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Quantum mechanics and 1976 NFL draft: Difference between pages

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The '''[[1976 NFL season|1976]] [[National Football League]] [[NFL Draft|Draft]]''' annual player selection meeting results.
[[Image:HAtomOrbitals.png|thumb|Depending on the [[angular momentum]] (increasing across) and energy (increasing down), the [[electron]] orbitals of a [[hydrogen atom]] can be found in different locations. The angular momentum and energy increase only in these quantum steps.]]
{{Expand|date=March 2007}}
==Player selections==
{|
|-
|style="background-color:#FFCC00; border:1px solid #aaaaaa; width:2em;"|
|= [[Pro Bowl]]er
|}
===Round one===
<!-- Please watch case on positions to avoid redirects -->
{|class="wikitable sortable sortable" style="width: 100%"
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC;" width=6%|Pick # !!width=40% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|NFL Team !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Player !!width=14% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Position !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|College
|-
|align=center|1||[[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]]||bgcolor="#FFCC00"|[[Lee Roy Selmon]]||[[Linebacker]]||[[University of Oklahoma|Oklahoma]]
|-
|align=center|2||[[Seattle Seahawks]]||[[Steve Niehaus]]||[[Defensive tackle|Defensive Tackle]]||[[University of Notre Dame|Notre Dame]]
|-
|align=center|3||[[New Orleans Saints]]||bgcolor="#FFCC00"|[[Chuck Muncie]]||[[Running back|Running Back]]||[[University of California|California]]
|-
|align=center|4||[[San Diego Chargers]]||bgcolor="#FFCC00"|[[Joe Washington]]||Running Back||Oklahoma
|-
|align=center|5||[[New England Patriots]]||bgcolor="#FFCC00"|[[Mike Haynes (football)|Mike Haynes]]||[[Cornerback]]||Arizona State
|-
|align=center|6||[[New York Jets]]||[[Richard Todd (football player)|Richard Todd]]||[[Quarterback]]||Alabama
|-
|align=center|7||[[Cleveland Browns]]||bgcolor="#FFCC00"|[[Mike Pruitt]]||Running Back||[[Purdue University|Purdue]]
|-
|align=center|8||[[Chicago Bears]]||[[Dennis Lick]]||[[Offensive tackle|Offensive Tackle]]||[[University of Wisconsin-Madison|Wisconsin]]
|-Running Back
|align=center|9||[[Atlanta Falcons]]||[[Bubba Bean]]||Running Back||[[Texas A&M University|Texas A&M]]
|-
|align=center|10||[[Detroit Lions]]||[[James Hunter (NFL)|James Hunter]]||[[Defensive back|Defensive Back]]||[[Grambling State University|Grambling]]
|-
|align=center|11||[[Cincinnati Bengals]]||[[Billy Brooks]]||[[Wide receiver|Wide Receiver]]||Oklahoma
|-
|align=center|12||New England Patriots||[[Pete Brock (American football)|Pete Brock]]||[[Center (American football)|Center]]||Colorado
|-
|align=center|13||[[New York Giants]]||[[Troy Archer]]||[[Defensive end|Defensive End]]||Colorado
|-
|align=center|14||[[Kansas City Chiefs]]||[[Wayne Walters]]||[[guard (American football)|Guard]]||[[Iowa State University|Iowa]]
|-
|align=center|15||[[Denver Broncos]]||[[Tom Glassic]]||Guard||Virginia
|-
|align=center|16||Detroit Lions||[[Lawrence Gaines]]||Running Back||[[University of Wyoming|Wyoming]]
|-
|align=center|17||[[Miami Dolphins]]||[[Larry Gordon]]||Linebacker||[[Arizona State University|Arizona State]]
|-
|align=center|18||[[Buffalo Bills]]||[[Mario Clark]]||Defensive Back||Oregon
|-
|align=center|19||Miami Dolphins||bgcolor="#FFCC00"|[[Kim Bokamper]]||Linebacker||[[San José State University|San José State]]
|-
|align=center|20||[[Indianapolis Colts|Baltimore Colts]]||[[Ken Novak]]||Defensive Tackle||Purdue
|-
|align=center|21||New England Patriots||bgcolor="#FFCC00"|[[Tim Fox]]||[[Safety (football position)|Safety]]||[[Ohio State University|Ohio State]]
|-
|align=center|22||[[Arizona Cardinals|St. Louis Cardinals]]||[[Mike Dawson]]||Defensive Tackle||Arizona
|-
|align=center|23||[[Green Bay Packers]]||[[Mark Koncar]]||Offensive Tackle||Colorado
|-
|align=center|24||Cincinnati Bengals||[[Archie Griffin]]||Running Back||Ohio State
|-
|align=center|25||[[Minnesota Vikings]]||[[James White (football player)|James White]]||Defensive Tackle||[[Oklahoma State University System|Oklahoma State]]
|-
|align=center|26||[[St. Louis Rams|Los Angeles Rams]]||[[Kevin McLain]]||Linebacker||[[Colorado State University|Colorado State]]
|-
|align=center|27||[[Dallas Cowboys]]||[[Aaron Kyle]]||Defensive Back||Wyoming
|-
|align=center|28||[[Pittsburgh Steelers]]||[[Bennie Cunningham]]||[[Tight end|Tight End]]||[[Clemson University|Clemson]]
|}
 
===Round two===
'''Quantum mechanics''' is a [[physics|physical]] [[theory]] which at very small [[distance]]s
<!-- Please eliminate use of abbreviations for a more encyclopedic article -->
produces results that are very different and much more accurate than the results of
<!-- Please watch case on positions to avoid redirects -->
[[classical mechanics]]. It is the underlying framework of many fields of [[physics]] and [[chemistry]], including [[condensed matter physics]], [[quantum chemistry]], and [[particle physics]]. It is derived from a small set of basic principles, and applies to at least three general types of phenomena that [[classical mechanics]] and [[classical electrodynamics]] cannot account for: [[quantization (physics)|quantization]], [[wave-particle duality]] (interference of matter particles), and [[quantum entanglement]]. Additionally, there are countless more specific systems where quantum mechanical predictions differ from the classical theory. For example, according to classical mechanics stable atoms cannot exist and the total radiation of a [[black body]] is infinite.
{|class="wikitable sortable sortable" style="width: 100%"
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC;" width=6%|Pick # !!width=40% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|NFL Team !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Player !!width=14% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Position !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|College
|-
|align=center|29||Seattle Seahawks||Sammy Green|| -- ||[[University of Florida|Florida]]
|-
|align=center|30||Tampa Bay Buccaneers||Jimmy Dubose|| -- ||Florida
|-
|align=center|31||San Diego Chargers||[[Don Macek]]|| -- ||Boston College
|-
|align=center|32||New Orleans Saints||[[Tony Galbreath]]|| -- ||Missouri
|-
|align=center|33||New York Jets||Shafer Suggs|| -- ||Ball State
|-
|align=center|34||[[Oakland Raiders]]||Charles Philyaw|| -- ||Texas Southern
|-
|align=center|35||New England Patriots||Ike Forte|| -- ||Arkansas
|-
|align=center|36||Atlanta Falcons||Sonny Collins|| -- ||Kentucky
|-
|align=center|37||Pittsburgh Steelers||[[Ray Pinney]]|| -- ||Washington
|-
|align=center|38||Cincinnati Bengals||Glenn Bujnoch|| -- ||Texas A&M
|-
|align=center|39||Los Angeles Rams||bgcolor="#FFCC00"|[[Pat Thomas]]|| -- ||Texas A&M
|-
|align=center|40||Dallas Cowboys||Jim Jensen|| -- ||Iowa
|-
|align=center|41||Kansas City Chiefs||Cliff Frazier|| -- ||UCLA
|-
|align=center|42||[[San Francisco 49ers]]||bgcolor="#FFCC00"|[[Randy Cross]]|| -- ||UCLA
|-
|align=center|43||Denver Broncos||Kurt Knoff|| -- ||Kansas
|-
|align=center|44||Detroit Lions||Ken Long|| -- ||Purdue
|-
|align=center|45||Buffalo Bills||[[Ken Jones (American football)|Ken Jones]]|| -- ||Arkansas State
|-
|align=center|46||Detroit Lions||bgcolor="#FFCC00"|[[David Hill (tight end)|David Hill]]|| -- ||[[Texas A&M University|Texas A&I]]
|-
|align=center|47||Pittsburgh Steelers||[[Mike Kruczek]]|| -- ||Boston College
|-
|align=center|48||[[Tennessee Titans|Houston Oilers]]||[[Mike Barber]]|| -- ||Louisiana Tech
|-
|align=center|49||Miami Dolphins||Loaird McCreary|| -- ||Tennessee State
|-
|align=center|50||Oakland Raiders||Jeb Blount|| -- ||Tulsa
|-
|align=center|51||Cincinnati Bengals||[[Chris Bahr]]|| -- ||Penn State
|-
|align=center|52||Buffalo Bills||[[Joe Devlin (football player)|Joe Devlin]]|| -- ||Iowa
|-
|align=center|53||Los Angeles Rams||Ron McCartney|| -- ||[[University of Tennessee|Tennessee]]
|-
|align=center|54||Minnesota Vikings||bgcolor="#FFCC00"|[[Sammy White (American football)|Sammy White]]|| -- ||Grambling
|-
|align=center|55||Dallas Cowboys||Jim Eidson|| -- ||Mississippi State
|-
|align=center|56||Pittsburgh Steelers||James Files|| -- ||McNeese State
|-
|align=center|57||San Francisco 49ers||Eddie Lewis|| -- ||Kansas
|-
|align=center|58||Seattle Seahawks||[[Sherman Smith]]|| -- ||Miami (OH)
|-
|align=center|59||Seattle Seahawks||[[Steve Raible]]|| -- ||Georgia Tech
|-
|align=center|60||Tampa Bay Buccaneers||[[Dewey Selmon]]|| -- ||Oklahoma
|}
 
===Round three===
The terms '''quantum physics''' and '''quantum theory''' are often used as synonyms of quantum mechanics. Some authors refer to "quantum mechanics" in the restricted sense of [[theory of relativity|non-relativistic]] quantum mechanics. This meaning shall not be used in this article; we will take "quantum mechanics" to mean quantum theory in its most general sense.
<!-- Please eliminate use of abbreviations for a more encyclopedic article -->
<!-- Please watch case on positions to avoid redirects -->
{|class="wikitable sortable sortable" style="width: 100%"
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC;" width=6%|Pick # !!width=40% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|NFL Team !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Player !!width=14% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Position !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|College
|-
|align=center|61||Tampa Bay Buccaneers||Steve Young|| -- ||Colorado
|-
|align=center|62||Seattle Seahawks||Jeff Lloyd|| -- ||West Texas State
|-
|align=center|63||Kansas City Chiefs||Keith Simons|| -- ||Minnesota
|-
|align=center|64||San Diego Chargers||Larry Dorsey|| -- ||Tennessee State
|-
|align=center|65||Cleveland Browns||[[Dave Logan (American football)|Dave Logan]]|| -- ||Colorado
|-
|align=center|66||Chicago Bears||[[Brian Baschnagel]]|| -- ||Ohio State
|-
|align=center|67||New York Jets||[[Greg Buttle]]|| -- ||Penn State
|-
|align=center|68||Detroit Lions||Russ Bolinger|| -- ||Long Beach State
|-
|align=center|69||Cincinnati Bengals||[[Danny Reece]]|| -- ||USC
|-
|align=center|70||Pittsburgh Steelers||Ron Coder|| -- ||Penn State
|-
|align=center|71||Atlanta Falcons||Dave Scott|| -- ||Kansas
|-
|align=center|72||Green Bay Packers||[[Mike McCoy (defensive back)|Mike McCoy]]|| -- ||Colorado
|-
|align=center|73||Dallas Cowboys||Duke Ferguson|| -- ||San Diego State
|-
|align=center|74||Kansas City Chiefs||bgcolor="#FFCC00"|[[Gary Barbaro]]|| -- ||[[Nicholls State University|Nicholls State]]
|-
|align=center|75||Dallas Cowboys||John Smith|| -- ||Boise State
|-
|align=center|76||Detroit Lions||John Woodcock|| -- ||Hawaii
|-
|align=center|77||New Orleans Saints||Bob Simmons|| -- ||Texas
|-
|align=center|78||Buffalo Bills||bgcolor="#FFCC00"|[[Ben Williams (football player)|Ben Williams]]|| -- ||Mississippi
|-
|align=center|79||Kansas City Chiefs||[[Henry Marshall]]|| -- ||Missouri
|-
|align=center|80||Miami Dolphins||[[Duriel Harris]]|| -- ||[[New Mexico State University|New Mexico State]]
|-
|align=center|81||Baltimore Colts||Ed Simonini|| -- ||Texas A&M
|-
|align=center|82||Cincinnati Bengals||[[Reggie Williams (linebacker)|Reggie Williams]]|| -- ||Dartmouth
|-
|align=center|83||St. Louis Cardinals||[[Brad Oates]]|| -- ||[[Brigham Young University|Brigham Young]]
|-
|align=center|84||Oakland Raiders||Rik Bonness|| -- ||Nebraska
|-
|align=center|85||Minnesota Vikings||[[Wes Hamilton]]|| -- ||Tulsa
|-
|align=center|86||Los Angeles Rams||bgcolor="#FFCC00"|[[Jackie Slater]]|| -- ||Jackson State
|-
|align=center|87||Dallas Cowboys||[[Butch Johnson]]|| -- ||California-Riverside
|-
|align=center|88||Pittsburgh Steelers||Ernest Pough|| -- ||Texas Southern
|-
|align=center|89||Seattle Seahawks||Rick Engles|| -- ||Tulsa
|-
|align=center|90||Baltimore Colts||Ron Lee|| -- ||West Virginia
|-
|align=center|91||Tampa Bay Buccaneers||Steve Maughan|| -- ||Utah State
|-
|align=center|92||Seattle Seahawks||Don Bitterlich|| -- ||Temple
|}
 
===Round four===
The foundations of quantum mechanics were established during the first half of the [[20th century]] by [[Max Planck]], [[Albert Einstein]], [[Niels Bohr]], [[Werner Heisenberg]], [[Erwin Schrödinger]], [[Max Born]], [[Paul Dirac]], [[Richard Feynman]] and [[List of physicists#Famous physicists of the 20th century|others]]. Some aspects of the theory are still actively studied.
<!-- Please eliminate use of abbreviations for a more encyclopedic article -->
<!-- Please watch case on positions to avoid redirects -->
{|class="wikitable sortable sortable" style="width: 100%"
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC;" width=6%|Pick # !!width=40% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|NFL Team !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Player !!width=14% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Position !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|College
|-
|align=center|93||Seattle Seahawks||Steve Myer|| -- ||New Mexico
|-
|align=center|94||Los Angeles Rams||Gerald Taylor|| -- ||Texas A&I
|-
|align=center|95||San Diego Chargers||Bob Horn|| -- ||Oregon State
|-
|align=center|96||New Orleans Saints||Tinker Owens|| -- ||Oklahoma
|-
|align=center|97||Cleveland Browns||Gene Swick|| -- ||Toledo
|-
|align=center|98||Miami Dolphins||Melvin Mitchell|| -- ||Tennessee State
|-
|align=center|99||Cleveland Browns||Richard St. Clair|| -- ||Grambling
|-
|align=center|100||San Francisco 49ers||Steve Rivera|| -- ||California
|-
|align=center|101||Green Bay Packers||Tom Perko|| -- ||Pittsburgh
|-
|align=center|102||Atlanta Falcons||Walt Brett|| -- ||Montana
|-
|align=center|103||Chicago Bears||[[John Sciarra|John M. Sciarra]]|| -- ||UCLA
|-
|align=center|104||New York Giants||Gordon Bell|| -- ||Michigan
|-
|align=center|105||New York Giants||bgcolor="#FFCC00"|[[Harry Carson]]|| -- ||South Carolina State
|-
|align=center|106||Cincinnati Bengals||Tony Davis|| -- ||Nebraska
|-
|align=center|107||Denver Broncos||Craig Penrose|| -- ||San Diego State
|-
|align=center|108||Chicago Bears||Wayne Rhodes|| -- ||Alabama
|-
|align=center|109||Buffalo Bills||Dan Jilek|| -- ||Michigan
|-
|align=center|110||Oakland Raiders||Herb McMath|| -- ||Morningside
|-
|align=center|111||[[Philadelphia Eagles]]||Mike Smith|| -- ||Florida
|-
|align=center|112||Pittsburgh Steelers||Wonder Monds|| -- ||Nebraska
|-
|align=center|113||San Diego Chargers||Ron Singleton|| -- ||Grambling
|-
|align=center|114||St. Louis Cardinals||bgcolor="#FFCC00"|[[Pat Tilley]]|| -- ||Louisiana Tech
|-
|align=center|115||San Diego Chargers||Artie Owens|| -- ||West Virginia
|-
|align=center|116||Cincinnati Bengals||Greg Fairchild|| -- ||Tulsa
|-
|align=center|117||Houston Oilers||bgcolor="#FFCC00"|[[Steve Largent]]|| -- ||Tulsa
|-
|align=center|118||Minnesota Vikings||Leonard Willis|| -- ||Ohio State
|-
|align=center|119||Dallas Cowboys||[[Tom Rafferty]]|| -- ||Penn State
|-
|align=center|120||Pittsburgh Steelers||[[Theo Bell]]|| -- ||Arizona
|-
|align=center|121||Tampa Bay Buccaneers||Richard Appleby|| -- ||Georgia
|-
|align=center|122||Seattle Seahawks||Randy Johnson|| -- ||Georgia
|-
|align=center|123||Seattle Seahawks||Andrew Bolton|| -- ||[[Fisk University|Fisk]]
|-
|align=center|124||Tampa Bay Buccaneers||Everett Little|| -- ||Houston
|}
 
===Round five===
== Description of the theory ==
<!-- Please eliminate use of abbreviations for a more encyclopedic article -->
<!-- Please watch case on positions to avoid redirects -->
{|class="wikitable sortable sortable" style="width: 100%"
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC;" width=6%|Pick # !!width=40% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|NFL Team !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Player !!width=14% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Position !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|College
|-
|align=center|125||Tampa Bay Buccaneers||Michael Kelson|| -- ||West Texas State
|-
|align=center|126||Seattle Seahawks||Don Dufek|| -- ||Michigan
|-
|align=center|127||New Orleans Saints||Scott Parrish|| -- ||Utah State
|-
|align=center|128||Los Angeles Rams||bgcolor="#FFCC00"|[[Carl Ekern]]|| -- ||San Jose State
|-
|align=center|129||New York Jets||Steve King|| -- ||Michigan
|-
|align=center|130||Cleveland Browns||Henry Sheppard|| -- ||Southern Methodist
|-
|align=center|131||San Diego Chargers||[[Woodrow Lowe]]|| -- ||Alabama
|-
|align=center|132||Green Bay Packers||Aundra Thompson|| -- ||East Texas State
|-
|align=center|133||Minnesota Vikings||Steve Wagner|| -- ||Wisconsin
|-
|align=center|134|| Baltimore Colts||[[Sanders Shiver]]|| -- ||Carson-Newman
|-
|align=center|135||Philadelphia Eagles||Greg Johnson|| -- ||Florida State
|-
|align=center|136||New York Giants||Melvin Wilson|| -- ||Cal State-Northridge
|-
|align=center|137||Kansas City Chiefs||Willie Lee|| -- ||[[Bethune-Cookman University|Bethune-Cookman]]
|-
|align=center|138||Cincinnati Bengals||Willie Shelby|| -- ||Alabama
|-
|align=center|139||Denver Broncos||Lonnie Perrin|| -- ||Illinois
|-
|align=center|140||San Francisco 49ers||Tony Leonard|| -- ||Virginia Union
|-
|align=center|141||St. Louis Cardinals||[[Wayne Morris (football player)|Wayne Morris]]|| -- ||Southern Methodist
|-
|align=center|142||Buffalo Bills||Fred Coleman|| -- ||N.E. Louisiana
|-
|align=center|143|| Baltimore Colts||Mike Kirkland|| -- ||Arkansas
|-
|align=center|144||Kansas City Chiefs||Jimbo Elrod|| -- ||Oklahoma
|-
|align=center|145||Detroit Lions||Steadman Scavella|| -- ||Miami (FL)
|-
|align=center|146||Oakland Raiders||[[Fred Steinfort]]|| -- ||Boston College
|-
|align=center|147||Cincinnati Bengals||Scott Perry|| -- ||Williams
|-
|align=center|148||Washington Redskins||Mike Hughes|| -- ||[[Baylor University|Baylor]]
|-
|align=center|149||Minnesota Vikings||Keith Barnette|| -- ||Boston College
|-
|align=center|150||Los Angeles Rams||Ken Bordelon|| -- ||Louisiana State
|-
|align=center|151||Dallas Cowboys||Wally Pesuit|| -- ||Kentucky
|-
|align=center|152||Pittsburgh Steelers||Rodney Norton|| -- ||[[Rice University|Rice]]
|-
|align=center|153||Seattle Seahawks||Ernie Jones|| -- ||Miami (FL)
|-
|align=center|154||Tampa Bay Buccaneers||[[Steve Wilson (offensive lineman)|Steve Wilson]]|| -- ||Georgia
|-
|align=center|155||Los Angeles Rams||Dwight Scales|| -- ||Grambling
|-
|align=center|156||Seattle Seahawks||Larry Bates|| -- ||Miami (FL)
|}
 
===Round six===
=== Wave functions and measurement ===
<!-- Please eliminate use of abbreviations for a more encyclopedic article -->
<!-- Please watch case on positions to avoid redirects -->
{|class="wikitable sortable sortable" style="width: 100%"
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC;" width=6%|Pick # !!width=40% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|NFL Team !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Player !!width=14% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Position !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|College
|-
|align=center|157||Seattle Seahawks||Alvis Darby|| -- ||Florida
|-
|align=center|158||Tampa Bay Buccaneers||[[Curtis Jordan]]|| -- ||Texas Tech
|-
|align=center|159||Pittsburgh Steelers||[[Gary Dunn]]|| -- ||Miami (FL)
|-
|align=center|160||New Orleans||[[Terry Stieve]]|| -- ||Wisconsin
|-
|align=center|161||Chicago Bears||[[Dan Jiggetts]]|| -- ||Harvard
|-
|align=center|162||New York Giants||Dan Lloyd|| -- ||Washington
|-
|align=center|163||New York Jets||Bob Martin|| -- ||Nebraska
|-
|align=center|164||Buffalo Bills||Leslie Benson|| -- ||Baylor
|-
|align=center|165||Philadelphia Eagles||Kirk Johnson|| -- ||Howard Payne
|-
|align=center|166||Kansas City Chiefs||Steve Taylor|| -- ||Kansas
|-
|align=center|167||Kansas City Chiefs||Bob Gregolunas|| -- ||Northern Illinois
|-
|align=center|168||San Francisco 49ers||Robert Pennywell|| -- ||Grambling
|-
|align=center|169||Atlanta Falcons||Stan Varner|| -- ||Brigham Young
|-
|align=center|170||New England||Greg Boyd|| -- ||San Diego State
|-
|align=center|171||Buffalo Bills||Scott Piper|| -- ||Arizona
|-
|align=center|172||Kansas City Chiefs||Calvin Harper|| -- ||Illinois State
|-
|align=center|173||Houston Oilers||Todd Simonsen|| -- ||South Dakota State
|-
|align=center|174||Miami Dolphins||Gary Davis|| -- ||[[California Polytechnic State University|Cal Poly-San Luis Obispo]]
|-
|align=center|175||Buffalo Bills||Darnell Powell|| -- ||Tennessee-Chattanooga
|-
|align=center|176||Cincinnati Bengals||Orlando Nelson|| -- ||Utah State
|-
|align=center|177||San Francisco 49ers||Scott Bull|| -- ||Arkansas
|-
|align=center|178||San Diego Chargers||Calvin Lane|| -- ||Fresno State
|-
|align=center|179||Washington Redskins||Tom Marvaso|| -- ||Cincinnati
|-
|align=center|180||Minnesota Vikings||Terry Egerdahl|| -- ||Minnesota-Duluth
|-
|align=center|181||Dallas Cowboys||Greg McGuire|| -- ||Indiana
|-
|align=center|182||Pittsburgh Steelers||[[Jack Deloplaine]]|| -- ||Salem
|}
 
===Round seven===
There are a number of mathematically equivalent formulations of quantum mechanics. One of these formulations was developed by [[Erwin Schrödinger]] in which quantum mechanics describes the instantaneous state of a system with a [[wave function]] that encodes the [[probability distribution]] of all measurable properties, or [[observable]]s. Possible observables for a system include [[energy]], [[position]], [[momentum]], and [[angular momentum]]. Quantum mechanics does not assign definite values to the observables; instead, it makes predictions about their [[probability distribution]]s, which is calculated by applying a mathematical [[operator]] to the wave function. From the mathematical operator,
<!-- Please eliminate use of abbreviations for a more encyclopedic article -->
one can find the possible observed values of the observables. In some cases the observables can only
<!-- Please watch case on positions to avoid redirects -->
have discrete values. Such observables are said to be [[Quantization (physics)|quantized]].
{|class="wikitable sortable sortable" style="width: 100%"
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC;" width=6%|Pick # !!width=40% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|NFL Team !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Player !!width=14% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Position !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|College
|-
|align=center|183||Tampa Bay Buccaneers||Parnell Dickinson|| -- ||[[Mississippi Valley State University|Mississippi Valley State]]
|-
|align=center|184||Seattle Seahawks||Dick Dixon|| -- ||Arkansas State
|-
|align=center|185||Miami Dolphins||Joe ingersoll|| -- ||UNLV
|-
|align=center|186||Dallas Cowboys||Greg Schaum|| -- ||Michigan State
|-
|align=center|187||Cincinnati Bengals||Bob Bateman|| -- ||Brown
|-
|align=center|188||New York Jets||Abdul (Larry) Salaam|| -- ||[[Kent State University|(Faulk) Kent State]]
|-
|align=center|189||Cleveland||Steve Cassidy|| -- ||Louisiana State
|-
|align=center|190||Chicago Bears||Jerry Muckenstrum|| -- ||Arkansas State
|-
|align=center|191||Philadelphia Eagles||[[Carl Hairston]]|| -- ||Maryland-Eastern Shore
|-
|align=center|192||Cincinnati Bengals||Carmen Rome|| -- ||Miami (OH)
|-
|align=center|193||Atlanta Falcons||Karl Farmer|| -- ||Pittsburgh
|-
|align=center|194||San Francisco 49ers||Jay Chesley|| -- ||Vanderbilt
|-
|align=center|195||Buffalo Bills||Jackie Williams|| -- ||Texas A&M
|-
|align=center|196||Kansas City Chiefs||Rod Wellington|| -- ||Iowa
|-
|align=center|197||Houston Oilers||Larry Harris|| -- ||Oklahoma State
|-
|align=center|198||Detroit Lions||Garth Ten Napel|| -- ||Texas A&M
|-
|align=center|199||New York Jets||James Richards|| -- ||Florida
|-
|align=center|200||Miami Dolphins||John Owens|| -- ||Tennessee State
|-
|align=center|201||New Orleans||Ed Bauer|| -- ||Notre Dame
|-
|align=center|202||New England||Perry Brooks|| -- ||Southern
|-
|align=center|203||St. Louis Cardinals||Phil Rogers|| -- ||Virginia Tech
|-
|align=center|204||Oakland Raiders||Clarence Chapman|| -- ||Eastern Michigan
|-
|align=center|205||Cincinnati Bengals||Ken Kuhn|| -- ||Ohio State
|-
|align=center|206||Minnesota Vikings||Larry Brune|| -- ||Rice
|-
|align=center|207||Los Angeles Rams||Larry Buie|| -- ||Mississippi State
|-
|align=center|208||Dallas Cowboys||David Williams|| -- ||Colorado
|-
|align=center|209||Pittsburgh Steeler||Barry Burton|| -- ||Vanderbilt
|}
===Round eight===
<!-- Please eliminate use of abbreviations for a more encyclopedic article -->
<!-- Please watch case on positions to avoid redirects -->
{|class="wikitable sortable sortable" style="width: 100%"
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC;" width=6%|Pick # !!width=40% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|NFL Team !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Player !!width=14% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Position !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|College
|-
|align=center|210||Seattle Seahawks||Larry Shipp|| -- ||Louisiana State
|-
|align=center|211||New York Jets||Joe Davis|| -- ||USC
|-
|align=center|212||San Diego Chargers||Tony DiRienzo|| -- ||Oklahoma
|-
|align=center|213||New Orleans||Craig Cassady|| -- ||Ohio State
|-
|align=center|214||New York Jets||[[Louie Giammona]]|| -- ||Utah State
|-
|align=center|215||Buffalo Bills||Scott Gardner|| -- ||Virginia
|-
|align=center|216||Philadelphia Eagles||Richard LaFargue|| -- ||Arkansas
|-
|align=center|217||Detroit Lions||Rich Sorenson|| -- ||Chico State
|-
|align=center|218||Green Bay||Jim Burrow|| -- ||Nebraska
|-
|align=center|219||Atlanta Falcons||Frank Reed|| -- ||Washington
|-
|align=center|220||Oakland Raiders||Jerome Dove|| -- ||Colorado State
|-
|align=center|221||New York Giants||John Jordan|| -- ||Indiana
|-
|align=center|222||Kansas City Chiefs||Orrin Olsen|| -- ||Brigham Young
|-
|align=center|223||San Francisco 49ers||[[John Ayers]]|| -- ||West Texas State
|-
|align=center|224||Denver Broncos||James Betterson|| -- ||North Carolina
|-
|align=center|225||Detroit Lions||Charles Braswell|| -- ||West Virginia
|-
|align=center|226||Buffalo Bills||Bobby Joe|| -- ||Easter Middle Tennessee State
|-
|align=center|227||Buffalo Bills||Art Meadowcroft|| -- ||Minnesota
|-
|align=center|228|| Baltimore Colts||Ricky Thompson|| -- ||Baylor
|-
|align=center|229||Houston Oilers||Bobby Simon|| -- ||Grambling
|-
|align=center|230||Miami Dolphins||Bob Simpson|| -- ||Colorado
|-
|align=center|231||Oakland Raiders||Terry Kunz|| -- ||Colorado
|-
|align=center|232||Cincinnati Bengals||Ron Hunt|| -- ||Oregon
|-
|align=center|233||St. Louis Cardinals||Randall Burks|| -- ||SE Oklahoma State
|-
|align=center|234||Washington Redskins||Bryan Fryer|| -- ||Alberta
|-
|align=center|235||New England||Stu Betts|| -- ||Northern Michigan
|-
|align=center|236||Dallas Cowboys||Henry Laws|| -- ||South Carolina
|-
|align=center|237||Pittsburgh Steelers||[[Ed McAleney]]|| -- ||Massachusetts
|}
 
===Round nine===
In Schrödinger's formulation, wave functions can change as time progresses. For example, a particle moving in empty space may be described by a wave function that is a [[wave packet]] centered around some mean [[position]]. As time progresses, the center of the wave packet changes, so that the particle becomes more likely to be located at a different position. On the other hand, some wave functions produce probability distributions that are constant in time. Many systems that are treated dynamically in classical mechanics are described by such "static" wave functions. For example, an [[electron]] in an unexcited [[atom]] is pictured classically as a particle circling the [[atomic nucleus]], whereas in quantum mechanics it is described by a static, [[spherical coordinate system|spherically symmetric]] probability cloud surrounding the nucleus.
<!-- Please eliminate use of abbreviations for a more encyclopedic article -->
<!-- Please watch case on positions to avoid redirects -->
{|class="wikitable sortable sortable" style="width: 100%"
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC;" width=6%|Pick # !!width=40% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|NFL Team !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Player !!width=14% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Position !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|College
|-
|align=center|238||Tampa Bay Buccaneers||Bruce Welch|| -- ||Texas A&M
|-
|align=center|239||Seattle Seahawks||Bob Bos|| -- ||Iowa State
|-
|align=center|240||New Orleans||Warren Peiffer|| -- ||Iowa
|-
|align=center|241||Buffalo Bills||Jeff Turner|| -- ||Kansas
|-
|align=center|242||Cleveland||James Reed|| -- ||Mississippi
|-
|align=center|243||New England||Doug Beaudoin|| -- ||Minnesota
|-
|align=center|244||New York Jets||Ronnie Moore|| -- ||Virginia Military Inst.
|-
|align=center|245||Green Bay||Jim Gueno|| -- ||[[Tulane University|Tulane]]
|-
|align=center|246||Atlanta Falcons||[[Phil McKinnely]]|| -- ||UCLA
|-
|align=center|247||Philadelphia Eagles||Mike Hogan|| -- ||Tennessee-Chattanooga
|-
|align=center|248||Philadelphia Eagles||Richad Osborne|| -- ||Texas A&M
|-
|align=center|249||Kansas City Chiefs||Tim Collier|| -- ||East Texas State
|-
|align=center|250||San Francisco 49ers||Ken Harrison|| -- ||Southern Methodist
|-
|align=center|251||San Diego Chargers||Glynn Harrison|| -- ||Georgia
|-
|align=center|252||Denver Broncos||Jim Czirr|| -- ||Michigan
|-
|align=center|253||Detroit Lions||Leanell Jones|| -- ||Long Beach State
|-
|align=center|254||Washington Redskins||Curtis Akins|| -- ||Hawaii
|-
|align=center|255||Buffalo Bills||Bob Kotzur|| -- ||Southwest Texas State
|-
|align=center|256||Houston Oilers||Art Stringer|| -- ||Ball State
|-
|align=center|257||Miami Dolphins||[[Norris Thomas]]|| -- ||Southern Mississippi
|-
|align=center|258|| Baltimore Colts||Stu Levenick|| -- ||Illinois
|-
|align=center|259||Cincinnati Bengals||Lonnie Allgood||Wide Receiver||Syracuse
|-
|align=center|260||Denver Broncos||Jim Lisko|| -- ||Arkansas State
|-
|align=center|261||Cleveland Browns||Craig Nagel|| -- ||Purdue
|-
|align=center|262||Minnesota Vikings||Isaac Hagins|| -- ||Southern
|-
|align=center|263||Los Angeles Rams||Jeb Church|| -- ||Stanford
|-
|align=center|264||Dallas Cowboys||[[Beasley Reece]]|| -- ||[[University of North Texas|North Texas State]]
|-
|align=center|265||Pittsburgh Steelers||Wentford Gaines|| -- ||Cincinnati
|}
 
===Round ten===
The act of measurement of an observable of the system will result in the modification of the system and its wave function. Immediately after a measurement is performed, the wavefunction becomes one of the wavefunctions compatible with the measurement, i.e. a wavefunction that gives 100% probability for the result obtained. This process is known as [[wavefunction collapse]]. (See [[relative state interpretation]] for an alternative to this. The conversion of a [[pure state]] into a [[mixed state]] only occurs when we take the [[partial trace]] and is due to [[quantum entanglement]] with the environment, and not the process of measurement per se.) The probability of collapsing into a given wave function depends on the type of measurement, and can be computed from the instantaneous wavefunction just before the collapse. Consider the above example of a particle moving in empty space. If we measure the particle's position, we will obtain a value ''x''. In general, it is impossible for us to predict with certainty the value of ''x'' which we will obtain, although it is probable that we will obtain one that is near the center of the wave packet, where the amplitude of the wave function is large. After the measurement has been performed, the wavefunction of the particle collapses into one that is sharply concentrated around the observed position ''x''. The measurement of the speed of the particle would result in a totally different wave function.
<!-- Please eliminate use of abbreviations for a more encyclopedic article -->
<!-- Please watch case on positions to avoid redirects -->
{|class="wikitable sortable sortable" style="width: 100%"
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC;" width=6%|Pick # !!width=40% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|NFL Team !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Player !!width=14% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Position !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|College
|-
|align=center|266||Seattle Seahawks||Randy Coffield|| -- ||Florida State
|-
|align=center|267||Tampa Bay Buccaneers||Sid Smith|| -- ||Brigham Young
|-
|align=center|268||San Diego Chargers||Jeff Perlinger|| -- ||Michigan
|-
|align=center|269||New Orleans Saints||Junior Hardin|| -- ||Eastern Kentucky
|-
|align=center|270||New England||Ricky Feacher|| -- ||Mississippi Valley State
|-
|align=center|271||Cleveland Browns||Doug Kleber|| -- ||Illinois
|-
|align=center|272||Washington Redskins||Paul Strohmeier|| -- ||Washington
|-
|align=center|273||Philadelphia Eagles||Herb Lusk|| -- ||Long Beach State
|-
|align=center|274||Green Bay Packers||Jessie Green|| -- ||Tulsa
|-
|align=center|275||San Francisco 49ers||Robin Ross|| -- ||Washington State
|-
|align=center|276||New York Giants||John Thomas|| -- ||Valley City (ND)
|-
|align=center|277||Kansas City Chiefs||Whitney Paul|| -- ||Colorado
|-
|align=center|278||Denver Broncos||Art Gilliam|| -- ||Grambling
|-
|align=center|279||Detroit Lions||Bill Bowerman|| -- ||New Mexico State
|-
|align=center|280||Buffalo Bills||Keith Moody|| -- ||Syracuse
|-
|align=center|281||Miami Dolphins||bgcolor="#FFCC00"|[[Gary Fencik]]|| -- ||[[Yale University|Yale]]
|-
|align=center|282||Miami Dolphins||Don Testerman|| -- ||Clemson
|-
|align=center|283|| Baltimore Colts||Tim Baylor|| -- ||[[Morgan State University|Morgan State]]
|-
|align=center|284||Houston Oilers||Steve Kincannon|| -- ||[[Humboldt State University|Humboldt State]]
|-
|align=center|285||St. Louis Cardinals||Randy Walker|| -- ||Bethune-Cookman
|-
|align=center|286||Oakland Raiders||Dwight Lewis|| -- ||Purdue
|-
|align=center|287||Cincinnati Bengals||Tom Klaban|| -- ||Ohio State
|-
|align=center|288||Los Angeles Rams||Freeman Johns|| -- ||Southern Methodist
|-
|align=center|289||Minnesota Vikings||Bill Salmon|| -- ||Northern Iowa
|-
|align=center|290||Dallas Cowboys||Leroy Cook|| -- ||Alabama
|-
|align=center|291||Pittsburgh Steelers||Gary Campbell|| -- ||Colorado
|}
 
===Round eleven===
The time evolution of wave functions is [[determinism|deterministic]] in the sense that, given a wavefunction at an initial time, it makes a definite prediction of what the wavefunction will be at any later time. During a measurement, the change of the wavefunction into another one is probabilistic, not deterministic. The probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics thus stems from the act of measurement.
<!-- Please eliminate use of abbreviations for a more encyclopedic article -->
<!-- Please watch case on positions to avoid redirects -->
{|class="wikitable sortable sortable" style="width: 100%"
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC;" width=6%|Pick # !!width=40% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|NFL Team !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Player !!width=14% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Position !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|College
|-
|align=center|292||Tampa Bay Buccaneers||Melvin Washington|| -- ||Colorado State
|-
|align=center|293||Seattle Seahawks||Keith Muehr|| -- ||Southwestern Louisiana
|-
|align=center|294||New Orleans Saints||Greg Kokal|| -- ||Kent State
|-
|align=center|295||San Diego Chargers||[[Raymond Preston|Ray Preston]]|| -- ||Syracuse
|-
|align=center|296||New York Jets||Lawrence Pillers|| -- ||[[Alcorn State University|Alcorn State]]
|-
|align=center|297||Cleveland Browns||Chuck Celek|| -- ||Kent State
|-
|align=center|298||New England Patriots||Donnie Thomas|| -- ||Indiana
|-
|align=center|299||Chicago Bears||Norman Andersen|| -- ||UCLA
|-
|align=center|300||Philadelphia Eagles||Mike Gilbert|| -- ||San Diego State
|-
|align=center|301||Green Bay Packers||Curtis Leak|| -- ||Johnson C. Smith
|-
|align=center|302||Atlanta Falcons||Chuck Brislin|| -- ||Mississippi State
|-
|align=center|303||New York Giants||Craig Brantley|| -- ||Clemson
|-
|align=center|304||Kansas City Chiefs||Bob Squires|| -- ||Hastings
|-
|align=center|305||San Francisco 49ers||Paul Hofer|| -- ||Mississippi
|-
|align=center|306||Denver Broncos||Greg Pittman|| -- ||Iowa State
|-
|align=center|307||Detroit Lions||Gary Shugrue|| -- ||[[Villanova University|Villanova]]
|-
|align=center|308||Washington Redskins||Dean Gissler|| -- ||Nebraska
|-
|align=center|309||Buffalo Bills||Forry Smith|| -- ||Iowa State
|-
|align=center|310|| Baltimore Colts||Rick Gibney|| -- ||Georgia Tech
|-
|align=center|311||Houston Oilers||Skip Walker|| -- ||Texas A&M
|-
|align=center|312||Miami Dolphins||Dexter Pride|| -- ||Minnesota
|-
|align=center|313||Oakland Raiders||Rich Jennings|| -- ||Maryland
|-
|align=center|314||Cincinnati Bengals||Melvin Morgan|| -- ||Mississippi Valley State
|-
|align=center|315||St. Louis Cardinals||Marty Akins|| -- ||Texas
|-
|align=center|316||Minnesota Vikings||Steve Kracher|| -- ||Montana State
|-
|align=center|317||Los Angeles Rams||Brian Nemeth|| -- ||South Carolina
|-
|align=center|318||Dallas Cowboys||Cornelius Greene|| -- ||Ohio State
|-
|align=center|319||Pittsburgh Steelers||Rolland Fuchs|| -- ||Arkansas
|}
 
===Round twelve===
=== Quantum mechanical effects ===
<!-- Please eliminate use of abbreviations for a more encyclopedic article -->
<!-- Please watch case on positions to avoid redirects -->
{|class="wikitable sortable sortable" style="width: 100%"
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC;" width=6%|Pick # !!width=40% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|NFL Team !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Player !!width=14% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Position !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|College
|-
|align=center|320||Seattle Seahawks||Ron Barnett|| -- ||Texas-Arlington
|-
|align=center|321||Tampa Bay Buccaneers ||George Ragsdale|| -- ||North Carolina A&T
|-
|align=center|322||San Diego Chargers||Ron Lee|| -- ||Oregon
|-
|align=center|323||New Orleans Saints||Milton Butts|| -- ||North Carolina Central
|-
|align=center|324||Houston Oilers||Larry Bell|| -- ||East Texas State
|-
|align=center|325||New England Patriots||Nathaniel Bell|| -- ||Tulane
|-
|align=center|326||New York Jets||Don Buckey|| -- ||[[North Carolina State University|North Carolina State]]
|-
|align=center|327||New York Jets||Dave Buckey|| -- ||North Carolina State
|-
|align=center|328||Green Bay Packers||[[Mel Jackson (American football)|Mel Jackson]]|| -- ||USC
|-
|align=center|329||Atlanta Falcons||Pat Bolton|| -- ||Montana State
|-
|align=center|330||Chicago Bears||John O'Leary|| -- ||Nebraska
|-
|align=center|331||Kansas City Chiefs||Harold Porter|| -- ||Southwestern Louisiana
|-
|align=center|332||San Francisco 49ers||Gerald Loper|| -- ||Florida
|-
|align=center|333||New York Giants||Jerry Golsteyn|| -- ||Northern Illinois
|-
|align=center|334||Denver Broncos||Randy Moore|| -- ||Arizona State
|-
|align=center|335||Detroit Lions||Mike McCabe|| -- ||South Carolina
|-
|align=center|336||Buffalo Bills||Joe Lowery|| -- ||Jackson State
|-
|align=center|337||Washington Redskins||Walter Tullis|| -- ||Delaware State
|-
|align=center|338||San Diego Chargers||Herman Harris|| -- ||Mississippi Valley State
|-
|align=center|339||Miami Dolphins||Randy Young|| -- ||Iowa State
|-
|align=center|340||Baltimore Colts||Frank Stavroff|| -- ||Indiana
|-
|align=center|341||Cincinnati Bengals||Joe Dale Harris|| -- ||Alabama
|-
|align=center|342||Miami Dolphins||Darryl Brandford|| -- ||Northwestern
|-
|align=center|343||Oakland Raiders||[[Cedric Brown]]|| -- ||Kent State
|-
|align=center|344||Los Angeles Rams||Jim Jodat|| -- ||Carthage
|-
|align=center|345||Minnesota Vikings||Robert Sparks|| -- ||San Francisco State
|-
|align=center|346||Dallas Cowboys||Charles McShane|| -- ||California-Lutheran
|-
|align=center|347||Pittsburgh Steelers||Bill Carroll|| -- ||East Texas State
|}
 
===Round thirteen===
As mentioned in the introduction, there are several classes of phenomena that appear under quantum mechanics which have no analogue in classical physics. These are sometimes referred to as "quantum effects".
<!-- Please eliminate use of abbreviations for a more encyclopedic article -->
<!-- Please watch case on positions to avoid redirects -->
{|class="wikitable sortable sortable" style="width: 100%"
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC;" width=6%|Pick # !!width=40% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|NFL Team !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Player !!width=14% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Position !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|College
|-
|align=center|348||Tampa Bay Buccaneers||[[Brad Jenkins]]|| -- ||Nebraska
|-
|align=center|349||Seattle Seahawks||[[Andy Reid]]|| -- ||Georgia
|-
|align=center|350||New Orleans Saints||[[Kenny Downing]]|| -- ||Missouri
|-
|align=center|351||San Diego Chargers||[[John Lee]]|| -- ||Nebraska
|-
|align=center|352||New England Patriots||[[James Jones]]|| -- ||Central Michigan
|-
|align=center|353||Philadelphia Eagles||[[Terry Tautolo]]|| -- ||UCLA
|-
|align=center|354||Cleveland Browns||[[Brian Murray]]|| -- ||Arizona
|-
|align=center|355||Green Bay Packers||[[Bradley Bowman]]|| -- ||Southern Mississippi
|-
|align=center|356||Atlanta Falcons||[[Mike Williams]]|| -- ||Florida
|-
|align=center|357||Chicago Bears||[[Dale Kasowski]]|| -- ||North Dakota
|-
|align=center|358||Philadelphia Eagles||[[Steve Ebbecke]]|| -- ||Villanova
|-
|align=center|359||San Francisco 49ers||[[Larry Brumfield]]|| -- ||Indiana State
|-
|align=center|360||New York Giants||[[Rick Caswell]]|| -- ||Western Kentucky
|-
|align=center|361||Kansas City Chiefs||[[Joe Bruner]]|| -- ||N.E. Louisiana
|-
|align=center|362||Denver Broncos||[[Donnie McGraw]]|| -- ||Houston
|-
|align=center|363||Detroit Lions||[[Mel Jacobs]]|| -- ||San Diego State
|-
|align=center|364||Washington Redskins||[[Waymon Britt]]|| -- ||Michigan
|-
|align=center|365||Buffalo Bills||[[Will Wilcox]]|| -- ||Texas
|-
|align=center|366||Miami Dolphins||[[Bernie Head]]|| -- ||Tulsa
|-
|align=center|367||Oakland Raiders||[[Craig Crnick]]|| -- ||Idaho
|-
|align=center|368||Houston Oilers||[[Dan O'Rourke]]|| -- ||Colorado State
|-
|align=center|369||St. Louis Cardinals||[[Greg Brewton]]|| -- ||Michigan State
|-
|align=center|370||Oakland Raiders||[[Mark Young]]|| -- ||Washington State
|-
|align=center|371||Cincinnati Bengals||[[Randy Walker]]|| -- ||Miami (OH)
|-
|align=center|372||Minnesota Vikings||[[Gary Paulson]]|| -- ||Colorado State
|-
|align=center|373||Los Angeles Rams||[[Steve Hamilton]]|| -- ||Emporia State
|-
|align=center|374||Dallas Cowboys||[[Mark Driscoll]]|| -- ||Colorado State
|-
|align=center|375||Pittsburgh Steelers||[[Larry Kain]]|| -- ||Ohio State
|}
 
===Round fourteen===
The first type of quantum effect is the [[quantization]] of certain physical quantities. We have seen that certain observables in quantum mechanics take on discrete rather than continuous values. Examples of quantized observables include [[angular momentum]], the total [[energy]] of a bound system, and the energy contained in an [[electromagnetic wave]] of a given frequency. It should be noted that not all observables are quantized; for example, the position of a particle is a continuous observable.
<!-- Please eliminate use of abbreviations for a more encyclopedic article -->
<!-- Please watch case on positions to avoid redirects -->
{|class="wikitable sortable sortable" style="width: 100%"
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC;" width=6%|Pick # !!width=40% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|NFL Team !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Player !!width=14% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Position !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|College
|-
|align=center|376||Seattle Seahawks||Jarvis Blinks|| -- ||Northwest Louisiana
|-
|align=center|377||Tampa Bay Buccaneers||Carl Roaches|| -- ||Texas A&M
|-
|align=center|378||San Diego Chargers||Ed Jones|| -- ||Cincinnati
|-
|align=center|379||New Orleans Saints||Rich Hucke|| -- ||Western Montana
|-
|align=center|380||New York Jets||Al Gluchoski|| -- ||West Virginia
|-
|align=center|381||Cleveland Browns||Joe Smalzer|| -- ||Illinois
|-
|align=center|382||New England Patriots||David Quehl|| -- ||Holy Cross
|-
|align=center|383||Atlanta Falcons||Mark Husfloen|| -- ||Washington State
|-
|align=center|384||Chicago Bears||Ron Cuie|| -- ||Oregon State
|-
|align=center|385||Philadelphia Eagles||Melvin Shy|| -- ||Tennessee State
|-
|align=center|386||Green Bay Packers||John Henson|| -- ||Cal Poly-San Luis Obispo
|-
|align=center|387||New York Giants||Jerry Mullane|| -- ||Lehigh
|-
|align=center|388||Kansas City Chiefs||Rick Thurman|| -- ||Texas
|-
|align=center|389||San Francisco 49ers||Johnny Miller|| -- ||[[Livingstone College]]
|-
|align=center|390||Denver Broncos||Larry Evans|| -- ||Mississippi College
|-
|align=center|391||Detroit Lions||Leonard Elston|| -- ||Kentucky State
|-
|align=center|392||Buffalo Bills||Tony Williams|| -- ||Middle Tennessee State
|-
|align=center|393||Washington Redskins||Quinn Buckner|| -- ||Indiana
|-
|align=center|394||Baltimore Colts||Jeremiah Cummings|| -- ||Albany State
|-
|align=center|395||Houston Oilers||John Reimer|| -- ||Wisconsin
|-
|align=center|396||Miami Dolphins||Bob Gissler|| -- ||South Dakota State
|-
|align=center|397||Oakland Raiders||Calvin Young|| -- ||Fresno State
|-
|align=center|398||Cincinnati Bengals||Greg Coleman|| -- ||Florida A&M
|-
|align=center|399||St. Louis Cardinals||Raymond Crosier|| -- ||[[Abilene Christian University|Abilene Christian]]
|-
|align=center|400||Los Angeles Rams||Al Burleson|| -- ||Washington
|-
|align=center|401||Minnesota Vikings||Jeff Stapleton|| -- ||Purdue
|-
|align=center|402||Dallas Cowboys||Larry Mushinskie|| -- ||Nebraska
|-
|align=center|403||Pittsburgh Steelers||Wayne Field|| -- ||Florida
|}
 
===Round fifteen===
Another quantum effect is the [[uncertainty principle]], which is the phenomenon that consecutive measurements of two or more observables may possess a fundamental limitation on accuracy. For example, the position and the momentum of a particle can never be simultaneously measured with arbitrary precision, even in principle: as the precision of the position measurement improves, the maximum precision of the momentum measurement decreases, and vice versa. Those variables for which it holds (e.g. momentum and position, or energy and time) are [[Hamiltonian mechanics|canonically conjugate variables]] in classical physics.
<!-- Please eliminate use of abbreviations for a more encyclopedic article -->
<!-- Please watch case on positions to avoid redirects -->
{|class="wikitable sortable sortable" style="width: 100%"
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC;" width=6%|Pick # !!width=40% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|NFL Team !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Player !!width=14% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Position !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|College
|-
|align=center|404||Tampa Bay Buccaneers||Bob Dzierzak|| -- ||Utah State
|-
|align=center|405||Seattle Seahawks||Dan Smith|| -- ||Washington State
|-
|align=center|406||New Orleans Saints||Steve Seminoff|| -- ||Wichita State
|-
|align=center|407||San Diego Chargers||Jack Hoffman|| -- ||Indiana
|-
|align=center|408||Cleveland Browns||Luther Philyaw|| -- ||Loyola (CA)
|-
|align=center|409||New England Patriots||Bernard Coleman|| -- ||Bethune-Cookman
|-
|align=center|410||New York Jets||Rick Faulk|| -- ||San Francisco State
|-
|align=center|411||Chicago Bears||Jerry Meyers|| -- ||Northern Illinois
|-
|align=center|412||Philadelphia Eagles||Brett White|| -- ||UCLA
|-
|align=center|413||Green Bay Packers||Jerry Dandridge|| -- ||[[University of Memphis|Memphis State]]
|-
|align=center|414||Atlanta Falcons||Ron Olson|| -- ||Washington
|-
|align=center|415||Kansas City Chiefs||Dave Rozumek|| -- ||New Hampshire
|-
|align=center|416||San Francisco 49ers||Howard Stidham|| -- ||Tennessee Tech
|-
|align=center|417||New York Giants||Eddie Morgan|| -- ||Arkansas State
|-
|align=center|418||Denver Broncos||Wilbur Summers|| -- ||Louisville
|-
|align=center|419||Detroit Lions||Trent Smock|| -- ||Indiana
|-
|align=center|420||St. Louis Cardinals||[[Lee Nelson (football player)|Lee Nelson]]|| -- ||Florida State
|-
|align=center|421||Buffalo Bills||Arnold Robinson|| -- ||Bethune-Cookman
|-
|align=center|422||Houston Oilers||Bobby Byars|| -- ||Cheyney (PA)
|-
|align=center|423||Miami Dolphins||Ron Holmes|| -- ||Utah State
|-
|align=center|424||Baltimore Colts||Gary Alexander|| -- ||Clemson
|-
|align=center|425||Cincinnati Bengals||Lynn Hieber|| -- ||Indiana (PA)
|-
|align=center|426||Washington Redskins||John Monroe|| -- ||Bluefield State
|-
|align=center|427||Oakland Raiders||Carl Hargrave|| -- ||Upper Iowa
|-
|align=center|428||Minnesota Vikings||Ron Groce|| -- ||Macalester
|-
|align=center|429||Los Angeles Rams||Malcolm Campbell|| -- ||Cal State-Los Angeles
|-
|align=center|430||Dallas Cowboys||Dale Curry|| -- ||UCLA
|-
|align=center|431||Pittsburgh Steelers||Mel Davis|| -- ||North Texas State
|}
 
===Round sixteen===
Another quantum effect is the [[wave-particle duality]]. It has been shown that, under certain experimental conditions, microscopic objects like [[atom]]s or [[electron]]s exhibit particle-like behavior, such as [[scattering]]. ("Particle-like" in the sense of an object that can be localized to a particular region of [[space]].) Under other conditions, the same type of objects exhibit [[wave|wave-like]] behavior, such as [[Wave interference|interference]]. We can observe only one type of property at a time.
<!-- Please eliminate use of abbreviations for a more encyclopedic article -->
<!-- Please watch case on positions to avoid redirects -->
{|class="wikitable sortable sortable" style="width: 100%"
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC;" width=6%|Pick # !!width=40% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|NFL Team !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Player !!width=14% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Position !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|College
|-
|align=center|432||Seattle Seahawks||Jeff Urczyk|| -- ||Georgia Tech
|-
|align=center|433||Tampa Bay Buccaneers||Tommy West|| -- ||Tennessee
|-
|align=center|434||San Diego Chargers||Jack Harrison|| -- ||California
|-
|align=center|435||New Orleans Saints||Gene Jones|| -- ||Bowling Green
|-
|align=center|436||New England Patriots||Clifford Brown|| -- ||Tuskegee
|-
|align=center|437||New York Jets||James Godwin|| -- ||Fayetteville
|-
|align=center|438||Cleveland Browns||Chris Lorenzen|| -- ||Arizona State
|-
|align=center|439||Philadelphia Eagles||Steve Campassi|| -- ||Kentucky
|-
|align=center|440||Green Bay Packers||Mike Timmermans|| -- ||Northern Iowa
|-
|align=center|441||Atlanta Falcons||Pat Curto|| -- ||Ohio State
|-
|align=center|442||Chicago Bears||Ronald Parker|| -- ||Texas Christian
|-
|align=center|443||San Francisco 49ers||Reggie Lewis|| -- ||San Diego State
|-
|align=center|444||New York Giants||David Lawson|| -- ||Air Force
|-
|align=center|445||Kansas City Chiefs||Dennis Anderson|| -- ||Arizona
|-
|align=center|446||Denver Broncos||John Huddleston|| -- ||Utah
|-
|align=center|447||Detroit Lions||Craig McCurdy|| -- ||William & Mary
|-
|align=center|448||Buffalo Bills||Gary Gorrell|| -- ||Boise State
|-
|align=center|449|| Baltimore Colts||Mike Fuhrman|| -- ||Memphis State
|-
|align=center|450||Miami Dolphins||Mike Green|| -- ||Ohio
|-
|align=center|451|| Baltimore Colts||Steve Ludwig|| -- ||Miami (FL)
|-
|align=center|452||Houston Oilers||Claude Johnson|| -- ||Florida A&M
|-
|align=center|453||St. Louis Cardinals||Cecil Beaird|| -- ||Fisk
|-
|align=center|454||Oakland Raiders||[[Doug Hogan]]|| -- ||USC
|-
|align=center|455||Cincinnati Bengals||George Demopoulis|| -- ||Miami (FL)
|-
|align=center|456||Los Angeles Rams||Rick Gage|| -- ||Arkansas Tech
|-
|align=center|457||Minnesota Vikings||Randy Hickel|| -- ||Montana State
|-
|align=center|458||Dallas Cowboys||Rick Costanzo|| -- ||Nebraska
|-
|align=center|459||Pittsburgh Steelers||Randy Butts|| -- ||Kearney State
|}
 
===Round seventeen===
Another quantum effect is [[quantum entanglement]]. In some cases, the wave function of a system composed of many particles cannot be separated into independent wave functions, one for each particle. In that case, the particles are said to be entangled. Entangled particles display remarkable and counter-intuitive properties. For example, a measurement made on a particle can produce, through the collapse of the total wavefunction, an instantaneous effect on the other particles with which it is entangled, even if they are far away.
<!-- Please eliminate use of abbreviations for a more encyclopedic article -->
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{|class="wikitable sortable sortable" style="width: 100%"
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC;" width=8%|Pick # !!width=40% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|NFL Team !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Player !!width=14% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Position !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|College
|-
|align=center|460||Tampa Bay Buccaneers||[[Jack Berry]]|| -- ||Washington & Lee
|-
|align=center|461||Seattle Seahawks||[[Chris Rowland]]|| -- ||Washington
|-
|align=center|462||New Orleans Saints||[[Scott MacDonald (athlete)|Scott MacDonald]]|| -- ||West Virginia
|-
|align=center|463||San Diego Chargers||[[Clarence Sanders]]|| -- ||Cincinnati
|-
|align=center|464||New York Jets||[[Darwin Willie]]|| -- ||Tulane
|-
|align=center|465||Cleveland Browns||[[Tom Fleming]]|| -- ||Dartmouth
|-
|align=center|466||New England Patriots||[[Todd Anderson]]|| -- ||Stanford
|-
|align=center|467||Green Bay Packers||Ray Hall|| -- ||Cal Poly-San Luis Obispo
|-
|align=center|468||Atlanta Falcons||Tony Green|| -- ||Texas Tech
|-
|align=center|469||Chicago Bears||[[Mike Malham]]|| -- ||Arkansas State
|-
|align=center|470||Philadelphia Eagles||[[Anthony Terry]]|| -- ||California-Davis
|-
|align=center|471||New York Giants||[[Steve Curnutte]]|| -- ||Vanderbilt
|-
|align=center|472||Kansas City Chiefs||[[Pat McNeil]]|| -- ||Baylor
|-
|align=center|473||San Francisco 49ers||[[Darryl Jenkins]]|| -- ||San Jose State
|-
|align=center|474||Denver Broncos||[[Randy Cozens]]|| -- ||Pittsburgh
|-
|align=center|475||Detroit Lions||[[Jim Meeks]]|| -- ||Boise State
|-
|align=center|476||Washington Redskins||[[Chuck Wills]]|| -- ||Oregon
|-
|align=center|477||Buffalo Bills||Bob Berg|| -- ||New Mexico
|-
|align=center|478||Oakland Raiders||Buddy Tate|| -- ||Tulsa
|-
|align=center|479||Houston Oilers||[[Allen Misher]]|| -- ||Louisiana State
|-
|align=center|480||Miami Dolphins||[[Jeff Grantz]]|| -- ||South Carolina
|-
|align=center|481||Oakland Raiders||[[Nate Beasley]]|| -- ||Delaware
|-
|align=center|482||Cincinnati Bengals||[[Scott Dannelley]]|| -- ||Ohio State
|-
|align=center|483||St. Louis Cardinals||[[Dan Myers]]|| -- ||Georgia Tech
|-
|align=center|484||Minnesota Vikings||[[Dick Lukowski]]|| -- ||West Virginia
|-
|align=center|485||Los Angeles Rams||Gary Shaw|| -- ||Brigham Young
|-
|align=center|486||Dallas Cowboys||[[Stan Woodfill]]|| -- ||Oregon
|-
|align=center|487||Pittsburgh Steelers||[[Kelvin Kirk]]|| -- ||Dayton
|}
{|
|-
|style="background-color:#FFCC00; border:1px solid #aaaaaa; width:2em;"|
|= Pro Bowler
|}
 
==[[Pro Football Hall of Fame|Hall of Famers]]==
== Applications ==
*Lee Roy Selmon, Defensive End, Oklahoma -- taken 1st round, 1st overall by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Inducted in 1995.
*Mike Haynes, Cornerback, Arizona State -- taken 1st round, 5th overall by the New England Patriots. Inducted in 1997.
*Jackie Slater, Ofensive Tackle, Jackson State -- taken 3rd round, 86th overall by the Los Angeles Rams. Inducted in 2001.
*Harry Carson, Linebacker, South Carolina State - taken 4th round, 105th overall by the New York Giants. Inducted in 2006.
*Steve Largent, Wide Receiver, Tulsa - taken 4th round, 117th overall by the Houston Oilers. Inducted in 1995.
 
{{NFL drafts}}
Much of modern [[technology]] operates at a scale where quantum effects are significant. Examples include the [[laser]], the [[transistor]], the [[electron microscope]], and [[Magnetic Resonance Imaging|magnetic resonance imaging]]. Most of the calculations performed in [[computational chemistry]] rely on quantum mechanics.
[[Category:National Football League Draft]]
[[Category:1976 in American football|NFL Draft]]
 
{{Americanfootball-draft-stub}}
Many of the phenomena studied in [[condensed matter physics]] are fully quantum mechanical, and cannot be satisfactorily modeled using classical physics. This includes the [[electron]]ic properties of [[solid]]s, such as [[superconductivity]] and [[semiconductor|semiconductivity]]. The study of semiconductors led to the invention of the [[diode]] and the [[transistor]], which are indispensable for modern [[electronics]].
 
Researchers are currently seeking robust methods of directly manipulating quantum states. Efforts are being made to develop [[quantum cryptography]], which will allow guaranteed secure transmission of [[information]]. A more distant goal is the development of [[quantum computer]]s, which are expected to perform certain computational tasks with much greater efficiency than classical [[computer]]s. Another active research topic is [[quantum teleportation]], which deals with techniques to transmit quantum states over arbitrary distances.
 
== Mathematical formulation ==
 
In the mathematically rigorous formulation of quantum mechanics, developed by [[Paul Dirac]] and [[John von Neumann]], the possible states of a quantum mechanical system are represented by unit vectors (called ''state vectors'') residing in a [[complex number|complex]] [[Separable space|separable]] [[Hilbert space]] (called the ''state space''.) The exact nature of the Hilbert space is dependent on the system; for example, the state space for position and momentum states is the space of [[square-integrable]] functions, while the state space for the spin of a single electron is just the product of two complex planes. The time evolution of a quantum state is described by the [[Schrödinger equation]], in which the [[Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics)|Hamiltonian]], the operator corresponding to the total energy of the system, generates the time evolution.
 
Each observable is represented by a densely-defined [[Hermitian]] linear operator acting on the state space. Each eigenstate of an observable corresponds to an [[eigenvector]] of the operator, and the associated [[eigenvalue]] corresponds to the value of the observable in that eigenstate. If the operator's spectrum is discrete, the observable can only attain those discrete eigenvalues. During a measurement, the probability that a system collapses to each eigenstate is given by the absolute square of the [[inner product]] between the eigenstate vector and the state vector just before the measurement. The possible results of a measurement are the eigenvalues of the operator - which explains the choice of ''Hermitian'' operators -- all their eigenvalues are real. We can therefore find the probability distribution of an observable in a given state by computing the [[spectral theorem|spectral decomposition]] of the corresponding operator. Heisenberg's [[uncertainty principle]] is represented by the statement that the operators corresponding to certain observables do not [[Commutator|commute]].
 
The details of the mathematical formulation are contained in the article [[Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics]]. A discussion of foundations of quantum mechanics is contained in the article on [[Quantum logic]].
 
==Interactions with other theories of physics==
 
The fundamental rules of quantum mechanics are very broad. They state that the state space of a system is a Hilbert space and the observables are Hermitian operators acting on that space, but do not tell us which Hilbert space or which operators. These must be chosen appropriately in order to obtain a quantitative description of a quantum system. An important guide for making these choices is the [[correspondence principle]], which states that the predictions of quantum mechanics reduce to those of classical (i.e. non-quantum) physics when a system becomes large, which is known as the ''classical'' or ''correspondence limit''. One may therefore start from an established classical model of a particular system, and attempt to guess the underlying quantum model that gives rise to the classical model in the correspondence limit.
 
When quantum mechanics was originally formulated, it was applied to models whose correspondence limit was [[theory of relativity|non-relativistic]] [[classical mechanics]]. For instance, the well-known model of the [[quantum harmonic oscillator]] uses an explicitly non-relativistic expression for the [[kinetic energy]] of the oscillator, and is thus a quantum version of the [[harmonic oscillator|classical harmonic oscillator]].
 
Early attempts to merge quantum mechanics with [[special relativity]] involved the replacement of the Schrödinger equation with a covariant equation such as the [[Klein-Gordon equation]] or the [[Dirac equation]]. While these theories were successful in explaining many experimental results, they had certain unsatisfactory qualities stemming from their neglect of the relativistic creation and annihilation of particles. A fully relativistic quantum theory required the development of [[quantum field theory]], which applies quantization to a field rather than a fixed set of particles. The first complete quantum field theory, [[quantum electrodynamics]], provides a fully quantum description of the [[electromagnetism|electromagnetic interaction]].
 
The full apparatus of quantum field theory is often unnecessary for describing electrodynamic systems. A simpler approach, one employed since the inception of quantum mechanics, is to treat [[electric charge|charged]] particles as quantum mechanical objects being acted on by a classical electromagnetic field. For example, the elementary quantum model of the [[hydrogen atom]] describes the electric field of the hydrogen atom using a classical ''1/r'' Coulomb potential. This "semi-classical" approach fails if quantum fluctuations in the electromagnetic field play an important role, such as in the emission of [[photon]]s by charged particles.
 
Quantum field theories for the [[strong nuclear force]] and the [[weak nuclear force]] have been developed. The quantum field theory of the strong nuclear force is called [[quantum chromodynamics]], and describes the interactions of the subnuclear particles: [[quark]]s and [[gluon]]s. The [[weak nuclear force]] and the electromagnetic force were unified, in their quantized forms, into a single quantum field theory known as [[electroweak force|electroweak theory]].
 
It has proven difficult to construct quantum models of [[gravity]], the remaining [[fundamental force]]. Semi-classical approximations are workable, and have led to predictions such as [[Hawking radiation]]. However, the formulation of a complete theory of [[quantum gravity]] is hindered by apparent incompatibilities between [[general relativity]], the most accurate theory of gravity currently known, and some of the fundamental assumptions of quantum theory. The resolution of these incompatibilities is an area of active research, and theories such as [[string theory]] are among the possible candidates for a future theory of quantum gravity.
 
Semi-classical approximations are techniques that make it possible to formulate a quantum problem with some physical quantities replaced by their classical analogues, in an effort to reduce the complexity of the model. Even within non-relativistic quantum mechanics, a fully microscopic treatment generally requires large-scale numerical computations. Analytic quantum solutions that describe the system behavior in terms of known mathematical functions are available only for a small class of systems, of which the [[harmonic oscillator]] and the [[hydrogen]] atom are the most important representatives.
 
Even the [[helium]] atom, containing just one more electron than hydrogen, defies all attempts at a fully analytic treatment in quantum mechanics.
In such a situation, approximate semi-classical results can provide valuable insights. The necessary methods rely on a detailed understanding of the corresponding classical mechanics, allowing in particular for the existence of chaos. The study of these approximations belongs to the field of [[quantum chaos]].
 
== Philosophical consequences ==
 
Since its inception, the many counter-intuitive results of quantum mechanics have provoked strong [[philosophy|philosophical]] debate and many interpretations. See [[interpretation of quantum mechanics]] for more detail.
 
The [[Copenhagen interpretation]], due largely to [[Niels Bohr]], was the standard interpretation of quantum mechanics when it was first formulated. According to it, the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics predictions cannot be explained in terms of some other deterministic theory, and do not simply reflect our limited knowledge. Quantum mechanics provides probabilistic results because the physical universe is itself probabilistic rather than deterministic.
 
[[Albert Einstein]], himself one of the founders of quantum theory, disliked this loss of determinism in measurement. He held that quantum mechanics must be incomplete, and produced a series of objections to the theory. The most famous of these was the [[EPR paradox]]. [[John Stewart Bell]] showed that the EPR paradox led to experimentally testable differences between quantum mechanics and local hidden variable theories. Experiments have been taken as confirming that quantum mechanics is correct and the real world cannot be described in terms of such hidden variables. "[[Bell test loopholes|Loopholes]]" in the experiments, however, mean the question is still not quite settled.
 
The [[Everett many-worlds interpretation|many worlds interpretation]], formulated in [[1956]], holds that all the possibilities described by quantum theory simultaneously occur in a "[[multiverse]]" composed of mostly independent parallel universes. While the multiverse is deterministic, we perceive non-deterministic behavior governed by probabilities because we can observe only the universe we inhabit.
 
The [[Bohm interpretation]] postulates the existence of a non-local, universal wavefunction (Schrödinger equation) which allows distant particles to interact instantaneously. It is not popular among physicists largely because it is considered very inelegant.
 
== History ==
 
In [[1900]], [[Max Planck]] introduced the idea that energy is quantized, in order to derive a formula for the observed frequency dependence of the energy emitted by a [[black body]]. In [[1905]], [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]] explained the [[photoelectric effect]] by postulating that light energy comes in quanta called [[photon]]s. In [[1913]], [[Niels Bohr|Bohr]] explained the [[spectral line]]s of the [[hydrogen atom]], again by using quantization. In [[1924]], [[Louis-Victor de Broglie|Louis de Broglie]] put forward his theory of matter waves.
 
These theories, though successful, were strictly [[phenomenology|phenomenological]]: there was no rigorous justification for quantization. They are collectively known as the ''old quantum theory''.
 
The phrase "quantum physics" was first used in Johnston's ''Planck's Universe in Light of Modern Physics''.
 
Modern quantum mechanics was born in 1925, when [[Werner Heisenberg|Heisenberg]] developed [[matrix mechanics]] and [[Erwin Schrödinger|Schrödinger]] invented [[wave mechanics]] and the Schrödinger equation. Schrödinger subsequently showed that the two approaches were equivalent.
 
Heisenberg formulated his uncertainty principle in [[1927]], and the Copenhagen interpretation took shape at about the same time. In [[1927]], [[Paul Dirac]] unified quantum mechanics with [[special relativity]]. He also pioneered the use of operator theory, including the influential [[bra-ket notation]]. In 1932, [[John von Neumann]] formulated the rigorous mathematical basis for quantum mechanics as operator theory.
 
The field of [[quantum chemistry]] was pioneered by [[Walter Heitler]] and [[Fritz London]], who published a study of the [[covalent bond]] of the [[hydrogen molecule]] in [[1927]]. Quantum chemistry was subsequently developed by a large number of workers, including the American chemist [[Linus Pauling]].
 
In the [[1940s]], quantum electrodynamics was developed by [[Richard Feynman|Feynman]], [[Freeman Dyson|Dyson]], [[Julian Schwinger|Schwinger]], and [[Sin-Itiro Tomonaga|Tomonaga]]. It served as a role model for subsequent quantum field theories. See: Feynman's [[path integral formulation]] of Quantum mechanics.
 
The many worlds interpretation was formulated by [[Hugh Everett|Everett]] in [[1956]].
 
[[Quantum chromodynamics]] began in the early [[1960s]]. The theory as we know it today was formulated by Polizter, Gross and Wilzcek in [[1975]]. Building on pioneering work by [[Julian Schwinger|Schwinger]], [[Peter Higgs|Higgs]], Goldstone and others, [[Sheldon Lee Glashow|Glashow]], [[Steven Weinberg|Weinberg]] and [[Abdus Salam|Salam]] independently showed how the weak nuclear force and quantum electrodynamics could be merged into a single electroweak force.
 
Recently, there has been much interest in [[quantum information]].
 
== References ==
 
* George W Mackey, "The mathematical foundations of quantum mechanics", New York, W. A. Benjamin, 1963
 
== See also ==
*[http://www.mtnmath.com/faq/meas-qm.html Quantum mechanics]
*[http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/HistTopics/The_Quantum_age_begins.html A history of quantum mechanics]
*[http://www.physicstoday.org/pt/vol-54/iss-2/p11.html David Mermin on the future directions of physics]
*[http://www.decoherence.de - new developments in the understanding of the quantum-classical relation]
*{{quotes}}
 
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[[Category:Quantum mechanics]]
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