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== [[Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Log/2007 June 27|2007 June 27]] ==
'''Penis size''' is of great concern to many people. Some consider having a large [[penis]] a mark of [[masculinity]]; others are concerned that their penis is too small to satisfy their sexual partner(s). These insecurities have led to many erroneous beliefs about penis size, and to the creation of a whole industry devoted to [[penis enlargement]].
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== Comparison with other primates ==
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Compared to other [[primate]]s, even larger primates such as the [[gorilla]], the male [[human]] [[genitalia]] are remarkably large. The human penis is both longer and thicker than that of any other primate both in absolute terms and in relative size compared to the rest of the body<ref>Small, Meredith F., ''What's Love Got to Do With It? The Evolution of Human Mating'', 1995, Anchor Books</ref>.
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==Measuring the penis==
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There are a variety of different ways to measure a penis, and there are a number of difficulties in doing so. First of all, a penis must be maximally erect to do so, and in a clinical setting this is difficult to achieve. At least one Brazilian doctor resorted to injecting penises with drugs to induce an erection, giving much more consistent results{{citation needed}}. Some clinicians measure the penis by stretching the flaccid penis as far as comfortably possible and take the measurement based on the theory that a fully stretched flaccid penis is equal to an erect penis length. Relying on self-reporting of penis size is problematic, since some patients exaggerate or are unable or unwilling to measure the penis correctly.
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Length of a penis is typically measured with the subject standing and the penis held parallel to the floor. Measurement of length goes horizontally along the top of the penis from the penis's base to the tip. If the penis is measured along the bottom or underside, the result is a longer but more variable measurement. Measurements taken while sitting or lying down also tend to be more variable.
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[[Girth]] is measured by using a tape measure. It is variously quoted as an average, at 3 places along the penis, just below the penile head, in the middle of the shaft, and at the base or the thickest part.
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== Data ==
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There have been several studies regarding the average size of the human penis. The majority of such studies could be unreliable due to [[self-selection bias]]: men with a smaller than average penis might be less likely to allow themselves to be measured, while men with a larger than average penis might be more likely to allow themselves to be measured. It is unknown if this conjectured self-selection bias has been confirmed by any studies, or if any studies have attempted to account for potential self-selection bias regarding penis size.
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===Size at birth===
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Average stretched penile length at birth is about 4 cm, and 90% of newborn boys will be between 2.4 and 5.5 cm (0.9 and 2.2 in). Limited growth of the penis occurs between birth and 5 years of age, but very little occurs between 5 years and the onset of [[puberty]]. The average size at the beginning of puberty is 6 cm (2½ inches) with adult size reached about 5 years later. W.A. Schonfeld published a penis growth curve in 1943. <ref name=Miller>Schonfeld, W. A. (1943). Primary and secondary sexual characteristics:
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Study of their development in males from birth through maturity, with
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biometric study of penis and testes. American Journal of Diseases of
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Children, 65, 535.</ref>
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===Erect length===
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[[Image:Penis_frequency.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Frequency graph of LifeStyles data]]
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[[Image:Penis_percentile.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Percentile plot of LifeStyles data]]
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Regarding the length of the adult fully [[erection|erect]] penis (measured along the top of the penis from the groin to the tip), several studies have been performed. Studies that have relied on self-measurement, including those from Internet surveys, consistently reported a higher average than those which used medical or scientific researchers to perform the measurements.
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'''Academic and scientific studies'''
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* A study published in the September 1996 ''Journal of Urology ''concluded that average erect length was 12.9 cm (5.0 in). (Measured by staff)<ref name="Wessells">{{cite web
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| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=96320953
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| title = Penile Length in the Flaccid and Erect States: Guidelines for Penile Augmentation
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| accessdate = 2006-09-14
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| author = Wessels, H
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| date = 1996-9-1
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}}</ref>
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*A study published in the December 2000 ''International Journal of Impotence Research ''found that average erect penis length was 13.6 cm (5.35 in), (<i>SD</i> = 1.7 cm (.67 in), <i>n</i> = total participants = 55, measured by staff). <ref name="Chen">{{cite web
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| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=11416836&query_hl=2&itool=pubmed_docsum
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| title = Predicting penile size during erection
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| accessdate = 2006-09-23
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| author = Chen, J
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| date = 2000-12-1
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}}</ref>
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'''Random sample of college students on spring break'''
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* A study conducted by LifeStyles Condoms during 2001 Spring Break in [[Cancún]], Mexico, found an average of 14.9 cm (5.9 in) with a standard deviation of 2.1 cm (0.8 in). (Measured by staff)<ref name="lifestyles_condoms">{{cite web
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| url = http://www.free-condom-stuff.com/education/research.htm
|-
| title = ANSELL RESEARCH - The Penis Size Survey
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| year = 2001
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}}</ref>
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'''Self measurement surveys'''
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* An Internet survey performed by Sizesurvey.com found an average of 16 cm (6.4 in). (measured by Internet survey respondents)<ref name="sizesurvey.com">{{cite web
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| url = http://www.sizesurvey.com/result.html
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| title = The Definitive Penis Size Survey Results - Sixth Edition
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| accessdate = 2006-07-13
|}
| author = Richard Edwards
== [[Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Log/2007 June 28|2007 June 28]] ==
| date = 1998-10-5
{| class="wikitable"
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* An Internet survey performed by Jackinworld.com found an average of 15.6 cm (6.1 inches). (measured by Internet survey respondents)<ref name="jackinworld">{{cite web
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| url = http://www.jackinworld.com/library/surveys/survey04.html
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| title = JACKINWORLD 2004 SURVEY
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| accessdate = 2006-07-13
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}}</ref>
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===Erect circumference===
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[[Image:Penis_circum.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Plot of LifeStyles data of circumference]]
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[[Image:Penis_circum_percentile.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Percentile plot of LifeStyles data of circumference]]
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Similarly, regarding the [[circumference]] of the adult fully [[erection|erect]] penis (with the measurement taken mid-shaft). Just as with length, those studies that relied on self-measurement consistently reported a higher average than those that had staff take the measurements, possibly indicating exaggeration when the penis is not scientifically measured.
|-
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* A study conducted by LifeStyles Condoms during 2001 Spring Break in [[Cancún]] found an average of 12.6 cm (5.0 in) with a standard deviation of 1.3 cm (0.5 in).<ref name="lifestyles_condoms" />
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| bgcolor="#ffffbb" | 63.6%
===Flaccid length===
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Length of the unencumbered flaccid penis is not necessarily proportional to size of the erect penis. Blood flow from arousal, and its relationship to the subsequent length measurement of the erect penis varies widely among men. Hence a smaller-than-average flaccid penis might grow to five times its flaccid length and twice its girth, or conversely a flaccid penis on the larger side might only grow to 1.5 times the length when filled with blood. The transition to erection and its relationship to measurements is by no means a one-size-fits-all equation.{{fact}}
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* A study published in the September 1996 Journal of Urology concluded that mean flaccid length was 8.8 cm (3.5 in). (Measured by staff)<ref name="Wessells" />
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Low temperatures affect the size of the flaccid penis. One general physiological response to cold is decreased circulation of blood to the extremities, which includes the external genitals. The penis will often shrink further as a result.
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== Perceptions ==
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In a 2005 study by the [[University of California, Los Angeles]], 45% of men responded they would prefer their penis size increased. 84% of respondents rated their penis size as average to above average. (There is a similar perception gap in women's perceptions of their [[breasts]].)
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A study undertaken at Utrecht University found that the majority of homosexual men surveyed regard a large penis as ideal, and having one is linked to self esteem. <ref>{{cite web | title = Size does matter (to gays) | date = [[February 20]], 2006 | url = http://www.mg.co.za/articlepage.aspx?area=/breaking_news/other_news/&articleid=264731 | work = [[Mail&Guardianonline]] | accessdate = 2006-11-09 }}</ref>.
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Men may tend to misjudge the size of their penis relative to that of other men they have seen naked, simply because of the [[foreshortening]] effect obtained from always looking down at the penis from above. In addition, as [[Paul Fussell]] noted in his memoirs, men who are overweight or have large stomachs may fail to allow for the partial concealment of the penis by their abdomen. The accumulation of fat on the pubic bone above the penis may give a shorter appearance even though the length of the penis from the base is normal.
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A survey by [[sexologist]]s showed that many men who believed that their penis was of inadequate size actually had an average-sized penis. Most sexologists believe that worries about penis size come from some other source of anxiety or perceived inadequacy.
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=== Past perceptions ===
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In ancient Greek and Roman art, it is common to see smaller male genitalia than one would expect for the size of the man.<ref name="Greek_art">{{cite web
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| first = Adams
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| title = Why does so much ancient Greek art feature males with small genitalia?
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| publisher = The Straight Dope
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| date = 2006-12-09
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| url = http://www.straightdope.com/columns/051209.html
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| accessdate = 2006-08-05 }}</ref> [[Renaissance]] art also followed this aesthetic; note [[Michelangelo]]'s ''[[David (Michelangelo)|David]]'' (see another comment in the next paragraph). This was due to the belief that an uncircumcised and small penis was desirable in a man, whereas a bigger or circumcised penis was viewed as comical. This may have had to do with the Greeks' adoration of an undeveloped body or the actual size of real models who stood in cold studios. However, it has also been said that artists intentionally depicted the penis size as smaller than usual, to prevent it from detracting from the art form itself. Others have said that perhaps male average penis size back then was significantly smaller, and has become bigger over time much like the average height has. It is also believed that a large penis was believed to be "beastly" or animal. All of these theories are plausible.<ref name="Greek_art" />
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[[Image:Mercury god.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Priapus]] figure from Pompeii. Large phalluses were considered undesirable for men to possess and often depicted for comic effect in ancient Rome.]]
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When Michelangelo sculpted "David," he knew that it was not until well into the Common Era that Jews began removing the foreskin completely during a circumcision. Prior to that, only the portion that extended past the glans was removed, leaving the glans mostly covered (as is the case with "David").{{fact}}
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==Urban legends, popular culture, and mass media==
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In some cultures, mass hysteria involving the believed removal or shrinking of the penis has been observed ([[genital retraction syndrome]]).
|-
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Many beliefs in [[popular culture]] hold that it is possible to predict the size of someone's [[penis]] by observing other features. The features usually selected are the [[hands]], the [[feet]], the [[nose]] or height. One urban legend suggests that the size of a fully erect [[penis]] is the length from the tip of a man's [[thumb]] to the tip of his [[index finger]], when a 90° [[angle]] is made with these two digits. (An alternative formulation is that this indicates the flaccid penis's length.)
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The suggested link between penis size, foot size and height has been investigated by a relatively small number of groups. Two of these studies have suggested a link between penis size and foot size, while the most recent report dismissed these findings.{{fact}} One of the studies suggesting a link relied on the subjects measuring the size of their own penis, which may well be inaccurate. The second study found statistically significant although "weak correlation" between the size of the stretched penis and foot size and height.{{fact}} A potential explanation for these observations is that the development of the penis in an embryo is controlled by some of the same [[Hox]] genes (in particular HOXA13 and HOXD13<ref name="hox">{{cite journal
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| authorlink = Frances R. Goodman
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| title = Limb malformations and the human HOX genes
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| journal = American Journal of Medical Genetics
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| volume = 112
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| issue = 3
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| pages = 256-265
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| date = 2002-08-27
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| url = http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/98016962/ABSTRACT?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0
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| accessdate = 2006-08-05 }}</ref>
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) as those that control the development of the limbs. Mutations of some Hox genes that control the growth of limbs cause malformed genitalia (hand–foot–genital syndrome<ref name="Mortlock">{{cite journal
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| authorlink = Douglas P. Mortlock
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| coauthors = Jeffrey W. Innis
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| title = Mutation of HOXA13 in hand-foot-genital syndrome
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| journal = Nature Genetics
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| volume = 15
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| pages = 179-180
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| date = 1997
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| url = http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v15/n2/abs/ng0297-179.html
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| accessdate = 2006-08-05 }}</ref>). However the most recent investigation<ref name="Shah">{{cite journal
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| authorlink = J. Shah
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| coauthors = N. Christopher
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| title = Can shoe size predict penile length?
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| journal = JU International
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| volume = 90
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| issue = 6
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| pages = 586
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| date = 2006-10
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| url = http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1464-410X.2002.02974.x
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| accessdate = 2006-08-05 }}</ref> failed to find any evidence for a link between shoe size and stretched penis size.{{citation needed}}<ref>{cite web
|-
| last = Cecil
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| first = Adams
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| title = The size of things to come
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| publisher = The Straight Dope
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| date = 2003-08-26
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| url = http://www.snopes.com/risque/penile/size.htm
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| accessdate = 2006-08-05 }}</ref> Given the large number of genes which control the [[Morphogenesis|development]] of the human body shape, and the effects of hormones during childhood and adolescence, it would seem unlikely that an accurate prediction of penis size could be made by measuring a different part of the human body.
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Other studies correlating the size of the human penis with other factors have given intriguing results. Notably one study analysing the self-reported [[Kinsey]] data set found that homosexual men had statistically larger penises than their heterosexual counterparts.<ref name="Bogaert">{{cite journal
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| authorlink = Bogaert AF
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| coauthors = Hershberger S
|-
| title = The relation between sexual orientation and penile size
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| journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior
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| volume = 28
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| issue = 3
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| pages = 213-221
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| publisher = Springer Netherlands
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| date = June 1999
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| url = http://www.springerlink.com/content/j517r35408304087/
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| accessdate = 2006-08-05 }}</ref> One potential explanation given is a difference in the exposure to androgen hormones in the developing embryo. The study author's ''opinion'' is that evidence points towards both orientations being equally likely to exaggerate<ref>{{cite web | title = Research says erect gay penises are bigger | date = [[November 04]], 1999 | url = http://salon.com/health/sex/urge/world/1999/11/04/size/index.html | work = [[Salon.com]] | accessdate = 2006-11-09 }}</ref> (in the self-reported Kinsey study).
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| 1
Recently, there has been greater media attention to the issue of penis size and women being more vocal about their preferences. Television shows such as ''[[Sex and the City]]'' and ''[[Ally McBeal]]'' popularized the penis-size issue when characters in these TV shows stated their preference for well-endowed men and rejected men who had only average endowment. In HBO's ''[[Sex and the City]]'', a female character is portrayed crying in bed when she experiences her boyfriend's penis for the first time and discovers that it is below average length, as opposed to the large length she had expected and anticipated. In the same episode the characters debate whether it's proper to dump a man because of displeasure over the size of his penis; they conclude that it's OK and at the end of the episode she does indeed dump her boyfriend because she doesn't like the size of his penis, even though earlier in the episode she reveals that she thinks she loves him.
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The media have been criticized for making "penis envy" into a male body issue equivalent to ''[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]'' magazine being criticized for their coverage of women's weight. Indeed, one episode of ''Sex and the City'' also shows a character expressing displeasure over her partner having too large a penis, though the penis is described in hyperbolic terms and implied to be something of impossibly gargantuan proportions.
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Surveys of women's actual preference have consistently shown that penis size is only a priority for a minority of women, and some women dislike large penises.
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In recent years, [[Penis enlargement#Penis pump|penis pumps]], pills, and other dubious means of [[penis enlargement]] have had increased sales.{{fact}} They are one of the most advertised products in [[E-mail spam|spam mail]].
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== Female preference ==
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{{see also|Size queen}}
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One source of continued debate is the extent to which [[heterosexual]] and [[bisexual]] women actually prefer certain penis sizes. In a 2005 UCLA study, 85% of women said they were "very satisfied" with their romantic partner's size.<ref>Mundell, E.J. "[http://health.msn.com/centers/mensexualhealth/ArticlePage.aspx?cp-documentid=100104853 Does Size Matter? Most Romantic Partners Say 'No']," MSN Health & Fitness: Men's Sexual Health, MSN.com, 27 May, 2005. Retrieved 23 September, 2006.</ref>
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A study published in BMC Women's Health, surveyed women's preferences concerning penis size and concluded that width rather than length is a more important factor of sexual stimulation.<ref>Eisenman, Russell. "[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=33342 Penis size: Survey of female perceptions of sexual satisfaction]," ''BMC Womens Health'' 1: 1, 8 June 2001.</ref>
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Another study, conducted at Groningen University Hospital, asked 375 sexually active women (who had recently given birth) the importance of penis size and concluded: "Although clearly in the minority, a nevertheless considerable percentage of the women respondents attached substantial importance to the size of the male sexual organ"<ref>"[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?itool=abstractplus&db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=abstractplus&list_uids=12429149 What importance do women attribute to the size of the penis?]"</ref>.
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== Penis size and vaginal response ==
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The [[vagina]] itself is a very elastic environment which can expand on average to ~10 centimetres (4 in) in diameter during [[childbirth]], yet it also easily retains a [[tampon]]. Thus a woman's vagina can tightly accommodate most penises from relatively small to large. It will generally accommodate and adjust to the object it surrounds. Discomfort can sometimes be experienced with unusually large objects, but the vagina can, over time, adapt.
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According to Louanne Cole Weston, [[PhD]], licensed counselor, and sex therapist, in a May 2002 report by WebMD,<ref>{{cite web | title = Does Penis Size Really Matter? | date = [[May 27]], 2002 | url = http://www.webmd.com/content/Article/42/1685_53202.htm?pagenumber=1 | work = [[WebMD]] | accessdate = 2006-08-04 }}</ref> several misconceptions have developed surrounding penile-vaginal intercourse. Cultural preferences may have enlarged the importance of deep vaginal penetration in obtaining female orgasm.
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The most sensitive area of the vagina is the section closest to the outside of a woman's body, which is roughly 10 centimeters (4 inches) in length. Given that the average penis size is above this length, most men should be able to easily reach and stimulate these erotic nerve endings.
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== [[Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Log/2007 June 29|2007 June 29]] ==
In stark contrast, minor surgery without anesthetic can be conducted on the inner portion of a woman's vagina without discomfort. Most women attest to a feeling of being "filled up" by larger than average penises, yet few can claim to feel erotic sensations in the deeper regions of the vagina {{fact}}. In fact, stimulation of the [[G-spot]] may be more effective if the man's penis is slightly ''shorter'' than average, as this highly sensitive area of the vagina is located closer to the opening of vagina than to the recesses of its canal.<ref>{{cite web | first = Sandor | last = Gardos
{| class="wikitable"
| url = http://www.webmd.com/content/article/41/1689_50052.htm | work = WebMD | date = 1999 | title = The G-Spot | accessdate = 2006-08-06 }}</ref>
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Some women have reported enjoying stimulation of the cervix<ref>{{cite web | url = http://health.discovery.com/centers-sex-articles-sextips.shtml | work = Discovery Health | title = How to Achieve Orgasm During Intercourse | accessdate = 2006-09-21 }}</ref>, although this may be confused with the cul-de-sac (back of vagina, past cervix)<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.askmen.com/love/love_tip/sextip7.html | work = AskMen.com | title = "Cul-de-sac": Increase Her Orgasm | accessdate = 2006-09-22 }}</ref>. The cul-de-sac is said to be another possible orgasm trigger area.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.webmd.com/content/article/44/1689_50048.htm?lastselectedguid={5FE84E90-BC77-4056-A91C-9531713CA348 | work = WebMD | title = The Female Orgasm During Intercourse | accessdate = 2006-09-21 }}</ref> Tests have shown that pressure on this area causes the vagina to lubricate very quickly. There isn't yet a consensus on the name for this newly discovered highly erotic area (thus far referred to as cul-de-sac). It has also been called the A-Spot, AFE-Zone, AFE, T-Spot, or epicentre. No matter the size of a man's penis it takes a level of skill to stimulate this area. The man with a shorter penis can also stimulate this area using some advantageous positions which shorten the distance to the uterus.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://ezinearticles.com/?Beyond-the-G-Spot--Secrets-of-the-Female-Human-Body-and-The-U-Spot&id=204693 | work = ezinearicles | title = Beyond the G-Spot | accessdate = 2006-11-27 }}</ref>.
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Long penises (over ~20 centimetres (8 in)) can be susceptible to rubbing on, or striking, the cervix, which has been described as being a sensation similar to being punched in the stomach {{fact}}. Over-stretching the back of the vagina can also cause discomfort, and this may be mistaken for cervix pain. Thus very long penises ''sometimes'' cannot be fully inserted. The exact depth depends on both anotomical dimensions and arousal of the woman, as well as the sexual technique used.
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During sexual intercourse, the vagina lengthens rapidly after initial insertion from about 10 to 14 cm (4<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thesite.org/sexandrelationships/havingsex/performanceproblems/doessizematter | work = TheSite.org | title = Does size matter | accessdate = 2006-08-12 }}</ref> to 5.5 in), but the final and initial depths vary from woman to woman ±2.5 cm (±1 in). The vagina (with proper arousal) will stretch to envelop larger sizes (up to a point) — about 19–23 cm (7.5–9 in) maximum on average (although more may be accommodated with long-term adaptation). As the woman becomes ''fully'' aroused the vagina tents (last ²⁄₃ expands in length and width) while the cervix retracts <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.askmen.com/love/dzimmer/17_love_answers.html | work = AskMen.com | title = do big penises hurt? | accessdate = 2006-08-14 }}</ref>, meaning that with the right penetration angle long penises will slide over or under the cervix without directly hitting it (instead stretching the back of the vagina or cul-de-sac). Enough [[foreplay]] to produce full arousal is generally needed to ready a woman for penetration by a large penis — although this same amount of foreplay is often ''recommended'' regardless of the man's penis size. While a long penis normally isn't a hindrance, there's little to suggest it's advantageous either.
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On the other hand, stimulation of the [[G-Spot]] may be more effective if the man's penis is ''thicker'' than average, since the pleasure sensations from this area are activated primarily by pressure. A thicker penis may provide more friction against the [[vestibular bulbs]], which are located in close proximity and anteriorly on either side of the urethra. Additionally, some claim that if a penis is thick enough compared with the vaginal opening, i.e. [[vulva]], stretching will occur.{{fact}} This stretching can supposedly cause the clitoral hood to pass back and forth across the clitoris, which would provide additional stimulation of this large concentration of nerve endings. This stretching is claimed to pull the clitoris down into the path of the thrusting penis, causing it to make contact with, and rub across, the top, or dorsal, section of the penis. This may facilitate even greater clitoral stimulation.
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Women have confirmed in surveys the primary focus of the [[clitoris]] in sexual stimulation. Roughly three-quarters of women surveyed have reported difficulty reaching orgasm by vaginal intercourse alone, and just 7% are able to do this on most occasions. Many report requiring simultaneous clitoral and vaginal stimulation — regardless of the dimensions of the inserted object.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.webmd.com/content/chat_transcripts/1/108998.htm | work = WedMD | title = Becoming a Multi-Orgasmic Woman | first = Rachel | last = Abrams | date = [[2005-07-05]] | accessdate = 2006-08-06 }}</ref>
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== Micropenis ==
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{{main|Micropenis}}
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A penis whose stretched flaccid length is more than approximately 2.5 [[standard deviation]]s below average size for the age group but otherwise formed normally is referred to in a medical context as a [[micropenis]]. Some of the identifiable causes are deficiency of pituitary [[growth hormone deficiency|growth hormone]] and/or [[gonadotropin]]s, mild degrees of [[androgen insensitivity syndrome|androgen insensitivity]], a variety of genetic syndromes, and variations in certain [[Homeobox]] genes. Some types of micropenis can be improved with growth hormone or [[testosterone]] treatment in early childhood. Penis-enlargement self-treatments are not effective for this condition
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The smallest penis on record was reported in a medical journal by researchers from [[Oxford University]]'s Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics. The researchers noted that patient "Alfred," a male musician, in his early 30s, from [[Oxfordshire]], [[UK]]., "possessed a penis almost indistinguishable from a clitoris." Currently there is much debate in the medical community as to whether patient "Alfred" was actually male or [[intersexed]].{{fact}}
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A news post on ''[[New Scientist]]'' dated [[December 6]], 2004 reads ''"A new surgical procedure has allowed men with abnormally short penises to enjoy a full sex life and urinate standing up, some for the first time. Tiny "micro-penises" have been enlarged to normal size without losing any erogenous sensation, say UK doctors."''<ref>{{cite web | title = Length-boosting surgery for 'micro-penises' | url = http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99996761 | date = [[2004-12-06]] | publisher = ''[[New Scientist]]'' | accessdate = 2006-08-06 }}</ref>
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==Race and penis size==
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Differences in average penis size between different [[race]]s has been a subject of considerable controversy.
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The cultural issues involved with the question of race and penis size are complex, with both larger and smaller penises used as justification for regarding other races as inferior; as evidence of an oversexed and brutish animal nature in the former case, or of sexual inadequacy in the latter case. In general, there is a tendency to see the penis size of one's own group as the "right" size, compared to those of others.
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There is considerable debate as to whether specific racial variations in penis size exist, and if they do, whether observed variations can be explained in terms of other factors such as correlations of penis size to body size. In any case, within-group variation in penis size (±30%, see above) seems to be considerably larger than claimed between-group variation of average penis size (±4%, see below).
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To date, there has been no conclusive evidence that race and penis size are at all correlated and all studies that have been done have been rejected by the scientific community due to inaccuracy, respondent bias, or unverifiable claims.
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As an example of the kind of kooks that have been rejected by the scientific community due to inaccuracy, respondent bias, or unverifiable claims, the following citation from a Mr Jean Philippe Rushton has been made in this article:
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**Rushton has also stated that the World Health Organization specifies 5.3 cm wide condoms for Africa, 5.2 cm wide condoms for Europe, and 4.9 cm condoms for Asia.
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It should be note the Mr. Rushton has be widely criticized in his adoptive country, Canada, as being racist. His bizarre theories imply that penis size is inversely proportional to intelligence. Meaning, according to Rushton, that the so-called "oriental" race possesses superior intellect to European Caucasians and that this is also indicated in the smaller penis size of oriental men vis-a-vis European Caucasian men. Mr. Rushton is a professor in Psychology at the University of Western Ontario; he is hardly qualified to conduct studies in the "hard" sciences of biology, human morphology, genetics and human evolution. Most Geneticists, and the reputable publication "Scientific American" have debunked Mr. Rushton's studies as absurd. Because Rushton was consistently rejected by the scientific community for his faulty empirical data and unscientific research methods, his sole source to fund his racist research program was the fascist group, the Pioneer Fund. The Pioneer Fund was established in 1937 by the American white supremacist multimillionaire Wickliffe Draper and others who were supportive of Nazi race policies in Germany. The incorporation papers of the Fund states its policy to support the "procreation of the white colonial stock" and to finance research into "problems of race betterment" and "problems of heredity and eugenics in the human race." citation as follows: [http://bethuneinstitute.org/documents/racialscientestrushton.html]:<br />
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http://bethuneinstitute.org/documents/racialscientestrushton.html --> "Racial Scientist Rushton Takes Over Pioneer Fund"
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http://www.onepeoplesproject.com/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=130&Itemid=29 -->"Jean Philippe Rushton ... the father of the modern day scientific and intellectual racists"
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*A 2002 Survey, "Can shoe size predict penile length?" was conducted to establish if the belief in whether the size of a man's penis can be estimated from his shoe size has any basis in fact. Two urologists measured the stretched penile length of 104 men in a prospective study and related this to their shoe size. The median stretched penile length for the sampled population was 13 cm and the median UK shoe size was 9 (European 43). There was no statistically significant correlation between shoe size and stretched penile length. <ref>BJU Int. 2002 Oct;90(6):586-7</ref>
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*A test-retest study was done in 2002. The study aimed to establish the test-retest reliability of measurement of the erect penis using paper strips in a sample of 312 gay men. The men were issued with color-coded measuring strips printed with instructions but no calibrations, and asked to measure both the length and circumference of their partners' erect penis. Three months later they were asked to repeat these measures. Mean length on first measurement was 15.3 cm and 15.2 cm on second measurement. Mean girth at first measurement was 12.5 cm and 12.6 cm at second measurement. Test-retest reliability of measurement was found to be moderately low at r = 0.60 for length and r = 0.53 for girth" <ref>1: Arch Sex Behav. 2002 Aug;31(4):351-7.</ref>
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===Africans===
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*One of the earliest researchers on the subject, [[Frantz Fanon]], covers this subject in some detail in ''Black Skin, White Masks'' (1952), where he tends towards the view that the supposed positive correlation between large penises and African ancestry is erroneous, a conclusion that he also supports with statistics.
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===Koreans===
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*In 2003 "Studies on self-esteem of penile size in young Korean military men." showed results as shown: "The mean flaccid length, flaccid circumference, stretched length and fat pad depth of the 123 subjects were 6.9±8 cm, 8.5±11 cm, 9.6±8 cm and 1.1±4 cm, respectively." <ref> Asian J Androl. 2003 Sep;5(3):185-9</ref>
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===Jordanians===
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*A 2005 Study, "Penile measurements in normal adult Jordanians and in patients with erectile dysfunction." The purpose of this work was to determine penile size in adult normal (group one, 271) and impotent (group two, 109). In group one mean midshaft circumference was 8.98±1.4 cm, mean flaccid length was mean 9.3±1.9 cm, and mean stretched length was 13.5±2.3 cm. In group two, mean flaccid length was 7.7±1.3 cm, and mean stretched length was 11.6±1.4 cm.<ref>Int J Impot Res. 2005 Mar-Apr;17(2):191-5</ref>
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===Penis size and condom use===
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In a British study examining condom use and reproductive health, the authors stated that "penis size could affect condom failure." The cross-sectional study looked at race factors on condom use. In this study, 18% of people of African descent, 7% of Caucasians and no Asians reported frequent breakage. In contrast, 21% of Asians, 8% of blacks and 2% of whites reported frequent complete slippage. <ref>Tovey SJ, Bonell CP. Condoms: a wider range needed. (letter) ''BMJ'' 1993;307:987. Cited in [http://www.fhi.org/en/RH/Pubs/booksReports/latexcondom/behavcharac.htm]</ref>
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Based on the hypothesis that anatomical differences exist among regions, a series of FHI studies were conducted in three Asian countries to compare small and standard width condoms (3.9 cm and 4.9 cm), and in three African countries to compare larger and standard width condoms (5.5 cm and 5.2 cm).
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According to FHI, "Among the African sites, breakage rates were slightly higher and slippage was slightly lower for the smaller of the two condoms being compared." <ref>Joanis C, Brookshire T, Piedrahita C, et al. Evaluation of Two Condom Designs: A Comparison of Standard and Larger Condoms in Ghana, Kenya, and Mali. Durham, NC: Family Health International, 1990. Cited in [http://www.fhi.org/en/RH/Pubs/booksReports/latexcondom/behavcharac.htm]</ref> The data from the Asian sites was inconsistent. <ref>Neupane S, Abeywickrema D, Martinez K, et al. Acceptability and Actual Use Breakage and Slippage Rates of Standard and Smaller Latex Condoms: Nepal and Sri Lanka. Durham, NC: Family Health International, 1992. Cited in [http://www.fhi.org/en/RH/Pubs/booksReports/latexcondom/behavcharac.htm]</ref><ref>Andrada A, Ravelo N, Spruyt A, et al. Acceptability and Functionality of Standard and Smaller Latex Condoms during Human Use: Philippines. Durham, NC: Family Health International, 1993. Cited in [http://www.fhi.org/en/RH/Pubs/booksReports/latexcondom/behavcharac.htm]</ref>
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FHI concluded that "almost none of the differences in breakage and slippage rates from either the Asian or African sites were statistically significant. Thus, results from these studies pertaining to penis size and condom failure were inconclusive."<ref>"[http://fhi.org/en/RH/Pubs/booksReports/latexcondom/behavcharac.htm The Latex Condom: Recent Advances, Future Directions; Chapter 3: User Behaviors and Characteristics Related to Condom Failure]," Family Health International.</ref>
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==See also==
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{{commons|Penis}}
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* [[Penis envy]]
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* [[Phalloplasty]]
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* [[Penis enlargement]]
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== Notes ==
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== References==
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<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
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* The [[Kinsey Institute]] [http://www.indiana.edu/~kinsey/resources/bib-penis.html penis size bibliography]
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* Sutherland et al. "The effect of prepubertal androgen exposure on adult penile length." ''Journal of Urology'', Vol. 156(2S), 783-787, 1996.
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* Lee PA, et al. "Micropenis. I. Criteria, etiologies, and classification." ''Johns Hopkins Med J'' 1980; 146:156.
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* W.A. Schonfeld, ''Am J Dis Child'' 1943;65:135
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* Niels Lauersen, M.D. and Steven Whitney, "It's Your Body: A Woman's Guide to Gynecology", 3rd Edition 1983, p. 480 (Berkley Publishing Co.: New York), ISBN 0-425-09917-2
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*Bogaert, A. F., & Hershberger, S. L. (1999). The relation between sexual orientation and penile size. ''Archives of Sexual Behavior'' '''28''':213-221.(PMID:10410197)[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10410197&query_hl=12&itool=pubmed_docsum]
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*Mortlock DP, Innis JW (1997) Mutation of HOXA13 in hand-foot-genital syndrome.''Nat Genet'' '''15'''(2):179-80.(PMID:9020844)[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9020844&query_hl=21&itool=pubmed_docsum]
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*Goodman FR (2002) Limb malformations and the human ''HOX'' genes. ''Am J Med Genet'' '''112'''(3):256-265(PMID:12357469)[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12357469&query_hl=5&itool=pubmed_docsum]
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*Shah, J. & Christopher, N. (2002) Can Shoe Size Predict Penile Length? ''BJU Int'' '''90'''(6):586-7 (PMID:12230622)[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12230622&query_hl=15&itool=pubmed_docsum]
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*Siminoski K and Bain J (1993) The Relationship Among Height, Penile Length, and Foot Size. ''Annals of Sex Research'' '''6'''(3):231-235
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*Kondo T, Zakany J, Innis JW, Duboule D.(1997) Of fingers, toes and penises. ''Nature'' '''390'''(6655):29(PMID:9363887)[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9363887&query_hl=20&itool=pubmed_docsum]
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*Rushton, J.P. & Bogaert, A.F. (1987) Race differences in sexual behavior: Testing an evolutionary hypothesis. ''Journal Research in Personality'' 21(4): pp. 536-7
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*Eisenman, Russell (2001) "Penis size: Survey of female perceptions of sexual satisfaction", PubMed Central (PMC)
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== External links ==
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*[http://www.indiana.edu/~kinsey/resources/bib-penis.html Kinsey Institute] An information page on the penis.
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*[http://www.snopes.com/risque/penile/size.htm Penis Size Based on Body Parts]
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*[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7588582 Findings in a Hong Kong Study of Flaccid Penises]
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*[http://www.sizesurvey.com/result.html Sizesurvey.com]
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*[http://www.jackinworld.com/library/surveys/pub.html Jackinworld.com Size Survey]
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*[http://www.jackinworld.com/library/surveys/survey04.html Jackinworld.com Size by Age]
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*[http://www.askyourdronline.com/ver2/users/G204ThreadList.asp?nid=1108&cidtype=K&tmpname=Penis%3Esize Patient Queries - Penis Size] Queries related to penis size answered by Sexologists & Psychiatrists.
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*[http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/give-a-man-six-inches-/2006/08/12/1154803145329.html "Give a Man Six Inches and He'll Want a …",] The Age Newspaper, Melbourne, Australia, August 13, 2006 article on human penis size and online penis enlargement programs.
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*[http://www.altpenis.com/penis_news/showers_growers.shtml AltPenis.com Growers and Show-ers: Variations in Flaccid Penis Size]
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*[http://ejacu.com Documentary of Penis Pictures and Surveys] Devoted to proving the penis is more than a size.
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| 2 || [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Iron Man match|Iron Man match]]
| 5
| bgcolor="#ffffbb" | 60.0%
| 3
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
| 3 || [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of people known as father or mother of something|List of people known as father or mother of something]]
| bgcolor="#ffebad" |16
| bgcolor="#ffffbb" | 53.3%
| bgcolor=#EEEEEE | 8
| bgcolor=#EEEEEE | 7
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 1
|-
| 4 || [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of repetitive songs|List of repetitive songs]]
| 8
| bgcolor="#ffffbb" | 50.0%
| 4
| 4
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
| 5 || [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of selected cities by population density|List of selected cities by population density]]
| 5
| bgcolor="#ffffbb" | 60.0%
| 3
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 0
|-
| 6 || [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mexican American literature|Mexican American literature]]
| 11
| bgcolor="#ffffbb" | 50.0%
| bgcolor=#EEEEEE | 5
| 4
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 2
| 1
|-
| 7 || [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Navy Field|Navy Field]]
| 5
| bgcolor="#ffffbb" | 60.0%
| 3
| 1
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
| 8 || [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pambazuka News|Pambazuka News]]
| 5
| bgcolor="#ffffbb" | 60.0%
| 3
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 0
|-
| 9 || [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Plot of Les Misérables|Plot of Les Misérables]]
| bgcolor="#ffebad" |22
| bgcolor="#ffffbb" | 57.1%
| bgcolor=#DDDDDD | 12
| bgcolor=#EEEEEE | 7
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 3
| 1
|-
| 10 || [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pseudopod (podcast)|Pseudopod (podcast)]]
| 8
| bgcolor="#ffffbb" | 75.0%
| bgcolor=#EEEEEE | 6
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 2
| 0
|-
| 11 || [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Save Toby (2nd nomination)|Save Toby (2nd nomination)]]
| 7
| bgcolor="#ffffbb" | 71.4%
| bgcolor=#EEEEEE | 5
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 0
|-
| 12 || [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Stephen Purdon|Stephen Purdon]]
| 6
| bgcolor="#ffffbb" | 66.7%
| 2+2
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 0
|-
| 13 || [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Pugalist Club|The Pugalist Club]]
| 12
| bgcolor="#ffffbb" | 72.7%
| bgcolor=#EEEEEE | 8
| 3
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 2
| 1
|}
== [[Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Log/2007 July 6|2007 July 6]] ==
{| class="wikitable"
! !! Name !! Votes !! D % !! Delete !! Keep !! Merge !! Redir !! Move !! Comment !! Other
|-
| 1 || [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mudkip egg|Mudkip egg]]
| 7
| bgcolor="#ffffbb" | 71.4%
| bgcolor=#EEEEEE | 4+1
| 0
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 0
|-
| 2 || [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/StarFighter: Quadrant Wars|StarFighter: Quadrant Wars]]
| 8
| bgcolor="#ffffbb" | 75.0%
| bgcolor=#EEEEEE | 6
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 0
|}
| 