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== IANA e whois.nic.it ==
IANA, pur essendo giuridicamente un registro pubblico, con il conseguente effetto che le informazioni in esso depositate sono condivise non solo ai meri diretti interessati dei domini, ma anche ai terzi (onde evitare appunto eccezioni da parte dei terzi), limita la sua competenza, delegando le informazioni degli altri domini ai ''refer'' e mettendo de facto in difficoltà gli utenti finali. Ad esempio il refer per i domini di primo livello .COM, .NET e .EDU è '''whois.verisign-grs.com'''. La pagina ufficiale online per il servizio whois di IANA attraverso web browser è '''www.iana.org/whois'''. L'elenco ufficiale IANA dei domini di primo livello (ad esempio .COM) ed i loro rispettivi refer è Root Zone Database.<ref>[https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db Root Zone Database].</ref> In aggiunta, nonostante lo scopo del suddetto registro e dei refer, non è certo che IANA e/o i refer condividano informazioni di contatto dei responsabili dei domini (i consulenti tecnici dei ''registrant'' ossia le persone giuridiche intestatarie del dominio) onde evitare eccezioni riguardo alla loro privacy. Difatti in alcuni scenari è possibile che IANA o i refer deleghino la condivisione delle informazioni di contatto dei responsabili dei registrant ai ''registrar'', ad ulteriore discapito dell'individuazione dei responsabili del dominio ricercato dagli utenti finali. Inoltre, per quanto un dominio possa avere funzioni SMTP e nonostante le disposizioni <nowiki>RFC 5321</nowiki> e <nowiki>RFC 822</nowiki>, non è certo che il responsabile del dominio abbia una casella email dedicata con local name (e case in-sensitive) ''postmaster''.
Ad ogni modo il comando '''whois''' da riga di comando consente di visualizzare le informazioni contenute nel registro di '''IANA''' (registro predefinito e corrispondente all'opzione '''-I'''). Per i domini di primo livello italiani il ''refer'' è '''whois.nic.it''' a cui si può inviare un'istanza attraverso l'opzione '''-h''' oppure, per ottenere maggiori informazioni, visitando il sito '''web-whois.nic.it''' attraverso web browser.
Il refer non va confuso con il ''Registrar''<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.nic.it/it/registrar|titolo=Registrar {{!}} Registro .it|sito=www.nic.it|accesso=2025-02-27}}</ref> che è un fornitore di servizi Internet che ha un contratto con il ''Registro''<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.nic.it/it/il-mondo-del-it/chi-siamo|titolo=Chi siamo {{!}} Registro .it|sito=www.nic.it|accesso=2025-02-27}}</ref>. Il Registro non si occupa, infatti, di registrare direttamente domini per conto degli utenti finali. In basso un esempio dell'implementazione del comando ''whois''.<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
$ whois -I google.com
% IANA WHOIS server
% for more information on IANA, visit http://www.iana.org
% This query returned 1 object
refer: whois.verisign-grs.com
___domain: COM
organisation: VeriSign Global Registry Services
address: 12061 Bluemont Way
address: Reston VA 20190
address: United States of America (the)
contact: administrative
name: Registry Customer Service
organisation: VeriSign Global Registry Services
address: 12061 Bluemont Way
address: Reston VA 20190
address: United States of America (the)
phone: +1 703 925-6999
fax-no: +1 703 948 3978
e-mail: info@verisign-grs.com
contact: technical
name: Registry Customer Service
organisation: VeriSign Global Registry Services
address: 12061 Bluemont Way
address: Reston VA 20190
address: United States of America (the)
phone: +1 703 925-6999
fax-no: +1 703 948 3978
e-mail: info@verisign-grs.com
nserver: A.GTLD-SERVERS.NET 192.5.6.30 2001:503:a83e:0:0:0:2:30
nserver: B.GTLD-SERVERS.NET 192.33.14.30 2001:503:231d:0:0:0:2:30
nserver: C.GTLD-SERVERS.NET 192.26.92.30 2001:503:83eb:0:0:0:0:30
nserver: D.GTLD-SERVERS.NET 192.31.80.30 2001:500:856e:0:0:0:0:30
nserver: E.GTLD-SERVERS.NET 192.12.94.30 2001:502:1ca1:0:0:0:0:30
nserver: F.GTLD-SERVERS.NET 192.35.51.30 2001:503:d414:0:0:0:0:30
nserver: G.GTLD-SERVERS.NET 192.42.93.30 2001:503:eea3:0:0:0:0:30
nserver: H.GTLD-SERVERS.NET 192.54.112.30 2001:502:8cc:0:0:0:0:30
nserver: I.GTLD-SERVERS.NET 192.43.172.30 2001:503:39c1:0:0:0:0:30
nserver: J.GTLD-SERVERS.NET 192.48.79.30 2001:502:7094:0:0:0:0:30
nserver: K.GTLD-SERVERS.NET 192.52.178.30 2001:503:d2d:0:0:0:0:30
nserver: L.GTLD-SERVERS.NET 192.41.162.30 2001:500:d937:0:0:0:0:30
nserver: M.GTLD-SERVERS.NET 192.55.83.30 2001:501:b1f9:0:0:0:0:30
ds-rdata: 19718 13 2 8acbb0cd28f41250a80a491389424d341522d946b0da0c0291f2d3d771d7805a
whois: whois.verisign-grs.com
status: ACTIVE
remarks: Registration information: http://www.verisigninc.com
created: 1985-01-01
changed: 2023-12-07
source: IANA
Domain Name: GOOGLE.COM
Registry Domain ID: 2138514_DOMAIN_COM-VRSN
Registrar WHOIS Server: whois.markmonitor.com
Registrar URL: http://www.markmonitor.com
Updated Date: 2019-09-09T15:39:04Z
Creation Date: 1997-09-15T04:00:00Z
Registry Expiry Date: 2028-09-14T04:00:00Z
Registrar: MarkMonitor Inc.
Registrar IANA ID: 292
Registrar Abuse Contact Email: abusecomplaints@markmonitor.com
Registrar Abuse Contact Phone: +1.2086851750
Domain Status: clientDeleteProhibited https://icann.org/epp#clientDeleteProhibited
Domain Status: clientTransferProhibited https://icann.org/epp#clientTransferProhibited
Domain Status: clientUpdateProhibited https://icann.org/epp#clientUpdateProhibited
Domain Status: serverDeleteProhibited https://icann.org/epp#serverDeleteProhibited
Domain Status: serverTransferProhibited https://icann.org/epp#serverTransferProhibited
Domain Status: serverUpdateProhibited https://icann.org/epp#serverUpdateProhibited
Name Server: NS1.GOOGLE.COM
Name Server: NS2.GOOGLE.COM
Name Server: NS3.GOOGLE.COM
Name Server: NS4.GOOGLE.COM
DNSSEC: unsigned
URL of the ICANN Whois Inaccuracy Complaint Form: https://www.icann.org/wicf/
>>> Last update of whois database: 2025-02-27T19:36:44Z <<<
For more information on Whois status codes, please visit https://icann.org/epp
NOTICE: The expiration date displayed in this record is the date the
registrar's sponsorship of the ___domain name registration in the registry is
currently set to expire. This date does not necessarily reflect the expiration
date of the ___domain name registrant's agreement with the sponsoring
registrar. Users may consult the sponsoring registrar's Whois database to
view the registrar's reported date of expiration for this registration.
TERMS OF USE: You are not authorized to access or query our Whois
database through the use of electronic processes that are high-volume and
automated except as reasonably necessary to register ___domain names or
modify existing registrations; the Data in VeriSign Global Registry
Services' ("VeriSign") Whois database is provided by VeriSign for
information purposes only, and to assist persons in obtaining information
about or related to a ___domain name registration record. VeriSign does not
guarantee its accuracy. By submitting a Whois query, you agree to abide
by the following terms of use: You agree that you may use this Data only
for lawful purposes and that under no circumstances will you use this Data
to: (1) allow, enable, or otherwise support the transmission of mass
unsolicited, commercial advertising or solicitations via e-mail, telephone,
or facsimile; or (2) enable high volume, automated, electronic processes
that apply to VeriSign (or its computer systems). The compilation,
repackaging, dissemination or other use of this Data is expressly
prohibited without the prior written consent of VeriSign. You agree not to
use electronic processes that are automated and high-volume to access or
query the Whois database except as reasonably necessary to register
___domain names or modify existing registrations. VeriSign reserves the right
to restrict your access to the Whois database in its sole discretion to ensure
operational stability. VeriSign may restrict or terminate your access to the
Whois database for failure to abide by these terms of use. VeriSign
reserves the right to modify these terms at any time.
The Registry database contains ONLY .COM, .NET, .EDU domains and
Registrars.
</syntaxhighlight><syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
$ whois -h whois.nic.it google.it
*********************************************************************
* Please note that the following result could be a subgroup of *
* the data contained in the database. *
* *
* Additional information can be visualized at: *
* http://web-whois.nic.it *
*********************************************************************
Domain: google.it
Status: ok
Signed: no
Created: 1999-12-10 00:00:00
Last Update: 2024-09-27 00:50:20
Expire Date: 2025-04-21
Registrant
Organization: Google Ireland Holdings Unlimited Company
Address: 70 Sir John Rogerson's Quay
Dublin
2
Dublin
IE
Created: 2018-03-02 19:04:02
Last Update: 2018-03-02 19:04:02
Admin Contact
Name: Colm Buckley
Organization: Google LLC
Address: 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway
Mountain View
94043
CA
US
Created: 2024-09-27 00:44:25
Last Update: 2024-09-27 00:44:25
Technical Contacts
Name: Domain Administrator
Organization: Google LLC
Address: 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway
Mountain View
94043
CA
US
Created: 2017-12-21 19:54:04
Last Update: 2017-12-21 19:54:04
Registrar
Organization: MarkMonitor International Limited
Name: MARKMONITOR-REG
Web: https://www.markmonitor.com/
DNSSEC: no
Nameservers
ns1.google.com
ns2.google.com
ns3.google.com
ns4.google.com
</syntaxhighlight>
== Note ==
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