Political correctness and Kamehameha I: Difference between pages

Revision as of 00:18, 9 March 2004

Revision as of 19:02, 7 July 2007

Line 1:

{{Unreferenced|date=January 2007}}

''The neutrality of this article is [[Wikipedia:NPOV dispute|disputed]].''

{{redirect|Kamehameha}}

{{Infobox hawaiian monarch|

| name = King Kamehameha|

| image = kamehamehaportrait.jpg|

| caption = Kamehameha the Great established his dynasty in 1810 upon unifying the islands of Hawai{{okina}}i to become the Kingdom of Hawai{{okina}}i.|

| Birth name = Pai{{okina}}ea

| Reign = [[1810]]-[[1819]]

| Predecessor = ''Established monarchy''

| Successor = [[Kamehameha II]]

| Consort = [[Keopuolani]], [[Ka'ahumanu]]

| Born = [[1758|circa 1758]]

| Died = [[1819]]

}}

'''Kamehameha I''', also known as '''Kamehameha the Great''', (c. [[1758]] – [[1819]]), conquered the [[Hawaiian Islands]] and formally established the [[Kingdom of Hawaii|Kingdom of Hawai{{okina}}i]] in [[1810]]. By developing alliances with the major Pacific colonial powers, Kamehameha preserved Hawaii's independence under his rule. Kamehameha is remembered for the [[mamalahoe|Mamalahoe Kanawai]], ''Law of the Splintered Paddle'', which protects [[human rights]] of [[non-combatant]]s in times of battle.

[[de:Politisch korrekt]] [[ja:ポリティカル・コレクトネス]] [[sv:Politisk korrekthet]]

==Legendary birth==

'''Political correctness''', '''politically correct''', and '''P.C.''' are terms that commonly refer, sometimes mockingly, to a [[social]] movement which was characterized by its supporters' efforts to redress, primarily by the use of language, real or alleged discrimination on the basis of race, gender, or other criteria. The purpose behind this is to prevent the exclusion of people from greater society based merely upon perceived differences or a [[handicap]] that can be overcome. Through repeated use of politically correct terms, its advocates hope to change people's thought processes from containing biases to being more accepting of differences. Political correctness is usually applied to terms describing [[race]] or [[ethnicity]], [[gender]], [[sexual orientation]] and [[disability]] status (physical or mental).

Legend has it that his family tree goes all the way back to Pele the Volcano Goddess. Although there is some debate as to the precise year of his birth, Hawaiian legends claimed that a great king would one day unite the islands, and that the sign of his birth would be a [[comet]]. [[Comet Halley|Halley's comet]] was visible from Hawaii{{okina}}i in [[1758]], and it is therefore assumed that Kamehameha was born shortly after its appearance.

Kamehameha's birth is shrouded in legend. He was born as Pai{{okina}}ea (meaning 'Hard-Shelled Crab' in Hawaiian) to Keoua and Keku{{okina}}iapoiwa, [[ali'i|ali{{okina}}i]] of [[Kohala, Hawaii|Kohala]] on the [[Hawaii (island)|island of Hawai{{okina}}i]]. Kamehameha's father, [[Keoua]], was the grandson of [[Keaweikekahiali`iokamoku|Keaweikekahiali{{okina}}iokamoku]], who had once ruled a large portion of the island of Hawai{{okina}}i. When he died, war broke out over succession between his sons, [[Ke`eaumoku|Ke{{okina}}eaumoku]] and [[Kalaninui`amamao|Kalaninui{{okina}}amamao]], and a rival chief, [[Alapa`inuiakauaua|Alapa{{okina}}inuiakauaua]]. [[Alapa'i|Alapa{{okina}}i]] emerged victorious over the two brothers, and their orphan sons were absorbed into his clan.

When Kamehameha was born, Alapa{{okina}}i ordered the child killed. One of his [[Kahuna]] had warned him that a fiery light in the sky would signal the birth of a "killer of chiefs", or ''ali{{okina}}i''. Alapa{{okina}}i, nervous at the thought of his nephew usurping his rule, decided to take no chances. Pai{{okina}}ea's parents, however, had anticipated this. As soon as he was born, he was given into the care of Nae{{okina}}ole, another ''ali{{okina}}i'', and disappeared from sight. Nae{{okina}}ole raised Pai{{okina}}ea for the first few years of his life. Five years after his birth, Alapa{{okina}}i, perhaps remorseful of his actions, invited the child back to live with his family. There under the guidance of his kahu (teacher) Kekuhaupi{{okina}}o he learned the ways of court diplomacy and war. Kekuhaupi{{okina}}o remained a faithful and trusted advisor to Kamehameha until the accidental death of the loyal kahu during a sham battle. He is said to have had a dour disposition, and acquired the name he is best known for today: ''Kamehameha'', from the [[Hawaiian language]] term for "the lonely one".

<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:kaahumanu.jpg|thumb|275px|Ka{{okina}}ahumanu was the favored wife of Kamehameha. She influenced her husband, a mere high chief of the Big Island of Hawai{{okina}}i, to conquer the islands and establish a united kingdom.]] -->

==Unification of Hawaii==

An example of substituting politically correct terminology for terminology considered offensive by many would be substituting the phrase ''disabled person'' for ''cripple'' when describing a person with a physical or mental disability.

When Alapa{{okina}}i died, his position was succeeded by his son Keawea{{okina}}opala. Kalani{{okina}}opu{{okina}}u, Alapa{{okina}}i's great-nephew, challenged his rule, and was backed by his nephew Kamehameha. In fierce fighting at Kealakekua Bay, Keawea{{okina}}opala was slain and Kalani{{okina}}opu{{okina}}u claimed victory. For his loyal service to his uncle, Kamehameha was made Kalani{{okina}}opu{{okina}}u's aide.

==Usage==

The intended purpose of political correctness is twofold: to remove language offensive to many, and to include all members of society by treating them equally. The first meaning is exemplefied by useage of "PC" terms such as "African-American" in the place of "negro" or "black," or the older term "nigger." However, the choice of specific [[racial]] or [[ethnic]] nomenclatre depends on both ___location and time period. For example, in the [[United Kingdom]], people of both Caucasian and African descent will use the term "black," while in the [[United States]] blacks may use "nigger" among themselves but this use is unacceptable by whites.

In 1779, Kamehameha again traveled with Kalani{{okina}}opu{{okina}}u to Kealakekua Bay. This time he, among other young chiefs accompanying their senior chief, met with Captain Cook. Cook was perhaps mistaken by some Native Hawaiians to be [[Lono]], the Hawaiian god of fertility. Cook's ship was the [[HMS Discovery (1774)|HMS ''Discovery'']]; Kamehameha may have stayed on board at least one night. It was Kamehameha's first dealings with white men.

Older terms for groups said to be underrepresented are sometimes viewed by members of the group as perpetuating stereotypes which exclude individuals from high status activities. For example, using [[linguistically marked]] word variants such as the term "poetess" could be said to denote that male practitioners are the norm, and some would say perpetuates what they see as male dominance in society. Some have suggested that the adherents of these linguistic changes are concerned with, in many cases, their acceptance of some form of [[linguistic relativism]] (e.g., the [[Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis]]), the idea that language influences thought and culture, or even&mdash;in some sense&mdash;that it constitutes reality itself. Nevertheless, advocates of these language changes state that the proposed changes are designed mainly to treat others with respect. Some counter that enforcing the use of specialized, politically correct [[jargon]] in regards to some creates a separate status for these groups, and thus prevents integration and acceptance.

Raised in the royal court of his uncle, Kamehameha achieved prominence in 1782, upon Kalani{{okina}}opu{{okina}}u's death. While the kingship was inherited by Kalani{{okina}}opu{{okina}}u's son Kiwala{{okina}}o, Kamehameha was given a prominent religious position, guardianship of the Hawaiian god of war, Kuka{{okina}}ilimoku, as well as the district of Waipi{{okina}}o. Nevertheless, there was already bad blood between the two cousins, caused when Kamehameha presented a slain ali{{okina}}i's body to the gods instead of Kiwala{{okina}}o. When a group of chiefs from the Kona district offered Kamehameha the kingship instead of Kiwala{{okina}}o, he accepted eagerly. Kiwala{{okina}}o was soon defeated in the battle of Moku{{okina}}ohai, and Kamehameha took control of the districts of Kohala, Kona, and Hamakua on Hawai{{okina}}i.

A [[rule-of-thumb]] for determining whether a term may be considered politically incorrect is to question whether one is identifying the individual by an uncontrollable attribute, rather than on his or her unique accomplishments. For example, calling [[Stevie Wonder]] a [[blind]] [[black]] man could be said to imply that his [[handicap]] and [[race]] are more important than his significant musical influence on [[Motown]] and [[Soul_music|Soul]].

Kamehameha then moved against the district of Puna in 1790 deposing its chief Keawema{{okina}}uhili. Keoua, exiled to his home of Ka{{okina}}ū, took advantage of Kamehameha's absence and led an uprising. When Kamehameha returned with his army to put down the rebellion, Keoua fled past the volcano, which erupted and killed nearly a third of his warriors from poisonous gas.

==History==

Both the movement and the term describing political correctness, rose to broad usage in the early [[1980s]]. Many leftists allege that the term "political correctness" started as a label jokingly used to describe one's over-commitment to various political causes. In the view of one [[conservative]] commentator, [[Bill Lind]], however, the intellectual roots and attitudes associated with PC are many decades old [http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a3810eb1e0d57.htm] and rooted in radical leftist movements. Also, in a linguistics mailing list [http://www.linguistlist.org/issues/5/5-1230.html], there was discussion of the term used--sometimes quite straight-facedly--in the early and middle 1970s. Use of the terms "P.C." and "politically correct" declined in the late [[1990s]], and the allegedly repressive political attitudes associated with these beliefs have started to fall out of favor somewhat, but it is asserted that the above-described attitudes associated with political correctness are still very strong in many universities and other institutions.

Questioning a [[kahuna]] on how best to go about securing the rest of the island, Kamehameha resolved to construct a [[heiau]] to Kuka{{okina}}ilimoku, as well as lay an ali{{okina}}i's body on it.

The purchasing of [[school textbooks]] in [[United States]] [[public school]]s is subject to [[bias and sensitivity guidelines]] which, while used particularly in the school textbook area are also used in the construction of [[educational testing|testing]]. This is a subject of considerable debate at the present time in this industry, with most sides agreeing that the quality of American public school textbooks is much lower than that of other [[industrialized]] nations, and that the method of determining content is severely hindered by either the politically correct, politically concervative, or more often, both.

When the temple was completed the following year, Kamehameha invited Keoua to meet with him. Keoua was no fool but may have been sorely dispirited by his recent losses. He may have mutilated himself before landing so as to make himself an imperfect sacrificial victim. As he stepped on shore, one of Kamehameha's chiefs threw a spear at him. By some accounts he dodged it, but was then cut down by musket fire. Caught by surprise, Keoua's bodyguards were killed. With Keoua dead, and his supporters captured or slain, Kamehameha became ali{{okina}}i nui of all Hawai{{okina}}i.

==Satirical use==

==Kamehameha's ambition==

In recent years, ''political correctness'' has come to be used seriously by some and jokingly by others, in protest against policies seeking conformance with a set of beliefs, primarily of [[leftist]]s (in the United States, traditionally identified as [[political liberal]]s, but also known as [[progressives]]), which encourage cultural change. The term is also frequently used by conservatives in a broader sense to characterize any of a numerous set of beliefs they disagree with. Liberals counter that though conservatives claim that liberals use political correctness to suppress speech, conservatives could be said to be using the label "political correctness" to suppress speech.

Kamehameha's dreams included far more than the island of Hawai{{okina}}i; with the council of his favorite wife [[Kaahumanu|Ka{{okina}}ahumanu]], who became one of Hawai{{okina}}i's most powerful figures, he set about planning to conquer the rest of the Hawaiian Islands. Help came from British and American traders, who sold guns and ammunition to Kamehameha. Two westerners who were resident on Hawai{{okina}}i, Isaac Davis and [[John Young (Hawaii)|John Young]], trained Kamehameha's troops in the use of firearms.

The term "political correctness" is itself fraught with controversy. Self-described political [[progressives]] now generally reject the use of the term, primarily because it is now usually used pejoratively, particularly by opponents who consider advocates to be overzealous. Critics often point out the similarity to [[newspeak]] and [[thoughtcrime]] and the [[fascism|fascist]] propaganda that is conjured by the subject. Advocates argue that defending those who they see as victims of repression or discrimination does not itself constitute intolerance. Critics also argue that advocacy of "PC" amounts to [[censorship]], and that it makes open discussion more difficult. Proponents have also been accused of hypocrisy for denouncing mainstream religions as judgmental while themselves engaging in perceived "bashing" of groups such as whites, males, corporations, and others. The critics of PC have themselves been accused of using the word as a kind of smear term which itself acts as a form of [[thought control]], much in the way that [[red-baiting]] was used in the [[1950s]].

With his new weapons, Kamehameha felt confident enough to move on the neighboring islands of [[Maui]] and [[Oahu|O{{okina}}ahu]], already weakened by a war of succession that had broken out between King [[Kahekili]]'s sons. Kamehameha may or may not have known that his rival, Kalanikupule, also possessed firearms, and was planning a move against him when the ''ali{{okina}}i nui'' of Hawai{{okina}}i invaded the western islands.

A well-known satirical take on this movement can be found in the book ''Politically Correct Bedtime Stories'', in which traditional [[fairy tale]]s are rewritten from a so-called politically correct viewpoint and often reverse the roles of good and evil from those of the original version. For example, Hansel, Gretel and their father are evil and the witch is good in the politically correct version of ''Hansel and Gretel''.

In [[1795]], Kamehameha set sail with an armada of 1,200 war canoes and 10,000 soldiers - an incredible number for an island chain whose population had never exceeded 300,000. He quickly secured the lightly defended islands of Maui and Moloka{{okina}}i, and moved on the island of O{{okina}}ahu, landing his troops at [[Waialae|Wai{{okina}}alae]] and [[Waikiki|Waikīkī]]. What Kamehameha did not know was that one of his commanders, a high-ranking ''ali{{okina}}i'' named Ka{{okina}}iana, had defected to [[Kalanikupule]]. Ka{{okina}}iana assisted in the cutting of notches into the [[Nu‘uanu Pali|Nu{{okina}}uanu Pali]] mountain ridge; these notches, like those on a [[castle]] turret, would serve as gunports for Kalanikupule's cannon.

The practice of [[satire|satirizing]] so-called PC speech indeed took on a life of its own in the [[1990s]], though it is no longer so popular. Part of what it is to understand the meaning of "PC" is to be familiar with satirical portrayals of political correctness, and to understand them as such. Such portrayals are often exaggerations of what actual politically correct speech looks like. For example, in a satirical example of so-called PC speech, the sentence "The fireman put a ladder up against the tree, climbed it, and rescued the cat" might look like this:

In a series of skirmishes, Kamehameha's forces were able to push back Kalanikupule's until he was cornered on the [[Pali Lookout]]. While Kamehameha moved on the Pali, his troops took heavy fire from the cannon. In desperation, he assigned two divisions of his best warriors to climb to the Pali to attack the cannons from behind; they surprised Kalanikupule's gunners and took control of the weapons. With the loss of their guns, Kalanikupule's troops fell into disarray and were cornered by Kamehameha's still organized troops. A fierce battle ensued, with Kamehameha's forces forming an enclosing wall and by using their traditional Hawai{{okina}}ian spears, muskets and cannon, were able to kill Kalanikupule's forces to the man. Over 400 men were forced off the Pali's cliff, a drop of 1,000 feet. Ka{{okina}}iana was killed during the action; Kalanikupule was captured some time later and sacrificed to Kuka{{okina}}ilimoku.

:''The firefighter (who happened to be male, but could just as easily have been female) abridged the rights of the cat to determine for itself where it wanted to walk, climb, or rest, and inflicted his own value judgments in determining that it needed to be "rescued" from its chosen perch. In callous disregard for the well-being of the environment, and this one tree in particular, he thrust the mobility disadvantaged-unfriendly means of ascent known as a "ladder" carelessly up against the tree, marring its bark, and unfeelingly climbed it, unconcerned how his display of physical prowess might injure the self-esteem of those differently-abled. He kidnapped and unjustly restrained the innocent animal with the intention of returning it to the person who claimed to "own" the naturally free animal, but it immediately fled his grasp, having withstood more insult and injury than it could bear.''

Kamehameha was now ''ali{{okina}}i nui'' of all of Hawai{{okina}}i east of O{{okina}}ahu, but the islands of [[Kaua'i|Kaua{{okina}}i]] and [[Ni'ihau|Ni{{okina}}ihau]] continued to elude him. When he attempted to invade the islands in [[1796]], his governor on Hawai{{okina}}i, [[Namakeha]], led a rebellion against his rule, and Kamehameha was forced to return. In [[1803]] he tried again, but this time, disease broke out among his warriors; Kamehameha himself fell ill, though he later recovered. During this time, Kamehameha was amassing the largest armada Hawai{{okina}}i had ever seen - foreign-built schooners and massive war canoes, armed with cannon and carrying his vast army. [[Kaumualii|Kaumuali{{okina}}i]], ''ali{{okina}}i nui'' of Kaua{{okina}}i, watched as Kamehameha built up his invading force and decided he would have a better chance in negotiation than battle. He may also have been influenced by foreign merchants, who saw the continuing feud between Kamehameha and Kaumuali{{okina}}i as bad for the [[sandalwood]] trade.

The above text admixes the most radical versions of several movements or theories, including [[non-sexist language]], [[animal rights]], [[cultural relativism]], [[accessibility]], [[emotional development]], and [[environmentalism]]. In fact, almost any so-called PC speaker would most likely be perfectly satisfied with "The firefighter put a ladder up against the tree, climbed it, and rescued the cat." Furthermore, the fire protection services have always preferred "firefighter" to "fireman", dating from many years before PC and discrimination against male firefighters.

In [[1810]], Kaumuali{{okina}}i became a [[vassal]] of Kamehameha, who therefore emerged as the sole sovereign of the island chain of Hawai{{okina}}i.

The satire is not necessarily an anti-PC or pro-PC statement. Both liberal and conservative readers, for example, often enjoy this particular text.

==The first King of Hawai{{okina}}i==

''See also:'' [[Doublespeak]], [[gender-inclusive language]], [[propaganda]], [[Hate speech]], [[non-sexist language]], [[Politically Incorrect]], [[Newspeak]], [[disability]]

[[Image:Kamehameha I.png|thumb|250px|"''E na{{okina}}i wale no {{okina}}oukou, i ke kupono a'ole au''" which roughly translated is, "Prevail/continue my pono deeds, they are not yet finished" -final words for his people]]

As king, Kamehameha took several steps to ensure that the islands remained a united realm even after his death. He unified the legal system and he used the products he collected in taxes to promote trade with [[Europe]] and the [[United States]]. Kamehameha did not allow non-Hawaiians to own land; they would not be able to until the [[Great Mahele]] of [[1848]]. This edict ensured the islands' independence even while many of the other islands of the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] succumbed to the colonial powers.

In fact, the [[Kingdom of Hawai'i|Kingdom of Hawai{{okina}}i]] that Kamehameha established retained its independence, except for a five-month British occupation in [[1843]], until it was annexed by the [[United States]] in [[1898]]. It was this legacy that earned Kamehameha the epithet "[[Napoleon]] of the Pacific."

==Further Reading==

* Diane Ravitch, <i>The Language Police: How Pressure Groups Restrict What Students Learn</i>, Knopf, 2003, hardcover, 255 pages, ISBN 0-375-41482-71

Kamehameha also instituted the Mamalahoe Kanawai, the ''Law of the Splintered Paddle''. Its origins derived from before the unification of the [[Hawaii (island)|Island of Hawai{{okina}}i]], in [[1782]], when Kamehameha, during a raid, caught his foot in a rock. Two local fisherman, fearful of the great warrior, hit Kamehameha hard on the head with a large paddle, which actually broke the paddle. Kamehameha was stunned and left for dead, allowing the fisherman and his companion to escape. Twelve years later, the same fisherman was brought before Kamehameha for punishment. King Kamehameha instead blamed himself for attacking innocent people, gave the fisherman gifts of land and set them free. He declared the new law, "Let every elderly person, woman and child lie by the roadside in safety". This law, which provided for the safety of noncombatants in wartime, is estimated to have saved thousands of lives during Kamehameha's campaigns. It became the first written law of the Kingdom of Hawai{{okina}}i, and remains in the state constitution to this day.

* Henry Beard and Christopher Cerf, <i>The Official Politically Correct Dictionary and Handbook</i>, Harper Collins, 1992, paperback 176 pages, ISBN 0-586-21726-6

Although he ended human sacrifice, Kamehameha was to the last a follower of the [[Hawaiian religion]] and Hawaiian traditions (such as [[Lua (martial art)|Lua]]). He believed so strongly in his religion and culture that he would execute his subjects for breaches of the kapu. Although he entertained [[Christian]]s, he did not appear to take them seriously.

==External Link==

*[http://www.tonguetied.us/ Tongue Tied] &mdash; documents alleged ongoing censorship of politically incorrect speech or expression in the United States.

When Kamehameha died in [[1819]], his body was hidden by his trusted friend, Hoapili. To this day his final resting place remains a mystery. A statue of Kamehameha represents Hawaii in [[National Statuary Hall]] in the [[United States Capitol]].

==Honors==

[[Image:Kamehameha Day.jpg|right|thumb|The statue of King Kamehameha I at Kapaau, Hawaii is decorated with floral leis annually on Kamehameha Day.]]

* In 1871, [[Kamehameha V]] decreed a holiday, [[Kamehameha Day]], in his honor. This holiday is still celebrated annually on [[June 11]]. In addition, a statue was erected in his honor at [[Aliiolani Hale|Ali{{okina}}iōlani Hale]], the center of Hawai{{okina}}i's judicial system. Four nearly identical statues also exist in Honolulu, Kapaau, Hilo and the [[United States Capitol]]. The first of these (located in Kapaau) was the first cast. The ship on which it was being shipped from Europe sank off the [[Falkland Islands]]. Kamehameha V then ordered a second cast which is erected in Honolulu. Shortly thereafter the original was salvaged, repaired and erected in Kapaau. The statues vary slightly from each other in details such as having different weaponry, gilding or painting.

Hawaii will feature Kamehameha on the state quarter in 2008. A [[C-17 Globemaster III]], P-153, is named the "Spirit of Kamehameha", while a [[Benjamin Franklin class submarine]], launched in 1965 and decommissioned in 2002, was christened the [[USS Kamehameha|USS ''Kamehameha'']].

==Trivia==

{{Trivia|date=June 2007}}

* A film based on Kamehameha's life and starring [[The Rock (entertainer)|The Rock]] was announced in [[2002]]. <ref>[http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/preview/1808502789 Yahoo Movies review]</ref>

* According to legend, Kamehameha once carried a 1000 lb rock between two villages without dropping it.

* Legends say that King Kamehameha overturned the nearly 5,000 pound Naha Stone. Prophecy stated that the one who could lift the stone would conquer all the islands.

* The only paintings of him were done by visiting explorers. He is said to have been 6'6'' (approximately 1, 98 m) in height.

* The "Skeleton Fish of Kamehameha" appear as a device for increasing complexity in the PC puzzle game Big Kahuna Reef, which is loosely Hawaiian themed.

==External links==

* [http://www.ksbe.edu/pauahi/history.php Kamehameha Schools Biography of Kamehameha]

* [http://www.anb.org/articles/20/20-01236.html American National Biography of Kamehameha]

* [http://gohawaii.about.com/library/weekly/aa060898.htm GoHawaii biography of Kamehameha]

* [http://www.janesoceania.com/hawaii_kamehameha/ The Story of Kamehameha]

* [http://coe-dmha.org/Liaison/Vol_2No_3/Lia03.htm Thematic Essay on the Law of the Splintered Paddle]

==References==

<references/>

{{start box}}

{{succession box|title=[[Kingdom of Hawaii|King of Hawai{{okina}}i]]|before=none||after=[[Kamehameha II]] with regent [[Queen Kaahumanu|Ka{{okina}}ahumanu]] [[1819]]-[[1824]]|years=[[1795]] - [[1819]]}}

{{end box}}

{{start box}}

{{succession box|title=Ruler of the Island of [[Hawaii (island)|Hawai{{okina}}i]]|before=[[Kiwala‘o|Kiwala{{okina}}o]]||after=Kamehameha I as [[Kingdom of Hawaii|King of Hawai{{okina}}i]] [[1795]]-[[1819]]|years=[[1782]] - [[1795]]}}

{{end box}}

{{HI-monarch}}

[[Category:1758 births]]

[[Category:1819 deaths]]

[[Category:History of Hawaii]]

[[Category:Royal Family of Hawaii]]

[[Category:House of Kawananakoa]]

[[Category:Reduplicants]]

[[de:Kamehameha I.]]

[[es:Kamehameha I]]

[[fr:Kamehameha I]]

[[id:Kamehameha I]]

[[nl:Kamehameha I]]

[[ja:カメハメハ1世 (ハワイ王)]]

[[pl:Kamehameha I]]

[[pt:Kamehameha I]]

[[zh:卡美哈梅哈大帝]]