Sand Ridge Golf Club and Osteopathic medicine in the United States: Difference between pages
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:''DO also can refer to [[Oxygen_saturation#Environmental_sciences|Dissolved Oxygen]]'' or to [[Denominación de Origen]].
[[Image:DO logo.gif|framed|''In Greek and Roman mythology, the gods [[Hermes]] and [[Mercury (mythology)|Mercury]] carried a staff with two serpents. In contrast, the Roman god of healing, [[Aesculapius]], carried a staff with a single snake. Snakes were sacred to Aesculapius because it was believed that they could renew their youth by shedding their old skin and growing a new one.'']]
'''Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine''' ('''D.O.''' or '''DO''') is an [[academic degree]] offered in the United States. It is a [[Postgraduate education|graduate-level]] [[first professional degree]] for [[physician|medical doctors]], usually requiring four years to complete after obtaining an [[undergraduate degree]].
Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine practice [[osteopathy|osteopathic]] medicine, a form of medical practice that utilizes Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine (OMM) in addition to more commonly recognized forms of diagnosis and treatment such as diagnostic radiology, surgery, and pharmacology. In 1922, a "consensus statement on the osteopathic view of the human body" was published by the A.T. Still Research Institute in the Text Book of the Principles of Osteopathy, and in 2002 an update to the tenets of osteopathic medicine was proposed to read as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jaoa.org/cgi/content/full/105/5/255|title=Advancing a Traditional View of Osteopathic Medicine Through Clinical Practice|accessdate=2007-07-06|publisher=The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association}}</ref>
<blockquote>
1. A person is the product of dynamic interaction between body, mind, and spirit.<br>
2. An inherent property of this dynamic interaction is the capacity of the individual for the maintenance of health and recovery from disease.<br>
3. Many forces, both intrinsic and extrinsic to the person, can challenge this inherent capacity and contribute to the onset of illness.<br>
4. The musculoskeletal system significantly influences the individual’s ability to restore this inherent capacity and therefore to resist disease processes.
</blockquote>
As with [[Doctor of Medicine|Doctors of Medicine]] (M.D.s), D.O.s educated in the United States may become fully [[Licensure|licensed]] [[physician]]s and [[Surgery|surgeons]] who practice the full scope of [[medicine]]. Currently, there are 27 accredited osteopathic [[medical schools]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aacom.org/colleges/|title=AACOM Medical School Information|accessdate=2006-08-23|publisher=American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine}}</ref> in the United States and 125 accredited U.S. [[allopathic medicine|allopathic]] medical schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aamc.org/medicalschools.htm|title=AAMC Medical Schools|accessdate=2006-12-13|publisher=Association of American Medical Colleges}}</ref> D.O.'s may be found within any medical specialty but a majority of them work within primary care medical fields.
The D.O. degree is currently only offered within the United States. Osteopaths educated in other countries do not follow the same curriculum as U.S.-trained D.O.s. Their scope of practice is limited mainly to [[musculoskeletal]] conditions and treatment of some other conditions using OMM and various [[alternative medicine]] methods.
{{further|[[Differences between allopathic and osteopathic medicine]]}}
== Training of Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine ==
{{main|Medical education in the United States}}
D.O. and M.D.-granting U.S. medical schools have similar [[curricula]]. Generally, the first two years are classroom-based, while the third and fourth years consist of clinical rotations through the major specialties of medicine.
Upon graduation from medical school, both D.O. and M.D. physicians may opt to pursue [[residency (medicine)|residency]] training programs. Depending on state licensing laws, osteopathic medical physicians may also be required to complete a one-year rotating [[internship (medicine)|internship]] at a hospital approved by the [[American Osteopathic Association]] (AOA).
Osteopathic physicians are not limited to osteopathic residency programs and may also apply to allopathic Graduate Medical Education programs.
== History ==
Osteopathy was founded by [[Andrew Taylor Still]], M.D. (1828 - 1917) in 1874 in reaction to what he perceived as inadequate medical treatment of his day. Specifically, he believed that other conventionally trained physicians over-prescribed to patients harsh and often toxic [[medication]]s.
He intended his new system of medicine to be a reformation of the existing [[19th century]] medical practices he knew and imagined that someday "[[rational]] medical therapy" would consist of manipulation of the musculoskeletal system, surgery, and very sparingly used [[drugs]]. He invented the name "osteopathy" by blending two Greek roots ''osteon-'' for bone and ''-pathos'' for suffering in order to communicate his [[theory]] that [[disease]] and physiologic dysfunction were [[Etiology|etiologically]] grounded in a disordered musculoskeletal system. Thus, by diagnosing and treating the musculoskeletal system, he believed that physicians could treat a variety of diseases and spare patients the negative side-effects of drugs.
Early in the [[twentieth century]], the [[United States|American]] osteopathic profession adopted the use of medicine and surgery. As [[Health science|biomedical science]] developed, osteopathic medicine gradually incorporated all its proven theories and practices. D.O.'s have been admitted to full active membership in the [[American Medical Association]] since 1969.
Becoming accepted into the medical community was not without struggle. In the [[1960s]] in [[California]], the [[American Medical Association]] (AMA), sensing increased competition from osteopathic medicine, spent nearly [[Dollar|$]] 8 million to end the practice of [[osteopathy]] in the state. With considerable financial support from the AMA, a state-wide referendum was passed (Proposition 22) ending the practice of osteopathic medicine in California. California D.O.s were offered the M.D. degree in exchange for paying $65 and attending a short seminar. The California Medical Association may have been attempting to eliminate osteopathic [[competition]] by a process of amalgamation by converting thousands of D.O.s to M.D.s. The College of Osteopathic Physicians and Surgeons became the [[UC Irvine School of Medicine|University of California, Irvine School of Medicine]]. However, the decision proved quite controversial. In [[1974]], after protest and lobbying by influential and prominent D.O.s, the [[California Supreme Court]] ruled that licensing of D.O.s in that state must be resumed.
[[Image:COPSLA2.jpg|thumb|''College of Osteopathic Physicians and Surgeons in Los Angeles, c.1920s. From California College of Medicine Records, AS-027'' The osteopathic college was eventually absorbed into the [[University of California]] system following a state-wide ballot referendum and became the [[University of California, Irvine Medical Center|UC Irvine Medical Center]].]]
This decision by the California Medical Association in the [[1960s]] to grant D.O. physicians an M.D. license was one of two turning points for D.O.s in their early struggle for [[parity]]; the other being the [[U.S. Army]]'s decision to allow D.O.s to enter the [[military]] as physicians. These two turning points provided the osteopathic [[community]] with the stamp of equivalency they desired.
Today, except for a stronger [[primary care]] emphasis in most osteopathic medical schools and additional education in musculoskeletal diagnosis and treatment, the training and scope of osteopathic medicine practiced by D.O.'s in the United States is identical to that of [[allopathic medicine]] as practiced by [[Doctor of Medicine|M.D.'s]].
{{further|[[Discrimination against osteopathic medicine]]}}
== Current status and scope of practice ==
There are approximately 55,000 D.O.s practicing within the United States. This number represents only 6% of all practicing physicians. D.O.'s may obtain licensure in any of the fifty states and practice in all medical specialties including, but not limited to, family medicine, [[internal medicine]], emergency medicine, [[dermatology]], [[surgery]], and [[radiology]]. The D.O. degree is the [[legal]] and [[professional]] equivalent of the M.D. degree. There is no difference in compensation between allopathic and osteopathic physicians. Physician [[salaries]] do differ among the various medical specialties.
Outside the U.S., Osteopaths are usually limited to practicing manipulative medicine-- similar to the scope of [[Chiropractors]] or [[Physical Therapists]] within the United States.
== Criticisms ==
The majority of osteopathic medical school graduates go on to specialize in family medicine, a trend that has resulted in osteopathic medical schools being criticized for being less focused on [[research]] and scientific discovery and more focused on practical application than allopathic medical schools. More recently, osteopathic medical schools have consciously worked toward becoming more research-focused.
Osteopathic medicine has been both criticized and applauded for offering non-traditional and alternative therapies such as [[craniosacral therapy|cranial and cranio-sacral manipulation]] along with traditional medical treatment options. This expanded scope of practice has led to some question as to the therapeutic utility of osteopathic manipulative treatment modalities. The scientific merit of all manipulative therapies continues to be [[Controversy|controversial]]. Within the osteopathic medical curriculum, manipulative treatment is taught as an adjunctive measure to other biomedical interventions for a number of disorders and diseases. The [[American Osteopathic Association]] has made an effort in recent years to both support and promote scientific inquiry into the effectiveness of osteopathic manipulation as well as encourage D.O.s to consistently offer manipulative treatments to their patients. However, the number of D.O.s who report consistently prescribing and performing manipulative treatment has been falling steadily. The reasons for this are not known, but are believed to be related to changes in the general financing and delivery of [[health care]], fewer D.O.s training in exclusively osteopathic post-graduate [[Residency (medicine)|residency]] training programs, and a lack of perceived relevance to a number of specialties and sub-specialties pursued by D.O.s.
== See also ==
* [[List of medical schools in the United States]]
* [[Medical school in the United States]]
* [[Medicine]]
* [[Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine]]
* [[Osteopathy]]
== References ==
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== Further reading ==
*<cite>The DOs: Osteopathic Medicine in America</cite>, Norman Gevitz, 2004 (2nd Edition), paperback, 264 pages, The Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 0-8018-7834-9 (''An excellent review of the history and development of ostepathic medicine and medical education in the United States'')
*<cite>Science in the Art of Osteopathy: Osteopathic Principles and Models</cite>, Caroline Stone, Nelson Thornes, 1999, paperback, 384 pages, ISBN 0-7487-3328-0
*<cite>An Osteopathic Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment </cite>, Eileen DiGiovanna, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2004, hardback, 600 pages, ISBN 0-7817-4293-5
== External links ==
=== US Osteopathic associations and regulatory bodies ===
* [http://www.academyofosteopathy.org/ American Academy of Osteopathy]
* [[American Osteopathic Association]] ([http://www.osteopathic.org/ Website])
* [[American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine]] ([http://www.aacom.org/ Website])
=== Journals ===
* [http://www.chiroandosteo.com/ Chiropractic & Osteopathy] An online journal published by BioMed Central
* [http://www.intl.elsevierhealth.com/journals/ijos/ International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine]
* [http://www.jaoa.org/ Journal of the American Osteopathic Association] The official journal of the American Osteopathic Association
* [http://www.om-pc.com/ Osteopathic Medicine and Primary Care] An online journal published by BioMed Central
=== Other links ===
* [http://history.aoa-net.org/ The History of Osteopathic Medicine] - (American Osteopathic Association)
* [http://www.quackwatch.org/04ConsumerEducation/QA/osteo.html Dubious Aspects of Osteopathy] - [[Quackwatch]]
{{Academic degrees|state=uncollapsed}}
{{Medicine|state=uncollapsed}}
[[Category:Doctoral degrees|Osteopathic medicine]]
[[Category:Medical degrees|Osteopathic medicine]]
[[Category:Manipulative therapy]]
[[Category:Osteopathy]]
[[Category:Osteopathic medicine]]
[[de:Osteopathie (Behandlungsform)]]
[[es:Medicina Osteopatíca]]
[[fr:Ostéopathie]]
[[he:אוסטאופתיה]]
[[mk:Доктор по Остеопатија]]
[[nl:Osteopathie]]
[[ja:オステオパシー]]
[[ru:Остеопатия]]
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