed to put out the maximum amount of power at a specific RPM using a specific fuel. Nelson manufactures the most predonimently used engine. Speeds are very fast in this class with planes capable of reaching 180mph.
Q40 is the highpoint of pylon racing. It's aircraft resemble full size race planes. They are not limited to the simple shapes that Q500 planes are. They have much cleaner aerodynamics and less wing area. They use the same basic Nelson engine used in 428, but the engine is tuned to turn a much smaller prop at a much higher rpm. The planes accelerate much more slowly than 428, but their clean airframes allow them to reach higher speeds, and maintain them around the turns. These planes can fly in excess of 200mph on the course. Because of their limited wing area however, Q50 planes must fly a larger arc around the pylons to conserve energy. Although faster, they ultimately fly a larger course. Ironically the best times for a 10 lap 3 pylon Q40 race are very close to the same in 428.
Check out [[Talk:Mayo_A._Shattuck_III/Temp]], the temporary subpage created for editing it out. Pete's fixed it up nicely (check the edit log). Since I didn't put up the warning, I'm not gonna remove it, but if you feel his work is enough to get it removed, notify an administrator to get the temporary page moved over the copyvio'd page. -[[User:DarkElf109|DarkElf109]] 22:27, 26 January 2007 (UTC)
===Autogyros===
The autogyro is driven by a propeller, just like an airplane. It has an un-powered rotor that provides lift. These models are challenging to design and build, and they provide a unique spectacle when they are flying in the air.
::I have no objection to someone embarking upon this process. I haven't had any contact with administrators and know very little about wikipedia bureaucracy, so I'm probably not the person to do this. [[User:Quatloo|Quatloo]] 07:20, 27 January 2007 (UTC)
===Helicopters===
{{main|radio-controlled helicopter}}
[[Radio-controlled helicopter]]s, although often grouped with RC aircraft, are in a class of their own because of the vast differences in construction, aerodynamics and [[flight training]]. Hobbyists will often venture from planes, to jets and to helicopters as they enjoy the challenges, excitement and satisfaction of flying. Some radio-controlled helicopters have photo or video cameras installed and are used for aerial imaging or surveillance.
::Quatloo, didn't you add the copyvio? Anyway, if no one with admin privleges swoops down within a week or so, I'll just try deleting the tag (or stalking someone down who can) myself. -- [[User:Whiskey Pete|Whiskey Pete]], 20:35, 27 January 2007 (UTC)
===Flying Bird Models===
Some RC models take their inspiration from nature. These may be gliders made to look like a real bird, but more often they actually fly by flapping wings. Spectators are often surprised to see that such a model can really fly, and real birds are often curious about these unexpected visitors in their aerial ___domain. These factors as well as the added building challenge add to the enjoyment of flying bird models, though some ARF ([[Almost Ready to Fly|almost-ready-to-fly]]) models are available. Flapping-wing models are also known as [[ornithopter]]s, the technical name for an aircraft whose driving airfoils oscillate instead of rotate.
==3D flightPMR ==
3D flight is a type of flying in which model aircraft have a [[thrust-to-weight ratio]] of more than 1:1 (typically 1.5:1 or more), large [[Flight controls|control surfaces]] with extreme throws, and relatively low wing loadings.
Do you really not get why we're redirecting the article? <sub>└</sub> <sup>'''[[User:Osgoodelawyer|<font color="blue">OzLawyer</font>]]'''</sup> / <sub>''<font color="black">[[User Talk:Osgoodelawyer|talk]]</font>''</sub> <sup>┐</sup> 21:37, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
These elements allow for spectacular aerobatics such as hovering, 'harriers', torque rolling, blenders, rolling circles, and more, maneuvers that are performed below the stall speed of the model. The type of flying could be referred to as 'on the prop' as opposed to 'on the wing', which would describe more conventional flight patterns that make more use of the lifting surfaces of the plane.
:I "get" the case for redirecting, thank you; I just don't get why some people are so adamant about it. [[User:Whiskey Pete|Whiskey Pete]] 22:08, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
::I think that would be because two articles on the same subject is obviously of no use in an encyclopedia, and in fact invites non-conforming use of the "breakaway" article (that is, more bias and non-reliable information creeping into the PMR article as most contributors are paying attention to--and in fact only know of--the Transnistria article). <sub>└</sub> <sup>'''[[User:Osgoodelawyer|<font color="blue">OzLawyer</font>]]'''</sup> / <sub>''<font color="black">[[User Talk:Osgoodelawyer|talk]]</font>''</sub> <sup>┐</sup> 14:37, 20 February 2007 (UTC)
3D has created a huge market for electric indoor 'profile' types similar to the Ikarus 'Shockflyers' designed to be able to fly inside a gym or outside in little wind. These generally make use of small [[Brushless DC electric motor|brushless motors]] (often outrunners, but also geared inrunners) and [[Lithium ion polymer battery|lithium polymer batteries]]. There are also many larger 3D designs designed for two and four stroke glow engines, two stroke gas engines and large electric power systems.
:::really, man, it's all good, I see your point totally. I was just a bit surprised by the sense of engagement people had about this issue, that's all. (FWIW, the ''sole'' reason I re-created the PMR artcile was because the Category of Unrecognized states refers generally to proper state names, not colloquialy names -- that's all. So a proper redirect would resolve this ambiguity just fine.) [[User:Whiskey Pete|Whiskey Pete]] 00:30, 21 February 2007 (UTC)
== Daniel Brandt/namebase.org ==
==Types of kits and construction==
There are various ways to construct and assemble an RC plane. Various kits are available, requiring different amounts of assembly, different costs and varying levels of skill and experience.
The edit didn't identify what "WMF's Spam blocklist" was, or why that was noteworthy. —[[User:Tregoweth|tregoweth]] ([[User talk:Tregoweth|talk]]) 01:12, 20 February 2007 (UTC)
Some kits can be mostly foam or plastic, or may be all [[balsa]] wood. Construction consists of using [[former]]s and [[longeron]]s for the [[fuselage]], and [[spar]]s and [[rib]]s for the wings and tail surfaces. More robust designs often use solid sheets of wood to form these structures instead, or might employ a composite wing consisting of an [[expanded polystyrene]] core covered in a protective [[Veneer (wood)|veneer]] of wood, often [[obechi]]. Such designs tend to be heavier than an equivalent sized model built using the traditional method, and would be much more likely to be found in a power model than a glider. The lightest models are suitable for indoor flight, in a windless environment. Some of these are made by bringing frames of balsa wood and carbon fiber up through water to pick up thin plastic films, similar to rainbow colored oil films. The advent of "foamies," or craft injection-molded from lightweight foam and sometimes reinforced with [[carbon fiber]], have made indoor flight more readily accessible to hobbyists. "Crash proof" EPP (Expanded Polypropylene) foam planes are actually even bendable and usually sustain very little or no damage in the event of an accident, even after a nose dive.
== Comments on Imam Rapito ==
The late 1980s saw a range of models from the United States company US AirCore cleverly using twinwall polypropylene material. This double skinned 'Correx' or 'Corasplast' was commonly used in advertising and industry, being readily available in flat sheet form, easily printed and die cut. Models were pre-decorated and available in ARTF form requiring relatively straightforward, interlocking assembly secured with contact adhesive. The material thickness (usually 3~6mm) and corresponding density meant that models were quite weighty (upwards of 5lb)and condequently had above average flying speeds. The range were powered using a clever cartidge motor mount designed for the better, more powerful 40cu in (6.6cc) glow engines. Aircore faded from the scene around the Millennium.
funny your googling... on the advantages of the international press. it goes on both way though, as you can see if you check [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Operation_Gladio#Tbeaty.27s_removal_of_L.27Humanite here]... But your comment sparked my interest, and it is true that already in February 2006, a year ago, you could find reference (albeit with a spelling mistake, that confused me first) in ''[[Le Figaro]]'' (very good newspaper for international things), see [http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/20060224.FIG000001516_auditions_sur_le_rapt_d_un_imam_par_la_cia.html here] if you're interested... ciao ragazzo! [[User:Tazmaniacs|Tazmaniacs]]
:if you find a Google translator or something, the last paragraphs of this article by an Italian journalist are most interesting (you may even understand even if you don't a get word of this language). It would be interesting to find more on this subject in the press (see [http://www.humanite.presse.fr/journal/2006-12-08/2006-12-08-841807 here]). [[User:Tazmaniacs|Tazmaniacs]]
::hey there; thanks for your work on that page. actually, I can sort of understand articles in French, but I confess I that the intricacies of Italian politics are much more mysterious to me, so I don't quite understand the significance. nonetheless, please keep adding references; the U.S. press, as usual, is treating the story quite superficially, in general, and most of the interesting stuff (to say nothing of actual names of American servicepersonnel involved) comes from the foreign press. [[User:Whiskey Pete|Whiskey Pete]] 02:32, 22 February 2007 (UTC)
==Thanks to Whiskey Pete==
Thank you very much for your valuable contributions and comments.[[User:S710|S710]] 20:29, 23 February 2007 (UTC)
== [[Death flights]] ==
Amateur hobbyists have more recently developed a range of new model designs utilizing the [[corrugated plastic]] or "Coroplast" material. These models are collectively called "SPADs" which stands for Simple Plastic Airplane Design. Fans of the SPAD concept tout increased durability, ease of building, and lower priced materials as opposed to balsa models, sometimes (though not always) at the expense of greater weight and crude appearance.
The [[Death flights]] doesn't mention Vietnam. Maybe you should add it there? [[User:Badagnani|Badagnani]] 03:00, 25 February 2007 (UTC)
Flying models have to be designed according to the same [[aerodynamics|principles]] as full-sized aircraft, and therefore their construction can be very different from most static models. RC planes often borrow construction techniques from vintage full-sized aircraft (although they rarely use metal structures).
:How we meet again! Hey, I just passed over [[Rocco Martino]], and there is some talk about "double agent" - with whom? he was employed by SISMI, allegedly to spy on the French? So who is the second agency? States? By the way, concerning horror flights, do you know anything about Leonardo A. Cole, ''Clouds of Secrecy'' ? Ah, well, I've found something here on Wiki, see [[Serratia marcescens]]. There should be a special entry for this... Enjoy J&B ! [[User:Tazmaniacs|Tazmaniacs]]
=== Ready To Fly ===
[[Image:Pzp51.JPG|thumb|250px|right|ParkZone P-51D Mustang]]
{{main|Ready To Fly}}
Ready To Fly (or RTF) planes come as pre-assembled kits that usually only require wing attachment or other basic assembly. Typically, everything that is needed is already in the kit. RTF planes can be up in the air in just a few minutes and have all but eliminated assembly time (at the expense of the model's configuration options.) Among traditional hobbyist builders, RTF models are a point of controversy, as many consider model assembly as integral to the hobby. Brands associated with these types of aircraft include [[Great Planes]], [[Hobbico]], [[E-Flite]], [[Hangar 9]], [[Grand Wing Servo-Tech]], [[HobbyZone]], [[Airhogs]] and [[ParkZone]].
::PS: concerning death flights per se, there is a lot to see with [[Paul Aussaresses]] who taught the US some "technics" learnt during the Battle of Algiers. They most probably found their inspiration there for Vietnam... [[User:Tazmaniacs|Tazmaniacs]]
=== Almost Ready to Fly ===
{{main|Almost Ready to Fly}}
Almost Ready to Fly (or ARF or ARTF) kits are similar to RTF kits; however usually require more assembly and sometimes basic construction. The average ARF aircraft can be built with less than 4 hours of labor, versus 20-50+ (depending on detail and desired results) for a traditional kit aircraft. The fuselage and appendages are normally already constructed. The kit will usually require separate purchase and installation of servos, choice of motor (gas, or electric), speed controller (electric) and occasionally [[control rod]]s. This is an advantage over RTF kits, as most model aircraft enthusiasts already own their equipment of choice, and only desire an airframe. [[Lanier RC]] is typically hailed as the first ARF manufacturer. Other brands associated with this type of aircraft are [[Carl Goldberg Products]], [[Great Planes]], [[Sig Manufacturing]], and [[Mugi]].
:::One other thing, only a coincidence, but Spataro, in charge of the Imam's case, was also in charge of the trial of [[Adriano Sofri]]... <small>—The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:Tazmaniacs|Tazmaniacs]] ([[User talk:Tazmaniacs|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tazmaniacs|contribs]]) 05:41, 15 March 2007 (UTC).</small><!-- HagermanBot Auto-Unsigned -->
=== Balsa kit ===
Balsa [[kit]]s come in many sizes and skill levels. The balsa wood may either be cut with a [[die-cut]] or [[laser]]. Laser cut kits have a much more precise construction and much tighter [[Tolerance (engineering)|tolerance]]s, but tend to cost more than die-cut kits. Die-cut kits can work and look just as good with a little sanding, cutting and use of basic woodworking principles.
== oppose ==
The kit usually contains most of the raw material needed for an unassembled plane, a set of (sometimes elaborate) assembly instructions, and a few spare parts to allow for builder error. Assembling a model from plans or a kit can be very labor-intensive. In order to complete the construction of a model, the builder typically spends many hours assembling the frame, covering it, and polishing/refining the control surfaces for correct alignment. The kit does not include necessary tools, and these have to purchased separately. A single overlooked error during assembly could compromise the model's airworthiness, leading to disaster.
Hi,
Smaller balsa kits will often come complete with the necessary parts for the primary purpose of non-flying modeling or rubber band flight. These kits will usually also come with conversion instructions to fly as glow (gas powered) or electric and can be flown [[free flight (model aircraft)|free-flight]] or radio-controlled. Converting a kit requires additional and substitution parts to get it to fly properly such as the addition of servos, hinges, speed controls, control rods and better landing gear mechanisms and wheels.
If you really meant to vote"oppose" in the poll [[Wikipedia:Attribution/Poll]], you put your vote in the wrong column! Mention this to anyone else whose vote looks displaced. [[User:Linas|linas]] 05:26, 3 April 2007 (UTC)
== Pirate Capital LLC ==
Many kits will come with a tissue paper covering that then gets covered with mulitple layers of [[dope|plane dope]] which coats and strengthens the fuselage and wings in a plastic-like covering. It has become more common to cover planes with heat-curing plastic films ("heat shrink covering" or "solarfilm") that can be ironed on - a hand-held iron causes the film to shrink and adhere to the frame. This plastic covering is more durable and makes for a quick repair. Other varieties of heat shrinkable coverings are also available, that have fibrous reinforcements within the plastic film, or are actual woven heat shrinkable fabrics.
==Pirate Capital LLC==
It is common to leave landing gear off smaller planes (roughly 36" or smaller) in order to save on weight and construction costs. The planes can then be launched by throwing and can then land in soft grass.
I have added a "{{[[Template:prod|prod]]}}" template to the article [[Pirate Capital LLC]], suggesting that it be deleted according to the [[Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|proposed deletion]] process. All contributions are appreciated, but I don't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also "[[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not|What Wikipedia is not]]" and [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|Wikipedia's deletion policy]]). You may contest the proposed deletion by removing the <code><nowiki>{{dated prod}}</nowiki></code> notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on [[Talk:Pirate Capital LLC|its talk page]]. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the [[WP:PROD|proposed deletion process]], the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the [[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|speedy deletion criteria]] or it can be sent to [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion|Articles for Deletion]], where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. [[User:Mmoneypenny|Mmoneypenny]] 07:24, 25 May 2007 (UTC)
=== FromJune plans2007 or scratch===
[[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to Wikipedia. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to our encyclopedia. However, adding content without [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing]] a [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|reliable source]], as you did to [[:Cord Meyer]], is not consistent with our policy of [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]]. Take a look at the [[Wikipedia:Welcome|welcome page]] to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-unsourced1 --> [[User:Andrew_pmk|Andrew_pmk]] | [[User talk:Andrew pmk|Talk]] 00:43, 17 June 2007 (UTC)
Planes can be built from published [[plan]]s, often supplied as full sized drawings with included instructions. Parts normally need to be cut out from sheet wood using supplied templates.
== Public Information Research ==
Hobbyists that have gained some experience in constructing and flying from kits and plans will often venture into building custom planes from scratch. This involves finding drawings of full sized aircraft and scaling these down, or even designing the entire airframe from scratch. It requires a solid knowledge of aerodynamics and a plane's control surfaces. Plans can be drawn up on paper or done with [[CAD]] software. Many CAD packages exist for the specific purpose of designing planes and perfecting airfoils.
I've left a note on the [[talk:Public Information Research]] in case you'd like to discuss your edits to that article. Please don't revert again without discussion. [[Special:Contributions/Will_Beback| ·:· ]][[User:Will Beback|Will Beback]] [[User talk:Will Beback|·:·]] 00:34, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
==Plane characteristics==
==Notability of [[:Lee Van Arsdale]]==
===Wing ___location===
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====High wing====
The easiest planes to fly are typically ones that have a high wing, or a wing that is on top or above the plane's fuselage. Wing [[dihedral]]s (bend or change of angle in wing relative to fuselage) or [[polyhedral]]s are also common. Most trainers and park flyers have this configuration.
These planes hold most of their weight under the canopy of the wing structure and tend to react more like a glider. For this reason, they are very stable and easy to fly. If a high wing plane is out of control, stability can often be regained by returning the controls to a neutral position, allowing the plane to naturally fall back into a gliding position. Because of the wing shape, wing position, and drag under the wing due to the fuselage, these planes fly slower than their mid and low wing counterparts, but can usually do some [[aerobatic maneuver]]s.
High wings are typical of many vintage private planes. For example, the [[Piper Cub]] and the [[Cessna 170]].
====Low wing====
Low wing planes offer a higher level of flying difficulty because the weight of the plane sits on top of the wing structure, making the balance a bit top heavy. Most wing configurations provide a slight [[dihedral]] to provide a bit more balance during flight.
The weight distribution and wing position of a low wing plane provides a good balance of stability and maneuverability. The plane's weight is easier to move around the rotation axis during a roll because it is closer to the wing, requiring much less leverage than a high wing plane.
Low wings are typical of [[World War II]] war planes and many newer passenger planes and commercial jets.
====Mid wing====
Mid wing planes are usually considered the most difficult to fly. The wings are usually located right in the vertical middle of the fuselage, near the bulk mass of the aircraft. Very little leverage is needed to turn and rotate the plane's weight.
Mid wings are often straight without any dihedral providing an almost symmetrical aerodynamic structure. This allows the plane to be relatively balanced whether rightside-up, upside-down, or any other position. This is great for military jets, sport planes and aerobatic planes, but less advantageous for the learning pilot. Because of this symmetry, the plane doesn't really have any natural or stable flying position, like the high wing planes, and will not automatically return to a stable gliding position.
===Number of channels===
The number of [[channel (communications)|channels]] a plane requires is determined by the number of mechanical [[Servomechanism|servos]] that have been installed. On smaller models, usually one servo per control surface is sufficient.
* [[Aileron]]s - controls [[roll]].
* [[Elevator (aircraft)|Elevator]] - controls [[pitch]] (up and down).
* [[Throttle]] or, if electric, motor speed.
* [[Rudder]] - controls [[yaw]] (left and right).
For more complex models and larger scale planes, multiple servos may be used on control surfaces. In such cases, more channels may be required to perform various functions such as opening cargo doors, dropping bombs, operating remote cameras, lights, etc.
The right and left ailerons move in opposite directions. However, aileron control will often use two channels to enable mixing of other functions on the transmitter. For example when they both move downward they can be used as [[Flap (aircraft)|flaps]] ([[flaperon]]s), or when they both move upward, as [[spoiler (aeronautics)|spoilers]] ([[spoileron]]s). Some aircraft, such as the [[Concorde]] do not have an elevator. When that function is mixed with ailerons the surfaces are known as [[elevon]]s. Each of these mixes are common on radio control planes.
With a three channel RC plane, either the ailerons or rudder control surface is eliminated. If the rudder is eliminated, turning is accomplished by rolling the plane left or right and applying the correct amount of up-elevator. If the ailerons are eliminated, the wing needs to have a significant amount of [[dihedral]] (V-bend in the wing). The rudder will turn the plane so that one wing will turn into the wind, causing it to lift and roll the aircraft. Many trainers and electric park fliers use this technique.
===Turning===
There are generally 2 Ways of turning a Remote Control Aircraft. Probably the most common way is via the rudder. The alternative is by cutting one engine or lowering the power while the other engine is at full power.
===V-tail systems===
A [[V-tail|V-Tail]] is a way of combining the control surfaces of the standard "+"
configuration of [[Rudder]] and [[Elevator]] into a V shape. These [[ruddervators]]
are controlled with two channels and mechanical or electronic mixing. An
important part of the V-Tail configuration is the exact angle of the two
surfaces relative to each other and the wing, otherwise you will have
incorrect ratios of elevator and rudder.
The mixing works as follows: When receiving rudder input, the two servos
work together, moving both control surfaces to the left or right,
inducing [[yaw]]. On elevator input, the servos work opposite, one surface
moves to the "left" and the other to the "right" which gives the effect
of both moving up and down, causing pitch changes in the aircraft.
V-Tails are very popular in Europe, especially for gliders. In the US,
the [[T-tail|T-Tail]] is more common.
== Powerplants ==
Most planes need a [[powerplant]] to drive them, the exception being gliders. The most popular types for radio-controlled aircraft are internal combustion engines, electric motors, jet, and rocket engines. More info on all of these can be found at [[Model aircraft]].
== Frequencies and sub-channels ==
=== Frequency ===
[[Frequency]] determines the line of communication between a receiver and transmitter. The transmitter and receiver must both be on the same frequency so the plane can be controlled.
==== Reserved frequencies ====
Many countries reserve specific frequencies for radio control use. Due to the longer range and potentially worse consequences of [[Electromagnetic interference|radio interference]], model aircraft have exclusive use of their own [[frequency allocation]] in some countries.
'''USA and Canada reserved frequencies'''
*72 MHz: aircraft only (France also uses US/Canada channels 21 through 35).
*75 MHz: surface vehicles.
*27 MHz: general use, toys.
'''European reserved frequencies'''
*35 MHz: aircraft only.
*40 MHz: surface vehicles.
*27 MHz: general use, toys, citizens band radio.
'''Australian reserved frequencies'''
*36 MHz: aircraft and water-craft (odd channels for aircraft only)
*29 MHz: general use
*27 MHz: light electric aircraft, general use
'''New Zealand reserved frequencies'''
*35 MHz: aircraft only
*40 MHz: aircraft only
*27 MHz: general use
*29 MHz: general use
*36 MHz: general use
*72 MHz: general use
Detailed information, including cautions for transmitting on some of the 'general use' frequencies, can be found on the [http://nzmaa.org.nz/frequencies.asp NZMAA website].
'''Amateur Radio License reserved frequencies'''
*50 and 53 MHz in the USA and Canada
*433-434 MHz in Germany
Remarkably, there are specific bands in 35 MHz called A and B bands. Some European countries allows only use in A band, whereas others allow use in A and B band.
=== Sub-channels ===
RC aircraft in the USA utilize a 72 MHz frequency [[band (radio)|band]] for communication. The transmitter [[radio]] broadcasts on [[Amplitude modulation|AM]], [[Frequency modulation|FM]] using [[pulse position modulation|PPM]] or [[pulse code modulation|PCM]]. Each aircraft needs a way to determine which transmitter to receive communications from, so a flight [[channel (communications)|channel]], or [[sub-channel]] (range of frequency), is necessary.
A [[crystal]] is put into the transmitter to allow it to communicate at a specific sub-channel to match the receiver in the aircraft. This is important so that two transmitters are not trying to control the same craft, resulting in an uncontrolled and potentially dangerous crash. For example, if a person is flying an aircraft on channel 35, and someone else turns their radio on the same channel, the aircraft's control will be compromised and the result is almost always a crash. For this reason, when flying at RC airfields, there is normally a board where hobbyists can post their sub-channel flag, so everyone knows what channel they are using, avoiding such incidents.
A modern computer radio transmitter and receiver can be equipped with synthesizer technology, using a [[Phase-locked loop|Phase Locked Loop]] (PLL), with the advantage of giving the pilot the opportunity to select any of the available channels with no need of changing a [[crystal]]. This is very popular in flying camps where a lot of pilots have to share a limited number of channels.
Some new controllers use [[spread spectrum]] technology. The most popular of these radio systems is made by a company called [[Spektrum]], though other companies are working on their own versions. Spread spectrum allows multiple applications (pilots) to transmit using the same [[Radio frequency|radio frequencies]] with little fear of conflicts.
== Military usage ==
Model aircraft are also used in the military, with its primary task to gather intelligence of areas. Most of these devices use ball-bearing engines, similar to those found on R/C boats.
Besides as a reconnaissance vehicle, there are also concerns that it could be used for bomb attacks.
Just as [[Bruce Simpson]]'s home-made [[cruise missile]], it could be rigged with an explosive or biological bomb.
== See also ==
* [[Radio-controlled model]]
* [[Academy of Model Aeronautics]]
* [[British Model Flying Association]]
* [[Model Aeronautics Association of Canada]]
* [[Hotliner]]
* [[Fly RC]]
* [[International Miniature Aerobatic Club]]
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
{{wikibooks|RC Aircraft}}
* [http://www.netaxs.com/~mhmyers/rc.tn.html Radio Control Airplanes] - In-flight photos and videos of Radio Control Airplanes
* [http://www.RCUniverse.com/ RCUniverse]
* [http://www.flyingsites.co.uk Flying Sites] - UK resource of r/c model aviation information, help and news.
* [http://www.rc-airplane-world.com/ RC Airplane World] - ''Getting Started in Radio Control'' guide
[[Category:Radio-controlled aircraft| ]]
[[Category:Unmanned vehicles]]
[[Category:Model aircraft]]
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