Linux and Come As You Are (Instant Star episode): Difference between pages

Revision as of 20:22, 13 June 2004

Revision as of 22:07, 6 July 2007

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{{infobox Television episode|

:''This article is about Linux-based operating systems, GNU/Linux, and related topics. See [[Linux kernel]] for the kernel itself. Linux is also a [[Linux (washing powder)|brand of washing powder]].''

| Image=<!-- Commented out because image was deleted: [[Image:Judesing.jpg]] -->

[[image:TuxWB.jpg|thumb|200px|Tux the penguin, the Linux mascot]]

| Title = Come As You Are

| Series = [[Instant Star]]

| Episode = 2

| Season = 1

| Guests = Katrina Matthews (Eden McCall) <br> [[Maestro (rapper)|Wes "Maestro" Williams]] (Darius Mills) <br> Miku Graham (Portia) <br> [[The Salads]] (Themselves) <br> Dave Brown (Mr. Kelvin) <br> Anthony Ashbee (John Jenkins)

| Episode list = [[List of Instant Star episodes]]

| Writer = Michelle Lovretta

| Director = Pat Williams

| Production = 102

| Airdate = [[September 15]], [[2004]]

| Prev = [[Even Better Than The Real Thing (Instant Star episode) |Even Better Than The Real Thing]]

| Next = [[ Oh Well, Whatever, Nevermind (Instant Star episode) |Oh Well, Whatever, Nevermind]]

|}}

"'''Come As You Are'''" is episode two of the first season of the television series ''[[Instant Star|Instant Star]]''.

<!-- Please read the talk page and edit history, also [[GNU/Linux naming controversy]], before changing all mentions of "Linux" to "GNU/Linux". This page has been worked out with considerable effort. Thanks! -->

'''Linux''' is the name of a [[computer]] [[operating system]] and its [[kernel (computer science)|kernel]]. It is probably the best known example of [[free software]] and of [[open source|open-source]] development.

== Plot synopsis ==

"Linux" strictly refers to the [[Linux kernel]], but the name is commonly used to describe the entire [[Unix-like]] operating system (also known as '''GNU/Linux''') formed by combining the Linux kernel with the [[GNU]] libraries and tools, and for whole [[Linux distribution]]s, which typically also bundle large quantities of software, such as [[web server]]s, [[programming language]]s, [[database]]s, [[desktop environment]]s like [[GNOME]] and [[KDE]] and office suites like [[OpenOffice.org]].

===Summary===

Jude loses the cover of a major music magazine to Eden, the snotty push-up-bra’d runner-up in the Instant Star songwriting contest. So Tommy Q. takes Jude -- and her increasingly resentful older sister Sadie -- to a wild hip - hop party being thrown by the magazine’s publisher -- someone with whom Tommy has a very complicated history. Jude tries to “play the game” and one-up Eden with disastrous results. Ultimately it’s Jude’s genuine connection with someone unexpected that saves the day…

==Episode Stars==

Initially developed for [[x86]] [[Microprocessor|processors]], the operating system now supports a vast range of [[Microprocessor#Microprocessors_and_architectures|architectures]], and is deployed in applications ranging from [[personal computer]]s to [[supercomputer]]s and [[embedded system]]s such as [[List of mobile phones running Linux|mobile phone]]s and the [[TiVo]] [[Personal video recorder|PVR]].

*''[[Alexz Johnson]]'' as Jude Harrison

*''[[Tim Rozon]]'' as Tom "Tommy Q" Quincy

*''[[Laura Vandervoort]]'' as Sadie Harrison

*''[[Kristopher Turner]]'' as Jamie Andrews

*''Barbara Mamabolo'' as Katherine "Kat" Benton

*''[[Simon Reynolds]]'' as Stuart Harrison

*''Jane Sowerby'' as Victoria Harrison

*''Tracy Waterhouse'' as Georgia Bevans

*''Andrea Lui'' as EJ Li

===Recurring Stars===

Initially developed and used mostly by individual enthusiasts, Linux has since gained the support of large companies like [[IBM]] and [[Hewlett-Packard]], overtaking many [[proprietary software|proprietary]] versions of [[Unix]] and even challenging the dominance of [[Microsoft Windows]] in some areas. Analysts attribute this success to its low hardware cost and high speed compared to proprietary Unix, its security and reliability compared to Windows, and its low cost and vendor independence overall. These traits also testify to the utility of the [[The Cathedral and the Bazaar|open source development model]].

*''Katrina Matthews'' as Eden McCall

*''[[Maestro (rapper)|Wes "Maestro" Williams]]'' as Darius Mills

*''Miku Graham'' as Portia Mills Quincy

===Guest History Stars===

*''[[The Salads]]'' as Themselves

The Linux kernel was initially written as a hobby by [[Finland|Finnish]] university student [[Linus Torvalds]], who was attending the [[University of Helsinki]], as a free and modifiable [[Minix]]-like kernel. (Minix is a [[Unix-like]] teaching project designed for simplicity rather than production use.) Version 0.01 of Linux was released to the [[Internet]] in September [[1991]], 0.02 on [[October 5]], [[1991]] [http://groups.google.com/groups?selm=1991Oct5.054106.4647%40klaava.Helsinki.FI]. Subsequently, thousands of volunteer [[developer]]s throughout the world have participated in the project. The essay [[The Cathedral and the Bazaar]] discusses the development model of the Linux kernel and similar software.

*''Dave Brown'' as Mr. Kelvin

*''Anthony Ashbee'' as John Jenkins

==Trivia==

The history of Linux-based operating systems is closely tied to that of the [[GNU]] project, a prominent free-software project led by [[Richard Stallman]]. The GNU project was begun in [[1983]] to develop a complete [[Unix-like]] operating system &mdash; compilers, application programs, development utilities and so on &mdash; composed entirely of [[free software]]. By [[1991]], when the first version of the Linux kernel was written, the GNU project had produced nearly all of the components of this system &mdash; except the kernel. Torvalds and other early Linux-kernel developers adapted their kernel to work with the GNU components to create a fully functional operating system. Linux thus filled the last major gap in the GNU project. (Note that the Linux kernel is not part of the GNU project, although it is now licensed under the [[GNU General Public License]].)

*Portia talks Darius into giving Jude back the cover of the magazine.

*Sadie gets drunk and fights with Eden as a result of it.

*Tommy was married to Portia Mills, Darius' sister.

*Jude fails her chemistry test and tried to sneak out the house with Tommy, but Sadie catches her and tells Jude to take her with them. Jamie also talks them into taking him.

*[[Come As You Are]] is a song by [[Nirvana]]

*Aired on The-N as a two part episode with [[Even Better Than The Real Thing (Instant Star episode)| Even Better Than The Real Thing]] on [[July 1]], [[2005]].

[[Category:Instant Star episodes]]

<!-- A more detailed history of the Linux kernel per se should go on the kernel page, not here -->

[[Tux]] the [[penguin]] is the [[logo]] and [[mascot]] of Linux. The ''Linux'' trademark (SN: 1916230) is owned by Linus Torvalds, registered for "Computer operating system software to facilitate computer use and operation." The assignment of the trademark to Torvalds occurred after an attorney, one William R. Della Croce, Jr, in 1996 began sending letters to various Linux distributors claiming to own the "Linux" trademark and demanding 10% royalties. The distributors rapidly pooled resources, appealed against the original trademark assignment and had it reassigned to Linus Torvalds. The licensing of the trademark is now handled by the [[Linux Mark Institute]].

== Linux distributions==

''Main article:'' [[Linux distribution]]

There are many Linux distributions ('''distros'''), assembled by individuals, corporations and other organizations, and each may include any number of additional [[system software]] and [[application]] programs, as well as a program to install the whole system on a new computer.

The core of each distribution includes the Linux kernel, various software packages from the [[GNU|GNU project]] and elsewhere, including a [[unix shell|shell]] and utilities such as [[Library_(software)|libraries]], [[compilers]] and [[Text_editor|editors]]. Most systems also include non-GNU tools and utilities, although these can be omitted and still leave a Unix-like system; examples include tools and utilities from [[Berkeley Software Distribution|BSD]] and its descendants and the [[X Window System]]. X provides the most common foundation for a [[graphical user interface]] on Linux systems.

Most distributions include a tremendous quantity of additional software. ''See'' [[List of open-source software packages]].

== Applications of Linux-based operating systems ==

Linux users, having traditionally had to install and configure their own system, have tended to be more technologically oriented than [[Microsoft Windows]] and [[Mac OS]] users, often revelling in the tag of "[[hacker]]" or "[[geek]]." This stereotype has been undermined in recent years by the increasing user-friendliness and broader adoption of many Linux distributions. Linux has made considerable progress in the server and special-purpose markets (''e.g.'' image rendering and Web services), and is beginning to make inroads into the high volume "desktop" market.

Linux is the cornerstone of the [[LAMP]] server-software combination (Linux, [[Apache HTTP Server|Apache]], [[MySQL]], [[Perl]]/[[PHP]]/[[Python programming language|Python]]) that has achieved widespread popularity among web developers.

Linux is also commonly used as an [[embedded system]]. Its low cost makes it ideal for such devices as the [[Simputer]], a low-cost computer aimed especially at low-income populations in [[developing nations]].

With [[desktop environment]]s such as [[KDE]] and [[GNOME]], Linux offers a user interface more like that of the [[Apple Macintosh]] or [[Microsoft Windows]] than the traditional Unix [[command line interface]]. Correspondingly, a number of graphical software packages are becoming available for Linux that offer much of the functionality of common commercial programs available on the other desktop operating systems, although the latter are still much greater in breadth and quantity.

==Usability and market share==

Once viewed as an operating system only computer [[geek]]s could appreciate, Linux is today a much more [[userfriendliness|user-friendly]] system, with many graphical interfaces and applications that bear a greater resemblance to popular consumer operating systems than to the command line of Linux's Unix roots. However, there have been criticisms, even from Linux supporters, that Linux and other free software projects do not go far enough in terms of ensuring usability. The question of how Linux's usability compares to Windows or Macintosh remains a hotly debated topic. Its market share for desktop usage remains small but growing. According to market research company IDC, the 2002 Linux market share was 25% for servers and 2.8% for personal/desktop computers.

For those only familiar with Windows or the Macintosh, using Linux may be difficult because many things do not work identically, and substantial differences remain in more sophisticated administrative and configuration tasks. It is also usually easier to find skilled local technical support for Windows or MacOS than for Linux. Additionally, users will often have to switch application software as well, and equivalents of some programs may not be available (or there may be less selection, ''e.g.'' with games). Combined with an inherent reluctance to change operating systems (many users employ versions of Windows that are several years old) and the fact that most computers come with Windows pre-installed, this leads to an inherent inertia slowing adoption of new desktop operating systems.

However, argued advantages of Linux, such as lower cost, fewer security vulnerabilities, and lack of [[vendor lock-in]] have spurred a growing number of high-profile cases of mass adoption of Linux by corporations and governments. In those circumstances, some of the above obstacles are circumvented because only a few applications may be required and administration may be handled by a small number of skilled IT staff.

There have been competing studies of Linux's usability and cost. [[Relevantive]], a [[Berlin]]-based company specializing in consulting companies on the usability of software and Web services, concluded in 2003 that the usability of Linux for a set of specific desktop-related tasks was ''"nearly equal to Windows XP."'' On the other hand, Microsoft-sponsored studies by IDC have argued that Linux has a higher total cost of ownership (TCO) than Windows.

Linux has also been criticized for having unpredictable development schedules, thus making enterprise users less comfortable with Linux than they might be with another operating system (Marcinkowski, 2003). The large number of choices in Linux distributions has also been argued to confuse consumers and software vendors. On the other hand, Linux supporters have pointed out that Microsoft release dates also have a reputation for unreliability, and there are many known incompatibilities between different versions of Windows.

===Installation===

Difficulty of installation was initially a barrier to adoption, but the installation process has been greatly eased in recent years, some distributions being easier to install than comparable versions of Windows.

With the adoption of Linux by several large PC manufacturers, computers with Linux distributions [[pre-installation|pre-installed]] have become available.

Some distributions (such as [[Knoppix]]) allow Linux to be [[booting|booted]] directly from a [[live CD]] without modifying the [[hard drive]]. CD [[ISO image]]s for these and other distributions can usually be [[download]]ed from the [[Internet]], [[burn CD|burn]]ed to a CD and booted from the CD.

Linux can also be booted over a network or, for a minimal system, from a few [[floppy disk|floppy disks]] or network card NetBoot [[flash driver]]s (see [[Isolinux]]).

=== Configuration===

Configuration of most settings is stored in a directory called <code>/etc</code>, while others store settings in hidden files in the user's home directory. Some programs use a configuration database instead of files.

There are a number of ways to change these settings. The most common way to do this is using tools provided by distributions such as [[SuSE]]'s [[YaST]] or [[Mandrake Linux|Mandrake]]'s Control Center. There are non-distribution-specific utilities such as [[Linuxconf]] and the [[GNOME System Tools]]. There are also many [[command line]] utilities for configuring programs. Finally, since most settings are stored in [[Binary and text files|text files]] they can be configured by any [[text editor]].

===Support===

Support is generally provided by peers &mdash; other Linux users, usually online, in forums, newsgroups and mailing lists. [[Linux User Group]]s (or LUGs) have sprung up all over the world as a way of assisting local users, new and experienced alike, with the installation, use, maintenance and advocacy of Linux systems.

Commercial suppliers of Linux distributions generally have a business model of providing support. Third-party support is also readily available.

== The scale of the Linux development effort ==

One study (''More Than a Gigabuck: Estimating GNU/Linux's Size'' [http://www.dwheeler.com/sloc]) of [[Red Hat Linux]] 7.1 found that this particular distribution contained 30 million physical [[source lines of code]] (SLOC). Using the [[COCOMO]] cost model, the study estimated that this distribution required about 8,000 person-years of development time. Had all this software been developed by conventional [[proprietary software|proprietary]] means, it would have cost over $1.08 billion ($1,080 million), in year [[2000]] [[United States dollar|dollars]], to develop in the US.

The majority of the code (71%) was in [[C programming language|C]], but many other languages were used, including [[C Plus Plus|C++]], [[shell script|shell scripts]], [[Lisp programming language|Lisp]], [[assembly language]], [[Perl]], [[Fortran]] and [[Python programming language|Python]].

Slightly over half of all its code (counting by line) was licensed under the GPL.

The Linux kernel contained 2.4 million lines of code, or 8% of the total, showing that the vast majority of a Linux distribution consists of code that is not contained in the Linux kernel.

== "GNU/Linux" ==

''Main article:'' [[GNU/Linux naming controversy]]

Because the GNU facilities &mdash; without which the system would not resemble Unix from a user perspective &mdash; stem from a long-standing and well-integrated free operating system project that predates the Linux kernel itself and which the kernel was changed early on specifically to fit into, [[Richard Stallman]] and the [[Free Software Foundation]] ask that the combined system (regardless of distribution) be referred to as "GNU/Linux." Some people do &mdash; notably the [[Debian]] project &mdash; although most simply call the system "Linux."

The distinction between Torvalds' kernel and entire Linux-based operating system distributions (of which the kernel forms only a small part) is a perennial source of confusion, and the naming remains controversial.

== Litigation ==

''Main article:'' [[SCO v. IBM]]

In [[March]] [[2003]], the [[SCO Group]] (SCOG) filed a lawsuit against [[IBM]] claiming that IBM had included portions of SCOG's intellectual property into the Linux kernel in violation of IBM's license to use UNIX, now claimed to be held by SCOG. Additionally, SCOG sent letters to a number of companies warning them that their use of Linux without a license from SCOG may be actionable, and have claimed in the press that they would be suing individual Linux users. This controversy has also evoked lawsuits by SCOG against [[Novell]], [[DaimlerChrysler]] and [[AutoZone]] as well as by [[Red Hat]] and others against SCOG.

==Pronunciation of "Linux"==

According to Torvalds [http://www.shortfamilyonline.com/tech/unix/history-of-linux/reference/23-Apr-1992-re-how-to-pronounce-linux.html], "Linux" is pronounced to rhyme with "Minix": ''"'li' is pronounced with a short [ee] sound: compare prInt, mInImal etc. 'nux' is also short, non-diphtong, like in pUt. It's partly due to minix: linux was just my working name for the thing, and as I wrote it to replace minix on my system, the result is what it is ... linus' minix became linux."'' An audio file of Torvalds saying "Hello, this is Linus Torvalds, and I pronounce Linux as 'Linux'" also exists [http://www.paul.sladen.org/pronunciation/].

''See also'' [[List of words of disputed pronunciation#Names]] for a discussion of the various ways of pronouncing the name "Linux".

== Further reading ==

* Glyn Moody: ''Rebel Code: Linux and the Open Source Revolution'', Perseus Publishing, ISBN 0-713-99520-3

== References ==

* Gedda. R. (2004). Linux breaks desktop barrier in 2004: Torvalds. Retrieved January 16, 2004 from [http://www.linuxworld.com.au/index.php?id=568003838&fp=16&fpid=0]

* Mackenzie, K. (2004). Linux Torvalds Q&A. Retrieved January 19, 2004 from [http://australianit.news.com.au/articles/0,7204,8407881%5E15841%5E%5Enbv%5E,00.html]

* Marcinkowski, A. (2003). Linux needs reconsideration. Retrieved January 16, 2004 from [http://news.com.com/2009-1081_3-5060264.html]

== See also ==

* [[UNIX]]

* [[List of Unix programs]]

* [[List of mobile phones running Linux]]

* [[Linux distribution]]s and [[LiveCD]]s

* [[Linux Documentation Project]]

* Linux [[open hardware]] drivers

* [[WINE]] &mdash; a [[Microsoft Windows]] [[compatibility layer]] for Unix/Linux

* [[List of computer term etymologies|Origins of computer terms]]

* [[Plex86]] &mdash; x86 emulator for running Linux

===Popular Linux distributions===

There exist a very large number of Linux distributions. These are only some of the most popular:

* [[Red Hat Enterprise Linux]]

* [[Fedora Core]] (the current name for what was [[Red Hat Linux]])

* [[Debian]]

* [[Slackware]]

* [[Gentoo Linux]]

* [[Linspire]] (formerly Lindows but had to change name due to issues with Microsoft)

* [[Mandrake Linux]]

* [[TurboLinux]]

* [[MontaVista]]

* [[SuSE]]

==External links==

===General information===

* [http://netfiles.uiuc.edu/rhasan/linux History of Linux]

* [http://slencyclopedia.berlios.de/ Super Linux Encyclopedia] in [[wiki]] format

* [http://wiki.kernel-panic.org/ Linux Wiki]

* [http://www.hants.lug.org.uk/cgi-bin/wiki.pl?LinuxHints Linux Wiki and Hints]

* [http://www.linux.org/ Linux Online]

* [http://www.linux.com/ Linux.com]

* [http://www.linux-directory.com The Linux Directory].

* [http://wiki.linuxquestions.org/ LinuxQuestions.org Wiki]

* [http://codepedia.com/1/Linux CodePedia Linux]

=== Newbie and user-friendliness in Linux ===

*[http://www.linuxquestions.org/ Newbie Friendly Linux Forum] LinuxQuestions.org

*[http://www.seedwiki.com/page.cfm?wikiid=4149&doc=UserFriendlyLinux Newbie and user-friendliness in Linux wiki]

*[http://www.lynucs.org/ Linux screenshots]

*http://www.linuxbeginner.org

===Linux distribution references ===

* [http://www.distrowatch.com/ Listing of almost every distribution]

* [http://www.linuxiso.org/ LINUXISO.ORG Linux ISO: CD images and LiveCDs]

* [http://www.seedwiki.com/page.cfm?doc=Live%20Linux&wikiid=4148 LiveLinux wiki] &mdash; a wiki about LiveCD and pluralmedia distros

* [http://www.linuxquestions.org/reviews/index.php Distribution Reviews]

* [http://www.linuxlinks.com/Distributions/Mini_Distributions Mini-Distributions]

===Reference===

* [http://www.tldp.org/ TLDP The Linux Documentation Project website]. You can read it online or use an [[offline browser]].

*[http://startext.demon.co.uk/distwiki/index.php Official linux documentation wiki]

* [http://jamesthornton.com/linux/man/ Linux Man - help and commands - pages]

* [http://www.linuxhelp.ca/guides/ Linux Guides]

* [http://espc22.murdoch.edu.au/~stewart/guide/guide.html Linux Manual]

* [http://dsl.org/cookbook/ Linux Cookbook]

* [http://www.linuxcommand.org/ linux commands and man pages]

* [http://www.relevantive.de/index_e.html Linux User-friendliness]

* [http://linux.about.com/library/cmd/blcmdl.htm Linux Command Library]

* [http://linux.about.com/library/glossary/blglossary.htm?PM=ss12_linux Linux Glossary]

===Tutorials===

*[http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/ Mirrors - Linux from Scratch] and [http://tldp.org/LDP/lfs/html/index.html TLDP] Linux from scratch

*[http://www.tldp.org/LDP/intro-linux/html/index.html Introduction to Linux - A Hands on Guide]

*[http://www.unixcities.com/linux-firewall/index.html Linux Firewall and IP Masquerading]

*[http://www.unixcities.com/apache-linux/index.html Setting Up Apache 2.0.x + PHP On Linux]

*[http://www.icon.co.za/~psheer/book/index.html.gz LINUX:Rute <nowiki>[sic]</nowiki> User's Tutorial and Exposition]

*http://www.ctssn.com/

===Free Online Training===

*[http://www.basiclinux.net/ Basic Linux Training]

===Professional Linux Training===

*[http://www.quantumlinux.com Quantum Linux Labratories]

*[http://www.bradfordlearning.com Bradford Learning]

* http://www.learningtree.co.uk/courses/uk330.htm

===Online publications===

* [http://www.linuxforkids.com/ Linux for Kids]

* [http://www.lwn.net/ Linux Weekly News]

* [http://www.linuxtoday.com/ Linux Today]

* [http://www.linuxinsider.com/ Linux Insider]

* [http://www.lxer.com/ LXer Linux News]

===Printed publications===

* [http://linuxjournal.com/ Linux Journal]: (monthly print magazine)

* [http://www.linuxformat.co.uk/ Linux Format]: (a monthly print magazine from the UK)

===Linux and GNU===

* [http://www.gnu.org/ GNU's Not Unix!]

* [http://www.gnu.org/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html ''Linux and the GNU Project''] by Richard Stallman

* [http://www.slashdot.org/articles/99/04/09/1516203.shtml discussion of the GNU/Linux naming issue] at [[Slashdot|Slashdot]]

===Linux kernel===

* [http://www.kernelnewbies.org/ Kernel Newbies.org]

* [http://vger.kernel.org/ Linux Kernel Developers' email list]

===Linux hardware===

* [http://lmo.warcry.com/content/lhclwiki/index.php Linux Hardware Compatibility List]

* [http://www.linuxhardware.org/ Linux Hardware.org]

* [http://www.linuxprinting.org/ Linux Printing]

* [http://tuxmobil.org/ Linux on laptops, notebooks, PDAs and mobile (cellular) phones]

* http://www.openbrick.org

===Linux News===

* [http://www.mylinuxnews.com/ MyLinuxNews.Com]

* [http://www.linuxgames.com/ Linux Games]

===Linux on Windows===

Installing and running Linux on an existing [[Microsoft Windows]] installation

without a separate [[partition]].

* [[colinux]] (for running Linux natively on Windows)

* [[Lnx4Win]]

* [[WinLinux]]

* [[Bochs]] (PC emulator &mdash; for installing Linux on Windows or any OS on another OS)

* [[Qemu]] (A [[Just-in-time]] emulator for running applications or OSes from one machine on another)

* [[Knoppix]] and [[Morphix]] (distributions that [[booting|boot]] from a [[live CD]])

===Scholarship and grant support===

* [http://www.linuxfund.org/ Linux foundation]

* [http://www.linuxchix.org/ Linux for women]

===Other===

* [http://www.dwheeler.com/sloc ''More Than a Gigabuck: Estimating GNU/Linux's Size''] by [[David A. Wheeler|David A. Wheeler]]

* [http://linuxmovies.sourceforge.net/linux.movies.gallery.html Linux Movies Picture Gallery]. "Some examples of Linux in action in feature film production"

* [http://www.karakas-online.de/gnu-linux-tools-summary/ GNU/Linux Command-Line Tools Summary]. A comprehensive summary of useful command line tools available to a GNU/Linux based operating system

* [http://www.linuxforums.org/ Linux Help Forums]

* [http://www.linuxquestions.org/ LinuxQuestions.org forums - for new and experienced linux users]

* [http://www.justlinux.com/ Justlinux: Online forum for Linux newbies]

* [http://www.linuxquestions.org/hcl/index.php Linux Hardware Compatibility List]

* [http://www.intel.com/cd/ids/developer/asmo-na/eng/os/linux/index.htm Intel Linux Homepage].

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