Shining Time Station and American football: Difference between pages
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<!--NOTE TO EDITORS -- Remember, this is an *introductory* article to American football. It exists to give people who know little or nothing about the sport a basic understanding of the game. Information that does not fall under that description should go under [[American-football strategy]], [[American football rules]], etc. -->[[Image:Giants Stadium.jpg|right|thumb|270px|[[Giants Stadium]], home to the [[National Football League|National Football League's]] [[New York Giants]] and [[New York Jets]]]]
{{for|the disbanded American indie rock band|American Football (band)}}
{{for|the playing of football (soccer) in the United States|Soccer in the United States}}
'''American football''', known in the [[United States]] and [[Canada]] simply as '''football'''<ref>In North America, the term "football" may refer to either American football or to the similar sport of [[Canadian football]], the meaning usually being clear from the context. This article describes the American variant.</ref> (or sometimes as '''gridiron''' or '''[[gridiron football]]'''), is a competitive [[team sport]] known for its physical roughness despite being a highly strategic game. The object of the game is to score points by advancing the [[prolate spheroid]] ball into the opposing team's [[end zone]]. The ball can be advanced by carrying it (a running play) or by throwing it to a teammate (a passing play). Points can be scored in a variety of ways, including carrying the ball over the goal line, throwing the ball to another player past the goal line or [[placekicker|kicking]] it through the goal posts on the opposing side. The winner is the team with the most points when the time expires and the last play ends.
Outside the United States and Canada, the sport is referred to as '''American football''', or called by the word which translated "American football" into a language of those countries to differentiate it from other [[football]] games.
For example, if it is the Spanish bloc, it is called '''fútbol americano'''.
In [[Japan]], this game was called '''米式蹴球'''（meaning of ''American rules football''）, '''鎧球''' (''ga-i=kyu-u'', meaning of ''Armor ball''), or '''American [[Rugby]]''' in old days.
Now, it is called "'''American football'''" by pronunciation as it is, or omitted to Japanese style and called '''アメフト''', '''アメフット'''（''ame-futo'', ''ame-foot''）.
In [[China]], it is called '''美式足球'''（''American rules football''） or '''美式橄欖球'''（''American rules rugby''）.
==Popularity==
[[Image:College Football CSU AF.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Colorado State University]] the ball as an [[United States Air Force Academy|Air Force Academy]] player lines up a tackle.]]
The [[Gallup Poll]] has shown football to be America's favorite sport every year since 1972, when football first overtook [[baseball]] in popularity. The percentage of Americans who say football is their favorite sport to watch (43%) is higher now than at any other time. Football's American TV viewership ratings far surpass those of other sports.<ref>National Football League, "NFL:America's Choice," January 2007, http://www.coldhardfootballfacts.com/Documents/NFL_all_about_SB_1-07.pdf</ref> The day of the [[National Football League]] championship, the [[Super Bowl]], is one of the biggest occasions for social gatherings in the U.S. and is sometimes referred to as an unofficial national holiday.<ref>National Football League, "Super Bowl Notes, Quotes and Anecdotes, http://www.coldhardfootballfacts.com/Documents/NFL_1-07_super_bowl_quotes_and_notes.pdf</ref>
The 32-team [[National Football League]] (NFL) is the only [[major professional sports league|major]] professional American football [[Sports league|league]].
[[College football]] is also popular throughout North America. Four college football stadiums, [[The University of Michigan]]'s [[Michigan Stadium]], [[Penn State]]'s [[Beaver Stadium]], The [[University of Tennessee]]'s [[Neyland Stadium]] and [[Ohio State]]'s [[Ohio Stadium]], seat more than 100,000 fans and almost always sell out. Even [[high school football]] games can attract more than 10,000 people in some areas. The weekly autumn ritual of college and high-school football—which includes [[marching band]]s, [[cheerleading|cheerleaders]], [[homecoming]], and parties (including the ubiquitous [[tailgate party]])—is an important part of the culture in much of [[small-town|smalltown America]]. Football is generally the major source of revenue to the athletic programs of schools, public and private, in the United States. Some private Christian High Schools even play for 'national championships' with groups like the [[Federated Christian Athletic Association]] (FCAA).
It is a long-standing tradition in the United States (though not universally observed) that high school football games are played on Friday night, college games on Saturday, and professional games on Sunday, with one NFL game played on Monday night. In recent years, however, nationally televised Thursday night college games have become a weekly fixture on [[ESPN]].
Certain fall and winter [[holiday]]s—most notably [[Thanksgiving (United States)|Thanksgiving]] and [[New Years' Day]]—have traditional football games associated with them.
Football is played recreationally by amateur clubs and youth teams (e.g., the [[Pop Warner Little Scholars|Pop Warner]] little-league programs). There are also many "semi-pro" teams in leagues where the players are paid to play but at a small enough salary that they generally must also hold a full-time job.
Organized football is played almost exclusively by men and boys, although a few amateur and [[women's American football|semi-professional women's leagues]] have begun play in recent years.
===Outside the United States===
The NFL operated a developmental league, [[NFL Europa]]<!--note 2006 name change from NFL Europe-->, with teams in five German cities and one in the Netherlands, but this league folded following the 2007 season. The professional [[Canadian Football League]] and collegiate [[Canadian Interuniversity Sport]] play under [[Canadian football|Canadian rules]]. The sport is popular as an amateur activity in [[Mexico]] and [[American Samoa]] and to a lesser extent in [[Japan]], [[Europe]], [[Korea]], [[The Bahamas]], [[Chile]], [[Brazil]], [[Uruguay]], [[Argentina]], [[Australia]] ([[Gridiron Australia]]) and [[Israel]].{{Fact|date=June 2007}} The [[International Federation of American Football]] is the governing body for American football with 45 member associations from North and South America, Europe, Asia and Oceania. The IFAF also oversees the [[American Football World Cup]], which is held every four years. Japan has won the first two World Cups, held in 1999 and 2003.
Despite this, the game has been slow to catch on in most countries. Chief among criticisms of American football is the amount of time elapsing between plays, the number of interruptions in the game for timeouts and penalties, as well as the complexity of the rules. {{Fact|date=June 2007}}
==Rules==
{{main|American football rules}}
The object of American football is to score more points than the opposing team within the time limit.
===Field and players===
[[Image:AmFBfield.svg|thumb|right|The numbers on the field indicate the number of [[yard]]s to the nearest end zone.]]
[[Image:11-11-06-LA-Coliseum-USC-UO.jpg|thumb|left|[[University of Southern California]] football games at [[Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum]] attract more than 90,000 fans.]] American football is played on a rectangular field {{convert|120|yd|m|1|lk=on}} long by {{convert|160|ft|m|1}} wide. The longer boundary lines are ''sidelines'', while the shorter boundary lines are ''end lines''. Near each end of the field is a ''goal line''; they are {{convert|100|yd|m|1|lk=on}} apart. A scoring area called an ''[[end zone]]'' extends {{convert|10|yd|m|1}} beyond each goal line to each end line.
''Yard lines'' cross the field every 5 yards, and are numbered from each goal line to the 50-yard line, or midfield (similar to a typical [[rugby league]] field). Two rows of lines, known as inbounds lines or ''hash marks'', parallel the side lines near the middle of the field. All plays start with the ball on or between the hash marks.
At the back of each end zone are two ''[[goalpost|goal posts]]'' (also called ''uprights'') that are {{convert|18.5|ft|m|1}} apart ({{convert|24|ft|m|1}} in [[high school football|high school]]). The posts are connected by a crossbar {{convert|10|ft|cm|0}} from the ground.
Each team has 11 players on the field at a time. However, teams may substitute for any or all of their players, if time allows, during the break between plays. As a result, players have very specialized roles, and almost all of the 46 active players on an NFL team will play in any given game. Thus, teams are divided into three separate units: the [[offensive team|offense]], the [[defensive team|defense]] and the [[special teams]].
===
A standard football game consists of four 15-minute (typically 12 minutes in high-school football) quarters, with a [[half-time]] intermission after the second quarter. The clock stops after certain plays; therefore, a game can last considerably longer (often more than three hours in real time). If an NFL game is tied after four quarters, the teams play an additional period lasting up to 15 minutes. In an NFL overtime game, the first team that scores wins, even if the other team does not get a possession; this is referred to as [[sudden death (sport)|sudden death]]. In a regular-season NFL game, if neither team scores in overtime, the game is a tie. In an NFL playoff game, additional overtime periods are played, as needed, to determine a winner. College overtime rules are more complicated and are described in [[Overtime (sport)]].
===Advancing the ball===
[[Image:Football cross.jpg|thumb|left|A line of [[scrimmage]]]]
Advancing the ball in American football resembles the ''six-tackle rule'' and the ''play-the-ball'' in [[rugby league]]. The team that takes possession of the ball (the '''offense''') has four attempts, called '''[[Down (football)|downs]]''', to advance the ball 10 yards towards their opponent's (the '''defense'''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s) end zone. When the offense gains 10 yards, it gets a '''first down''', which means the team has another set of four downs to gain yet another 10 yards or score with. If the offense fails to gain a first down (10 yards) after 4 downs, possession of the ball is given to the opposing team.
Except at the beginning of halves and after scores, the ball is always put into play by a '''[[Snap (American football)|snap]]'''. Offensive players line up facing defensive players at the [[line of scrimmage]] (the position on the field where the play begins). One offensive player, the [[Center (football)|center]], then passes (or "snaps") the ball between his legs to a teammate, usually the [[quarterback]].
[[Image:2006 UT fall scrimmage Snead.JPG|thumb|right|A [[quarterback]] searching for opportunity to throw a pass]]
[[Image:2006 Pro Bowl tackle.jpg|thumb|A [[running back]] being tackled when he tries to run with the ball]]
Players can then advance the ball in two ways:
#By running with the ball, also known as '''[[Rush (football)|rushing]]'''. One ball-carrier can hand the ball to another player or throw backwards to another player. These are known as as a '''handoff''' and '''[[Lateral pass|lateral]]''' respectively.
#By throwing the ball to a teammate, known as a [[forward pass]] or as '''passing''' the football. The forward pass is a key factor distinguishing American and Canadian football from other football sports. The offense can throw the ball forward only once on a play, only from behind the line of scrimmage and only before crossing the line of scrimmage. The ball can be thrown, pitched, or tossed sideways or backwards at any time.
A down ends, and the ball becomes dead, after any of the following:
* The player with the ball is forced to the ground (tackled) or has his forward progress halted by members of the other team (as determined by an [[Official (American football)|official]]).
* A forward pass flies out of bounds or touches the ground before it is caught. This is known as an '''[[incomplete pass]]'''. The ball is returned to the most recent line of scrimmage for the next down.
* The ball or the player with the ball goes beyond the dimensions of the field ('''out of bounds''').
* A team scores.
Officials blow a whistle to notify players that the down is over.
Before each down, each team chooses a '''play''', or coordinated movements and actions, that the players should follow on a down. Sometimes, downs themselves are referred to as "plays."
===Change of possession===
The offense maintains possession of the ball unless one of the following things do happen:
* The team fails to get a first down— i.e., in four downs they fail to move the ball past a line 10 yards ahead of where they got their last first down (it is possible to be downed behind the current line of scrimmage, "losing yardage"). The defensive team takes over the ball at the spot where the 4th-down play ends. A change of possession in this manner is commonly called a '''turnover on downs'''.
* The offense scores a touchdown or field goal. The team that scored then kicks the ball to the other team in a special play called a '''[[Kickoff (American football)|kickoff]]'''.
* The offense punts the ball to the defense. A '''[[punt (football)|punt]]''' is a kick in which a player drops the ball and kicks it before it hits the ground. Punts are [[Quick kick|nearly always]] made on fourth down, when the offensive team does not want to risk giving up the ball to the other team at its current spot on the field (through a failed attempt to make a first down) and feels it is too far from the other team's goal posts to attempt a field goal.
* A defensive player catches a forward pass. This is called an '''[[interception]]''', and the player who makes the interception can run with the ball until he is tackled, forced out of bounds, or scores.
* An offensive player drops the ball (a '''[[fumble]]''') and a defensive player picks it up. As with interceptions, a player "recovering" a fumble can run with the ball until tackled or forced out of bounds. Lateral passes that are not caught or caught by a defensive player are considered fumbles. Lost fumbles and interceptions are together known as '''turnovers'''.
* The offensive team misses a field goal attempt. The defensive team gets the ball at the spot where the previous play began (or, in the NFL, at the spot of the kick). If the unsuccessful kick was attempted from within 20 yards of the end zone, the other team gets the ball at its own 20-yard line (that is, 20 yards from the end zone).
* In his own end zone, an offensive ballcarrier is tackled, forced out of bounds or loses the ball out of bounds, or the offense commits certain penalties. This fairly rare occurrence is called a '''[[Safety (football score)|safety]]'''.
* An offensive ballcarrier fumbles the ball forward into the end zone, and then the ball goes out of bounds. This extremely rare occurrence leads to a '''touchback''', with the ball going over to the opposing team at their 20 yard line. (Note that touchbacks during non-offensive special teams plays, such as punts and kickoffs, are quite common)
===Scoring===
A team scores points by the following plays:
* A '''[[touchdown]]''' (TD) is worth 6 points. It is scored when a player runs the ball into or catches a pass in his opponent's end zone. A touchdown is analogous to a [[try]] in rugby with the major difference being that a try requires the player to place the ball on the ground.
** After a touchdown, the scoring team attempts a '''conversion''' (which is also analogous to the [[Try#Conversion|conversion in rugby]]). The ball is placed at the other team's 3-yard line (the 2-yard line in the NFL). The team can attempt to kick it over the crossbar and through the goal posts in the manner of a field goal for 1 point (an '''[[extra point]]''' or '''point after touchdown (PAT)'''), or run or pass it into the end zone in the manner of a touchdown for 2 points (a '''[[two-point conversion]]'''). In college football, if the defense intercepts or recovers a fumble during a two point conversion attempt and returns it to the opposing end zone, the defensive team is awarded the two points.
* A '''[[Field goal (gridiron football)|field goal]]''' (FG) is worth 3 points, and it is scored by kicking the ball over the crossbar and through the goal posts. Field goals may be placekicked (kicked when the ball is held vertically against the ground by a teammate) or [[drop kick|drop-kicked]] (extremely uncommon in the modern game, with only two successes in the last 60 years). A field goal is usually attempted on fourth down instead of a punt when the ball is close to the opponent's goal line, or, when there is little or no time left to otherwise score.
* A '''[[Safety (football score)|safety]]''' is worth 2 points. A safety is scored by the ''defense'' when the offensive player in possession of the ball is forced back into his own end zone and is tackled there, fumbles the ball out of his end zone or has a kick blocked out of his end zone, or the offense commits certain penalties in his end zone.
===Kickoffs and free kicks===
Each half begins with a [[Kickoff (American football)|kickoff]]. Teams also kick off after scoring touchdowns and field goals. The ball is kicked using a kicking tee from the team's own 30-yard line in the NFL or from the 35-yard line in college football.The other team's kick returner tries to catch the ball and advance it as far as possible. Where he is stopped is the point where the offense will begin its '''drive''', or series of offensive plays. If the kick returner catches the ball in his own end zone, he can either run with the ball, or elect for a '''[[touchback]]''' by kneeling in the end zone, in which case the receiving team then starts its offensive drive from its own 20-yard line. A [[touchback]] also occurs when the kick goes out-of-bounds in the end zone. A kickoff that goes out-of-bounds anywhere other than the end zone before being touched by the receiving team results in a penalty. Unlike with punts, once a kickoff goes 10 yards, it can be recovered by the kicking team. A team, especially one who is losing, can try to take advantage of this by attempting an [[Onside kick]]. Punts and turnovers in the end zone can also end in a [[touchback]].
After safeties, the team that gave up the 2 points puts the ball into play with a punt or placekick from its own 20-yard line.
[[Image:AmericanFootballTraining.jpg|thumb|right|A halfback leads fellow backs through an agility drill at the Air Force Academy]]
===Penalties===
Rule violations are punished with '''penalties''' against the offending team. Most penalties result in moving the football towards the offending team's end zone. If the penalty would move the ball more than half the distance to the defense's end zone, the penalty becomes half the distance to the goal instead of its normal value.
Most penalties result in replaying the down. Some defensive penalties give the offense an automatic first down. Conversely, some offensive penalties result in the automatic loss of a down. If a penalty gives the offensive team enough yardage to gain a first down, they get a first down, as usual.
If a penalty occurs during a play, an official throws a yellow flag near the spot of the foul. When the play ends, the team that did not commit the penalty has the option of accepting the penalty, or declining the penalty and accepting the result of the play.
A few of the most-common penalties include:
* '''False start:''' An offensive player illegally moves after lining up for the snap. The play is dead immediately.
* '''[[Offside_(football)|Offsides]]:''' A defensive player is on the wrong side of the ball at the start of a play. If play has started, the penalty is delayed pending the outcome of the play.
* '''Holding:''' Illegally grasping or pulling an opponent other than the ball-carrier.
* '''[[Pass interference]]:''' Illegally contacting an opponent to prevent him from catching a forward pass.
* '''Delay of game:''' Failing to begin a new play after a certain time from the end of the last one.
* '''Illegal block in the back:''' An offensive player pushing a defensive player in the back.
* '''Face mask:''' Grasping or touching the face mask of another player while attempting to block or tackle him.
* '''Clipping''': A blocker hitting an opposing defender from below the waist.
===Variations===
Variations on these basic rules exist, particularly [[Touch football (American)|touch]] and [[flag football]], which are designed as non-contact or limited-contact alternatives to the relative violence of regular American football. In touch and flag football, tackling is not permitted. Offensive players are "tackled" when a defender tags them or removes a flag from their body, respectively. Both of these varieties are played mainly in informal settings such as [[Intramural sports|intramural]] or youth games. Another variation is "wrap", where a player is "tackled" when another player wraps his arms around the ball carrier. Professional, intercollegiate, and varsity-level high school football invariably use the standard tackling rules.
Another variation is with the number of players on the field. In sparsely populated areas, it is not uncommon to find high school football teams playing [[nine-man football]], [[eight-man football]] or [[six-man football]]. Players often play on offense as well as defense. The [[Arena Football League]] is a league that plays eight-man football, but also plays indoors and on a much smaller playing surface.
==Players==
{{Main|American football positions}}
[[Image:American football positions.svg|frame|right|This diagram shows typical offensive and defensive formations. The offense (blue) consists of the quarterback (QB), fullback (FB), tailback (TB), wide receivers (WR) and offensive linemen (C, OG, OT). The defense (red) consists of the defensive line (DL, DE), linebackers (LBs), cornerbacks (CB), strong safety (SS) and free safety (FS). Because teams can change any or all of the players between plays, the number of players at certain positions may differ on a given play. Here the offense is in the Normal I-Formation while the defense is in a 4-3 Normal.]]
Most football players have highly specialized roles. At the college and NFL levels, most play only offense or only defense.
===Offense===
* The '''[[offensive line]]''' (OL) consists of five players whose job is to protect the passer and clear the way for runners by blocking members of the defense. Except for the center, offensive linemen generally do not handle the ball. The five offensive line positions are 1 center, 2 tackles and 2 guards.
* The '''[[quarterback]]''' (QB) receives the snap on most plays. He then hands or tosses it to a running back, throws it to a receiver or runs with it himself. The quarterback is the leader of the offense and calls the plays that are signaled to him from the sidelines.
*'''[[Running back]]s''' (RB) line up behind or beside the QB and specialize in running with the ball. They also block, catch passes and, on rare occasions, pass the ball to others. If a team has two running backs in the game, usually one will be a halfback (HB) or tailback (TB), who is more likely to run with the ball, and the other will usually be a fullback (FB), who is more likely to block.
*'''[[Wide receiver]]s''' (WR) line up near the sidelines. They specialize in catching passes, though also block for running plays or downfield after another receiver makes a catch. A receiver lining up on the line of scrimmage is sometimes called a "split end" and a one lining up behind the line is sometimes called a "flanker".
*'''[[Tight end]]s''' (TE) line up outside the offensive line. They can either play like wide receivers (catch passes) or like offensive linemen (protect the QB or create spaces for runners).
At least seven players must line up on the line of scrimmage on every offensive play. The other players may line up anywhere behind the line. The exact number of running backs, wide receivers and tight ends may differ on any given play. For example, if the team needs only 1 yard, it may use three tight ends, two running backs and no wide receivers. On the other hand, if it needs 20 yards, it may replace all of its running backs and tight ends with wide receivers.
===Defense===
* The '''[[defensive line]]''' consists of three to six players who line up immediately across from the offensive line. They try to tackle the running back if he has the ball before he can gain yardage or the quarterback before he can throw or pass the ball.
* In most situations, at least three players line up as '''[[defensive back]]s''', which are either cornerbacks or safeties. They cover the receivers and try to stop pass completions. They occasionally rush the quarterback.
* The other players on the defense are known as '''[[linebacker]]s'''. They line up between the defensive line and defensive backs and may either rush the quarterback or cover potential receivers.
===Special teams===
The units of players who handle kicking plays are known as "[[special teams]]". Two important special-teams players are the "[[punter (football position)|punter]]", who handles punts, and the "[[placekicker]]" or "kicker", who kicks off and attempts field goals and extra points.
===Uniform numbering===
In the NFL, ranges of uniform numbers are reserved for certain positions:
*1-9: Quarterbacks, kickers and punters
*10-19: Quarterbacks, kickers, punters, and wide receivers
*20-49: Running backs and defensive backs
*50-59: Centers and linebackers
*60-79: Offensive and defensive linemen
*80-89: Wide receivers and tight ends
*90-99: Defensive linemen and linebackers
NCAA rules specify only that offensive linemen must have numbers in the 50-79 range, but the association "strongly recommends" that quarterbacks and running backs have numbers below 50 and wide receivers numbers above 79. This helps officials as it means that numbers 50 to 79 are ineligible receivers, or players that normally may not touch the ball.
==Basic strategy==
{{Main|American football strategy}}
Because the game stops after every down, giving teams a chance to call a new play, strategy plays a major role in football. Each team has a '''playbook''' of dozens to hundreds of plays. Ideally, each play is a scripted, strategically sound team-coordinated endeavor. Some plays are very safe; they are likely to get only a few yards. Other plays have the potential for long gains but at a greater risk of a loss of yardage or a turnover.
Generally speaking, rushing plays are less risky than passing plays. However, there are relatively safe passing plays and risky running plays. To deceive the other team, some passing plays are designed to resemble running plays and vice versa. There are many trick or gadget plays, such as when a team lines up as if it intends to punt and then tries to run or pass for a first down. Such high-risk plays are a great thrill to the fans when they work. However, they can spell disaster if the opposing team realizes the deception and acts accordingly.
The defense also plans plays in response to expectations of what the offense will do. For example, a "blitz" (using linebackers or defensive backs to charge the quarterback) is often attempted when the team on defense expects a pass. A blitz makes downfield passing more difficult but exposes the defense to big gains if the offensive line stems the rush.
Many hours of preparation and strategizing, including film review by both players and coaches, go into the days between football games. This, along with the demanding physicality of football (see below), is why teams typically play at most one game per week.
==Physicality==
{{main|Issues in American football#Injuries}}
American football is a collision sport. To stop the offense from advancing the ball, the defense must tackle the player with the ball by knocking him down. As such, defensive players must use some form of physical contact to bring the ball-carrier to the ground, within certain rules and guidelines. Tacklers cannot kick, punch or trip the runner. They also cannot grab the face mask of the runner's helmet or lead into a tackle with their own helmet. Despite these and other rules regarding unnecessary roughness, most other forms of tackling are legal. Blockers and defenders trying to evade them also have wide leeway in trying to force their opponents out of the way. Quarterbacks are regularly hit by defenders coming on full speed from outside the quarterback's field of vision.
To compensate for this, players must wear special protective equipment, such as a padded plastic [[football helmet|helmet]], [[shoulder pads]], hip pads and knee pads. These protective pads were introduced decades ago and have improved ever since to help minimize lasting injury to players. An [[Risk compensation|unintended consequence]] of all the safety equipment has resulted in increasing levels of violence in the game. Players may now hurl themselves at one another at high speeds without a significant chance of injury. Unfortunately, the injuries that do result tend to be severe and often season or career-ending and sometimes fatal. In previous years with less padding, tackling more closely resembled tackles in [[Rugby football]], with less severe impacts and fewer injuries. Better helmets have allowed players to use their helmets as weapons. All this has caused the various leagues, especially the NFL, to implement a complicated series of penalties for various types of contact. Most recently, virtually any contact with the helmet of a defensive player on the quarterback, or any contact to the quarterback's head, is now a foul.
Despite protective equipment and rule changes to emphasize safety, injuries remain very common in football. It is increasingly rare, for example, for NFL quarterbacks or running backs (who take the most direct hits) to make it through an entire season without missing some time to injury. Additionally, twenty-eight football players, mostly high schoolers, died from [[Football Injuries|injuries]] directly related to football from 2000-05, although many were related to dehydration or other examples of "non-physical" dangers, according to the National Center for Catastrophic Sport Injury Research.<ref>[http://www.unc.edu/depts/nccsi/FootballInjuryData.htm Annual Survey of Football Injury Research 1931 - 2005], [http://www.unc.edu/depts/nccsi/ National Center for Catastrophic Sport Injury Research]. Updated [[January 18]], [[2006]]. Accessed [[October 31]], [[2006]] </ref> [[Concussion]]s are common, with about 41,000 suffered every year among high school players according to the Brain Injury Association of Arizona.<ref>[http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/08-23-2005/0004093186&EDATE= Studies Suggest 10% of Arizona High School Football Players Will Suffer a Concussion During This Coming Season] [[PR Newswire]] press release from the [http://www.biaaz.org Brain Injury Association of Arizona], [[August 23]], [[2005]]. Accessed [[October 31]], [[2006]] </ref>
Extra and optional equiptment such as neck rolls and [[knee pads]] help against injury as well, though they do not tend to be used by majority of players because of their lack of requirement.
The danger of football and the equipment required to reduce it make regulation football impractical for casual play. [[Flag football]] and [[touch football (American)|touch football]] are less violent variants of the game popular among recreational players.
==History==
{{main|History of American football}}
[[Image:Canada-United States football game at White City Stadium, London, 1944.jpg|thumb|right|Frank Dombrowski (left) of the [[United States]] and Captain W. Drinkwater of [[Canada]], rival captains of the teams playing in the Canada-United States football game at [[White City Stadium]], [[London]], [[England]], 14 February 1944]]
Both American football and [[football (soccer)|soccer]] have their origins in [[football|varieties of football]] played in the [[United Kingdom]] in the mid-19th century. American football is directly descended from [[rugby football]]. The majority of the plays in a typical American football game involve handling the ball rather than kicking it.
Many 'first' American football games have been claimed. However, the fact is that there is really no single game which could claim to be the first game of what we today know as American football. This is so because the game has evolved so much from its early roots and the game of today is quite unlike the earliest forms played in the nineteenth century. The origins of American football probably date to the early 1800s when teams from various colleges and secondary schools (necessarily from the Eastern part of the United States because established institutions of learning existed only in that region at the time) met to attempt to move an inflated ball past a line to gain points. This movement was usually achieved by kicking or batting at the ball, as in soccer. The number of men on each side (as men were only then allowed to compete) was quite different than the eleven which characterizes the modern game. It has been claimed that [[Rutgers University]] and [[Princeton University]] played the first game of college football on Nov. 6, 1869 in [[New Brunswick, New Jersey]], won by Rutgers 6-4. However, the viewpoint that this particular game marks the beginning of American football is contested. The English Football (i.e., Soccer) Association rules were followed in the Princeton/Rutgers contest <ref>Gardner, Paul. ''The Simplest Game'', Macmillan, 1996</ref>; participants were only allowed to kick the ball; and each side had twenty five men. Some see the Princeton/Rutgers meeting of 1869 as the first intercollegiate game of "soccer" in America, but not American football <ref>Smith, R.A. "Sports and Freedom: The Rise of Big-Time College Athletics", New York: Oxford University Press, 1988</ref>. [[Dartmouth College]] students played a football-like game now known as "[[Old Division Football]]," to which they published rules in 1871. The first game of intercollegiate football in America that most resembles the game of today was between [[Tufts University]] and [[Harvard University]] on June 4, 1875 at Jarvis Field in [[Cambridge, Mass.]], won by Tufts 1-0 [7] (on May 14, 1874 Harvard and [[McGill University]] faced each other in a similar form of game which was won by Harvard 3-0). A report of the outcome of this game also appeared in the Boston Daily Globe of June 5, 1875. In the Tufts/Harvard game participants were allowed to pick up the ball and run with it, each side fielded eleven men, the ball carrier was stopped by knocking him down or 'tackling' him, and the inflated ball was egg-shaped - the combination of which far more closely resembled the modern American football game than the games of other 'firsts'. Thus, the Tufts/Harvard game may be regarded as the 'first' game of American football.
Encouraged by [[Yale University]]'s [[Walter Camp]], the schools began to adopt more standardized rules that would differentiate American football from rugby in the 1880s. The scrimmage was introduced in 1880 and the system of downs in 1882.
By the turn of the 20th century, football had become notoriously dangerous; 18 college players died in 1905 alone. Colleges responded with a series of rule changes to open up the game, most importantly the forward pass, along with outlawing dangerous formations such as the "[[Flying wedge#Sports Usage|flying wedge]]", and introducing and requiring better equipment such as [[football helmet|helmets]].
The game had achieved its modern form by 1912, when the field was changed to its current size, the value of a touchdown increased to 6 points, and a fourth down added to each possession.
Originally dominated by the [[Ivy League]], football soon captured the interest of colleges nationwide. By 1916, when the [[Rose Bowl game]] matching eastern and western teams became an annual event, football had developed a national following second only to [[baseball]] among team sports.
Professional football developed in the mill towns of [[Pennsylvania]] and the [[American Midwest]] in the early years of the 20th century. The NFL was founded in 1920 in [[Canton, Ohio]] as the American Professional Football Association; it adopted its current name in 1922. Professional football remained a largely regional sport of secondary importance until after [[World War II]], when television broadcasts boosted NFL football's national appeal. The pro game surpassed both college football and baseball in popularity in the 1960s.<ref>MacCambridge, Michael. ''America's Game'', Random House, 2004.</ref> The first Super Bowl—between the champions of the NFL and the rival [[American Football League]]—was played in 1967, and the leagues merged in 1970.
==See also==
{{Commons|American football}}
*[[Issues in American football]]
*[[Glossary of American football]]
*[[List of American football players]]
*[[Pro Football Hall of Fame]]
*[[List of leagues of American football]]
*[[List of American football stadiums by capacity]]
*[[Canadian football]]
*[[Nine-man football]]
*[[Eight-man football]]
*[[Six-man football]]
*[[Indiana Big School Football Champions]]
*[[List of American football teams in Germany]]
*[[American Football in the Netherlands]]
*[[List of American football teams in the Netherlands]]
*[[List of defunct sports leagues]]
*[[Sprint football]]
*[[Eyeshield 21]]
*[[Fantasy football (American)|Fantasy Football]]
*[[Strat-O-Matic Football]]
==Notes==
<div class="references-small"><references /></div>
==References==
*{{cite web|url = http://www.nfl.com/fans/rules|title = Digest of Rules|publisher = National Football League|accessdate = 2005-12-28}}
*{{cite web|url = http://www.nfl.com/history|title = History and the basics|publisher = National Football League|accessdate = 2005-12-28}}
*{{cite web|url = http://www.thesportjournal.org/2005Journal/Vol8-No4/starkey.asp|title = Playing with the Percentages When Trailing by Two Touchdowns|publisher = Montana State University|accessdate = 2005-12-24}}
==Further reading==
''[[Sports Illustrated]]'' magazine dated December 4, 2005; "Football America", a series of articles attesting to the pervasive popularity of American football in America at all levels.
==External links==
*[http://www.ncaa.org/library/rules/2006/2006_football_rules.pdf NCAA's complete college football rules; available as a PDF file]
*[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/S?ammem/papr:@FILREQ(@field(TITLE+@od1(Chicago-Michigan+football+game++))+@FIELD(COLLID+workleis)) Movie of 1903 football game between the University of Chicago and the University of Michigan]
*[http://www.nfl.com/history/chronology/ Chronology of many events in the NFL]
*National Football League [http://www.nfl.com/features/rulebook/signals/ Official Signals].
*[http://www.unc.edu/depts/nccsi/SurveyofFootballInjuries.htm Annual Survey of Football Injury Research]
*[http://www.footballhistorian.net American Football]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/american_football/3192002.stm Brief explanation of the sport by the BBC aimed at a non-american audience]
*[http://www.o-d.com Offense-Defense NFL Youth Football Camps]
*[http://www.footballhwy.com Articles on many football topics]
*{{dmoz|Sports/Football/American/|American Football}}
{{American football portal}}
[[Category:American football| ]]
[[Category:Team sports]]
[[Category:Sports in the United States]]
{{Link FA|is}}
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{{Link FA|pt}}
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