Cascade Range and Egyptian pyramids: Difference between pages

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[[Image: All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg|right|thumb|350px| All Giza Pyramids. Zoom in to get a sense of proportion.]]

{{redirect|Cascades}}

[[Image:Mount_Adams.jpg|right|thumb|[[Mount Adams]] in [[Washington state]]]]

The '''Cascade Range''' is a [[mountain]]ous region famous for its chain of tall [[volcano]]es called the '''High Cascades''' that run north-south along the west coast of [[North America]] from [[British Columbia]] to the [[Shasta Cascade]] area of [[northern California]]. The small part of the range in British Columbia is called the '''Cascade Mountains'''.

The Cascades (as they are called for short) are part of the [[Pacific Ring of Fire]], the ring of volcanoes around the [[Pacific Ocean]]. All of the known historic eruptions in the [[contiguous United States]] have been from Cascade volcanoes. The two most recent were [[Lassen Peak]] in [[1914]] to [[1921]] and [[Mount St. Helens]] in [[1980]].

{{Hiero|Pyramid|<hiero>U23-G17:r-O24</hiero>|align=right|era=egypt}}

== History ==

[[Image:Mount_Jefferson.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mount Jefferson (Oregon)|Mount Jefferson]] in [[Oregon]]]]

The '''Pyramids of Egypt''', among the largest constructions ever built, <ref>[http://egyptphoto.ncf.ca/pyramid%20of%20Khufu.htm The Great Pyramid of Khufu]. Retrieved [[April 12]], [[2005]]. ''"The Great Pyramid of Khufu...is the largest pyramid in Egypt and was the tallest man-made structure in the World until 1888."''</ref>, constitute one of the most potent and enduring symbols of [[Ancient Egypt]]ian civilization. It is generally accepted by most [[archaeology|archaeologists]] that they were constructed as burial monuments associated with royal solar and stellar [[Cult (religious practice)|cults]], and most were built during the [[Old Kingdom of Egypt|Old]] and [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Middle Kingdom]] periods<ref>Michael Ritter (2003).

[[Native American]]s have inhabited the area for thousands of years and developed their own [[myth]]s and [[legend]]s concerning the Cascades. According to some of these tales, Mounts [[Mount Baker|Baker]], [[Mount Jefferson (Oregon)|Jefferson]], and [[Mount Shasta|Shasta]] were used as refuge from a great [[flood]]. Other stories, such as the [[Bridge of the Gods (geologic event)|Bridge of the Gods]] tale, had various High Cascades such as [[Mount Hood|Hood]] and [[Mount Adams|Adams]], act as god-like chiefs who made [[war]] by throwing fire and stone at each other. [[Mount St. Helens|St. Helens]] with its pre-1980 graceful appearance, was regaled as a beautiful maiden for whom Hood and Adams feuded. Native tribes also developed their own names for the High Cascades and many of the smaller peaks.

[http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/connections/connections_dating_pyramids.html Dating the Pyramids]. Retrieved [[April 13]], [[2005]].''"Archaeologists have generally believed that the magnificent pyramids at Giza were the work of the Old Kingdom Dynasty 4 in Egypt" "The astronomical records as reported precisely fixes Middle Kingdom dates. But one cannot just count back the reigns of kings into the Old Kingdom, an Intermediate period occur between the Old and Middle Kingdom."''</ref>.

In the spring of [[1792]] British navigator [[George Vancouver]] entered [[Puget Sound]] and started to give [[English language|English]] names to the high mountains he saw. [[Mount Baker]] was named for Vancouver's third lieutenant, the graceful [[Mount St. Helens]] for a famous diplomat, [[Mount Hood]] was named in honor of [[Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood]] (an [[admiral]] of the [[Royal Navy]]) and the tallest Cascade, [[Mount Rainier]], is the namesake of Admiral [[Peter Rainier]]. Vancouver's expedition did not, however, name the range these peaks belonged to.

In [[1805]] the [[Lewis and Clark expedition]] passed through the Cascades by using the [[Columbia River]], which for many years was the only practical way to pass that part of the range. The expedition, and the many settlers and traders that followed, met their last obstacle to their journey at the [[Cascades Rapids]] in the [[Columbia River Gorge]], a feature on the river now submerged beneath [[Bonneville Dam|Lake Bonneville]]. Before long, the great white-capped mountains that loomed above the rapids were called the "mountains by the cascades" and later simply as the "Cascades" (the earliest attested use of this name is in the writings of botanist [[David Douglas]]). On their return trip Lewis and Clarke's group spotted a high but distant snowy pinnacle that they named for the sponsor of the expedition, U.S. President [[Thomas Jefferson]].

[[Image:Lassen-Peak-LargeGiza pyramid complex (map).jpgsvg|right|thumb|left280px|[[LassenMap Peak]]of inGiza [[California]]pyramid complex.]]

The number of [[pyramid]] structures in Egypt today is reported by most sources as being between 80 and 111, with a majority favouring the higher number. In 1842 [[Karl Richard Lepsius]] made a [[Lepsius list of pyramids|list of pyramids]], in which he counted 67,but more have been identified and discovered since his time. The imprecise nature of the count is related to the fact that as many smaller pyramids are in a poor state of preservation and appear as little more than mounds of rubble, they are only now being properly identified and studied by archaeologists. Most are grouped in a number of pyramid fields, the most important of which are listed geographically, from north to south, below.

The [[Barlow Trail]] was the first established land path for U.S. settlers through the Cascade Range in [[1845]], and formed the final overland link for the [[Oregon Trail]] (previously, settlers had to raft down the treacherous rapids of the [[Columbia River]]). It passes north of Mt. Hood.

===Ibrahim Ibrahim El-akeid

With the exception of the [[1915]] eruption of remote [[Lassen Peak]] in [[Northern California]], the range was quiet for more than a century. Then, on [[May 18]], [[1980]], the dramatic eruption of little-known [[Mount St. Helens]] shattered the quiet and brought the world's attention to the range. Geologists were also concerned that the St. Helens eruption would awaken other Cascade volcanoes like it did the previous century, when a total of eight erupted between [[1800]] and [[1857]]. None have erupted since St. Helens, but precautions are being taken nevertheless, such as the Mount Rainier Volcano [[Lahar]] Warning System in [[Pierce County, Washington]].[http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/About/Highlights/RainierPilot/Pilot_highlight.html]

ابراهيم العقيد (السماعنة)

Abu Rawash is the site of Egypt's most northerly pyramid other than the ruins of Lepsius pyramid number one<ref>ibid.</ref>&mdash; the]], the son and successor of [[Khufu (pharaoh)|Khufu]]. Originally it was thought that this pyramid had never been completed, but the current archaeological consensus is that not only was it completed, but that it was originally about the same size as the Pyramid of

[[Menkaure]], the third largest pyramid in Egypt.

Unfortunately its ___location adjacent to a major crossroads made it an easy source of stone, and quarrying &mdash; which began in Roman times &mdash; little remains apart from a few courses of stone superimposed upon the natural hillock that formed part of the pyramid's core &mdash; although a small adjacent satellite pyramid is in a better state of preservation.

==Geography==

[[Image:Mount-rainier-over-tacoma.jpg|right|thumb|[[Mount Rainier]], with [[Tacoma, Washington]] in foreground]]

=== Giza ===

At its southern end the range is about 30 to 50 miles (50 to 80 km) wide and 4500 to 5000 feet (1370 to 1520 m) high but is higher and 80 miles (130 km) wide in northern [[Washington]]. The tallest volcanoes of the Cascades (called the High Cascades) dominate the rest of the range, often standing twice the height of the surrounding mountains and thus often have a visual height of a mile (1.6 km) or more. The tallest peaks, such as the 14,410 foot (4392 m) high [[Mount Rainier]], dominate their surroundings for 50 to 100 miles (80 to 160 km).

{{main|Giza pyramid complex}}

((ابراهيم العقيد ))(Ibrahim Ibrahim El-akeid )(السماعنة)

[[Image:pyramids at giza 01.jpg|left|thumb|200px|The Giza pyramid field, viewed from the south-west. Dominating the picture from foreground to background are the Pyramids of Menkaure, Khafre and Khufu.The Giza Plateau in whole took about 400 years to build.]]

[[Giza]] is the ___location of the [[Pyramid of Khufu]] (also known as the "Great Pyramid" and the "Pyramid of Cheops"), the somewhat smaller [[Pyramid of Khafre]] (or Kephren), and the relatively modest-sized [[Pyramid of Menkaure]] (or Mykerinus), along with a number of smaller satellite edifices, known as leens pyramids, and the [[Great Sphinx]].

[[Image:Egypt.Giza.Sphinx.02.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Great Sphinx of Giza with Khafre's pyramid in the background.]]

The northern part of the range, north of [[Mount Rainier]] is extremely rugged, with many of the lesser peaks steep and glaciated. The valleys are quite low however, and major passes are only about 1000 m (3300 ft) high.

Of the three, only Khafre's pyramid retains part of its original polished limestone casing, towards its apex. Interestingly this pyramid appears larger than the adjacent Khufu pyramid by virtue of its more elevated ___location, and the steeper angle of inclination of its construction &mdash; it is, in fact, smaller in both height and volume.

The [[Giza Necropolis]] has arguably been the world's most popular tourist destination since antiquity, and was popularised in Hellenistic times when the Great Pyramid was listed by [[Antipater of Sidon]] as one of the [[Seven Wonders of the World]]. Today it is the only one of the ancient Wonders still in existence.

Because of the range's proximity to the [[Pacific Ocean]], precipitation is substantial, especially on the western slopes, with annual accumulations of up to 150 inches (3800 mm) in some areas and heavy snowfall as low as 2000 feet (600 m). Most of the High Cascades are therefore white with snow and ice year-round. The western slopes are densely covered with [[Douglas-fir]], [[Western Hemlock]] and [[Red alder]], while the drier eastern slopes are mostly [[Ponderosa Pine]], with [[Western Larch]] at higher elevations. Annual rainfall drops to 8 inches (200 mm) on the eastern [[foothill]]s due to a [[rainshadow effect]].

*[http://www.wikimapia.org/maps?q=cairo&ll=29.976389,31.132143&spn=0.009871,0.015407&t=k&&hl=en Pyramids of Giza color satellite imagery]

Beyond the foothills is an [[arid]] plateau that was created 16 million years ago as a coalescing series of layered flood [[basalt]] flows. Together these sequences of fluid [[volcanic rock]] form a 200,000 square mile (520,000 km²) region out of western [[Washington]], [[Oregon]], and parts of [[Northern California]] and [[Idaho]] called the [[Columbia River Plateau]] .

=== Zawyet el-Aryan ===

[[Image:Mt_hood_timothy_lake.jpg|left|thumb|[[Mt. Hood]], with [[Timothy Lake]] in foreground]]

{ابراهيم العقيد))Ibrahim Ibrahim El-akeid )السماعنة)

This site is the ___location for two unfinished Old Kingdom pyramids. The northern structure's owner is believed to be the Pharaoh [[Nebka]], whilst the southern structure is attributed to the Third Dynasty Pharaoh [[Khaba]], (also known as [[Hudjefa]]), successor to [[Sekhemkhet]]. Khaba's four-year tenure as pharaoh more than likely explains the similar premature truncation of his step pyramid. Today it is approximately twenty metres in height; had it been completed, it would probably have more than doubled in size.

The gorge created by the Columbia River is the only major break in the American part of the Cascades. When the Cascades started to rise 7 million years ago in the [[Pliocene]], the Columbia River drained the relatively low Columbia River Plateau. As the range grew, the Columbia was able to keep pace, creating the gorge and major pass seen today. The gorge also exposes uplifted and warped layers of basalt from the plateau.

بسلم علي كل حبيبي في قرية السماعنة

Another major pass was cut by the [[Fraser River]] through mainly non-volcanic rocks in the [[British Columbia]]n part of the range. This group of mountains are often called the "Coast Mountains" but are in fact structurally part of the Cascades. [[Mount Garibaldi]] and its associated group of volcanoes are in this part of the range. The country rocks here were derived from a mini-[[continent]] that grafted itself to this part of North America 50 million years ago, carrying along its own [[subduction zone]] (see [[Juan de Fuca Plate]]).

ابراهيم ابراهيم العقيد

=== Abu Sir ===

''See also:'' [[Media:southern_oregon_cascades_map.png|Map of the Southern Oregon Cascade Range]]

{{main|Abusir}}

There are a total of seven pyramids at this site, which served as the main royal necropolis during the fourth Dynasty. The quality of construction of the Abu Sir pyramids is inferior to those of the Fourth Dynasty &mdash; perhaps signalling a decrease in royal power or a less vibrant economy. They are smaller than their predecessors, and are built of low quality local limestone.

==Human uses==

[[Soil]] conditions for [[farming]] are generally excellent, especially downwind of volcanoes. This is largely due to the fact that volcanic rocks are often rich in [[mineral]]s such as [[potassium]] and decay easily. Volcanic debris, especially [[lahar]]s, also have a leveling effect and the storage of [[water]] in the form of snow and ice is also important. Much of that water eventually flows into [[reservoir]]s where it is used for recreation before its potential [[energy]] is captured to generate [[hydroelectric power]] before being used to [[irrigation|irrigate]] crops.

The three major pyramids are those of [[Nyuserre Ini|Niuserre]] (which is also the most intact), [[Neferirkare Kakai]] and [[Sahure]]. The site is also home to the incomplete Pyramid of [[Neferefre]]. All of the major pyramids at Abu Sir were built as step pyramids, although the largest of them &mdash; the [[Pyramid of Neferirkare Kakai]] &mdash; is believed to have originally been built as a step pyramid some seventy metres in height and then later transformed into a "true" pyramid by having its steps filled in with loose masonry.

In addition, there is a largely untapped amount of [[geothermal power]] that can be generated from the Cascades. The [[USGS]] Geothermal Research Program has been investigating this potential. Some of this energy is already being used in places like [[Klamath Falls, Oregon]] where volcanic [[steam]] is used to heat public buildings. The highest recorded temperature found in the range is 510&deg; F (265&deg; C) at 3075 feet (937 m) below [[Newberry Caldera]]'s floor.

==High= CascadesSaqqara ===

{{main|Saqqara}}

(listed north to south)<br>

[[Image:Cascade Range map.png|thumb|250px|All the major Cascade volcanoes except Garibaldi (which is north of this image's extent)]]

*[[Mount Garibaldi]] (British Columbia) - heavily eroded by [[glacier]]s and has three principal peaks.

*[[Mount Baker]] (Near the [[United States]]-[[Canada]] border) - highest peak in northern [[Washington]]. It still shows some steam activity from its [[crater]], though it is considered dormant.

*[[Glacier Peak]] (northern Washington) - secluded and relatively inaccessible peak. Contrary to its name, its glacial cover isn't that extensive.

*[[Mount Rainier]] (southeast of [[Tacoma, Washington]]) - highest peak in the Cascades, it dominates the surrounding landscape.

*[[Mount St. Helens]] (southern Washington) - Erupted in 1980, completely leveling the surrounding area and sending ash across the northwest. The northern part of the mountain was destroyed in the blast (see [[1980 Mount St. Helens eruption]]).

*[[Mount Adams]] (east of Mount St. Helens) - the second highest peak in Washington.

*[[Mount Hood]] (northern [[Oregon]]) - the highest peak in Oregon and the most frequently climbed major peak in the Cascades.

*[[Mount Jefferson (Oregon)|Mount Jefferson]] (northcentral Oregon) - the second highest peak in Oregon.

*Mount Washington (between Santiam and McKenzie passes) [http://areas.wildernet.com/pages/area.cfm?areaname=Mount%20Washington%20Wilderness&CU_ID=144]

*[[Three Sisters]] (near the town of [[Bend, Oregon]]) - South Sister is the highest and youngest, with a well defined crater. Middle Sister is more pyramidal and eroded. North Sister is the oldest and has a crumbling rock pinnacle.

*Broken Top (to the southeast of South Sister) - contains Bend Glacier

*[[Newberry Volcano]] and [[Newberry Caldera]] - isolated [[caldera]] with two crater [[lake]]s. Very variable lavas. Flows from here have reached the city of Bend.

*[[Mount Bachelor]] (near Three Sisters) - a popular [[skiing|ski]] resort.

*[[Mount Bailey (Oregon)|Mount Bailey]] (north of Mount Mazama)

*[[Mount Thielsen]] (east of Mount Bailey)

*[[Mount Mazama]] (southern Oregon) - detonated thousands of years ago and now known as [[Crater Lake]], which is a [[caldera]] formed by a catastrophic eruption which took out most of the summit. Mt. Mazama is estimated to have been about 11,000 ft. elevation prior to the blast.

*[[Mount McLoughlin]] (near [[Klamath Falls, Oregon]]) - presents a symmetrical appearance when viewed from [[Klamath Lake]].

*[[Medicine Lake Volcano]] - a large [[shield volcano]] in [[northern California]]

*[[Mount Shasta]] (northern California) - second highest peak in the Cascades. Can be seen as far as the [[California Central Valley|Sacramento Valley]], 60 miles away, as it is a dominating feature of the region.

*[[Lassen Peak]] (south of Mt. Shasta) - southernmost volcano in the Cascades and the most easily climbed peak in the Cascades, it erupted 1914-1921

[[Image:Saqqara stepped pyramid.jpg|right|thumb|200px|The Stepped Pyramid of Djozer]]

==Protected areas==

There are four [[U.S. National Park]]s in the Cascade Range and many [[U.S. National Monument]]s, [[U.S. National Wilderness Area]]s, and [[U.S. National Forest]]s. Each classification protects the various [[glacier]]s, volcanoes, [[geothermal (geology)|geothermal]] fields, rivers, lakes, and forests to varying degrees.

===National parks===

*[[Lassen Volcanic National Park]] was established in [[1916]] while its namesake peak was erupting. The park includes the most extensive and active thermal areas in the [[United States]] outside [[Yellowstone National Park]].

*[[Crater Lake National Park]] preserves the remains of [[Mount Mazama]], a large volcano that imploded thousands of years ago, forming a [[caldera]] that was later filled with [[Crater Lake]].

*[[Mount Rainier National Park]] surrounds the Cascades' tallest volcano, [[Mount Rainier]], which in turn is shrouded in the largest [[glacier]] system in the United States south of [[Alaska]].

*[[North Cascades National Park]] was carved out of a primitive part of the range composed of ancient [[metamorphic rock |metamorphic]] and [[sedimentary rock]]. [[Mount Baker]] and [[Glacier Peak]] are nearby.

Major pyramids here include the [[Pyramid of Djozer|Step Pyramid of Djozer]] &mdash; Egypt's oldest stone monumental building &mdash; the [[Pyramid of Userkaf]] and the [[Pyramid of Teti]]. Also at Saqqara is the [[Pyramid of Unas]], which retains a pyramid causeway that is amongst the best-preserved in Egypt. This pyramid was also the subject of one of antiquities' earliest restoration attempts, conducted under the auspices of one of the sons of [[Ramesses II]]. Saqqara is also the ___location of the incomplete step pyramid of Djozer's successor [[Sekhemkhet]], known as the [[Buried Pyramid]]. Archaeologists believe that had this pyramid been completed it would have been larger than Djozer's.

===National monuments===

*[[Mount St. Helens Volcanic National Monument]] was formed following the [[1980 Mount St. Helens eruption|1980 eruption]] of [[Mount St. Helens]] in order to preserve the devastated area and give scientists a chance to study its recovery.

=== ReferencesDahshur ===

{{main|Dahshur}}

*''Fire Mountains of the West: The Cascade and Mono Lake Volcanoes'', Stephen L. Harris, (Mountain Press Publishing Company, Missoula; 1988) ISBN 0-87842-220-X

* Fred Beckey. 1973. ''Cascade Alpine Guide'' (3 vols.) (The Mountaineers, Seattle).

* Stephen L. Harris. 1976. ''Fire and Ice'' (The Mountaineers, Seattle).

*[http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/fact-sheet/fs165-97/ USGS: Living With Volcanic Risk in the Cascades]

This area is arguably the most important pyramid field in Egypt outside Giza and Saqqara, although until [[1996]] the site was inaccessible due to its ___location within a military base, and hence was virtually unknown outside archaeological circles.

[[Category:British Columbia geography]]

[[Category:Geologic provinces of California]]

[[Category:Mountain ranges of California]]

[[Category:Mountain ranges of Oregon]]

[[Category:Mountain ranges of Washington]]

[[Category:Cascade Range]]

[[Category:Subduction volcanoes]]

[[Category:Volcanoes of Canada]]

[[Category:Volcanoes of the United States]]

The southern Pyramid of [[Sneferu]], commonly known as the [[Bent Pyramid]] is believed to be the first (or by some accounts, second) attempt at creating a pyramid with smooth sides. In this it was only a partial &mdash; but nonetheless visually arresting &mdash; success; it remains the only Egyptian pyramid to retain a significant proportion of its original limestone casing, and serves as the best example of the luminous appearance common to all pyramids in their original state.

The northern, or [[Red Pyramid]] built at the same ___location by Sneferu was later successfully completed as the world's first true smooth-sided pyramid. Despite its relative obscurity, the Red Pyramid is actually the third largest pyramid in Egypt &mdash; after the pyramids of [[Khufu]] and [[Khafre]] at [[Giza]]. Also at Dahshur is the pyramid known as the [[Black Pyramid]] of [[Amenemhet III]].

=== Mazghuna ===

[[de:Kaskadengebirge]]

{{main|Mazghuna}}

[[ja:&#12459;&#12473;&#12465;&#12540;&#12489;&#23665;&#33032;]]

[[nl:Kustgebergte]]

Located to the south of Dahshur, this area was used in the [[First Intermediate Period]] by several kings who constructed their pyramids out of mudbrick. Today these structures are obscure and unimpressive.

[[no:Kaskadefjellene]]

=== Lisht ===

{{main|el-Lisht}}

[[Image:pyramid of amenemhet 01.jpg|right|thumb|200px|The ruined Pyramid of Amenemhet I at Lisht]]

Two major pyramids are known to have been built at Lisht &mdash; those of [[Amenemhat I]] and his son, [[Senusret I]]. The latter is surrounded by the ruins of ten smaller subsidiary pyramids. One of these subsidiary pyramids is known to be that of Amenemhat's cousin, Khaba II. <ref> {{citation | last = Allen | first = James | author-link = James P. Allen | last2 = Manuelian | first2 = Peter | author2-link = Peter Der Manuelian | title = The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts (Writings from the Ancient World, No. 23) | publisher = Brill Academic | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-9004137776}} </ref> The site which is in the vicinity of the oasis of [[Fayyum]], midway between [[Dahshur]] and [[Meidum]], and about 100 kilometres south of [[Cairo]], is believed to be in the vicinity of the ancient city of [[Itjtawy]] (the precise ___location of which remains unknown), which served as the capital of Egypt during the [[Twelfth dynasty of Egypt|12th Dynasty]].

=== Meidum ===

{{main|Meidum}}

Sneferu's Pyramid at Meidum; the central core structure remains, surrounded by a mountain of rubble from the collapsed outer casing

The pyramid at [[Meidum]] is one of three constructed during the reign of [[Sneferu]], and is believed by some to have been commenced by that pharaoh's father and predecessor, [[Huni]]. However, this is not very likely, as his name does not appear on the site. Some archaeologists also suggest that the Meidum pyramid may have been the first unsuccessful attempt at the construction of a "true" or smooth-sided pyramid.

The pyramid suffered a catastrophic collapse in antiquity, and today only the central parts of its stepped inner core remain standing, giving it an odd tower-like appearance that is unique among Egyptian pyramids. The hill that the pyramid sits atop is not a natural landscape feature &mdash; it is in fact the small mountain of debris created when the lower courses and outer casing of the pyramid gave way.

=== Hawarra ===

{{main|Hawara}}

[[Image:pyramid of amenemhet hawarra 01.jpg|right|thumb|200px|The Pyramid of Amenemhet III at Hawarra]]

[[Amenemhet III]] was the last powerful ruler of the 12th Dynasty, and the pyramid he built at Hawarra, near Faiyum, is believed to post-date the so-called "Black Pyramid" built by the same ruler at [[Dahshur]]. It is the Hawarra pyramid that is believed to have been Amenemhet's final resting place.

=== el-Lahun ===

{{main|el-Lahun}}

[[Image:Pyramid at Lahun.jpg|thumb|left|thumb|200px|The Pyramid of Senusret II. The pyramid's natural limestone core is clearly visible as the yellow stratum at its base.]]

The pyramid of [[Senusret II]] at [[el-Lahun]] is the southernmost royal-tomb pyramid structure in Egypt. Its builders reduced the amount of work necessary to construct it by ingeniously using as its foundation and core a 12 metre high natural limestone hill.

<br clear="all" />

==See also==

{{commonscat|Pyramids of Egypt}}

'''Pyramids of Other Cultures'''

*[[Chinese pyramids]]

*[[French pyramids]]

*[[Mesoamerican pyramids]]

*[[Nubian pyramids]]

'''Falsely reported and alleged pyramids'''

*[[Ukrainian pyramids]] - Archaeological dig site falsely reported as a pyramid in 2006

*[[Bosnian pyramids]] - Also known as Visočica hill

==References==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

*[http://www.cam2007.com Pyramid Live Webcam - The Most Visited Website for Egypt

*[http://www.aldokkan.com/art/pyramid.htm Old Kingdom Pyramids of Egypt - Aldokkan

*[http://egyptphoto.ncf.ca/index.htm Pyramids of Egypt] &ndash; Comprehensive site by an Egyptian archaeology enthusiast that includes spectacular photographs of dozens of pyramids.

*[http://www.casa.ucl.ac.uk/digital_egypt/hawara/bibliography_old.html#her Ancient Authors] &ndash; A site that quotes descriptions of the "Labyrinth" of Amenemhet III's pyramid at el-Lahun by various ancient authors.

*[http://www.mysteries-in-stone.co.uk Ancient Egyptian History] - A comprehensive & consise educational website focusing on the basic and the advanced in all aspects of Ancient Egypt

*[http://www.narmer.pl/pir/pirnub_en.htm Pyramids of Nubia] &ndash; A site detailing the major pyramid sites of ancient Nubia (Sudan).

*[http://www.great-pyramid.info/inhalt/html/me/mstarte.htm www.great-pyramid.info] &ndash; Photographs and information on Egyptian pyramids.

*[http://www.wikimapia.org/maps?q=cairo&ll=29.976389,31.132143&spn=0.009871,0.015407&t=k&&hl=en Pyramids of Giza colour satellite imagery] (Wikimapia - Google maps)

*[http://www.classicalislam.com/pages/articles/pyramids.htm Pyramids in relation with the Noble Quraan (Quran)]

*[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-8969670374332354641 NOVA: This Old Pyramid ] - Video documentary on how the Pyramids might have been built (Note: Not authorized in certain regions).

*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/complex_gallery.shtml diagram of an ancient pyramid from bbc.co.uk]

*[http://www.universalcat.org/Pages/gallery.php?c=EGYPT Egypt Gallery at www.universalcat.org] Striking images of the Giza Plateau at night, images can be enlarged to screen size.

{{Ancient Egypt}}

[[Category:Ancient Egyptian pyramids| ]]

[[Category:Lists of buildings and structures|Pyramids, Egypt]]

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