EV-9D9 and Zinc oxide: Difference between pages

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Revision as of 13:46, 9 July 2007

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{{SW Droid|

! {{chembox header}} | Zinc oxide

image=[[Image:EV-9D9 bg.jpg]]|

|-

bgcolor=#c00|

| align="center" colspan="2" | [[Image:Zinc oxide.jpg|200px|Zinc oxide]]<br>[[Image:Zincite-3D-balls.png|200px]]

fgcolor=#000|

|-

name=EV-9D9|

! {{chembox header}} | General

type=Supervisor droid|

|-

height=1.9 [[meter|m]]|

| Other names

manufacturer=MerenData|

| Zinc white,<br />calamine

gender=[[Female|Feminine programming]]|

|-

color=Bronze|

| [[Chemical formula|Molecular formula]]

planet=[[Tatooine]] (last known residence; homeworld unknown)|

|ZnO

master=[[Jabba the Hutt]]|

|-

affiliation=Criminal|

| [[Molar mass]]

|}}

| 81.4084 g/mol

|-

| Appearance

| White solid

|-

| [[Crystal Structure]]

| wurtzite (hexagonal)

|-

| [[CAS registry number|CAS number]]

| {{CASREF|CAS=1314-13-2}}

|-

! {{chembox header}} | Properties

|-

| [[Density]] and [[Phase (matter)|phase]]

| 5.606 g/cm³, solid

|-

| [[Soluble|Solubility]] in [[Water (molecule)|water]]

| Insoluble

|-

<!-- | [[Soluble|Solubility]] in other solvents e.g. [[ethanol]], [[acetone]] -->

<!-- | ? -->

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| [[Melting point]]

| 1975 °C (decomposes)

|-

| [[Boiling point]]

|

|-

| [[Mohs hardness]]

| 5

|-

| a, c [[Lattice constants]]

| 3.249Å, 5.201Å

|-

! {{chembox header}} | Thermodynamic data

|-

| [[Standard enthalpy change of formation|Standard enthalpy<br /> of

formation]] Δ_f''H''°_solid

| −348.0 kJ/mol

|-

| [[Standard molar entropy]]<br/>''S''°_solid

| 43.9 J.K⁻¹.mol⁻¹

|-

! {{chembox header}} | '''Hazards''' <!-- INDEX n° 030-013-00-7 -->

|-

| [[Directive 67/548/EEC|EU classification]]

| Dangerous for<br />the environment ('''N''')

|-

| [[List of R-phrases|R-phrases]]

| {{R20}}, {{R36}}, {{R37}}.

|-

| [[List of S-phrases|S-phrases]]

| {{S60}}, {{S61}}.

|-

| [[NFPA 704]]

| {{NFPA 704 | Health = 1 | Flammability = 0 | Reactivity = 0}}

|-

! {{chembox header}} | [[Zinc oxide (data page)|Supplementary data page]]

|-

| [[Zinc oxide (data page)#Structure and properties|Structure and<br />properties]]

| [[Refractive index|''n'']], [[Dielectric constant|''ε_r'']], etc.

|-

| [[Zinc oxide (data page)#Thermodynamic properties|Thermodynamic<br />data]]

| Phase behaviour<br />Solid, liquid, gas

|-

| [[Zinc oxide (data page)#Spectral data|Spectral data]]

| [[UV/VIS spectroscopy|UV]], [[Infrared spectroscopy|IR]], [[NMR spectroscopy|NMR]], [[Mass spectrometry|MS]]

|-

| [[Zinc oxide (data page)#Regulatory data|Regulatory data]]

| [[Flash point]],<br />[[RTECS|RTECS number]], etc.

|-

! {{chembox header}} | Related compounds

|-

| Other [[Ion|anion]]s

| [[Zinc sulfide]]<br />[[Zinc selenide]]<br/>[[Zinc telluride]]

|-

| Other [[Ion|cation]]s

| [[Cadmium oxide]]<br />[[Mercury oxide]]

|-

| {{chembox header}} | <small>Except where noted otherwise, data are given for<br> materials in their [[standard state|standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)]]<br />[[wikipedia:Chemical infobox|Infobox disclaimer and references]]</small>

|-

|}

'''Zinc oxide''' is a [[chemical compound]] with formula '''ZnO'''. It is nearly [[solubility|insoluble]] in water but soluble in [[acid]]s or [[alkali]]s. It occurs as white [[hexagon]]al [[crystal]]s or a white powder commonly known as '''zinc white'''. It remains white when exposed to [[hydrogen sulfide]] or [[ultraviolet light]]. Crystalline zinc oxide exhibits the [[piezoelectric effect]] and is [[thermochromism|thermochromic]] (it will change colour from white to yellow when heated, and back again when cooled down). Zinc oxide decomposes into zinc vapor and oxygen at around 1975 °C. High-quality single-crystalline ZnO is almost transparent. Fumes of zinc oxide are generated when melting [[brass]], because the melting point of brass is close to the boiling point of zinc.[http://www.theodoregray.com/PeriodicTable/ZincSafety.html] Exposure to zinc oxide in the air (also while welding) can result in a nervous malady called [[metal fume fever]][http://www.du.edu/~jcalvert/phys/zinc.htm].

==Return of the Jedi==

'''EV-9D9 (or Eve-Ninedenine)''' was the masochistic and sadistic supervisor of Droid Operations for [[Jabba the Hutt]]. Her manic programming well-matched her in this role. During her time at [[Jabba's Palace]], she supervised the appointment of [[C-3PO]] as Jabba's interpreter, and of [[R2-D2]] as a drink attendant aboard Jabba's sail barge. The bronze-coloured droid had a third eye, skeletal physique and a discordant synthetic voice. She loved to torture droids when they messed up, as seen in ''[[Return of the Jedi]]'', when her assistant tortures a [[Gonk droid]], and to build grotesque droids from extra parts that existed only to feel pain.

Zinc oxide occurs in nature as the mineral [[zincite]].

==Expanded Universe==

As a droid, Eve was a freak- she had an extra scanner/eye, which made her different from the start, and she had a burning desire to ''experience'' like organic creatures did- pleasure, pain, emotions of all varieties.

Zincum Oxydatum is the latin name for Zinc Oxide commonly listed on homeopathic medicines.

Her quest drove her to break loose from her owners, to rewire herself, and to wander the galaxy carrying out her sadistic experiments. She usually would acquire a position of trust, and with cunning subterfuge, kidnap droids and install 'pain buttons', devices which allowed droids to experience sensations. She would then torture them until they were dysfunctional, in remarkably creative ways.

== Applications ==

One of her workshops was on [[Bespin]]'s [[Cloud City]], where she usurped the real security chief, and engaged in her habitual recreations. So successful was she in hiding her depredations that a full quarter of Cloud City's droids (with losses concentrated in more sentient groups like Wuntoo traffic control droids) were tortured to death by her and her subordinate Sarl Random only found out by accident.

Zinc oxide in a mixture with about 0.5% [[iron(III) oxide]] (Fe₂O₃) is called [[calamine]] and is used in calamine lotion. There are also two minerals, [[smithsonite]] and [[hemimorphite]], which have been called calamine historically (see: [[calamine (mineral)]].

Even when discovered and imprisoned, Eve's diabolical intelligence allowed her to escape, by damaging the main repulsorlift generators, launching a decoy ship, and while Calrissian's forces attempted to capture the decoy, escaped in the Mining Guild's brand new, state-of-the-art ship, the ''Iopene Princess''. From there, she vanished. She would later turn up in Jabba's palace.

Zinc [[peroxide]], ZnO₂ .½ H₂O, is a white to yellow powder that is used in [[antiseptic]] ointments.

Some years later, after supervising the disposal of C-3PO and R2-D2, her paranoia and security programs launched into action, eventually ferreting out of the Palace's computer that Baron Lando Calrissian was at the Palace, and was orchestrating the two droid's assignments. In fear that Calrissian had finally tracked her down (which he hadn't; he was there as part of the plot to rescue [[Han Solo]]), Eve began disposing of her experiments and tortures-in-progress and other traces of her presence within her secret workshop; but as she labored to obscure her presence, Calrissian apparently penetrated her ___domain, and shot her down.

Zinc white is used as a pigment in [[paint]]s and is more opaque than [[lithopone]], but less opaque than [[titanium dioxide]]. It is also used in coatings for [[paper]]. '''Chinese white''' is a special grade of zinc white used in [[artist]]s' [[pigment]]s. Because it absorbs both UVA and UVB rays of [[ultraviolet light]], zinc oxide can be used in ointments, creams, and [[lotion]]s to protect against [[sunburn]] and other damage to the skin caused by [[ultraviolet light]] (see [[sunscreen]]). It is the broadest spectrum UVA and UVB absorber that is approved for use as a sunscreen by FDA, and is completely photostable. Additionally, since zinc oxide has antimicrobial and antifungal activities, it is the number one active ingredient recommended by pediatricians for the treatment of diaper rash.

At the last moment, Eve realized her mistakes- Calrissian was not there for her, he was there for some other reason, and her assailant was no human. Instead, it was the sole surviving Wuntoo unit of Cloud City, whose siblings Eve had slain. He then proceeded to dismember her. Wuntoo also released all the hideous monstrous hybrid droids Eve had created, unleashed them to take revenge- but first, he removed Eve's extra sensor... and her pain button, denying, in a final fitting revenge, the possibility of savoring the pleasure/the pain of being ripped apart.

Zinc oxide and [[stearic acid]] are important ingredients in the commercial manufacture of [[rubber]] goods. A proper mixture of these two compounds allows a quicker and more controllable rubber cure. Zinc oxide can also be used as a filler in some rubber mixtures.

17 years after [[A New Hope]], [[Luke Skywalker]]'s mechanic, Cole Fardreamer would encounter on the planet of Telti, in a droid manufactuary under the control of [[Brakiss]], "Eve-Ninedenine", successor to the "prototype" of EV-9D9, manufactured after her sale to Jabba the Hutt; "I am said to be twice as ruthless as she." It is unknown whether that droid was destroyed after [[R2-D2]] rallied the scrapped astromech droids to take over the factory.

[[Yeardley Smith]] provided the voice of 9D9 on the [[Star Wars (radio)#Return of the Jedi|radio version]].

Zinc oxide is a [[semiconductor]] with a [[direct band gap]] of 3.37 [[eV]] (368 [[nm]] at room temperature, deep violet/borderline UV). A common application is in [[gas]] [[sensor]]s. [[As of 2003]], it has been utilized in recent research to build blue [[LED]]s and transparent [[Thin-film transistor|TFT]]s.

==Behind the Scenes==

EV-9D9 materialized as near the beginning as the first rough copy of the ''Revenge of the Jedi'' script, where she was identified as U-8D8. In the reworked second version, she was renamed EV-8D8. In the third version, she received her name of EV-9D9 and her skull-faced minion as an alternative inherited the 8D8 mark. On set, director Richard Marquand supplied his voice to the droid marionette, which was later redubbed in the course of post-production.

[[n-type|''n''-type]] [[doping (semiconductors)|doped]] films are often used in [[thin film]] technology, where zinc oxide serves as a TCO (transparent conducting oxide). ''n''-type doping is possible by introduction of [[aluminum]], [[indium]], or excess [[zinc]] <ref>Acc. Chem. Res. 1985, 18, pp. 228-234, ''Zinc Oxide: An Outstanding Example of a Binary Compound Semiconductor'',

==References==

Hirschwald, Wolfgang H.</ref>. [[Oxygen]] vacancies generate states in the band gap and hence also cause an increase in conductivity.<ref>"Oxygen Vacancies in ZnO", A. Janotti and C. G. Van de Walle, Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 122102 (2005).</ref> [[p-type |''p''-type]] doping is difficult and is currently an active area of research, with [[arsenic]] as the leading candidate dopant<ref>Phys. Lett. 87, 192103 (2005) ''p type doping of zinc oxide by arsenic ion implantation'' by G. Braunstein, A. Muraviev, H. Saxena, N. Dhere, V. Richter and R. Kalish</ref>. Thin-film [[solar cell]]s, [[LCD]] and flat panel displays are typical applications of this material. Appropriately doped Zinc oxide may be transparent and conductive, and can therefore be used as a transparent [[electrode]]. [[Indium Tin Oxide|Indium tin oxide]] (ITO) is another transparent conducting oxide often used in microelectronics.

*''A Bad Feeling: The Tale of EV-9D9'', from ''Star Wars: Tales from Jabba's Palace'', 1st edition, 1996. Judith and Garfield Reeves-Stevens, ISBN 0-553-56815-9

*''The New Rebellion'', 1st printing paperback, 1996. Kristine Kathryn Rusch, ISBN0-553-57414-0

ZnO has also been considered for [[spintronics]] applications because of theoretical predictions of room temperature [[ferromagnetism]]. Unsubstantiated reports of [[ferromagnetism]] have been made, but presence of dilute [[magnetic semiconductor |magnetic semiconductors]] remains a large unanswered question in physics.

{{StarWarsDroids}}

ZnO layers are mainly deposited by [[sputter deposition]] and [[chemical vapor deposition]] (CVD). The latter method allows the growth of a rough layer, which can diffuse the incoming light by [[scattering]], increasing the efficiency of solar cells.

[[Category:Star Wars droids]]

[[Category:Fictional sadists]]

Recently, ZnO has been observed to act as a chemical reagent for [[Friedel-Craft Acylation Reaction]].

[[Category:Fictional masochists]]

[[Category:Fictional robots with emotion]]

Zinc oxide has been recognized as a mild antimicrobial, wound healing and sunscreen agent. Primarily absorbs UVA light rather than scattering or reflecting, non-irritating, non-comedogenic, and micronized by forming many small micro particles for cosmetic use.

Zinc oxide has been studied as a treatment for cold sores and appears to shorten their duration.<ref>[http://www.uhseast.com/121274.cfm]</ref>

When mixed with [[eugenol]], [[zinc oxide eugenol]] forms which has [[dental restoration|restorative]] and [[prosthodontics|prosthodontic]] applications in [[dentistry]].

== Pyroelectric coefficient ==

* Primary [[Pyroelectricity|pyroelectric]] coefficient: -6.8 µC/m²·K

* Secondary pyroelectric coefficient: -2.5 µC/m²·K

* Total pyroelectric coefficient: -9.4 µC/m²·K

== Production Methods ==

Zinc Oxide is produced by two main processes:-

1. French Process<br />

In this process, metallic zinc (Zinc Dross) is heated to a vapour form, the metallic zinc vapour is allowed to auto oxidize to form Zinc Oxide.

Higher purity of Zinc Oxide (Up to 99.9%) can be obtained by this method.

2. American Process<br />

In this process ore of zinc (Zinc Ash) is dissolved (as ZnCl2) then goes through a precipitation process using alkali. Then it is filtered off, dried and micronised to obtain the powdered form.

Zinc oxide made from this process is known as "Active Zinc Oxide"

== Indirect method ==

Metallic zinc is melted at 419.5 deg C in a graphite crucible and vaporized above 907 deg C. Zinc vapor instantaneously reacts with the oxygen in the air to become zinc oxide accompanied by a sudden drop in its temperature and also bright luminescence. Zinc oxide particles are transported into a cooling duct and collected in a bag house. This indirect method is commonly known as the French process (FP) which was popularised by LeClaire (France) in 1844. A typical FP zinc oxide normally consists of agglomerated zinc oxide particles with an average size of 0.1 micron to a few microns. By tonnage, most of the world's zinc oxide is manufactured via French process and major applications involve industries related to rubber, varistors, suncreens, paints, healthcare and poultry nutrients. Recent developments involve acicular nanostructures (rods, wires, tripods, tetrapods, plates) synthesized using a modified French process known as catalyst-free combust-oxidized mesh (CFCOM) process. Acicular nanostructures usually have micron-length nanorods with nanometric diameters (below 100 nm).

More details on new developments here [http://uk.geocities.com/shahromx/nano.html NanoZnO]

<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:FPzincoxidefurnaces1.jpg]] --><!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:FPzincoxide2.jpg]] --><!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:ZincOxideRods3.jpg]] -->

== Direct method ==

Zinc ores or roasted sulfide concentrates are mixed with coal. In a reduction furnace, ore is reduced to metallic zinc and vaporized zinc reacts with oxygen to form zinc oxide.

== Use in pop culture ==

''Zinc Oxide and You'' is a spoof of a high school science film, in ''[[Kentucky Fried Movie]]''. The plot is straightforward: as the announcer intones "without [[zinc oxide]], you would not have ...", then there is a "ding" and the noted object disappears, with successively more disastrous results. The results can be guessed at from the title of the next film (introduced but not shown), which is "Rebuilding your Home". An online version of this sketch can be found at the [http://franklin-sterlinghill.com/franklinminerals/zno.stm Frankin-Sterling Hill web site].

In one episode of ''[[SpongeBob SquarePants]]'', SpongeBob rubs Zinc Oxide on his nose to achieve the "lifeguard look".

In the series Gundam SEED and Gundam SEED Destiny, there is a mass-produced unit called the ZnO which is an underwater type mobile suit.

== External links ==

* [http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/cis/products/icsc/dtasht/_icsc02/icsc0208.htm International Chemical Safety Card 0208].

* [http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0675.html NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards].

* [http://www.navbharat.co.in/clients.htm Nav Bharat Metallic Oxide Industries]. (uses of zinc oxide)

* [http://physchem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/ZI/zinc_oxide.html External MSDS].

== References ==

<!--See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref> and </ref> tags and the tag below -->

<references/>

* ''Physics Today'', volume '''58''', No. '''8''', p.33, August 2005.

* "Introduction and recovery of point defects in electron-irradiated ZnO", Tuomisto, F., Saarinen, K., Look, D.C., and Farlow, G.C., Physical Review B 72, 085206 (2005).

* "Nanostructure of ZnO fabricated via French Process and its correlation to electrical properties of semiconducting varistors", S.Mahmud, M.J.Abdullah, J.Chong, A.K.Mohamad, M.Z.Zakaria, J. Syn. React. Inorg., Met-org. and Nano-metal Chem., 36, pp155-159 (2006).

[[Category:Oxides]]

[[Category:Zinc compounds]]

[[Category:Inorganic pigments]]

[[Category:Inorganic compounds]]

[[Category:Semiconductor materials]]

[[Category:Sunscreening agents]]

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