Submarine sandwich and Kamehameha I: Difference between pages

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{{Infobox hawaiian monarch|

{{limitedgeographicscope}}

| name = King Kamehameha|

{{Unreferenced|date=December 2006}}

| image = kamehamehaportrait.jpg|

[[Image:QuiznosSub.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Quizno's]] submarine sandwich]]

| caption = Kamehameha the Great established his dynasty in 1810 upon unifying the islands of Hawai{{okina}}i to become the Kingdom of Hawai{{okina}}i.|

| Birth name = Pai{{okina}}ea

| Reign = [[1810]]-[[1819]]

| Predecessor = ''Established monarchy''

| Successor = [[Kamehameha II]]

| Consort = [[Keopuolani]], [[Ka'ahumanu]]

| Born = [[1758|circa 1758]]

| Died = [[1819]]

}}

'''Kamehameha I''', also known as '''Kamehameha the Great''', (c. [[1758]] – [[1819]]), conquered the [[Hawaiian Islands]] and formally established the [[Kingdom of Hawaii|Kingdom of Hawai{{okina}}i]] in [[1810]]. By developing alliances with the major Pacific colonial powers, Kamehameha preserved Hawaii's independence under his rule. Kamehameha is remembered for the [[mamalahoe|Mamalahoe Kanawai]], ''Law of the Splintered Paddle'', which protects [[human rights]] of [[non-combatant]]s in times of battle.

A '''submarine sandwich''' is any of various [[sandwich]]es made on a long roll (usually up to 12" long by 3 " wide) or [[baguette]] (called "French bread" or a "submarine roll" in the U.S.) , so called because of its shape. The contents typically include [[meat]], [[cheese]], [[lettuce]], [[tomato]], and various [[condiment]]s, [[sauce]]s or [[dressings]].

==Legendary birth==

The term is believed by some to have originated in a restaurant in [[Scollay Square]] in [[Boston, Massachusetts]] at the beginning of World War II. The sandwich was created to entice the large numbers of navy servicemen stationed at the [[Charlestown Navy Yard]]. The bread was a smaller specially baked [[baguette]] intended to be similar to the hull of the submarines it was named after<ref>Kelley, Walt. What They Never Told You About Boston (or What They Did That Were Lies). Camden, Maine: Down East Books, 1993.</ref>.

Legend has it that his family tree goes all the way back to Pele the Volcano Goddess. Although there is some debate as to the precise year of his birth, Hawaiian legends claimed that a great king would one day unite the islands, and that the sign of his birth would be a [[comet]]. [[Comet Halley|Halley's comet]] was visible from Hawaii{{okina}}i in [[1758]], and it is therefore assumed that Kamehameha was born shortly after its appearance.

Kamehameha's birth is shrouded in legend. He was born as Pai{{okina}}ea (meaning 'Hard-Shelled Crab' in Hawaiian) to Keoua and Keku{{okina}}iapoiwa, [[ali'i|ali{{okina}}i]] of [[Kohala, Hawaii|Kohala]] on the [[Hawaii (island)|island of Hawai{{okina}}i]]. Kamehameha's father, [[Keoua]], was the grandson of [[Keaweikekahiali`iokamoku|Keaweikekahiali{{okina}}iokamoku]], who had once ruled a large portion of the island of Hawai{{okina}}i. When he died, war broke out over succession between his sons, [[Ke`eaumoku|Ke{{okina}}eaumoku]] and [[Kalaninui`amamao|Kalaninui{{okina}}amamao]], and a rival chief, [[Alapa`inuiakauaua|Alapa{{okina}}inuiakauaua]]. [[Alapa'i|Alapa{{okina}}i]] emerged victorious over the two brothers, and their orphan sons were absorbed into his clan.

When Kamehameha was born, Alapa{{okina}}i ordered the child killed. One of his [[Kahuna]] had warned him that a fiery light in the sky would signal the birth of a "killer of chiefs", or ''ali{{okina}}i''. Alapa{{okina}}i, nervous at the thought of his nephew usurping his rule, decided to take no chances. Pai{{okina}}ea's parents, however, had anticipated this. As soon as he was born, he was given into the care of Nae{{okina}}ole, another ''ali{{okina}}i'', and disappeared from sight. Nae{{okina}}ole raised Pai{{okina}}ea for the first few years of his life. Five years after his birth, Alapa{{okina}}i, perhaps remorseful of his actions, invited the child back to live with his family. There under the guidance of his kahu (teacher) Kekuhaupi{{okina}}o he learned the ways of court diplomacy and war. Kekuhaupi{{okina}}o remained a faithful and trusted advisor to Kamehameha until the accidental death of the loyal kahu during a sham battle. He is said to have had a dour disposition, and acquired the name he is best known for today: ''Kamehameha'', from the [[Hawaiian language]] term for "the lonely one".

<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:kaahumanu.jpg|thumb|275px|Ka{{okina}}ahumanu was the favored wife of Kamehameha. She influenced her husband, a mere high chief of the Big Island of Hawai{{okina}}i, to conquer the islands and establish a united kingdom.]] -->

==Unification of Hawaii==

Another legend suggests [http://www.grapevine.is/undirflokkar.aspx?id=1065], the submarine sandwich was brought to the US by Dominic Conte, an [[Italian people|Italian]] immigrant who came to New York in the early [[1900s]]. He named the sandwich after a submarine hull he had seen on display. During [[World War II]], the sandwiches were served by the thousands to soldiers at the submarine base in [[Groton, Connecticut]] which cemented the legend that the sandwiches originated in Groton.

When Alapa{{okina}}i died, his position was succeeded by his son Keawea{{okina}}opala. Kalani{{okina}}opu{{okina}}u, Alapa{{okina}}i's great-nephew, challenged his rule, and was backed by his nephew Kamehameha. In fierce fighting at Kealakekua Bay, Keawea{{okina}}opala was slain and Kalani{{okina}}opu{{okina}}u claimed victory. For his loyal service to his uncle, Kamehameha was made Kalani{{okina}}opu{{okina}}u's aide.

==Regional names and variations==

In the [[United States]], the terms "submarine" and "sub" are widespread[http://www.bartleby.com/61/50/S0845000.html], but there are also many regional names for the sandwich, especially in the northeast part of the country:

In 1779, Kamehameha again traveled with Kalani{{okina}}opu{{okina}}u to Kealakekua Bay. This time he, among other young chiefs accompanying their senior chief, met with Captain Cook. Cook was perhaps mistaken by some Native Hawaiians to be [[Lono]], the Hawaiian god of fertility. Cook's ship was the [[HMS Discovery (1774)|HMS ''Discovery'']]; Kamehameha may have stayed on board at least one night. It was Kamehameha's first dealings with white men.

*Cosmo — North Central Pennsylvania in and around [[Williamsport, PA]] — a cosmo is an oven toasted sub.

*Grinder — [[Midwest]], Northern [[New England]], [[Riverside, CA]] — A submarine sandwich that includes taco meat and hot sauce along with the normal lunch meats and vegetables. Many say it originated at a small taco and sub shop in [[Grand Forks, North Dakota]] called [[The Red Pepper]]. According to another definition, an oven-toasted sub.

*[[Hero sandwich|Hero]] — [[New York]], northern [[New Jersey]] and the [[Eastern United States]]

*[[Hoagie]] — [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]] and environs, including [[South Jersey]]

*[[Poor boy]] or [[Po' boy]] — [[Gulf Coast]], especially around [[New Orleans]]

*[[Spuckie]] — [[Boston, Massachusetts]] (now rare)

*Torpedo — New Jersey

*Wedge — Specific to some northeastern coastal sections of [[The Bronx, New York|the Bronx]], and the [[Long Island Sound]] shore towns of [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester]], New York, and Fairfield County, Connecticut, though definitely not universally recognized even in the region. Also in sections of northern New Jersey, adjacent [[Rockland County, New York|Rockland]] County, and [[Putnam County, New York|Putnam]] County in New York.

*Zep (likely truncation of [[zeppelin]]) — New Jersey and Norristown, Pennsylvania

*Italian — [[Maine]], where "Italian" is used regardless of the filling, which is specified separately, as a "ham Italian", "veggie Italian" or "roast beef Italian". A regular Italian is usually a ham Italian, made up of: ham, cheese, onions, olives, green peppers, pickles, and tomatoes. Italians are made to order at most convenience stores and gas stations. This term is also found in New Jersey.

Raised in the royal court of his uncle, Kamehameha achieved prominence in 1782, upon Kalani{{okina}}opu{{okina}}u's death. While the kingship was inherited by Kalani{{okina}}opu{{okina}}u's son Kiwala{{okina}}o, Kamehameha was given a prominent religious position, guardianship of the Hawaiian god of war, Kuka{{okina}}ilimoku, as well as the district of Waipi{{okina}}o. Nevertheless, there was already bad blood between the two cousins, caused when Kamehameha presented a slain ali{{okina}}i's body to the gods instead of Kiwala{{okina}}o. When a group of chiefs from the Kona district offered Kamehameha the kingship instead of Kiwala{{okina}}o, he accepted eagerly. Kiwala{{okina}}o was soon defeated in the battle of Moku{{okina}}ohai, and Kamehameha took control of the districts of Kohala, Kona, and Hamakua on Hawai{{okina}}i.

An ''Italian sub'', ''Italian combo'', or ''Italian [[hoagie]]'' consists of Italian [[luncheon meat]]s, typically [[capicola]], [[prosciutto]], and [[Genoa salami]], with [[provolone]], lettuce, tomato, oil, and vinegar. Thinly sliced [[pepperoni]] and [[bologna sausage|bologna]] are sometimes added, and less expensive ham is often substituted for capicola and prosciutto.

Kamehameha then moved against the district of Puna in 1790 deposing its chief Keawema{{okina}}uhili. Keoua, exiled to his home of Ka{{okina}}ū, took advantage of Kamehameha's absence and led an uprising. When Kamehameha returned with his army to put down the rebellion, Keoua fled past the volcano, which erupted and killed nearly a third of his warriors from poisonous gas.

A ''[[cheesesteak]]'' or ''steak and cheese'' is grilled sliced steak with melted cheese on a submarine roll. Common local variations include grilled onions, peppers, lettuce, tomato, ketchup or tomato sauce. The cheese is usually [[Processed cheese|American]], [[Cheddar cheese|cheddar]], [[provolone]], or [[Cheez Whiz]]. Cheesesteaks are strongly associated with the [[Philadelphia]] area, while "steak and cheese" is more often heard elsewhere.

Questioning a [[kahuna]] on how best to go about securing the rest of the island, Kamehameha resolved to construct a [[heiau]] to Kuka{{okina}}ilimoku, as well as lay an ali{{okina}}i's body on it.

Submarine sandwiches are sold by [[delicatessen]]s and a number of [[fast food]] restaurants and chains, including (listed by date opened); [[Jersey Mike's Subs]] (1956), [[Blimpie Subs]] (1964), [[Subway (restaurant)|Subway]] (1965), [[D'Angelo Sandwich Shops]] (1967), [[Mr. Sub]] (1968), [[Port of Subs]] (1972), [[Sub Station II]] (1975), [[Potbelly Sandwich Works]] (1977), [[Quiznos Subs]] (1981), [[Jimmy John's]] (1983), and [[Charley's Grilled Subs]] (1986). A small town will usually be the host of 2 or 3 sub shops.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Larger cities have 2 or 4 sub shops per neighborhood.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

When the temple was completed the following year, Kamehameha invited Keoua to meet with him. Keoua was no fool but may have been sorely dispirited by his recent losses. He may have mutilated himself before landing so as to make himself an imperfect sacrificial victim. As he stepped on shore, one of Kamehameha's chiefs threw a spear at him. By some accounts he dodged it, but was then cut down by musket fire. Caught by surprise, Keoua's bodyguards were killed. With Keoua dead, and his supporters captured or slain, Kamehameha became ali{{okina}}i nui of all Hawai{{okina}}i.

==Notes==

==Kamehameha's ambition==

Kamehameha's dreams included far more than the island of Hawai{{okina}}i; with the council of his favorite wife [[Kaahumanu|Ka{{okina}}ahumanu]], who became one of Hawai{{okina}}i's most powerful figures, he set about planning to conquer the rest of the Hawaiian Islands. Help came from British and American traders, who sold guns and ammunition to Kamehameha. Two westerners who were resident on Hawai{{okina}}i, Isaac Davis and [[John Young (Hawaii)|John Young]], trained Kamehameha's troops in the use of firearms.

With his new weapons, Kamehameha felt confident enough to move on the neighboring islands of [[Maui]] and [[Oahu|O{{okina}}ahu]], already weakened by a war of succession that had broken out between King [[Kahekili]]'s sons. Kamehameha may or may not have known that his rival, Kalanikupule, also possessed firearms, and was planning a move against him when the ''ali{{okina}}i nui'' of Hawai{{okina}}i invaded the western islands.

In [[1795]], Kamehameha set sail with an armada of 1,200 war canoes and 10,000 soldiers - an incredible number for an island chain whose population had never exceeded 300,000. He quickly secured the lightly defended islands of Maui and Moloka{{okina}}i, and moved on the island of O{{okina}}ahu, landing his troops at [[Waialae|Wai{{okina}}alae]] and [[Waikiki|Waikīkī]]. What Kamehameha did not know was that one of his commanders, a high-ranking ''ali{{okina}}i'' named Ka{{okina}}iana, had defected to [[Kalanikupule]]. Ka{{okina}}iana assisted in the cutting of notches into the [[Nu‘uanu Pali|Nu{{okina}}uanu Pali]] mountain ridge; these notches, like those on a [[castle]] turret, would serve as gunports for Kalanikupule's cannon.

In a series of skirmishes, Kamehameha's forces were able to push back Kalanikupule's until he was cornered on the [[Pali Lookout]]. While Kamehameha moved on the Pali, his troops took heavy fire from the cannon. In desperation, he assigned two divisions of his best warriors to climb to the Pali to attack the cannons from behind; they surprised Kalanikupule's gunners and took control of the weapons. With the loss of their guns, Kalanikupule's troops fell into disarray and were cornered by Kamehameha's still organized troops. A fierce battle ensued, with Kamehameha's forces forming an enclosing wall and by using their traditional Hawai{{okina}}ian spears, muskets and cannon, were able to kill Kalanikupule's forces to the man. Over 400 men were forced off the Pali's cliff, a drop of 1,000 feet. Ka{{okina}}iana was killed during the action; Kalanikupule was captured some time later and sacrificed to Kuka{{okina}}ilimoku.

Kamehameha was now ''ali{{okina}}i nui'' of all of Hawai{{okina}}i east of O{{okina}}ahu, but the islands of [[Kaua'i|Kaua{{okina}}i]] and [[Ni'ihau|Ni{{okina}}ihau]] continued to elude him. When he attempted to invade the islands in [[1796]], his governor on Hawai{{okina}}i, [[Namakeha]], led a rebellion against his rule, and Kamehameha was forced to return. In [[1803]] he tried again, but this time, disease broke out among his warriors; Kamehameha himself fell ill, though he later recovered. During this time, Kamehameha was amassing the largest armada Hawai{{okina}}i had ever seen - foreign-built schooners and massive war canoes, armed with cannon and carrying his vast army. [[Kaumualii|Kaumuali{{okina}}i]], ''ali{{okina}}i nui'' of Kaua{{okina}}i, watched as Kamehameha built up his invading force and decided he would have a better chance in negotiation than battle. He may also have been influenced by foreign merchants, who saw the continuing feud between Kamehameha and Kaumuali{{okina}}i as bad for the [[sandalwood]] trade.

In [[1810]], Kaumuali{{okina}}i became a [[vassal]] of Kamehameha, who therefore emerged as the sole sovereign of the island chain of Hawai{{okina}}i.

==The first King of Hawai{{okina}}i==

[[Image:Kamehameha I.png|thumb|250px|"''E na{{okina}}i wale no {{okina}}oukou, i ke kupono a'ole au''" which roughly translated is, "Prevail/continue my pono deeds, they are not yet finished" -final words for his people]]

As king, Kamehameha took several steps to ensure that the islands remained a united realm even after his death. He unified the legal system and he used the products he collected in taxes to promote trade with [[Europe]] and the [[United States]]. Kamehameha did not allow non-Hawaiians to own land; they would not be able to until the [[Great Mahele]] of [[1848]]. This edict ensured the islands' independence even while many of the other islands of the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] succumbed to the colonial powers.

In fact, the [[Kingdom of Hawai'i|Kingdom of Hawai{{okina}}i]] that Kamehameha established retained its independence, except for a five-month British occupation in [[1843]], until it was annexed by the [[United States]] in [[1898]]. It was this legacy that earned Kamehameha the epithet "[[Napoleon]] of the Pacific."

Kamehameha also instituted the Mamalahoe Kanawai, the ''Law of the Splintered Paddle''. Its origins derived from before the unification of the [[Hawaii (island)|Island of Hawai{{okina}}i]], in [[1782]], when Kamehameha, during a raid, caught his foot in a rock. Two local fisherman, fearful of the great warrior, hit Kamehameha hard on the head with a large paddle, which actually broke the paddle. Kamehameha was stunned and left for dead, allowing the fisherman and his companion to escape. Twelve years later, the same fisherman was brought before Kamehameha for punishment. King Kamehameha instead blamed himself for attacking innocent people, gave the fisherman gifts of land and set them free. He declared the new law, "Let every elderly person, woman and child lie by the roadside in safety". This law, which provided for the safety of noncombatants in wartime, is estimated to have saved thousands of lives during Kamehameha's campaigns. It became the first written law of the Kingdom of Hawai{{okina}}i, and remains in the state constitution to this day.

Although he ended human sacrifice, Kamehameha was to the last a follower of the [[Hawaiian religion]] and Hawaiian traditions (such as [[Lua (martial art)|Lua]]). He believed so strongly in his religion and culture that he would execute his subjects for breaches of the kapu. Although he entertained [[Christian]]s, he did not appear to take them seriously.

When Kamehameha died in [[1819]], his body was hidden by his trusted friend, Hoapili. To this day his final resting place remains a mystery. A statue of Kamehameha represents Hawaii in [[National Statuary Hall]] in the [[United States Capitol]].

==Honors==

[[Image:Kamehameha Day.jpg|right|thumb|The statue of King Kamehameha I at Kapaau, Hawaii is decorated with floral leis annually on Kamehameha Day.]]

* In 1871, [[Kamehameha V]] decreed a holiday, [[Kamehameha Day]], in his honor. This holiday is still celebrated annually on [[June 11]]. In addition, a statue was erected in his honor at [[Aliiolani Hale|Ali{{okina}}iōlani Hale]], the center of Hawai{{okina}}i's judicial system. Four nearly identical statues also exist in Honolulu, Kapaau, Hilo and the [[United States Capitol]]. The first of these (located in Kapaau) was the first cast. The ship on which it was being shipped from Europe sank off the [[Falkland Islands]]. Kamehameha V then ordered a second cast which is erected in Honolulu. Shortly thereafter the original was salvaged, repaired and erected in Kapaau. The statues vary slightly from each other in details such as having different weaponry, gilding or painting.

Hawaii will feature Kamehameha on the state quarter in 2008. A [[C-17 Globemaster III]], P-153, is named the "Spirit of Kamehameha", while a [[Benjamin Franklin class submarine]], launched in 1965 and decommissioned in 2002, was christened the [[USS Kamehameha|USS ''Kamehameha'']].

==Trivia==

{{Trivia|date=June 2007}}

* A film based on Kamehameha's life and starring [[The Rock (entertainer)|The Rock]] was announced in [[2002]]. <ref>[http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/preview/1808502789 Yahoo Movies review]</ref>

* According to legend, Kamehameha once carried a 1000 lb rock between two villages without dropping it.

* Legends say that King Kamehameha overturned the nearly 5,000 pound Naha Stone. Prophecy stated that the one who could lift the stone would conquer all the islands.

* The only paintings of him were done by visiting explorers. He is said to have been 6'6'' (approximately 1, 98 m) in height.

* The "Skeleton Fish of Kamehameha" appear as a device for increasing complexity in the PC puzzle game Big Kahuna Reef, which is loosely Hawaiian themed.

==External links==

* [http://www.ksbe.edu/pauahi/history.php Kamehameha Schools Biography of Kamehameha]

* [http://www.anb.org/articles/20/20-01236.html American National Biography of Kamehameha]

* [http://gohawaii.about.com/library/weekly/aa060898.htm GoHawaii biography of Kamehameha]

* [http://www.janesoceania.com/hawaii_kamehameha/ The Story of Kamehameha]

* [http://coe-dmha.org/Liaison/Vol_2No_3/Lia03.htm Thematic Essay on the Law of the Splintered Paddle]

==References==

<references/>

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==See also==

{{succession box|title=[[Kingdom of Hawaii|King of Hawai{{okina}}i]]|before=none||after=[[Kamehameha II]] with regent [[Queen Kaahumanu|Ka{{okina}}ahumanu]] [[1819]]-[[1824]]|years=[[1795]] - [[1819]]}}

*[[Banh Mi]]

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*[[French dip sandwich]]

{{start box}}

*[[Hoagie]]

{{succession box|title=Ruler of the Island of [[Hawaii (island)|Hawai{{okina}}i]]|before=[[Kiwala‘o|Kiwala{{okina}}o]]||after=Kamehameha I as [[Kingdom of Hawaii|King of Hawai{{okina}}i]] [[1795]]-[[1819]]|years=[[1782]] - [[1795]]}}

*[[Italian beef]]

{{end box}}

*[[Muffuletta]]

*[[Panino]]

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[[Category:1758 births]]

[[Category:1819 deaths]]

[[Category:History of Hawaii]]

[[Category:Royal Family of Hawaii]]

[[Category:House of Kawananakoa]]

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