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[[Image:Progaff black-white-grey fo.gif|thumb|Gaffer tape]]
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'''Gaffer tape''' (also, '''gaffer's tape''', '''gaff tape''', '''gaffa tape''', '''gaffing tape''', '''cloth tape''', '''(The) Gaff''', '''Roll of Gaff''') is a strong cotton cloth pressure-sensitive [[adhesive tape]] used in the motion picture, television, stage (music and theater) and audio visual production. The tape is manufactured in many colors, including fluorescent and custom colors, but the most common variety is [[matte (surface)|matte]] [[black]]. This matte finish keeps the tape from reflecting light so the tape blends in with the typical [[stage (theatre)|stage]] floor of a [[theatre]].
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'''DISCLAIMER'''
:Please remember that Wikipedia is offered for informational use only. The information is in most cases not reviewed by professionals. You are advised to contact your doctor for health-related decisions.
The tape is most likely named for the [[gaffer (motion picture industry)|gaffer]], the head of the lighting department on a [[film crew]].
'''Please note that the effectiveness and safety of chiropractic techniques are disputed.'''</font>
Gaffer tape is easily torn by hand so no cutting tools are necessary. The adhesive used is a high quality synthetic rubber{{Fact|date=April 2007}} which leaves little or no residue when removed, in contrast to [[duct tape]]. When cables are taped down on a stage or other surface, either for safety or to keep them out of view of the audience or camera, they are said to be ''gaffed'' or ''gaffered''.
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A narrow version of gaffer tape, called [[spike (stagecraft)|spike tape]], is used in many colors for stage and theatre floor layout.
The traditional objective of '''Chiropractic medicine''' deals with the human [[spine]] and health issues related to spinal problems such as pain, posture, and stress using techniques of [[manipulative therapy]] to correct [[subluxation]], which is the incomplete or partial dislocation of a bone or joint. "There is substantial evidence that manipulative therapy has value in treating back pain." [http://www.ncahf.org/pp/chirop.html] See also [http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/hq/Hquest/db/local.arahcpr.arclin.lbpc/screen/Browse/xid/261/s/43514/cmd/PD/action/GetText]. "...manipulation is defined as manual therapy in which loads are applied to the spine using short or long lever methods. The selected joint is moved to its end range of voluntary motion, followed by application of an impulse loading. The therapeutic objectives of manipulation include symptomatic relief and functional improvement." [http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/hq/Hquest/db/local.arahcpr.arclin.lbpc/screen/Browse/xid/261/s/43514/cmd/PD/action/GetText].
White gaffer tape is also used extensively by live sound engineers who place a strip along the bottom of the mixing board allowing them to label the channels used for a particular show.
Contemporary chiropractic is divided into two basic schools: The traditional approach is that followed by the faction of the chiropractive movement known as [[straight chiropractic]] See [http://www.straightchiropractic.com/ The Federation of Straight Chiropractors and Organizations]. The other school known as [[mixing chiropractic]] ''mixes'' medical techniques with spinal and other joint manipulation. Mixing chiropractic is itself divided into conservative and liberal factions. [http://www.chiroweb.com/archives/08/21/13.html]
The term chiropractic literally means "done by hand." The word was adopted by chiropractic's founder, [[Daniel D. Palmer]], a layman with an interest in the metaphysical health philosophies of his day such as magnetic healing, phrenology, and spiritualism. In 1895, Palmer claimed to have restored the hearing of a nearly deaf janitor by manipulating his spine. Palmer believed that he had discovered the primary cause of disease and theorized that 95 percent of all disease was caused by spinal subluxation and the others by luxated bones elsewhere in the body.
== See also==
In practice, people colloquially use this term to refer to two different fields. The term ''chiropractic'' is more properly associated with adherents of D. Palmer's chiropractic theory, and of those chiropractic schools which believe that subluxations are the cause of most or all diseases.
*[[Adhesive tape]]
*[[Film crew]]
*[[Best boy]]
*[[Dolly grip]]
[[Category:Stagecraft]]
== Medical risks of spinal manipulation ==
[[Category:Adhesive tape]]
[[de:Gaffer Tape]]
According to the National Council Against Health Fraud, the conviction held by chiropractic believers that every spine will benefit from an adjustment causes them to manipulate spines inappropriately. Among the concerns about chiropractic manipulation is the widespread use of the explosive "dynamic thrust" which takes the patient by surprise, as opposed to more conservative techniques. This maneuver has a greater potential for inflicting injury.
[[fr:Gaffer]]
[[no:Gaffa]]
The practice of greatest concern is the rotary neck movement (sometimes called "Vaster cervical'' or "rotary break"). This type of manipulation has led to trauma, paralysis, strokes, and death among patents. Even chiropractic's legal advisors have warned against its use.
The overuse of x-ray by chiropractors poses potential patient harm. Of primary concern is the 24' x 36' full spine x-ray. This technique exposes patients to a substantial amount of radiation. Exposing the body trunk to x-rays can have serious long-range consequences and should be avoided. Further, according to NCAHF's chiropractic advisors, such radiographs have little or no diagnostic value.
=== Criticism of chiropractic claims ===
[[The National Council Against Health Fraud]], an American private, non-profit health care organization issued a report in 1985 critical of chiropractic medicine.
Sixty-two clinical neurologists from across Canada, all certified members of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons, have issued a warning to the Canadian public and provincial governments about the dangers of neck manipulation.
* [http://www.chirobase.org/15News/neurol.html Canadian Neurologists Warn against Neck Manipulation]
Mainstream medical doctors and scientists reject the claims of most chiropractic associations and schools as pseudoscience; many refer to their claims as fraud. Recebtly, however, a chiropracter from the Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, in Toronto, and two professors at Los Angeles College of Chiropractic also came to this position; they hold that all chiropractic organizations engage in and promote 'quackery".
* [http://www.canoe.ca/HealthAlternativeColumns/020307.html Three chiropracters denounce field as quackery]
Yor University at one point attempted to affiliate with a chiropractic school. The scientists and medical doctors at this school rebelled against the plan, and even created their own website explaining why this would be a bad idea. They enlisted the help of Nobel prize winning scientists to explain to the school's administration, and public at large, why chiropractice is unscientific.
* [http://www.csicop.org/articles/19990203-chiropractic/index.html Nobel prize winners denounce plan for university to affliate with a chiropractic college]
There are many investigations and lawsuits underway in Canada for false advertising, deceptive practices and claims, injuries and deaths.
* [http://www.canoe.ca/ChiroYork/home.html Lawsuits against chiropracters for deaths and injuries]
== Misuse of science reports ==
Doctors who have submitted research backing up the medical benefits of limited forms of spinal maipulation have found their claims incorrectly applied to the entire field of chiropractic manipulation. Perhaps the most well-known case of this occured in response to ''The RAND report on The Appropriateness of Spinal Manipulation for Lower-Back Pain''. This scientific study was a meta-analysis of 22 controlled experiments; the conclusion was that certain forms of spinal manipulation were succesful in treating certain types of lower-back pain. Many chiropracters seized upon these results as proof that chiropractic theory was sound and that chiropractic medicine had reliable results; in fact, the authors of the report had said no such thing. Misuse of this report reached such an extent that the RAND report authors were forced to issue a public statement. In [[1993]] Dr. Paul Shekelle rebuked the chiropractic industry for making false claims about RAND's research:
:"...we have become aware of numerous instances where our results have been seriously misrepresented by chiropractors writing for their local paper or writing letters to the editor....RAND's studies were about spinal manipulation, not chiropractic, and dealt with appropriateness, which is a measure of net benefit and harms. Comparative efficacy of chiropractic and other treatments was not explicitly dealt with."
* [http://www.canoe.ca/ChiroYork/chiro_studies.html Science in support of spinal manipulation incorrectly used to promote chiropractice]
* [http://www.canoe.ca/ChiroYork/chiro_rand.html Full text of Dr. Shekelle's rebuttal letter]
==External Links and Bibliography==
===Medicine===
* The [[American Medical Association]] issued a report in [[1997]] that discusses various alternative or complementary medicines, including chiropractic. [http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/article/2036-2523.html]
* [[The National Council Against Health Fraud]], an American private, non-profit health care organization issued a report critical of chiropractic medicine and includes an extensive bibliography as of [[1985]].
* [http://www.ncahf.org/pp/chirop.html The National Council Against Health Fraud, "Position Paper on Chiropractic", 1985]
* [http://www.chirobase.org/ A Skeptical Guide to Chiropractic History, Theories, and Current Practices]
* [http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/chirostroke.html Chiropractic's Dirty Secret: Neck Manipulation and Strokes]
* [http://www.chirobase.org/15News/neurol.html Statement of Concern to the Canadian Public from Canadian Neurologists Regarding the Debilitating and Fatal Damage Manipulation of the Neck May Cause to the Nervous System]
=== Chiropractic adocacy ===
* [http://www.amerchiro.org/ American Chiropractic Association]
* [http://www.chiropractic.org/ International Chiropractors Association]
* [http://www.chirobase.org/ Chirobase, a skeptical website about chiropractic]
* [http://www.chirobase.org/07Strategy/goodchiro.html Chirobase article in (limited) praise of some chiropratic practice]
* New England Journal of Medicine article [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9761803 A comparison of physical therapy, chiropractic manipulation, and provision of an educational booklet for the treatment of patients with low back pain]
=== Criticisms of chiropractic: a bibliography ===
[http://www.ndir.com/chiro/scientific.html Concerns about Chiropractic at York University]
Assendelft WJJ, Bouter LM, Knipschild PG. ''Complications of spinal manipulation - a comprehensive review of the literature''. J Fam Pract 1996; 42: 475-480
Beatty, R. "Dissecting hematoma of the internal carotid artery following chiropractic cervical manipulation" J Trauma, 17:248-249, 1977
Benassy, J. and Wolinetz, E., "Quadraplegia after chiropractic manipulation," RHUM, 24:555- 556, 1957
A. Breen, E. Leerberg, M. D Pedigo, G. Waddell, L. G F Giles, E Ernst, and W J J Assendelft ''Chiropractic for low back pain'' BMJ, January 23, 1999; 318(7178): 261a - 261.
''Chiropractic for low back pain: We don't know whether it does more good than harm'', The British Medical Journal, 1998; 317:160-160 (18 July)
Davidson, K., et al, "Traumatic vertebral artery pseudoaneurysm following chiropractic manipulation" NEURORADIOLOGY, 115:651-652, 1975
Ernst E. ''Chiropractors use of X-rays'' Br J Radiol
E. Ernst ''Spinal manipulation: Its safety is uncertain'' Can. Med. Assoc. J., January 1, 2002; 166(1): 40 - 41
Harrison, J. Strokes ICA Malpractice Alert, 2:1-2, 1981
Krueger, B. and Okazakl, H. "Vertebral-basilar distribuation infarction following chiropractic cervical manipulation", Mayo Clin Pros. 55:322-332, 1980
Levine, J., Howe, J., and Rolofson, J., "Radiation exposure to a phantom patient during simulated chiropractic spinal radiography", Radiol Health Data Reports, 12:245-251, 1971
Miller, R. and Bunon, R. "Stroke following chiropractic manipulation of the spine" JAMA, 229:189-190, 1974
Modde, P. "Malpractice as an inevitable result of chiropractic philosophy and training" Legal Aspects of Med Practice, Feb:20-23, 1979
Rinsky. L, et al, "A cervical spinal cord injury following chiropractic manipulation" Paraplegia, 13:223-22, 1976
Schelihas, K., et al, "Vertebrobasilar injuries following cervical manipulation" Am Med Assoc, 244:1450-1453, 1980
Smith, P and Doll, R., "Mortality among patients with ankylosing spondylitis after a single treatment course with x-rays", Brit Med J, 284:449-460, 1982 Abrams, H., "The overutilization of x-rays", New England J MED, 300:1213-1216, 1979
Stano M, Smith M. Chiropractic and medical costs of low back care. Medical Care 1996; 34: 191-204
Zak, S. and Carmody, R . "Cerebellar infarction from chiropractic neck manipulation" Ariz Med, 41:333-337, 1984
Zauel, D., and Carlow, T., "Internuclear Ophthalmalegia following cervical manipulation" Annals of Neurol, l:308, 1977
===Further Reading===
* <cite>Best Practices in Clinical Chiropractic</cite>, author: Robert D. Mootz, edited by: Howard T. Vernon, Aspen Publishers, 1999 (or 2001), paperback, 200 pages, ISBN 0834213761, papers from the journal <cite>Topics on Clinical Chiropractic</cite>
* <cite>Chiropractic Management of Spine Related Disorders</cite>, Meridel I. Gatterman, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1990 (there may be a new edition), hardcover, 437 pages, ISBN 0683034383
* <cite>Guidelines for Chiropractic Quality Assurance and Practice Parameters</cite>, editors: Scott Haldeman, David Chapman-Smith and Donald M. Petersen, Aspen Publishers, 1992, paperback, 264 pages ISBN 083420388X
* <cite>Principles and Practices of Chiropractic Techniques</cite>, Scott Haldeman, Appleton & Lange, 1992, hardcover, 641 pages, ISBN 0838563600
===External Links===
* [http://www.ncahf.org/pp/chirop.html The National Council Against Health Fraud, "Position Paper on Chiropractic", 1985]
===References===
* [http://www.ncahf.org/pp/chirop.html The National Council Against Health Fraud, "Position Paper on Chiropractic", 1985]
* [http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/hq/Hquest/db/local.arahcpr.arclin.lbpc/screen/Browse/xid/261/s/43514/cmd/PD/action/GetText National Library of Medicine, "Clinical Practice Guideline 14: Acute Lower Back Problems in Adults" Subsection on Spinal Manipulation]
* [http://www.straightchiropractic.com/ The Federation of Straight Chiropractors and Organizations]
* [http://www.chiroweb.com/archives/08/21/13.html A discussion of the schools of chiropractry in a letter in the archives of Chiroweb]
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