Vincent van Gogh and Shin Bet: Difference between pages

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:''For the ethnic group, see [[Shabak people]].''

{{Infobox Artist

| name = Vincent van Gogh

[[Image:ShabakLogo.gif|thumb|100px|Shabak emblem "Defender who shall not be seen"]]

| image = VanGogh 1887 Selbstbildnis.jpg

| imagesize = 170px

| caption = Self-portrait (1887)

| birthname = Vincent van Gogh

| birthdate = [[March 30]], [[1853]]

| ___location = [[Zundert]], [[The Netherlands]]

| deathdate = [[July 29]], [[1890]] (age 37)

| deathplace = [[Auvers-sur-Oise]], [[France]]

| nationality = [[Dutch people|Dutch]]

| field = [[Painter]]

| training =

| movement = [[Post-Impressionism]]

| famous works = ''[[The Potato Eaters]], [[Sunflowers (paintings)|Sunflowers]], [[The Starry Night]], [[Portrait of Dr. Gachet]]''

| patrons =

| awards =

}}

'''Vincent Willem van Gogh''' ([[Dutch language|Dutch pronunciation]]: {{IPAudio|Pronunciation_Vincent_van_Gogh.ogg|[vɪnˈsɛnt vɑnˈxɔx]}}) ([[March 30]], [[1853]] – [[July 29]], [[1890]]) was a [[Dutch people|Dutch]] [[Post-Impressionism|Post-Impressionist]] artist. His paintings and drawings include some of the world's best known, most popular and most expensive pieces.

The '''Shabak''' (in Hebrew, שב"כ '''{{Audio|He-Shabak.ogg|"Shabak"}}''') an acronym of "Shérūt Bītāhōn Klālī" שירות ביטחון כללי) is usually referred to in English as the '''Shin Bet''' (which was what Shabak was originally called in Israel's early days). The Shabak is also known in English as the '''Israel Security Agency''' (ISA), or the '''GSS''' (General Security Service). The Shabak is the Internal General Security Service of [[Israel]]. Its [[motto]] is "מגן ולא יראה," which translates into: "Defender (Shield) who shall not be seen". The service consists of close to 5,000 employees. It is one of three principal organizations of the [[Israeli Intelligence Community]], alongside [[Aman (IDF)|Aman]] (the [[military intelligence]] of the [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]]) and [[Mossad]] (responsible for overseas [[Intelligence (information gathering)|intelligence]] work).

Van Gogh spent his early life working for a firm of art dealers and after a brief spell as a teacher, became a missionary worker in a very poor mining region. He did not embark upon a career as an artist until 1880. Initially he only worked with somber colors, until an encounter in Paris with [[Impressionism]] and [[Neo-Impressionism]], whose brighter colours and style of painting he developed into a uniquely recognizable style, which was fully developed during time spent at [[Arles]].

== Duties and roles ==

He produced more than 2,000 works, including around 900 paintings and 1100 drawings and sketches, during the last ten years of his life. Most of his best-known works were produced in the final two years of his life, during which time he cut off part of his left ear following a breakdown in his friendship with [[Paul Gauguin]]. After this he suffered recurrent bouts of mental illness, and committed suicide.

{{Israelis}}

The Shabak's duties are:

* Upholding the state [[security]] against those who seek to undermine it by [[terrorism|terrorist]] activity or violent revolution.

* Expose terrorist organizations of [[Israel]]i civilians

* Interrogations of terror suspects.

* Providing [[military intelligence|intelligence]] for [[counter-terrorism]] operations in the [[West Bank]] and the [[Gaza Strip]].

* [[Counter-espionage]].

* Protect the lives of senior public officials (see also: [[bodyguard]]s).

* Secure important infrastructure and government buildings.

* Ensure the security of [[El-Al]], [[Arkia]] and [[Israir]] flights and Israel's [[embassy|embassies]] abroad.

One of the Shin Bet's roles is to protect the lives of senior Israeli ministers and public servants (such as the [[President of Israel]]). The Shin Bet is also responsible for preventing the funding of underground movements and terror groups whose members are Israeli citizens. It accomplishes this goal by using interrogations and secret agents ([[HUMINT]]).

The central figure in Vincent van Gogh's life was his brother [[Theo van Gogh (art dealer)|Theo]], who continually and selflessly provided financial support. Their lifelong friendship is documented in numerous letters they exchanged from August 1872 onwards.

== Legal status and methods ==

Van Gogh is a pioneer of what came to be known as ''[[Expressionism]]'' and had an enormous influence on [[Modern art|20th century art]], especially on the [[Fauvism|Fauves]] and [[German Expressionism|German Expressionists]].

The Shabak relies mainly on [[HUMINT]] to extract information and gather intelligence. It uses [[informant]]s from the local population in order to gather intelligence about planned attacks or about the ___location of opposition leaders. Shabak had overwhelming success with informants, managing to target the top leaders of the Palestinian organizations—including hardliners such as [[Hamas]] and the [[Islamic Jihad]]. The killing of Sheikh [[Ahmed Yassin]] and [[Abed al-Aziz Rantissi]] shows how deeply Shabak has penetrated into the Palestinian militias. As a result, the Palestinians groups, mainly the [[al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades]] started killing suspected [[collaborator]]s.

Shabak also extracts information by [[interrogation|interrogating]] suspects. In [[1987]], after complaints about excessive use of violence in interrogations of Palestinian prisoners, the Landau Committee (headed by a former Supreme Court President) prepared a two-part report on Shabak's interrogation methods. Only one part was made public. It revealed that the Shabak regularly used violent methods of interrogation and that Shabak agents were tutored to lie in court about how evidence was uncovered. The committee report also gave guidelines for future interrogations but most of the details were in the secret part of the report. The open part revealed that the guidelines allowed Shabak to apply "moderate physical pressure" in the case of "necessity." In [[1994]], State Comptroller Miriam Ben-Porat, in a report not made public until February [[2000]], found that during 1988-1992 "Violation of the Landau Commission and the GSS regulations continued to be widespread in the interrogation facility in Gaza and, to some extent, in other facilities.… Veteran and senior investigators in the Gaza facility carried out severe and systematic violations. Senior GSS commanders did not prevent these violations." [http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/a4d9ee9284f95f798525697b0049366c?OpenDocument]

==Biography== tim i the weirdest kid i know

:''For a timeline, see [[Vincent van Gogh chronology]]''.

===Early life (1853 – 1869)===

Vincent Willem van Gogh says was born in [[Zundert|Groot-Zundert]], a village close to [[Breda]] in the Province of [[North Brabant]] in the southern [[Netherlands]]. Vincent was the son of Anna Cornelia Carbentus and Theodorus van Gogh, a minister of the [[Dutch Reformed Church]]. He was given the same name as his grandfather&mdash;and a first brother stillborn exactly one year before. It has been suggested<ref>Lubin, Albert J. ''Stranger on the earth: A psychological biography of Vincent van Gogh,'' Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1972. ISBN 0-03-091352-7. pages 82&ndash;84</ref> that being given the same name as his dead elder brother might have had a deep psychological impact on the young Vincent, and that elements of his art, such as the portrayal of pairs of male figures, can be traced back to this. The practice of reusing a name in this way was not uncommon. The name "Vincent" was often used in the Van Gogh family: the baby's grandfather was called Vincent van Gogh (1789-1874); he had received his degree of theology at the [[University of Leiden]] in 1811. Grandfather Vincent had six sons, three of whom became art dealers, including another Vincent, referred to in Van Gogh's letters as "Uncle Cent." Grandfather Vincent had perhaps been named after his own father's uncle, the successful sculptor Vincent van Gogh (1729-1802).<ref name=erickson9> Erickson, page 9.</ref> Art and religion were the two occupations to which the Van Gogh family gravitated.

In [[1999]] the [[Supreme Court of Israel|Israeli Supreme Court]] heard several petitions against Shabak methods. It found that these included: (1) "forceful and repeated shaking of the suspect’s upper torso, in a manner which causes the neck and head to swing rapidly," (2) manacling of the suspect in a painful “Shabach position" for a long period of time, (3) the "frog crouch" consisting of "consecutive, periodical crouches on the tips of one’s toes," and other methods. The Court ruled that Shabak did not have the authority, even under the defense of "necessity," to employ such methods.

Four years after Van Gogh was born, his brother [[Theo van Gogh (art dealer)|Theodorus]] (Theo) was born on [[May 1]], [[1857]]. There was also another brother named Cor and three sisters, Elizabeth, Anna and Wil. As a child, Vincent was serious, silent and thoughtful. In 1860 he attended the Zundert village school, where the only teacher was [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] and there were around 200 pupils. From 1861 he and his sister Anna were taught at home by a governess, until [[October 1]], [[1864]], when he went away to the elementary [[boarding school]] of Jan Provily in [[Zevenbergen]], the Netherlands, about 20 miles away. He was distressed to leave his family home, and recalled this even in adulthood. On [[September 15]], [[1866]], he went to the new middle school, [[Willem II College]] in [[Tilburg]], the Netherlands. Constantijn C. Huysmans, who had achieved a certain success himself in Paris, taught Van Gogh to draw at the school and advocated a systematic approach to the subject. In March 1868 Van Gogh abruptly left school and returned home. His comment on his early years was: "My youth was gloomy and cold and sterile...."<ref>[http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/14/347.htm Letter from Vincent van Gogh to Theo van Gogh - Nuenen, c. 18 December 1883]</ref>

In the Justice Ministry, [http://www.justice.gov.il/MOJHeb/PraklitotHamedina/MehozotHapraklitutVehamachlakot/HamachlakaLetafkidimMeyuhadim/ the Department For Special Roles], there is a senior investigator who checks complaints about Shabak interrogations.

===Art dealer and preacher (1869 &ndash; 1878)===

Shabak claims that it is now basing its interrogations only on psychological means. However, organizations such as [[B'Tselem]] and [[Amnesty International]] still accuse Shabak of employing physical methods that amount to torture under international conventions.

In July 1869, at the age of 15, he obtained a position with the art dealer [[Goupil & Cie]] in [[The Hague]] through his Uncle Vincent ("Cent"), who had built up a good business which became a branch of the firm. After his training, Goupil transferred him to [[London]] in June 1873, where he lodged at 87 Hackford Road, [[Brixton]]<ref>{{cite web

| title =Hackford Road

| work =vauxhallsociety.org

| url =http://www.vauxhallsociety.org.uk/Hackford.html

| accessdate =2007-03-24}}</ref> and worked at Messrs. Goupil & Co., 17 Southampton Street.<ref>{{cite web

| last =van Gogh

| first =Vincent

| title =Letter from Vincent to Theo

| work =webexhibits.org

| date =1873-05-05

| url =http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/1/007.htm%20007

| accessdate =2007-03-24}}</ref> This was a happy time for Vincent: he was successful at work, and was already, at the age of 20, earning more than his father.<ref>Theo's wife later remarked that this was the happiest year of Vincent's life. Wilkie, pages 34-36</ref> He fell in love with his landlady's daughter, Eugénie Loyer,<ref>Wilkie, pages 38 - 52</ref> but when he finally confessed his feeling to her, she rejected him, saying that she was already secretly engaged to a previous lodger. Vincent became increasingly isolated and fervent about religion. His father and uncle sent him to Paris, where he became resentful at how art was treated as a commodity, and he manifested this to the customers. On [[April 1]], [[1876]], it was agreed that his employment should be terminated.

In [[2002]] the Israeli [[Knesset]] passed a law, regulating the activity of Shabak. The law ruled that:

[[Image:Cuesmes JPG001.jpg|thumb|right|The house where Van Gogh stayed in Cuesmes in 1880; it was while living here that he decided to become an artist.]]

* The [[Prime Minister of Israel]] is in charge of the Shabak and carries ministerial responsibility for its activity. The head of the Shabak answers to the prime minister.

His religious emotion grew to the point where he felt he had found his true vocation in life, and he returned to England to do unpaid work, first as a supply teacher in a small boarding school overlooking the harbour in [[Ramsgate]]; he made some sketches of the view. The proprietor of the school relocated to [[Isleworth]], [[Middlesex]]. Vincent decided to walk to the new ___location. This new position did not work out, and Vincent became a nearby [[Methodism|Methodist]] minister's assistant in wanting to "preach the gospel everywhere."

* The Shabak head will serve 5 years in duty, unless there is a state of emergency.

* Interrogation methods: this part was not made public.

== History ==

At [[Christmas]] that year he returned home, and then worked in a bookshop in [[Dordrecht]] for six months, but he was not happy in this new position and spent most of his time in the back of the shop either doodling, or translating passages from the Bible into English, French, and German.<ref name=callow54> Callow, page 54</ref> His roommate from this time, a young teacher called Görlitz, later recalled that Vincent ate frugally, preferring to eat no meat.<ref>See the recollections gathered in Dordrecht by [http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/5/etc-94a.htm M. J. Brusse], Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant, May 26 and June 2, 1914.</ref><ref>"he would not eat meat, only a little morsel on Sundays, and then only after being urged by our landlady for a long time. Four potatoes with a suspicion of gravy and a mouthful of vegetables constituted his whole dinner"&mdash; from a letter to Frederik van Eeden, to help him with preparation for his article on Van Gogh in ''[[De Nieuwe Gids]]'' (issue 1 December, 1890), quoted in ''Van Gogh: A Self-Portrait; Letters Revealing His Life as a Painter,'' selected by [[W. H. Auden]], New York Graphic Society, Greenwich, CT. 1961. See pages 37 &ndash; 39.</ref> In an effort to support his wish to become a pastor, his family sent him to [[Amsterdam]] in May 1877 where he lived with his uncle Jan van Gogh, a rear admiral in the navy.<ref>Erickson page 23</ref> Vincent prepared for university, studying for the theology entrance exam with his uncle [[Johannes Stricker]], a respected theologian who published the first "Life of Jesus" available in the Netherlands. Vincent failed at his studies and had to abandon them. He left uncle Jan's house in July 1878. He then studied, but failed, a three-month course at the Protestant missionary school (''Vlaamsche Opleidingsschool'') in Laeken, near [[Brussels]].

=== Foundation ===

With the declaration of Israeli Independence, the '''Shin Bet''' was founded, as a branch of the [[Israel Defense Forces]], and was headed by [[Isser Harel]] (the father of Israeli Intelligence, who later headed the [[Mossad]]). Responsibility for Shin Bet activity was later moved from the IDF to the office of the [[Prime Minister of Israel|prime minister]]. During the [[1948 Arab-Israeli war]] that was declared against Israel following the Israeli independence, the Shin Bet's responsibility included only internal security affairs. It was only later that its responsibilities were extended to [[Counter-espionage]] and the monitoring of [[Israeli Arabs]] (Arabs who did not leave Israel during the 1948 war of Israeli independence and who were granted Israeli citizenship).

=== Early days ===

===Borinage and Brussels (1879 &ndash; 1880)===

In the beginning, as part of efforts to prevent anti-state activity, the Shin Bet monitored pro-[[Soviet]] opposition parties suspected of supporting the [[Soviet Union]] over [[Israel]] if the [[Cold War]] were to become an active full scale war. The political leadership, headed by [[David Ben-Gurion]], silenced publications that dealt with these activities. Only [[Uri Avneri]] successfully published about these activities in [[Haolam Hazeh]] newspaper. A great controversy was created when two Shin Bet agents were caught installing a [[bugging device]] in [[Meir Yeari]]'s office (Yeari was the leader of [[Mapam]] - a [[Socialist]] [[Zionist]] party with favorable views of the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Joseph Stalin]]).

In January 1879 Van Gogh got a temporary post as a missionary in the village of [[Petit Wasmes]]<ref>Letter [http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/8/129.htm 129], April 1879, and Letter [http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/8/132.htm 132]. Van Gogh lodged in Wasmes, at 22 rue de Wilson, with Jean-Baptiste Denis, a breeder or grower ('cultivateur', in the French original) according to Letter [http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/18/553b.htm 553b]. In the recollections of his nephew Jean Richez, gathered by Wilkie (in the 1970s!), page 72-78, Denis and his wife Esther were running a bakery, and Richez admits that the only source of his knowledge is Aunt Esther.</ref> in the [[coal]]-mining district of [[Borinage]] in [[Belgium]], bringing his father's profession to people felt to be the most wretched and hopeless in Europe. Taking Christianity to what he saw as its logical conclusion, Vincent opted to live like those he preached to, sharing their hardships to the extent of sleeping on straw in a small hut at the back of the baker's house where he was billeted;<ref>Wilkie page 75</ref> the baker's wife used to hear Vincent sobbing all night in the little hut.<ref>Wilkie, page 77</ref> His choice of squalid living conditions did not endear him to the appalled church authorities, who dismissed him for "undermining the dignity of the priesthood." After this he walked to Brussels,<ref>Letter from mother to Theo, [http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/8/etc-fam-1879.htm 7 August 1879] and Callow, work cited, page 72</ref> returned briefly to the Borinage, to the village of [[Cuesmes]], but acquiesced to pressure from his parents to come "home" to [[Etten-Leur|Etten]]. He stayed there until around March the following year,<ref>there are different views as to this period; Jan Hulsker in ''Vincent and Theo van Gogh, a dual biography,'' Fuller Publications, Ann Arbor, 1990. ISBN 0-940537-05-2 opts for a return to the Borinage and then back to Etten in this period; the forthcoming catalogue for the 2006 Budapest Van Gogh exhibition supports the line taken in this article</ref> to the increasing concern and frustration of his parents. There was considerable conflict between Vincent and his father, and his father made enquiries about having his son committed to a lunatic asylum<ref>Letter [http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/10/158.htm 158]</ref> at [[Geel]].<ref>see Jan Hulsker's speech ''The Borinage Episode and the Misrepresentation of Vincent van Gogh,'' Van Gogh Symposium, 10-11 May 1990, referenced in Erickson, pages 67-68</ref> Vincent fled back to Cuesmes where he lodged with a miner named Charles Decrucq,<ref>Letter [http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/8/134.htm 134], dated 20 August 1880 from Cuesmes; also Wilkie, page 79</ref> with whom he stayed until October. He became increasingly interested in the everyday people and scenes around him, which he recorded in drawings.

One of the Shabak's most important successes, though it is often incorrectly attributed to the [[Mossad]], was to obtain a copy of the [[On the Personality Cult and its Consequences|secret speech]] made by [[Nikita Khrushchev|Khrushchev]] in 1956, when he denounced [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]]. A Polish edition of the speech was provided to the Israeli embassy in [[Warsaw]] by the boyfriend of the secretary of a Polish communist official. The Shabak's Polish liaison officer conveyed the copy to Israel. The Israeli government then decided to share the information with the United States, who published it with Israeli approval.

In 1880, Vincent followed the suggestion of his brother Theo and took up art in earnest. In autumn 1880, he went to Brussels, intending to follow Theo's recommendation to study with the prominent Dutch artist [[Willem Roelofs]], who persuaded Van Gogh (despite his aversion to formal schools of art) to attend the Royal Academy of Art. There he not only studied anatomy, but the standard rules of modelling and perspective, all of which, he said, "you have to know just to be able to draw the least thing." Vincent wished to become an artist while in God's service as he stated, "to try to understand the real significance of what the great artists, the serious masters, tell us in their masterpieces, that leads to God; one man wrote or told it in a book; another in a picture."<ref>{{cite web

| title =Vincent Van Gogh biography

| work =expo-vangogh.com

| date =2007

| url =http://www.expo-vangogh.com/2.cfm

| accessdate =2007-03-23}}</ref>

Up until the [[Six Day War]], the Shin Bet continued to focus on [[counter-espionage]] and monitoring political activity among the Israeli Arabs. Shabak's most notable achievement in counter-espionage was the capture of Dr. [[Israel Bar]] in [[1961]] who was revealed to be a [[Soviet]] [[spy]]. Bar was a [[Lieutenant Colonel]] in the reserves, a senior security commentator and close friend of Ben-Gurion, and reached high Israeli circles. Bar was tried and sentenced to ten years in prison (which was later extended by the Supreme Court to fifteen years, following his appeal), where he died. In the same year, [[Kurt Sita]], a [[Christian]] [[Germany|German]] from the [[Sudetenland]] and a [[professor]] in the [[Technion]], was revealed as a [[Czech people|Czech]] [[spy]].

===Etten (1881)===

[[Image:Vincent Willem van Gogh 129.jpg|thumb|Still-Life, arranged by [[Anton Mauve]] and executed by Van Gogh, December 1881]]

In April 1881, Van Gogh went to live in the countryside with his parents in Etten and continued drawing, using neighbours as subjects. Through the summer he spent much time walking and talking with his recently widowed cousin, Kee Vos-Stricker, the daughter of his mother's older sister and Johannes Stricker, who had shown real warmth towards his nephew.<ref name=erickson5>Erickson, page 5.</ref> Kee was seven years older than Vincent, and had an eight-year-old son. Vincent proposed marriage, but she flatly refused with the words: "No, never, never" (''niet, nooit, nimmer'').<ref>Letter [http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/10/153.htm 153] to Theo dated 3 November 1881</ref> At the end of November he wrote a strong letter to Uncle Stricker,<ref>Letter [http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/10/161.htm 161] to Theo 23 November 1881</ref> and then, very soon after, hurried to Amsterdam where he talked with Stricker again on several occasions,<ref>Letter [http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/10/164.htm 164] from Etten c.21 December 1881, describing the visit in more detail</ref> but Kee refused to see him at all. Her parents told him "Your persistence is disgusting".<ref name="Letter193">Letter [http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/11/193.htm 193] from Vincent to Theo, The Hague, 14 May 1882</ref> In desperation he held his left hand in the flame of a lamp, saying, "Let me see her for as long as I can keep my hand in the flame."<ref name="Letter193"/> He did not clearly recall what happened next, but assumed that his uncle blew out the flame. Her father, "Uncle Stricker," as Vincent refers to him in letters to Theo, made it clear that there was no question of Vincent and Kee marrying, given Vincent's inability to support himself financially.<ref name=Gayford130> Gayford, work cited, pages 130 &ndash; 131</ref> What he saw as the hypocrisy of his uncle and former tutor affected Vincent deeply. At Christmas he quarreled violently with his father, even refusing a gift of money, and immediately left for The Hague.<ref>Letter [http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/11/166.htm 166], </ref>

===Drenthe andAfter Thethe HagueSix (1881Day &ndash;War 1883)===

After the [[Six Day War]], Shabak efforts to monitor terrorist activity in the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza Strip]] become a more and more dominant part of the organization activity, and today it is considered to be the major part of Shabak's mission. [[Yeshayahu Leibowitz]] warned that the control over the territories will turn Israel into a "Shabak state". However, Shabak imposed restrictions on itself in order to not harm democratic values, separation of authorities and to prevent the risk that Shabak will be used in a totalitarian manner.

In January 1882 he settled in The Hague, where he called on his cousin-in-law, the painter [[Anton Mauve]], who encouraged him towards painting. He soon fell out with Mauve, however, perhaps over the issue of drawing from plaster casts; but Mauve appeared to go suddenly cold towards Vincent, not returning a couple of his letters. Vincent guessed that Mauve had learned of his new domestic relationship with the alcoholic prostitute, Clasina Maria Hoornik (born February 1850, The Hague;<ref>Callow, page 116, citing the work of Hulsker</ref> she was known as Sien) and her young daughter.<ref>Callow pages 123 - 124</ref> Van Gogh had met Sien towards the end of January.<ref>Callow page 117</ref> Sien had a five year-old daughter, and was pregnant. She had already had two other children who had died, although Vincent was unaware of this.<ref>Callow, page 116, citing the research of [[Jan Hulsker]]; the two dead children were born in 1874 and 1879.</ref> On 2 July, Sien gave birth to a baby boy, Willem.<ref>Wilkie, page 176. Forceps were used in the birth. Baby Willem was 3.42 kg and 53 cm at birth, suggesting conception occurred late August or early September 1881 ... see Wilkie page 201. Vincent had visited The Hague briefly 23 &ndash; 26 August where he visited [[Anton Mauve]] and viewed the [[Panorama Mesdag]]</ref> When Vincent's father discovered the details of this relationship, considerable pressure was put on Vincent<ref>Callow, page 132</ref> to abandon Sien and her children. Vincent was at first defiant in the face of his family's opposition.

[[Image:Vincent Willem van Gogh 016.jpg|thumb|left|Vincent van Gogh: View from his atelier in The Hague, watercolour]]

His uncle Cornelis, an art dealer, commissioned 20 ink drawings of the city from him; they were completed by the end of May.<ref>Letter [http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/11/203.htm 203], 30 May 1882 (postcard written in English) </ref> In June Vincent spent 3 weeks in hospital suffering [[gonorrhoea]].<ref>Letter [http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/11/206.htm 206]8 or 9 June 1882</ref> In the summer, he began to paint in oil.

In autumn 1883, after a year with Sien, he abandoned her and the two children. Vincent had thought of moving the family away from the city, but in the end he made the break.<ref>Arnold, page 38</ref> It is possible that lack of money had pushed Sien back to prostitution ; the home had become a less happy one, and Vincent may have felt family life was irreconcilable with his artistic development. When Vincent left, Sien gave her daughter to her mother, and baby Willem to her brother, and moved to Delft and then Antwerp.<ref name="Wilkiepg183">Wilkie, page 183</ref> Willem remembered being taken to visit his mother in Rotterdam at around the age of 12, where his uncle tried to persuade Sien to marry in order to legitimize the child. Willem remembered his mother saying: "But I know who the father is. He was an artist I lived with nearly 20 years ago in The Hague. His name was Van Gogh." She then turned to Willem and said "You are called after him."<ref>Wilkie, page 185</ref> Willem believed himself to be Van Gogh's son, but the timing of the birth makes this unlikely.<ref>Wilkie, page 201</ref> In 1904 Sien drowned herself in the river [[Scheldt]].<ref name="Wilkiepg183"/>

=== Years of crisis ===

Van Gogh moved to the Dutch province of [[Drenthe]] in the north of the Netherlands, and in December, driven by loneliness, to stay with his parents who were by then living in [[Nuenen]], [[North Brabant]], also in the Netherlands.

During [[1984]]-[[1986]] Shabak went into a major crisis following the [[Kav 300 affair]] in which two terrorists who hijacked a bus and took hostages were executed without trial by Shabak officers, who later covered up the event and gave false testimonies. Following this affair, [[Avraam Shalom]] (then the head of Shabak) was forced to resign.

The event resulted in the Landau committee, which regulated Shabak interrogation methods.

===Nuenen (1883 &ndash; 1885)===

[[Image:Vincent_Van_Gogh_-_The_Potato_Eaters.png|thumb|''[[The Potato Eaters]]'' (1885)]]

In [[Nuenen]], he devoted himself to drawing, paying boys to bring him birds' nests<ref>Johannes de Looyer, Karel van Engeland, Hendricus Dekkers, and Piet van Hoorn all as old men recalled being paid 5, 10 or 50 cents per nest, depending on the type of bird. See Wilkie, pages 25-26, and Theos' son's [http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/15/etc-435a.htm note]</ref> and rapidly<ref>Vincent's nephew [http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/15/etc-435a.htm noted] some reminiscences of local residents in 1949, including the description of the speed of his drawing</ref> sketching the weavers in their cottages. In autumn 1884, a neighbour's daughter, Margot Begemann, ten years older than Vincent, accompanied him constantly on his painting forays and fell in love, which he reciprocated (though less enthusiastically). They agreed to marry, but were opposed by both families. Margot tried to kill herself with [[strychnine]] and Vincent rushed her to the hospital.<ref>Wilkie, page 82</ref>

In [[1995]] a crisis followed the [[assassination]] of [[Israeli Prime Minister]] [[Itzhak Rabin]] by [[Yigal Amir]]. Following the Shabak's failure to protect Rabin, [[Carmi Gillon]] was forced to resign. Later, the [[Meir Shamgar|Shamgar]] investigation committee learned of serious flaws in the personal security unit and the provocative and inciting behavior of [[Avishai Raviv]] - an [[Agent provocateur]] of the Shin Bet Jewish Unit. Raviv obtained a "[[photoshop]]ped" picture of Rabin in an [[SS]] uniform, and presented it in the infamous [[Zion Square]] demonstration in Jerusalem prior to Rabin's murder.

On [[March 26]], [[1885]], Van Gogh's father died of a stroke. Van Gogh grieved deeply. For the first time there was interest from Paris in some of his work. In spring he painted what is now considered his first major work, ''[[The Potato Eaters]]'' (Dutch ''De Aardappeleters''). In August his work was exhibited for the first time, in the windows of a paint dealer, Leurs, in The Hague. In September he was accused of making one of his young peasant sitters pregnant,<ref>the girl was Gordina de Groot, who died in 1927; she claimed the father was not Van Gogh, but a relative; see Wilkie page 26</ref> and the Catholic village priest forbade villagers from modelling for him.

Gillon was replaced by outside "import", [[Israeli Navy]] [[admiral]] [[Ami Ayalon]]. Ayalon rehabilitated Shabak after Rabin's murder and worked hard to restore its reputation with the general public.

During his time in Nuenen Van Gogh's palette was of sombre earth tones, particularly dark brown, and he showed no sign of developing the vivid coloration that distinguishes his later, best known work. (When Vincent complained that Theo was not making enough effort to sell his paintings in Paris, Theo replied that they were too dark and not in line with the current style of bright Impressionist paintings.) During his two-year stay in Nuenen, he completed numerous drawings and watercolors, and nearly 200 oil paintings.

In [[1996]], a unit of the Shabak assassinated [[Hamas]] chief bombmaker [[Yahya Ayyash]] by planting an explosive device in his [[cellular phone]]. The operation was carried out after an instruction by then Prime Minister [[Shimon Peres]].

===Antwerpen (1885 &ndash; 1886)===

[[Image:VanGogh-Houses Seen from the Back.jpg|thumb|left|Backyards in Antwerpen 1885, by Vincent van Gogh]]

=== During the al-Aqsa Intifada ===

In November 1885 he moved to [[Antwerpen]] and rented a little room above a paint dealer's shop in the Rue des Images.<ref name=callow181>Callow, page 181</ref> He had little money and ate poorly, preferring to spend what money his brother Theo sent to him on painting materials and models. Bread, coffee, and tobacco were his staple intake. In February 1886 he wrote to Theo saying that he could only remember eating six hot meals since May of the previous year. His teeth became loose and caused him much pain.<ref name=callow184>Callow, page 184</ref> While in Antwerpen he applied himself to the study of color theory and spent time looking at work in museums, particularly the work of [[Peter Paul Rubens]], gaining encouragement to broaden his palette to [[carmine]], [[cobalt blue|cobalt]] and [[emerald green]]. He also bought some Japanese [[Ukiyo-e]] woodcuts in the docklands, which he imitated and incorporated into the background of some of his paintings.<ref name=hammacher84>Hammacher, page 84</ref> It was while he was living in Antwerpen that Vincent began to drink [[absinthe]] heavily.<ref name=callow253>Callow, page 253</ref> He was treated by Dr Cavenaile whose surgery was near the docklands,<ref>Vincent's doctor was Hubertus Amadeus Cavenaile; Wilkie, pages 143-146</ref> possibly for [[syphilis]];<ref>Arnold, page 77. The evidence for syphilis is thin, coming solely from interviews with the grandson of the doctor; see Tralbaut, M. E. ''Vincent van Gogh,'' New York, The Alpine Fine Arts Collection, 1981, pages 177-178, and Wilkie, pages 143-146</ref> the treatment of alum irrigations and sitz baths was jotted down by Vincent in one of his notebooks.<ref>van der Wolk, J. ''The Seven Sketchbooks of Vincent van Gogh: a facsimile edition,'' Harry Abrams Inc, New York, 1987, pages 104-105</ref>

{{SectOR}}

In 2000, Ayalon ended his 5-years term and he was replaced by veteran Shabak official, [[Avi Dichter]]. Dichter, an ex-[[Sayeret Matkal]] [[commando]] and an experienced Shabak [[espionage|agent]], tightened the working relationship with the [[Israeli Defence Forces]] and the [[Israeli police]]. Foreign press hinted that Shabak is working tightly with the elite Israeli counter-terror unit, [[YAMAM]].

Dichter was in charge when the [[al-Aqsa Intifada]] erupted. He managed to react quickly to changes and turn Shabak into a prominent player in Israel's war against [[Palestinians]] after the collapse of the [[2000 Camp David Summit]].

In January 1886 he matriculated at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Antwerpen, studying painting and drawing. Despite disagreements over his rejection of academic teaching, he nevertheless took the higher-level admission exams. For most of February he was ill, run down by overwork and a poor diet (and excessive smoking).

The Shin Bet is most known for its role in the conflict with [[Palestinians]]. The Shin Bet produces intelligence which enables the [[Israeli Defence Forces]] (IDF) to prevent [[suicide bombing]]s before they reach their destinations. This is usually done by preventive arrests and deploying road blocks when there is a serious alert.

===Paris (1886 &ndash; 1888)===

[[Image:Paris rue lepic 54.jpg|thumb|right|54, Rue Lepic , [[Paris]]]]

In March 1886 he moved to Paris to study at Cormon's studio, and in May 1886 his mother and sister Wil moved to [[Breda]].<ref>70 of Van Gogh's abandoned paintings were bought by a junk dealer, who burnt some and sold others at very low prices.</ref> The brothers first shared Theo's

Rue Laval apartment on [[Montmartre]]. In June they took a larger flat at 54 Rue Lepic, further uphill. As there was no longer the need to communicate by letters, less is known about Van Gogh's time in Paris than earlier or later periods of his life.

In addition to preventing [[suicide bombing]]s from the West Bank by arrests and special operations, Shabak is working tightly with the [[Israeli Air Force]] in order to pinpoint and kill terror masterminds and terrorist leaders by precision [[air strike]]. The targets are field commanders and senior leaders of Palestinian militant factions (which Israel consider as terrorists), mainly those of [[Hamas]], but also of the [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad|Islamic Jihad]], the [[Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades]], the [[Fatah]] and even one [[Al-Qaeda]] linkman ([[Iad Al-Bik]]). These assassinations, called "[[targeted killings]]", are usually done by [[helicopter gunship]]s, where both IAF commanders and Shabak agents sit together in the command center monitoring the operation. Shabak's task is giving intelligence when and where the target will be available for a strike and then reacting to IAF [[UAV|drone]] feedback and ensuring the men on the sight are indeed the wanted terrorists (this part is called "identification and incrimination").

For some months Vincent worked at Cormon's studio where he frequented the circle of the British-Australian artist [[John Peter Russell]], and met fellow

students like [[Émile Bernard]] and [[Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec]], who used to meet at the paint store run by Julien "Père" Tanguy, which was at that time the only place to view works by [[Paul Cézanne]].

Shabak's effective activity during the second Intifada boosted its reputation both among the Israeli public and [[counter-terror]] experts. [http://www.fas.org/irp/world/israel/shin_bet/m052504.html]

[[Image:Toulouse-Lautrec de Henri Vincent van Gogh Sun.jpg|thumb|left|Vincent van Gogh, pastel drawing by Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec]]It was not difficult to see and study Impressionist works in Paris at this time. In 1886, for example, two large vanguard exhibitions were staged, the 8th and final exhibition of the Impressionists and an exhibition of the Artistes Indépendants. In these shows Neo-Impressionism made its first appearance; works of [[Georges Seurat]] and [[Paul Signac]] were the talk of the town. Though Theo, too, kept a stock of [[Impressionism|Impressionist]] paintings in his gallery on Boulevard Montmarte, by artists including [[Claude Monet]], [[Alfred Sisley]], [[Edgar Degas]] and [[Camille Pissarro]], Vincent evidently had problems acknowledging these recent ways to see and paint. Conflicts arose, and at the turn of 1886 to 1887 Theo found shared life with Vincent "almost unbearable," but in spring 1887 they made peace. Then Vincent set out for a campaign in Asnières, where he became personally acquainted with [[Paul Signac]]. Vincent and his friend Emile Bernard, who lived with parents in Asnières, adopted elements of the [[pointillism|"pointillé"]] (pointillism) style, where many small dots are applied to the canvas, resulting in an optical blend of hues, when seen from a distance. The theory behind this also stresses the value of [[complementary color|complementary colour]]s in proximity&mdash;for example, [[blue]] and [[orange (colour)|orange]]&mdash;as such pairings enhance the brilliance of each colour by a physical effect (known as optical mixing) on the receptors in the eye.{{Fact|date=March 2007}}

=== 2003 to 2006 ===

In November 1887, Theo and Vincent met and befriended [[Paul Gauguin]], who had just arrived in Paris.<ref>D. Druick & P. Zegers, ''Van Gogh and Gauguin: The Studio of the South,'' Thames & Hudson, 2001, page 81; Gayford, work cited, page 50</ref> Towards the end of the year, Vincent arranged an exhibition of paintings by himself, Bernard, Anquetin and (probably) Toulouse-Lautrec in the ''Restaurant du Chalet'', on Montmartre. There, Bernard and Anquetin sold their first painting, and Vincent exchanged work with Gauguin, who soon departed to [[Pont-Aven]]. But the discussions on art, artists and their social situation started during this exhibition continued, and expanded to visitors of the show like Pissarro and his son, Signac and Seurat.

In November 2003, four former heads of Shin Bet ([[Avraham Shalom]], [[Yaakov Peri]], [[Carmi Gillon]] and [[Ami Ayalon]]) called upon the Government of Israel to reach a peace agreement with the Palestinians. [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,6903,1096286,00.html].

Finally in February 1888, when Vincent felt worn out from life in Paris, he left the city, having painted over 200 paintings during his two years there. Only hours before his departure, accompanied by Theo, he paid his first and only visit to Seurat in his atelier.<ref>Letter [http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/18/510.htm 510], Letter [http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/18/544a.htm 544a]</ref>

[[Ami Ayalon]], along with Palestinian professor [[Sari Nusseibeh]], launched the ''[[National Census]]'' peace initiative.

===Arles (February 1888 &ndash; May 1889)===

[[Image:Vincent Willem van Gogh 128.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Sunflowers (painting)|Still Life: Vase with Twelve Sunflowers]]'', August 1888 (Neue Pinakothek, Munich).]]

Van Gogh arrived on [[February 21]], [[1888]], at the railroad station in [[Arles]], crossed Place Lamartine, entered the city through the Porte de la Cavalerie, and took quarters a few steps further, at the ''Hôtel-Restaurant Carrel'', 30 Rue Cavalerie. He had ideas of founding a [[Utopia]]n art colony. His companion for two months was the Danish artist, Christian Mourier-Petersen. In March, he painted local landscapes, using a gridded "perspective frame." Three of his pictures were shown at the annual exhibition of the [[Société des Artistes Indépendants]]. In April he was visited by the American painter, [[Dodge MacKnight]], who was resident in [[Fontvieille, Bouches-du-Rhône|Fontvieille]] nearby.

[[Avi Dichter]] is one of the chief supporters of building a defence barrier against Palestinians in the [[West Bank]]. The Israeli government began building the [[Israeli West Bank Barrier]] in [[2003]]. Dichter has since said that the barrier 'is working' and helps to prevent and reduce [[terror]] attacks. [http://www.haaretzdaily.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=397404&displayTypeCd=1&sideCd=1&contrassID=2], [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2003/12/17/wmid17.xml&sSheet=/portal/2003/12/17/ixportal.html&secureRefresh=true&_requestid=229966]

[[Image:Vincent Willem van Gogh 015.jpg|right|thumb|''[[The Café Terrace on the Place du Forum, Arles, at Night]]'', September 1888.]]

On May 1, he signed a lease for 15 francs a month to rent the four rooms in the right hand side of the "[[Yellow House (Arles)|Yellow House]]" (so called because its outside walls were yellow) at No. 2 Place Lamartine. The house was unfurnished and had been uninhabited for some time so he was not able to move in straight away. He had been staying at the Hôtel Restaurant Carrel in the Rue de la Cavalerie, just inside the medieval gate to the city, with the old Roman Arena in view. The rate charged by the hotel was 5 francs a week, which Van Gogh regarded as excessive. He disputed the price, and took the case to the local arbitrator who awarded him a twelve franc reduction on his total bill.<ref>Alfred Nemeczek, ''Van Gogh in Arles,'' Prestel Verlag, 1999, ISBN 3-7913-2230-3, pages 59 &ndash; 61.</ref> On May 7 he moved out of the Hôtel Carrel, and moved into the Café de la Gare.<ref>Gayford, ''The Yellow House,'' page 16</ref> He became friends with the proprietors, Joseph and Marie Ginoux. Although the Yellow House had to be furnished before he could fully move in, Van Gogh was able to use it as a studio.<ref name=callow219>Callow, p 219</ref> His major project at this time was a series of paintings intended to form the [[The Décoration for the Yellow House|''décoration'' for the Yellow House]].

In February [[2005]], [[Ariel Sharon]] announced that [[Yuval Diskin]], a veteran Shabak field agent, senior negotiator with Palestinian officers and mastermind of the "targeted killings", will replace Dichter after he ends his five-year term. On [[May 15]], [[2005]] Diskin entered into office after Dichter left with great applause from the press, the politicians, and the public. Dichter has joined the political arena and is now a member of the [[Kadima]] party, founded by the former [[Israeli]] prime minister [[Ariel Sharon]].

In June he visited [[Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer]]. He gave drawing lessons to a [[Zouave]] second lieutenant, [[Portrait of Paul-Eugène Milliet|Paul-Eugène Milliet]], who also became a companion. MacKnight introduced him to [[Eugène Boch]], a Belgian painter, who stayed at times in Fontvieille (they exchanged visits in July). Gauguin agreed to join him in Arles. In August he painted [[sunflower]]s; Boch visited again.

In September 2006, the Shin Bet, launched its first-ever public recruitment drive with the creation of a [http://www.shabak.gov.il Web site]. The employment campaign, coming on the heels of a newly approved defense budget, is targeting computer programmers.

On September 8, upon advice from his friend the station's postal supervisor [[The Roulin Family|Joseph Roulin]], he bought two beds,<ref>Letter [http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/18/534.htm 534]; Gayford, page 18</ref> and he finally spent the first night in the still sparsely furnished Yellow House on September 17.<ref>Letter [http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/18/537.htm 537]; Nemeczek, page 61</ref>

===Rising Profile===

[[Image:red vineyards.jpg|thumb|left|''[[The Red Vineyard]]'' (November 1888), [[Pushkin Museum]], [[Moscow]]). Sold to [[Anna Boch]], 1890.]]

Once considered a commitment to lifelong anonymity and even invisibility in Israeli society, today a Shabak agent who achieves high rank in the service, especially the director, is considered a candidate for membership in the top brass of the Israeli government and business community. This process follows a trend started by ex-generals and colonels of the Israel Defense Forces, the trailblazers including [[Moshe Dayan]], [[Ariel Sharon]], and [[Yitzhak Rabin]]. In the Shabak and the foreign intelligence [[Mossad]] service, the trend showed up much later (During mid-[[1990s]]), even though Isser Harel (who served as head of both services) and Meir Amit of the Mossad both served as lawmakers.

On 23 October Gauguin eventually arrived in Arles, after repeated requests from Van Gogh. During November they painted together. Uncharacteristically, Van Gogh painted some pictures from memory, deferring to Gauguin's ideas in this. Their first joint outdoor painting exercise was conducted at the picturesque [[Alyscamps]].<ref>Martin Gayford, ''The Yellow House: Van Gogh, Gauguin, and Nine Turbulent Weeks in Arles,'' Fig Tree, Penguin, 2006. ISBN 0-670-91497-5. See page 61</ref> It was in November that Van Gogh painted ''[[The Red Vineyard]]''.

Ex-Shabak directors today are increasingly visible as candidates for higher office. Yaakov Peri became the chairman of Bank HaMizrahi in 2002, and also became a highly visible guest on television programs. Carmi Gillon serves as Chairman of the Local Council of [[Mevaseret Zion]], Jerusalem's most affluent suburb, while Avi Dichter and Ami Ayalon were at one time leading candidates for defense minister (Dichter for the Kadima party formed by prime minister Ariel Sharon, Ayalon on the Labour party ticket). Dichter eventually became Minister of Internal Security in the current government led by [[Ehud Olmert]]. Ayalon has attracted widespread following as a co-initiator with Palestinian dignitary Sari Nusseibeh of the non-governmental Peoples' Voice initiative to petition the governments in Israel and the Palestinian Authority for a permanent settlement.

In December the two artists visited [[Montpellier]] and viewed works by [[Gustave Courbet|Courbet]] and [[Eugene Delacroix|Delacroix]] in the Museé Fabre. However, their relationship was deteriorating badly. They quarrelled fiercely about art. Van Gogh felt an increasing fear that Gauguin was going to desert him, and what he described as a situation of "excessive tension" reached a crisis point on [[December 23]], 1888, when Van Gogh stalked Gauguin with a razor and then cut off the lower part of his own left ear, which he wrapped in newspaper and gave to a prostitute named Rachel in the local brothel, asking her to "keep this object carefully."<ref>According to Doiteau & Leroy, the diagonal cut removed the lobe and probably a little more.</ref> Gauguin left Arles and did not see Van Gogh again. Van Gogh was hospitalised and in a critical state for a few days. He was immediately visited by Theo (whom Gauguin had notified), as well as Madame Ginoux and frequently by Roulin.

== Criticism ==

In January 1889 Van Gogh returned to the "Yellow House", but spent the following month between hospital and home, suffering from hallucinations and paranoia that he was being poisoned. In March the police closed his house, after a petition by thirty townspeople, who called him ''fou roux'' ("the redheaded madman"). Signac visited him in hospital and Van Gogh was allowed home in his company. In April he moved into rooms owned by Dr. Rey, after floods damaged paintings in his own home. On April 17, Theo married Johanna Bonger in Amsterdam.

The so-called "[[Shabak technique]]" is an extreme [[interrogation]] technique that is used by the Shin Bet on [[Palestinian]] suspects. It has never officially been confirmed by the secretive Shin Bet as acceptable for use. Informal accounts by prisoners indicate it may involve forcing the subject to sit on a short stool or chair which is angled forward (so it's impossible to sit in a comfortable, stable position) and then tying their arms and legs behind them to the chair, while also covering their head with a bag and possibly subjecting them to extremely loud noise, such as music. The subject is then left in this condition for extended periods of time. Sleep is not allowed for the duration.

===Saint-Rémy (May 1889 &ndash; May 1890)===

[[Image:VanGogh-starry night.jpg|right|thumb|''[[The Starry Night]]'', June 1889 ([[The Museum of Modern Art]], [[New York]].]]

On [[May 8]], 1889, Van Gogh, accompanied by a carer, the Reverend Salles, committed himself to the mental hospital of Saint-Paul-de-Mausole in a former monastery in [[Saint Rémy de Provence]], a little less than 20 miles from Arles. The monastery was a mile and a half out of the town and was in an area of cornfields, vineyards, and olive trees. The hospital was run by a former naval doctor, Dr. [[Théophile Peyron]], who had no specialist qualifications. Theo van Gogh arranged for his brother to have two small rooms, one for use as a studio, although in reality they were simply adjoining cells with barred windows.<ref name=callow246>Callow, page 246</ref> During his stay there, the clinic and its garden became his main subject. At this time some of his work was characterised by swirls, as in one of his best-known paintings, ''[[The Starry Night]]''. He took some short supervised walks, which gave rise to images of [[Cupressus|cypress]]es and [[olive]] trees, but because of the shortage of subject matter due to his limited access to the outside world, he painted interpretations of Millet's paintings, as well as his own earlier work. In September 1889 he painted two new versions of the ''[[Bedroom in Arles]]'', and in February 1890 he painted four portraits of ''[[L'Arlésienne (painting)|L'Arlésienne]] (Madame Ginoux)'', based directly on a charcoal sketch Gauguin had produced when Madame Ginoux had sat for both artists at the beginning of November 1888.<ref>One of these four portraits sold at auction in May 2006 for more than $40 million.</ref>

This method was considered by the Israeli Supreme Court on September 6, 1999, which prohibited this method, along with all other forms of torture and physical pressure. In 2000 an official Israeli government report was released, after being kept secret for five years, in which the government admitted torturing Palestinian detainees between 1988 and 1992.

In January 1890, his work was praised by [[Albert Aurier]] in the ''[[Mercure de France]]'', and he was called a genius. In February, invited by [[Les XX]], a society of avant-garde painters in Brussels, he participated in their [[Vincent van Gogh's display at Les XX, 1890|annual exhibition]]. When, at the opening dinner, Henry de Groux, a member of Les XX, insulted Van Gogh's works, Toulouse-Lautrec demanded satisfaction, and Signac declared, he would continue to fight for Van Gogh's honour, if Lautrec should be surrendered. Later, when Van Gogh's exhibit was on display with the Artistes Indépendants in Paris, Monet said that his work was the best in the show.<ref>John Rewald, ''Post-Impressionism'', revised edition: Secker & Warburg, London England. 1978, p. 346-347 and 348-350</ref>

On May 6, 2007 two human rights organizations released a report in which they charge the Shin Bet of continuing its torture techniques despite a court ruling in 1999 prohibiting such techniques. The report is based on testimony from 73 prisoners who were in Shin Bet custody between March 2005 and July 2006. The report continues with descriptions of these techniques, all of which are classified as torture under international law: physical beatings, painful binding, back bending, and body stretching and prolonged sleep deprivation.

===Auvers-sur-Oise (May &ndash; July 1890)===

[[Image:Portrait of Dr. Gachet.jpg|left|thumb|[[Portrait of Dr. Gachet]] was sold for US$82.5 million, whereabouts now unknown]]

[[Image:Auberge ravoux auvers-sur-oise.jpg|150px|thumb|right|L’''Auberge Ravoux'', in Auvers-sur-Oise, where Vincent Van Gogh spent his final months and where he died. It is now a restaurant.]]

[[Image:Van_Goghs_Final_View_-_Window_by_Attic_Room_Deathbed.jpg|150px|thumb|right|Probably van Gogh's final view of the outside world (looking through a window at the Auberge Ravoux)]]

Furthermore, the report criticizes the lack of accountability within the Shin Bet stating that despite over 500 complaints of abuse made to the attorney's office since 2001, no criminal investigation was launched as complaints are investigated by a member of the Shin Bet.

In May 1890, Vincent left the clinic and went to the physician Dr. [[Paul Gachet]], in Auvers-sur-Oise near Paris, where he was closer to his brother Theo. Dr. Gachet had been recommended to him by Pissarro, as he had previously treated several artists and was an amateur artist himself. Van Gogh's first impression was that Gachet was "sicker than I am, I think, or shall we say just as much."<ref>Letter [http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/21/648.htm 648]</ref> Later Van Gogh did two portraits of Gachet in oils, as well as a third&mdash;his only etching, and in all three emphasis is on Gachet's melancholic disposition.

[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/856142.html]

== Lists and tables ==

In his last weeks at Saint-Rémy Van Gogh's thoughts had been returning to his "memories of the North",<ref>[http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/20/629.htm Letter 629] 30 April 1890</ref> and several of the approximately 70 oils he painted during his 70 days in Auvers-sur-Oise&mdash;such as ''[[The Church at Auvers]]''&mdash;are reminiscent of northern scenes.

=== Important events in Shabak history ===

* [[1948]]: the Shabak is founded as the ''Shin Bet'' and is one of the three secret services in Israel along with the Military Intelligence and the Foreign Intelligence (later, the [[Mossad]]).

* [[1956]]: the Shabak obtains a copy of Khrushchev's speech denouncing Stalin.

* [[1961]]: the Shabak expose Doctor [[Israel Bar]] as a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Espionage|spy]].

* [[1984]]: the [[Kav 300 Affair]], two terrorists hijacked a [[bus]] and after IDF SF and Shabak regained control over the bus, [[Avraam Shalom]] ordered the killing of the two terrorists who were captured alive, and [[Danny Yatom]] knocked their skulls in with a brick. The officers involved tried to cover this up.

* [[1987]]: the Izat Nafsu affair, when an officer was cleared from spy charges, and Shabak was highly criticized for his methods and norms.

* [[1995]]: the [[assassination]] of [[Yitzhak Rabin]] by [[Yigal Amir]] and the failure of Shabak to prevent it.

* [[1996]]: the Shabak assassinates [[Hamas]] top bombmaker [[Yahya Ayyash]].

* [[2000]]-[[2005]]: the [[al-Aqsa Intifada]] and Shabak main role in intelligence gathering and [[counter-terror]] efforts. [[Avraam Dichter]] received high credit for Shabak part in thwarting hundreds of [[suicide attack]]s and the [[assassination|targeted assassination]] of terrorist leaders.

=== Heads of the Shabak ===

''[[Wheat Field with Crows]]''&mdash;an example of the unusual [[Double-squares and Squares|double square]] canvas-size he used in the last weeks of his life&mdash;with its turbulent intensity is often, but mistakenly, thought to be Van Gogh's last work (Jan Hulsker lists seven paintings after it). ''[[:commons:Image:Vincent Willem van Gogh 021.jpg|Daubigny's Garden]]'' is a more likely candidate. There are also seemingly unfinished paintings, such as ''[[Thatched Cottages by a Hill]].''

* [[Isser Harel]] (1948&ndash;1952)

* [[Izi Dorot]] (1952&ndash;1953)

* [[Amos Manor]] (1953&ndash;1963)

* [[Yossef Harmelin]] (1964&ndash;1974)

* [[Avraam Ahitov]] (1974&ndash;1981)

* [[Avraam Shalom]] (1981&ndash;1986)

* [[Yossef Harmelin]] (1986&ndash;1988)

* [[Yaakov Peri]] (1988&ndash;1994)

* [[Carmi Gillon]] (1995&ndash;1996)

* [[Ami Ayalon]] (1996&ndash;2000)

* [[Avi Dichter]] (2000&ndash;2005)

* [[Yuval Diskin]] (2005&ndash;)

==Shabak in Popular Culture==

Van Gogh's [[clinical depression|depression]] deepened, and on [[July 27]], 1890, at the age of 37, he walked into the fields and shot himself in the chest with a [[revolver]]. Without realizing that he was fatally wounded, he returned to the [[Portrait of Adeline Ravoux|Ravoux]] Inn, where he died in his bed two days later. Theo hastened to be at his side and reported his last words as "''La tristesse durera toujours''" ([[French language|French]] for "[the] sadness will last forever"). Vincent was buried at the cemetery of [[Auvers-sur-Oise]].<ref>{{cite web

* [[Shin Bet]] operative Dahlia Tal appears in the [[Ubisoft]] video game [[Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Pandora Tomorrow]]. As a jest, when Lambert brings up the Shin Bet, Fisher replies with "Spooky. Who are we torturing?"

| title =Vincent van Gogh study guide

| work =sparknotes.com

| date =2006

| url =http://www.sparknotes.com/biography/vangogh/section9.rhtml

| accessdate =2007-03-25}}</ref>

* [[Shin Bet]] agents appear several times in Joel Rosenberg's book The Copper Scroll.

Theo had contracted syphilis (though this was not admitted by the family for many years) and, not long after Vincent's death, was himself admitted to hospital. He was not able to come to terms with the grief of his brother's absence, and died six months later on [[January 25]] at [[Utrecht (city)|Utrecht]]. In 1914 Theo's body was exhumed and re-buried beside Vincent.

==Medical recordsSee also ==

* [[Israel Security Forces]]

[[Image:Grave_of_Vincent_van_Gogh.jpg|thumb|right|Vincent and Theo van Gogh's graves at the cemetery of [[Auvers-sur-Oise]].]]

* [[Israel Defence Forces]]

{{main|Vincent van Gogh's medical condition}}

* [[MAGAV]]

Van Gogh cut off the ear lobe on one of his ears during some sort of seizure on [[December 24]], [[1888]].<ref>{{cite web

* [[Mossad]]

| last =DIEUMO

* [[YAMAM]]

| first =J.B.

* [[Security agency]]

| title =Homage To Vincent Van Gogh (1853-1890)

| work =vangoghpromo.co

| publisher =[[Studio-web]]

| date =2006

| url =http://www.vangoghpromo.com/en/vincent/homage/index.html

| accessdate =2007-03-25 }}</ref> Mental problems afflicted him, particularly in the last few years of his life. During some of these periods he did not paint, or was not allowed to. There has been much debate over the years as to the source of Van Gogh's mental illness and its effect on his work. Over 150 psychiatrists have attempted to label his illness, and some 30 different diagnoses have been suggested.<ref name="Blumer">Blumer, Dietrich (2002)[http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/159/4/519 "The Illness of Vincent van Gogh"] ''American Journal of Psychiatry''</ref>

== External links ==

[[Image:Van Gogh - Still Life with Absinthe.jpg|thumb|left|150px|''Still Life with Absinthe'' (1887)]]

* [http://www.shabak.gov.il/ Shabak Official website (Hebrew)]

Diagnoses which have been put forward include [[schizophrenia]], [[bipolar disorder]], [[syphilis]], poisoning from swallowed paints, [[temporal lobe epilepsy]] and [[acute intermittent porphyria]]. Any of these could have been the culprit and been aggravated by [[malnutrition]], overwork, [[insomnia]], and a fondness for alcohol, and [[absinthe]] in particular.

* [http://www.fas.org/irp/world/israel/shin_bet/ Shin Bet] ([[Federation of American Scientists|FAS]])

* [http://www.fas.org/irp/world/israel/shin_bet/m052504.html "Return of the Shin Bet" By Omri Essenheim] ([[Maariv]], [[25 May]] [[2004]] - reprint at FAS)

* [http://www.btselem.org/english/legal_documents/HC5100_94_19990906_Torture_Ruling.PDF Text of the 1999 High Court of Justice ruling] (PDF)

* [http://www.btselem.org/english/torture/background.asp B'tselem report on Shabak's use of torture]

* [http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3230365,00.html Knesset said "No" to Shabak]

* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/637293.stm BBC - Israel admits torture]

[[Category:Intelligence agencies]]

Medical theories have even been proposed to explain Van Gogh's use of the color yellow. One theory holds that Van Gogh's color vision might have been affected by his love of [[absinthe]], a liquor that contains a neurotoxin called [[thujone]]. High doses of thujone can cause [[xanthopsia]]: seeing objects in yellow. However, a 1991 study indicated that an absinthe drinker would become unconscious from the alcohol content long before consuming enough [[thujone]] to develop yellow vision. Another theory suggests that Dr. Gachet might have prescribed [[digitalis]] to Van Gogh as a treatment for epilepsy. There is no direct evidence that he ever took digitalis, but he did paint Gachet with some cut flower stalks of [[Common Foxglove]], the plant from which the drug is derived. Those who take large doses of digitalis often report yellow-tinted vision or yellow spots surrounded by coronas (like those in the ''The Starry Night'') and changes in overall color perception.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Wolf | first = Paul | title = Creativity and chronic disease Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890) | journal = Western Journal of Medicine | volume = 175 | issue = 5 | pages = 348 | date = November 2001 | url = http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1071623 | accessdate = 2006-10-07}}</ref>

[[Category:Israeli Security Forces]]

[[ar:شاباك]]

Another recently proposed illness is [[lead poisoning]]. The paints used at the time were lead-based, and one of the symptoms of lead poisoning is a swelling of the retinas which could have caused the halo effect seen in many of Van Gogh's works.<ref name="King">Ross King. ''The Judgment of Paris: The Revolutionary Decade that Gave the World Impressionism''. New York: Waller & Company, 2006 ISBN 0-8027-1466-8. See page 61.</ref>

[[cs:Šin Bet]]

[[da:Shin Bet]]

It has also been suggested that Van Gogh suffered from the brain disorder, [[Hypergraphia]]. The disorder causes a near constant overwhelming urge to write and is associated with epilepsy or mania.<ref name="Hypermania">William J. Cromie, "The brains behind writer's block". Harvard Gazette. [http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2004/01.29/01-creativity.html]</ref>

[[de:Schin Bet]]

[[es:Shabak]]

==Work==

[[fa:شاباک]]

[[fr:Shabak]]

Van Gogh drew and painted water-colours while he went to school, though very few of these works survive, and his authorship is challenged for many claimed to be from this period.

[[id:Shin Bet]]

[[he:שירות ביטחון כללי]]

When Van Gogh committed himself to art as an adult (1880), he started at the elementary level by copying the "Cours de dessin," edited by [[Charles Bargue]] and published by [[Goupil & Cie]]. Within his first two years he began to seek commissions, and in spring 1882, his uncle, Cornelis Marinus (owner of a renowned gallery of contemporary art in Amsterdam) asked him to provide drawings of the Hague; Van Gogh's work did not prove up to his uncle's expectations. Despite this, Uncle Cor (or "C.M. " as he was referred to by his nephews) offered a second commission, specifying the subject matter in detail, but he was once again disappointed with the result.

[[nl:Shin Bet]]

[[ja:シャバック]]

Nevertheless, Van Gogh persevered with his work. He improved the lighting of his atelier (studio) by installing variable shutters, and experimented with a variety of drawing materials. For more than a year he worked hard on single figures&mdash;highly elaborated studies in "black and white," which at the time gained him only criticism. Nowadays they are appreciated as his first masterpieces. In spring 1883, he embarked on multi-figure compositions, based on the drawings. He had some of them photographed, but when his brother commented that they lacked liveliness and freshness, Vincent destroyed them and turned to oil painting.

[[pl:Szin Bet]]

[[fi:Shin Bet]]

Already in autumn 1882, Theo had enabled him to do his first paintings, but the amount Theo could supply was soon spent. Then, in spring 1883, Vincent turned to renowned [[Hague School]] artists like [[Johan Hendrik Weissenbruch|Weissenbruch]] and [[Bernard Blommers|Blommers]], and received technical support from them, as well as from painters like [[Théophile de Bock|De Bock]] and [[Herman Johannes van der Weele|Van der Weele]], both Hague School artists of the second generation. When he moved to Nuenen, after the intermezzo in Drenthe, he started various large size paintings, but he destroyed most of them himself. ''[[The Potato Eaters]]'' and its companion pieces, ''The Old Tower'' on the Nuenen cemetery and ''The Cottage,'' are the only ones that have survived. After a visit to the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam, Vincent was aware that many faults of his paintings were due to a lack of technical experience. So he went to Antwerp, and later to Paris to improve his technical skill.

[[sv:SHABAK]]

[[Image:Whitehousenight.jpg|thumb|This piece from the [[Hermitage Museum]] was painted six weeks before the artist's death, at around eight o'clock on 16 June 1890, as astronomers determined by [[Venus]]'s position in the painting [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/world/europe/1209192.stm].]]

More or less acquainted with impressionist and neo-impressionist techniques and theories, Van Gogh went to Arles to develop these new possibilities. But within a short time, older ideas on art and work reappeared: ideas like doing series on related or contrasting subject matter, which would reflect the purpose of art. Already in 1884 in Nuenen he had worked on a series that was to decorate the dining room of a friend in Eindhoven. Similarly in Arles, in spring 1888 he arranged his ''[[Flowering Orchards]]'' into triptychs, began a ''series of figures'' which found its end in ''[[The Roulin Family]]'', and finally, when Gauguin had consented to work and live in Arles side by side with Vincent, he started to work on the ''[[The Décoration for the Yellow House]]'', probably the most ambitious effort he ever undertook. Most of his later work is elaborating or revising its fundamental settings.

The paintings from the Saint-Rémy period are often characterized by swirls and spirals. The patterns of luminosity in these images have been shown<ref>[http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0606246 'Kolmogorov scaling in impassioned van Gogh paintings'] by J. L. Aragón, Gerardo G. Naumis, M. Bai, M. Torres, P.K. Maini; 28 June 2006</ref> to conform to [[Andrey Kolmogorov|Kolmogorov's]] statistical model of [[turbulence]].

At various times in his life Van Gogh painted the view from his window; this culminated in the great series of paintings of [[The Wheat Field|the wheat field]] he could see from his adjoining cells in the asylum at Saint-Rémy.

==Legacy==

{{main|Posthumous fame of Vincent van Gogh|Cultural depictions of Vincent van Gogh}}

Since his first exhibits in the late 1880s, Van Gogh's fame grew steadily, among his colleagues and among art critics, dealers and collectors. After his death, memorial exhibitions were mounted in Brussels, Paris, The Hague and Antwerp.

In the early [[20th century]], the exhibitions were followed by vast retrospectives in Paris (1901 and 1905), Amsterdam (1905), [[Cologne]] (1912), [[New York City]] (1913) and [[Berlin]] (1914). These prompted a noticeable impact over a new generation of artists.

The French [[Fauvism|Fauves]], including [[Henri Matisse]], extended both his use of color and freedom in applying it, as did German Expressionists in the [[Die Brücke]] group. The 1950s' [[Abstract Expressionism]] is seen as benefiting from the exploration Van Gogh started with gestural marks. In 1957, Anglo-Irish artist [[Francis Bacon (painter)|Francis Bacon]] based several paintings on reproductions of Van Gogh's ''The Painter on his Way to Work'' (which had been destroyed during [[World War II]]).

[[Don McLean]]'s 1971 song "[[Vincent (song)|Vincent]]" is also a clear tribute to the artist, making many references to key themes and observations, including the opening reference to ''[[Starry Night]]''.

[[La Oreja de Van Gogh]] is a Latin pop/rock group. The band's name is Spanish for "the ear of Van Gogh," aluding to Van Gogh cutting off his own ear.

==See also==

*[[Japonism]]

*[[History of painting]]

*[[Western painting]]

*[[Self portrait]]

==Sources==

===Notes===

{{reflist|2}}

===References===

<div class="references-small">

* Beaujean, Dieter. ''Vincent van Gogh: Life and Work'', Könemann 1999, ISBN 3-8290-2938-1

* ^†Callow, Philip. ''Vincent Van Gogh: A Life'', Ivan R. Dee, 1990, ISBN 1-56663-134-3

* Erickson, Kathleen Powers. ''At Eternity's Gate: The Spiritual Vision of Vincent van Gogh'', 1998, ISBN 0-8028-4978-4

* ^†Gayford, Martin. ''The Yellow House: Van Gogh, Gauguin, and Nine Turbulent Weeks in Arles'', Fig Tree, Penguin, 2006, ISBN 0-670-91497-5

* Hammacher, A.M. ''Vincent van Gogh: Genius and Disaster'', Harry N. Abrams, Incorporated, New York, 1985, ISBN 0-8109-8067-3

* van Heugten, Sjraar ''Van Gogh The Master Draughtsman'', Thames and Hudson, 2005 ISBN-13: 978-0-500-23825-7 ISBN-10: 0-500-23825-1

* Hulsker, Jan. ''Vincent and Theo van Gogh, a dual biography'', Fuller Publications, Ann Arbor, 1990, ISBN 0-940537-05-2

* Rewald, John. ''Post-Impressionism: From van Gogh to Gauguin'', revised edition, Secker & Warburg 1978, ISBN 0-436-41151-2

* Walther, Ingo F., and Metzger, Rainer. ''Van Gogh: the Complete Paintings'', Benedikt Taschen 1997, ISBN 3-8228-8265-8

* ^†Wilkie, Ken. ''The Van Gogh Assignment'', Paddington Press, 1978; republished: ''The Van Gogh File. A Journey of Discovery'', Souvenir Press, 1990, ISBN 0-285-62965-4

* ^†Wilkie, Ken. ''In Search of Van Gogh,'' 1991, ISBN 1-55958-101-8 (not valid?)

* Grossvogel, David I. "Behind the Van Gogh Forgeries: A Memoir by David I. Grossvogel" Authors Choice Press (March 2001), ISBN-10: 0595177174

:_{† Tertiary sources, with little or no reference to sources}

</div>

==External links==

{{Commons|Vincent van Gogh}}

{{wikiquote}}

{{wikisource author}}

*[http://www.vggallery.com/ Vincent van Gogh Gallery]. The complete works and letters of Vincent van Gogh.

*[http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/ Van Gogh's Letters], unabridged and annotated.

*[http://www.vangoghmuseum.nl/ Van Gogh Museum], Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

*[http://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/vgwel.shtm Van Gogh at the National Gallery of Art], Washington D.C., United States.

*[http://www.theeyesofvangogh.com/ Van Gogh Film] - a film about the 12 months Van Gogh spent in an asylum at St. Remy.

*[http://perso.wanadoo.fr/crampman/album_cris/auvers_1.html Photographs of locations in Auvers-sur-Oise] painted by Van Gogh.

*[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0PAL/is_523_162/ai_n15880259 'Drama at Arles new light on Van Gogh's self-mutilation'] from Apollo, September 2005 by Martin Bailey.

{{Vincent van Gogh}}

<!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] -->

{{Persondata

|NAME=Van Gogh, Vincent

|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=

|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Painter

|DATE OF BIRTH=[[30 March]], [[1853]]

|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Zundert|Groot-Zundert]], [[Netherlands]]

|DATE OF DEATH=[[July 29]], [[1890]]

|PLACE OF DEATH=[[Auvers-sur-Oise]], [[France]]

}}

[[Category:Vincent van Gogh|*]]

[[Category:Post-impressionist painters|Van Gogh, Vincent]]

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[[Category:Suicides by firearm|Van Gogh, Vincent]]

[[Category:Artists who committed suicide|Van Gogh, Vincent]]

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