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The '''Sundance Film Festival''' is a [[film festival]] in the [[United States]] and ranks alongside the Cannes, Venice, Berlin and Toronto film festivals as one of the most prestigious in the world. It is the largest independent cinema festival in the U.S. [http://movies.yahoo.com/mv/sundance/news/aps/20060118/113762388000.html] Held in January in [[Park City, Utah|Park City]], [[Salt Lake City, Utah|Salt Lake City]], and [[Ogden, Utah|Ogden]], [[Utah]] as well as at the [[Sundance|Sundance Resort]], the festival is the premier showcase for new work from [[United States|American]] and international [[Independent film|independent filmmakers]]. The festival comprises competitive sections for American and international dramatic and [[documentary films]], and a group of non-competitive showcase sections, including the [[Sundance Online Film Festival]].
== Vowels ==
==Info==
I've summarized what I think are the main issues in transliteration (what is called "naming conventions" in the other Wikipedia language communities with non-roman scripts) of Ge'ez/Ethiopic/fidel, some of the current systems, and a proposal for a standard [[User:MikeGasser/Naming conventions|on this page]]. I think deciding on the vowels and deciding on the consonants are pretty much independent issues. For the vowels, of course the main issue is how to map the seven Ge'ez vowels onto roman symbols (though there are a bunch of minor issues to be decided too). Here's a summary from my page of the existing systems I'm aware of, with the vowels in the traditional order and the ''l'' series in fidel at the top to illustrate. The symbols in parentheses in the Leslau row are what he uses in his Ge'ez dictionary. (Note that though Ethiopia has apparently adopted the UNEGN system for maps, it is the USBGN system that is most often used, according to the UN.) My proposal is to use the USBGN system, with the option of leaving off the macrons in the third and fifth forms when some ambiguity can be tolerated.
The festival has morphed over the decades from a low-profile venue for small-budget, independent creators from outside the [[Hollywood]] system to a media extravaganza for Hollywood [[celebrity]] actors, directors from studios that are subsidiaries of the major studios, camera-toting paparazzi, and luxury-goods company sponsors giving "[[swag]]" gifts to the elite attendees. In recent years the festival has strived to distance itself from these distractions, and in 2007 handed out buttons to all filmmakers that read, "Focus on Film."
{|border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align:center;"
|+Ethiopian Semitic Vowel Transcription
|
!ለ [{{IPA|ɐ,ǝ}}]
!ሉ [u]
!ሊ [i]
!ላ [a]
!ሌ [e]
!ል [{{IPA|ɨ}}]
!ሎ [o]
|-
|Wolf Leslau||ä(a)||u||i||a(ā)||e||{{IPA|ǝ}}||o
|-
|Library of Congress<br>American Library Association||a||u||i||ā||é||e||o
|-
|UN Group of Exports on Geographical Names||<u>e</u>||u||i||a||e||<u>i</u>||o
|-
|US Board on Geographic Names||e||u||ī||a||ē||i||o
|-
|F. Praetorius, ''Die amharische Sprache''||ă||u||i||ā||ē||ĕ||o
|-
|M. Cohen, ''Traité de langue amharique''||<strike>ɑ</strike>/ä/å||u||i||a||(ʸ)e||ə/ŭ||ʷo
|-
|Alone-Stokes||a||u||ī||ā||ē||i||o
|}
==History==
* Franz Praetorius, ''Die amharische Sprache'', Halle: Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses 1879
[[Image:Sundance-Film-Festival.jpg|thumb|200px|Sundance 2002]]
* Marcel Cohen, ''Traité de langue amharique'', Paris 1936
Sundance was started in 1978 as the [[Utah/US Film Festival]] in an effort to attract more filmmakers to Utah. At the time, the main focus of the event was to present a series of retrospective films and filmmaker panel discussions; however it also included a small program of films made outside the [[Hollywood]] system, commonly known as [[independent films]].
* Major J. P. H. M. Alone & D. E. Stokes, ''The Alone-Stokes Short Manual of the Amharic Language (with Vocabularies)'', 5th ed., Madras-Bombay-Calcutta-London: Macmillan and Co. Limited 1962 (1st ed.: 1909)
Over the following years several factors helped propel the growth of Utah/US Film Festival. First was the involvement of actor [[Robert Redford]]. Redford, a [[Utah]] resident, became the festival's inaugural chairman and having his name associated with Sundance gave the festival great attention.
I wanted to add that, as someone who really believes in Wikipedia and its future, I think the decisions we make about transliteration of fidel could end up being universal. — [[User:MikeGasser|MikeG]] [[User talk:MikeGasser|(talk)]] 02:52, 5 June 2006 (UTC)
Second, the festival moved from September to January. The move from late summer to mid-winter was reportedly done on the advice of Hollywood director [[Sydney Pollack]], who suggested that running a film festival in a ski resort during winter would draw more attention from Hollywood.
:Just a quick pointer to those who might be confused (as I was for a second), but that "/" (slash) in front of series is actually the letter L italicized (i.e. the examples above are of the "''L'' series") — [[User:Yom|<font color="green">ዮም</font>]] [[Special:Emailuser/Yom|<font color="green">(Yom)</font>]] | <small>[[Special:Contributions/Yom|<font color="gold">contribs</font>]]</small> • <small>[[User talk:Yom|<font color="red">Talk</font>]]</small> 03:14, 5 June 2006 (UTC)
Management of the festival was taken over by the [[Sundance Institute]], a [[non-profit organization]], in 1985, and in 1991 the festival was officially renamed the ''Sundance Film Festival''. Many famous independent filmmakers, including [[Kevin Smith]], [[Robert Rodriguez]], [[Quentin Tarantino]], [[Paul Thomas Anderson]], [[Steven Soderbergh]], [[James Wan]] and [[Jim Jarmusch]] had their big break at Sundance. It is also responsible for bringing wider attention to films such as ''[[Saw (movie)|Saw]]'', ''[[The Blair Witch Project]]'', ''[[Better Luck Tomorrow]]'', ''[[Primer]]'', ''[[El Mariachi]]'', ''[[Clerks]]'', ''[[Sex, lies, and videotape]]'', and ''[[Napoleon Dynamite]]''.
=== 1st and 6th vowels ===
Within the last ten years, corporate America has also taken notice of the festival by setting up independent marketing operations during the festival. This has not pleased the Sundance Film Festival, who have tried various ways to encourage brands to officially sponsor the festival, instead of creating their own marketing event. The festival has also (controversially, in some circles) become a press event for celebrities.
Let me focus this a bit more and suggest we start with the two vowels that are the most common (at least in Amharic, Tigrinya, and Ge'ez), the first and sixth ones in the traditional order. However we choose to represent these vowels, I feel pretty strongly that because they are so common, the symbols should not have diacritics and should be part of the simplest fonts. This is the big problem I have with Leslau's system; he's got ''ä'' and ''ǝ'' for these vowels. There are other problems with these choices. First ''ä'' is not a standard phonetic symbol at all, and in alphabets where it's used (German, Hungarian, Finnish) it represents a completely different sound. Second the symbol ''ǝ'' conventionally represents a sound that's closer to the other (first) vowel. In fact some linguists use ''ǝ'' for this vowel rather than the sixth. If we choose to use simple unadorned roman characters for the first and sixth vowels, I think there are two possibilities, each with its own advantages: 1:''e'', 6:''i'' (what I'm proposing) and 1:''a'', 6:''e''. Here they are in a table.
{|border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align:center;"
|+ES Vowels 1 and 6
|
!ለ [{{IPA|ɐ,ǝ}}]
!ል [{{IPA|ɨ}}]
|-
|Leslau||ä||{{IPA|ǝ}}
|-
|USBGN||e||i
|-
| ||a||e
|}
— [[User:MikeGasser|MikeG]] [[User talk:MikeGasser|(talk)]] 13:54, 5 June 2006 (UTC)
Starting in 2006, the Sundance Institute has collaborated with the [[Brooklyn Academy of Music]] (BAM) on a special series of film screenings, performances, panel discussions, and special events bringing the institute's activities and the festival's programming to New York City. [http://www.bam.org/sundance/]
: I think the problem is that these two vowels in Amharic constitute two ''phonemes'' and not two phones. Each of these two has three allophones: one neutral (ɐ, ɨ), one in the proximity of a palatalized consonant (ɛ, ĭ), and one next to a labialized/rounded consonant (ɔ, ŭ). The question is whether the transliteration should show the phonemic, or the phonetic shape of these vowels.
: Choosing to transliterate the phonemic shape means concealing the actual sounds from a reader who doesn't know the allophonic rules of Amharic. Think about transliterations such as: "wiha" for ውሃ, or "wend" for ወንድ. The letters "i" and "e" point to the fronted allophones, where the actual pronunciation is [wŭha] and [wɔnd].
: On the other hand, choosing a more phonetic transliteration requires adopting more symbols, and thus, using diacritics. [[User:Yhever|yhever]] 22:16, 6 June 2006 (UTC)
==Naming==
:: I don't think we should go for separate symbols for allophones. For one thing, that makes it harder for native speakers to transliterate their own languages. For another, there's little precedent for doing this in transliteration of other languages (though it does happen for Japanese consonants in one of the systems). The goal, I think, should be for people who know the languages (and who aren't linguists) to be able to transliterate them easily and for people who know nothing about the languages to have a ''rough idea'' of how the words sound. Yes, people may be led a bit off course with ''wiha'' or ''weha'' (depending on which symbol we choose), but not as much as they are with ''i'' in the standard (pinyin) transliteration of Mandarin Chinese, which differs much more than these two Amharic phonemes do. -- [[User:MikeGasser|MikeG]] [[User talk:MikeGasser|(talk)]] 01:36, 7 June 2006 (UTC)
The Sundance Film Festival was named by [[Robert Redford]] after his character [[The Sundance Kid]] from the movie ''[[Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid]]'', probably because this is his favorite character among those he played. [http://www.coastmagazine.com/archive/pre_dec05/travel_sundance.html]
==See also==
::: To be honest, yhever, I didn't even realize that the ''sadis'' form of "w" in wiha was pronounced differently than in other texts until you pointed it out. While this level of detail is good for noting vowel variations and the like in linguistic articles, it's too specific for general articles. For one, as Mike pointed out, it makes correct transliteration too difficult even for native speakers, whereas systems based simply on the Ge'ez letters can be transliterated by anyone who knows the alphabet, whether or not they know the language (or they could just confer a table in an article to identify the form and transliterate).
* [[2008 Sundance Film Festival]]
* [[2007 Sundance Film Festival]]
* [[2006 Sundance Film Festival]]
* [[List of Sundance Film Festival award winners]]
* [[List of Sundance Film Festival selections]]
* [[Sundance Channel]]
==External links==
::: Right now, I'm leaning towards '''USBGN for all articles, with concurrent use of IPA in linguistic articles for specificity and standardness'''. Right now I feel as if it's too few people contributing to create consensus, so I'll let more discussion occur before adding any proposal (i.e. to be voted on, not meaning it's already adopted) to the project page. Consonants shouldn't be too much of a problem, I don't think.
*[http://institute.sundance.org/ The Sundance Institute]
*[http://www.sundanceguide.net/ Sundance – A Festival Virgin's Guide] - resources and information for festival attendees.
*[http://www.deconstructingsundance.com/ Deconstructing Sundance] - website using Bayesian analysis to predict how well films that play at the Festival will perform.
*[http://www.ukhotmovies.com/film-festivals/sundance-film-festival/information.html UKHotMovies.com Sundance Film Festival: A Lowdown] - history and background to the festival referred to as 'Cannes in the snow'
*[http://www.queerlounge.org The Queer Lounge] - provides information on the films with gay and lesbian content at the Sundance Film Festival as well as a hospitality area during the festival
*[http://www.greencine.com/article?action=view&articleID=259] - GreenCine report on Sundance 2005
*[http://www.docsthatinspire.com/?cat=4 Joel Heller's "Docs That Inspire" Blog and Podcast Coverage of Sundance 2007 Documentaries & Panels]
*[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000602/bio IMDb Biography of Robert Redford]
{{Film festivals}}
:::[[User:Yom|<font color="green">ዮም</font>]] [[Special:Emailuser/Yom|<font color="green">(Yom)</font>]] | <small>[[Special:Contributions/Yom|<font color="#FFD700">contribs</font>]]</small> • <small>[[User talk:Yom|<font color="red">Talk</font>]]</small> 04:56, 7 June 2006 (UTC)
[[Category:1978 establishments]]
== Scope ==
[[Category:Sundance Film Festival]]
[[Category:"A" Film Festivals]]
[[cs:Sundance Film Festival]]
Before we discuss what system to use, I think it would be a good idea to decide what its usage would be. Would it be at all used in the naming of pages, transliterations for non-linguistic articles, transliterations for linguistic articles, etc.? I don't believe it should be used for naming articles unless the subject is obscure (which, admittedly, covers most of them) or has two different spellings with equal popularity, with the transliteration as a third alternative. With regards to transliterations for names, words, place names, and the like, I think the system ultimately adopted (assuming it's different from the Leslau one) would be fine. However, it'd actually be a bit weird for me to see the linguistic articles using this system instead of the common Leslau transliteration. Also, writing, ''Gi'iz'' instead of ''Ge'ez'' is just uncomfortable to me now because of the latters prevalence, but I would say this would fall into the first category (page naming), to be carried out throughout the page. I.e., if a page has a common spelling (like [[Haddis Alemayehu]] or [[Addis Ababa]]), then the common spelling should be used throughout the page, except for the transliteration in the opening sentence (or paragraph).
[[de:Sundance Film Festival]]
[[es:Festival de Cine de Sundance]]
Another issue would be whether the transliteration system should be used in conjunction with the more popular Leslau one when transliterating the name at the beginning of an article (e.g. write [assuming USEGN] "Hadis Al<u>e</u>may<u>e</u>hu" and "Haddis Alämayehu" [it doesn't do gemination either, not sure about the status of the y length, actually, but I think it's considered geminated]), or would we just use the adopted system?
[[fr:Festival du film de Sundance]]
[[ko:선댄스 영화제]]
[[User:Yom|<font color="green">ዮም</font>]] [[Special:Emailuser/Yom|<font color="green">(Yom)</font>]] | <small>[[Special:Contributions/Yom|<font color="gold">contribs</font>]]</small> • <small>[[User talk:Yom|<font color="red">Talk</font>]]</small> 03:14, 5 June 2006 (UTC)
[[id:Sundance Film Festival]]
[[it:Sundance Film Festival]]
: Yes, I agree that lots of the decisions depend on scope. I think we could follow the other Wikipedia communities in how they've made these decisions. In particular I believe they've generally let common spellings override the standards they've adopted. This would apply to words like ''Ge'ez'', ''Addis Ababa'', ''Menelik''. (What makes Ethiopian Semitic different from most of these other cases (Japanese, Chinese, Arabic) is that there already existed one or two standards that everybody already agreed on before the Wikipedians had to decide. So a lot of this is going to be harder with ES.)
[[he:פסטיבל סאנדנס]]
[[hu:Sundance Filmfesztivál]]
: We could have two separate systems, one for use within the linguistic articles, one for page naming and non-linguistic articles, though this would disagree with what's done with other non-roman scripts (at least Japanese, Chinese, and Arabic).
[[nl:Sundance Film Festival]]
[[ja:サンダンス映画祭]]
: As for what's familiar within linguistics, I think the trend in recent years in the younger generation of Ethiopian Semiticists, many (most?) of them native speakers of the languages, is away from Leslau's system, though unfortunately there doesn't seem to be any agreement among these. I've seen at least three other combinations of symbols (besides Leslau's) to represent the vowels in linguistic articles on Amharic, Tigrinya, and the Gurage languages. I'm sure [[User:yhever]] will have thoughts on this too. — [[User:MikeGasser|MikeG]] [[User talk:MikeGasser|(talk)]] 12:59, 5 June 2006 (UTC)
[[no:Sundance Film Festival]]
[[pl:Sundance Film Festival]]
[[pt:Festival Sundance de Cinema]]
[[ru:Санденс (кинофестиваль)]]
[[sk:Sundance Film Festival]]
[[sl:Sundance festival]]
[[sv:Sundance Film Festival]]
[[tr:Sundance Film Festivali]]
[[zh:圣丹斯电影节]]
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