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Franciscans and 1976 NFL draft: Difference between pages

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The '''[[1976 NFL season|1976]] [[National Football League]] [[NFL Draft|Draft]]''' annual player selection meeting results.
'''Franciscans''' is the common name used to designate a variety of mendicant religious [[Order (religious)|orders]] of men or women tracing their origin to [[Francis of Assisi]] and following the Rule of St. Francis. The official Latin name is the '''''Ordo Fratrum Minorum''''' (Order of the "Lesser Brothers," or "Order of the Little Brothers"). A member of the order is nicknamed a '''greyfriar'''. Among the most important Franciscans are its founder, Francis, as well as [[Anthony of Padua]], [[Bonaventure]], [[John Duns Scotus]], [[Roger Bacon]], [[Alexander of Hales]], [[William of Ockham]], and [[Giovanni da Pian del Carpini]].
{{Expand|date=March 2007}}
==Player selections==
{|
|-
|style="background-color:#FFCC00; border:1px solid #aaaaaa; width:2em;"|
|= [[Pro Bowl]]er
|}
===Round one===
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{|class="wikitable sortable sortable" style="width: 100%"
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC;" width=6%|Pick # !!width=40% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|NFL Team !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Player !!width=14% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Position !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|College
|-
|align=center|1||[[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]]||bgcolor="#FFCC00"|[[Lee Roy Selmon]]||[[Linebacker]]||[[University of Oklahoma|Oklahoma]]
|-
|align=center|2||[[Seattle Seahawks]]||[[Steve Niehaus]]||[[Defensive tackle|Defensive Tackle]]||[[University of Notre Dame|Notre Dame]]
|-
|align=center|3||[[New Orleans Saints]]||bgcolor="#FFCC00"|[[Chuck Muncie]]||[[Running back|Running Back]]||[[University of California|California]]
|-
|align=center|4||[[San Diego Chargers]]||bgcolor="#FFCC00"|[[Joe Washington]]||Running Back||Oklahoma
|-
|align=center|5||[[New England Patriots]]||bgcolor="#FFCC00"|[[Mike Haynes (football)|Mike Haynes]]||[[Cornerback]]||Arizona State
|-
|align=center|6||[[New York Jets]]||[[Richard Todd (football player)|Richard Todd]]||[[Quarterback]]||Alabama
|-
|align=center|7||[[Cleveland Browns]]||bgcolor="#FFCC00"|[[Mike Pruitt]]||Running Back||[[Purdue University|Purdue]]
|-
|align=center|8||[[Chicago Bears]]||[[Dennis Lick]]||[[Offensive tackle|Offensive Tackle]]||[[University of Wisconsin-Madison|Wisconsin]]
|-Running Back
|align=center|9||[[Atlanta Falcons]]||[[Bubba Bean]]||Running Back||[[Texas A&M University|Texas A&M]]
|-
|align=center|10||[[Detroit Lions]]||[[James Hunter (NFL)|James Hunter]]||[[Defensive back|Defensive Back]]||[[Grambling State University|Grambling]]
|-
|align=center|11||[[Cincinnati Bengals]]||[[Billy Brooks]]||[[Wide receiver|Wide Receiver]]||Oklahoma
|-
|align=center|12||New England Patriots||[[Pete Brock (American football)|Pete Brock]]||[[Center (American football)|Center]]||Colorado
|-
|align=center|13||[[New York Giants]]||[[Troy Archer]]||[[Defensive end|Defensive End]]||Colorado
|-
|align=center|14||[[Kansas City Chiefs]]||[[Wayne Walters]]||[[guard (American football)|Guard]]||[[Iowa State University|Iowa]]
|-
|align=center|15||[[Denver Broncos]]||[[Tom Glassic]]||Guard||Virginia
|-
|align=center|16||Detroit Lions||[[Lawrence Gaines]]||Running Back||[[University of Wyoming|Wyoming]]
|-
|align=center|17||[[Miami Dolphins]]||[[Larry Gordon]]||Linebacker||[[Arizona State University|Arizona State]]
|-
|align=center|18||[[Buffalo Bills]]||[[Mario Clark]]||Defensive Back||Oregon
|-
|align=center|19||Miami Dolphins||bgcolor="#FFCC00"|[[Kim Bokamper]]||Linebacker||[[San José State University|San José State]]
|-
|align=center|20||[[Indianapolis Colts|Baltimore Colts]]||[[Ken Novak]]||Defensive Tackle||Purdue
|-
|align=center|21||New England Patriots||bgcolor="#FFCC00"|[[Tim Fox]]||[[Safety (football position)|Safety]]||[[Ohio State University|Ohio State]]
|-
|align=center|22||[[Arizona Cardinals|St. Louis Cardinals]]||[[Mike Dawson]]||Defensive Tackle||Arizona
|-
|align=center|23||[[Green Bay Packers]]||[[Mark Koncar]]||Offensive Tackle||Colorado
|-
|align=center|24||Cincinnati Bengals||[[Archie Griffin]]||Running Back||Ohio State
|-
|align=center|25||[[Minnesota Vikings]]||[[James White (football player)|James White]]||Defensive Tackle||[[Oklahoma State University System|Oklahoma State]]
|-
|align=center|26||[[St. Louis Rams|Los Angeles Rams]]||[[Kevin McLain]]||Linebacker||[[Colorado State University|Colorado State]]
|-
|align=center|27||[[Dallas Cowboys]]||[[Aaron Kyle]]||Defensive Back||Wyoming
|-
|align=center|28||[[Pittsburgh Steelers]]||[[Bennie Cunningham]]||[[Tight end|Tight End]]||[[Clemson University|Clemson]]
|}
 
===Round two===
== The Beginning of the Brotherhood ==
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{|class="wikitable sortable sortable" style="width: 100%"
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC;" width=6%|Pick # !!width=40% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|NFL Team !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Player !!width=14% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Position !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|College
|-
|align=center|29||Seattle Seahawks||Sammy Green|| -- ||[[University of Florida|Florida]]
|-
|align=center|30||Tampa Bay Buccaneers||Jimmy Dubose|| -- ||Florida
|-
|align=center|31||San Diego Chargers||[[Don Macek]]|| -- ||Boston College
|-
|align=center|32||New Orleans Saints||[[Tony Galbreath]]|| -- ||Missouri
|-
|align=center|33||New York Jets||Shafer Suggs|| -- ||Ball State
|-
|align=center|34||[[Oakland Raiders]]||Charles Philyaw|| -- ||Texas Southern
|-
|align=center|35||New England Patriots||Ike Forte|| -- ||Arkansas
|-
|align=center|36||Atlanta Falcons||Sonny Collins|| -- ||Kentucky
|-
|align=center|37||Pittsburgh Steelers||[[Ray Pinney]]|| -- ||Washington
|-
|align=center|38||Cincinnati Bengals||Glenn Bujnoch|| -- ||Texas A&M
|-
|align=center|39||Los Angeles Rams||bgcolor="#FFCC00"|[[Pat Thomas]]|| -- ||Texas A&M
|-
|align=center|40||Dallas Cowboys||Jim Jensen|| -- ||Iowa
|-
|align=center|41||Kansas City Chiefs||Cliff Frazier|| -- ||UCLA
|-
|align=center|42||[[San Francisco 49ers]]||bgcolor="#FFCC00"|[[Randy Cross]]|| -- ||UCLA
|-
|align=center|43||Denver Broncos||Kurt Knoff|| -- ||Kansas
|-
|align=center|44||Detroit Lions||Ken Long|| -- ||Purdue
|-
|align=center|45||Buffalo Bills||[[Ken Jones (American football)|Ken Jones]]|| -- ||Arkansas State
|-
|align=center|46||Detroit Lions||bgcolor="#FFCC00"|[[David Hill (tight end)|David Hill]]|| -- ||[[Texas A&M University|Texas A&I]]
|-
|align=center|47||Pittsburgh Steelers||[[Mike Kruczek]]|| -- ||Boston College
|-
|align=center|48||[[Tennessee Titans|Houston Oilers]]||[[Mike Barber]]|| -- ||Louisiana Tech
|-
|align=center|49||Miami Dolphins||Loaird McCreary|| -- ||Tennessee State
|-
|align=center|50||Oakland Raiders||Jeb Blount|| -- ||Tulsa
|-
|align=center|51||Cincinnati Bengals||[[Chris Bahr]]|| -- ||Penn State
|-
|align=center|52||Buffalo Bills||[[Joe Devlin (football player)|Joe Devlin]]|| -- ||Iowa
|-
|align=center|53||Los Angeles Rams||Ron McCartney|| -- ||[[University of Tennessee|Tennessee]]
|-
|align=center|54||Minnesota Vikings||bgcolor="#FFCC00"|[[Sammy White (American football)|Sammy White]]|| -- ||Grambling
|-
|align=center|55||Dallas Cowboys||Jim Eidson|| -- ||Mississippi State
|-
|align=center|56||Pittsburgh Steelers||James Files|| -- ||McNeese State
|-
|align=center|57||San Francisco 49ers||Eddie Lewis|| -- ||Kansas
|-
|align=center|58||Seattle Seahawks||[[Sherman Smith]]|| -- ||Miami (OH)
|-
|align=center|59||Seattle Seahawks||[[Steve Raible]]|| -- ||Georgia Tech
|-
|align=center|60||Tampa Bay Buccaneers||[[Dewey Selmon]]|| -- ||Oklahoma
|}
 
===Round three===
A sermon which Francis heard in [[1209]] on Matt. x. 9 made such an impression on him that he decided to devote himself wholly to a life of apostolic poverty. Clad in a rough garment, barefoot, and, after the Evangelical precept, without staff or scrip, he began to preach repentance.
<!-- Please eliminate use of abbreviations for a more encyclopedic article -->
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{|class="wikitable sortable sortable" style="width: 100%"
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC;" width=6%|Pick # !!width=40% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|NFL Team !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Player !!width=14% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Position !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|College
|-
|align=center|61||Tampa Bay Buccaneers||Steve Young|| -- ||Colorado
|-
|align=center|62||Seattle Seahawks||Jeff Lloyd|| -- ||West Texas State
|-
|align=center|63||Kansas City Chiefs||Keith Simons|| -- ||Minnesota
|-
|align=center|64||San Diego Chargers||Larry Dorsey|| -- ||Tennessee State
|-
|align=center|65||Cleveland Browns||[[Dave Logan (American football)|Dave Logan]]|| -- ||Colorado
|-
|align=center|66||Chicago Bears||[[Brian Baschnagel]]|| -- ||Ohio State
|-
|align=center|67||New York Jets||[[Greg Buttle]]|| -- ||Penn State
|-
|align=center|68||Detroit Lions||Russ Bolinger|| -- ||Long Beach State
|-
|align=center|69||Cincinnati Bengals||[[Danny Reece]]|| -- ||USC
|-
|align=center|70||Pittsburgh Steelers||Ron Coder|| -- ||Penn State
|-
|align=center|71||Atlanta Falcons||Dave Scott|| -- ||Kansas
|-
|align=center|72||Green Bay Packers||[[Mike McCoy (defensive back)|Mike McCoy]]|| -- ||Colorado
|-
|align=center|73||Dallas Cowboys||Duke Ferguson|| -- ||San Diego State
|-
|align=center|74||Kansas City Chiefs||bgcolor="#FFCC00"|[[Gary Barbaro]]|| -- ||[[Nicholls State University|Nicholls State]]
|-
|align=center|75||Dallas Cowboys||John Smith|| -- ||Boise State
|-
|align=center|76||Detroit Lions||John Woodcock|| -- ||Hawaii
|-
|align=center|77||New Orleans Saints||Bob Simmons|| -- ||Texas
|-
|align=center|78||Buffalo Bills||bgcolor="#FFCC00"|[[Ben Williams (football player)|Ben Williams]]|| -- ||Mississippi
|-
|align=center|79||Kansas City Chiefs||[[Henry Marshall]]|| -- ||Missouri
|-
|align=center|80||Miami Dolphins||[[Duriel Harris]]|| -- ||[[New Mexico State University|New Mexico State]]
|-
|align=center|81||Baltimore Colts||Ed Simonini|| -- ||Texas A&M
|-
|align=center|82||Cincinnati Bengals||[[Reggie Williams (linebacker)|Reggie Williams]]|| -- ||Dartmouth
|-
|align=center|83||St. Louis Cardinals||[[Brad Oates]]|| -- ||[[Brigham Young University|Brigham Young]]
|-
|align=center|84||Oakland Raiders||Rik Bonness|| -- ||Nebraska
|-
|align=center|85||Minnesota Vikings||[[Wes Hamilton]]|| -- ||Tulsa
|-
|align=center|86||Los Angeles Rams||bgcolor="#FFCC00"|[[Jackie Slater]]|| -- ||Jackson State
|-
|align=center|87||Dallas Cowboys||[[Butch Johnson]]|| -- ||California-Riverside
|-
|align=center|88||Pittsburgh Steelers||Ernest Pough|| -- ||Texas Southern
|-
|align=center|89||Seattle Seahawks||Rick Engles|| -- ||Tulsa
|-
|align=center|90||Baltimore Colts||Ron Lee|| -- ||West Virginia
|-
|align=center|91||Tampa Bay Buccaneers||Steve Maughan|| -- ||Utah State
|-
|align=center|92||Seattle Seahawks||Don Bitterlich|| -- ||Temple
|}
 
===Round four===
He was soon joined by a prominent fellow townsman, Bernardo di Quintavalle, who contributed all that he had to the work, and by other companions, who are said to have reached the number of eleven within a year. The brothers lived in the deserted lazar-house of Rivo Torto near [[Assisi]]; but they spent much of their time traveling through the mountainous districts of [[Umbria]], always cheerful and full of songs, yet making a deep impression on their hearers by their earnest exhortations. Their life was extremely ascetic, though such practises were apparently not prescribed by the first rule which Francis gave them (probably as early as [[1209]]), which seems to have been nothing more than a collection of Scriptural passages emphasizing the duty of poverty.
<!-- Please eliminate use of abbreviations for a more encyclopedic article -->
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{|class="wikitable sortable sortable" style="width: 100%"
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC;" width=6%|Pick # !!width=40% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|NFL Team !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Player !!width=14% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Position !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|College
|-
|align=center|93||Seattle Seahawks||Steve Myer|| -- ||New Mexico
|-
|align=center|94||Los Angeles Rams||Gerald Taylor|| -- ||Texas A&I
|-
|align=center|95||San Diego Chargers||Bob Horn|| -- ||Oregon State
|-
|align=center|96||New Orleans Saints||Tinker Owens|| -- ||Oklahoma
|-
|align=center|97||Cleveland Browns||Gene Swick|| -- ||Toledo
|-
|align=center|98||Miami Dolphins||Melvin Mitchell|| -- ||Tennessee State
|-
|align=center|99||Cleveland Browns||Richard St. Clair|| -- ||Grambling
|-
|align=center|100||San Francisco 49ers||Steve Rivera|| -- ||California
|-
|align=center|101||Green Bay Packers||Tom Perko|| -- ||Pittsburgh
|-
|align=center|102||Atlanta Falcons||Walt Brett|| -- ||Montana
|-
|align=center|103||Chicago Bears||[[John Sciarra|John M. Sciarra]]|| -- ||UCLA
|-
|align=center|104||New York Giants||Gordon Bell|| -- ||Michigan
|-
|align=center|105||New York Giants||bgcolor="#FFCC00"|[[Harry Carson]]|| -- ||South Carolina State
|-
|align=center|106||Cincinnati Bengals||Tony Davis|| -- ||Nebraska
|-
|align=center|107||Denver Broncos||Craig Penrose|| -- ||San Diego State
|-
|align=center|108||Chicago Bears||Wayne Rhodes|| -- ||Alabama
|-
|align=center|109||Buffalo Bills||Dan Jilek|| -- ||Michigan
|-
|align=center|110||Oakland Raiders||Herb McMath|| -- ||Morningside
|-
|align=center|111||[[Philadelphia Eagles]]||Mike Smith|| -- ||Florida
|-
|align=center|112||Pittsburgh Steelers||Wonder Monds|| -- ||Nebraska
|-
|align=center|113||San Diego Chargers||Ron Singleton|| -- ||Grambling
|-
|align=center|114||St. Louis Cardinals||bgcolor="#FFCC00"|[[Pat Tilley]]|| -- ||Louisiana Tech
|-
|align=center|115||San Diego Chargers||Artie Owens|| -- ||West Virginia
|-
|align=center|116||Cincinnati Bengals||Greg Fairchild|| -- ||Tulsa
|-
|align=center|117||Houston Oilers||bgcolor="#FFCC00"|[[Steve Largent]]|| -- ||Tulsa
|-
|align=center|118||Minnesota Vikings||Leonard Willis|| -- ||Ohio State
|-
|align=center|119||Dallas Cowboys||[[Tom Rafferty]]|| -- ||Penn State
|-
|align=center|120||Pittsburgh Steelers||[[Theo Bell]]|| -- ||Arizona
|-
|align=center|121||Tampa Bay Buccaneers||Richard Appleby|| -- ||Georgia
|-
|align=center|122||Seattle Seahawks||Randy Johnson|| -- ||Georgia
|-
|align=center|123||Seattle Seahawks||Andrew Bolton|| -- ||[[Fisk University|Fisk]]
|-
|align=center|124||Tampa Bay Buccaneers||Everett Little|| -- ||Houston
|}
 
===Round five===
In spite of the obvious similarity between this principle and the fundamental ideas of the followers of [[Peter Waldo]], the brotherhood of Assisi succeeded in gaining the approval of [[Pope Innocent III]]. What seems to have impressed first the Bishop of Assisi, Guido, then Cardinal John of St. Paul and finally Innocent himself, was their utter loyalty to the Church and her clergy. Innocent probably saw in them a possible answer to his desire for an orthodox preaching force to counter heresy. Many legends have clustered around the decisive audience of Francis with the pope. The realistic account in [[Matthew Paris]], according to which the pope originally sent the shabby saint off to keep swine, and only recognized his real worth by his ready obedience, has, in spite of its improbability, a certain historical interest, since it shows the natural antipathy of the older Benedictine monasticism to the plebeian mendicant orders.
<!-- Please eliminate use of abbreviations for a more encyclopedic article -->
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{|class="wikitable sortable sortable" style="width: 100%"
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC;" width=6%|Pick # !!width=40% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|NFL Team !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Player !!width=14% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Position !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|College
|-
|align=center|125||Tampa Bay Buccaneers||Michael Kelson|| -- ||West Texas State
|-
|align=center|126||Seattle Seahawks||Don Dufek|| -- ||Michigan
|-
|align=center|127||New Orleans Saints||Scott Parrish|| -- ||Utah State
|-
|align=center|128||Los Angeles Rams||bgcolor="#FFCC00"|[[Carl Ekern]]|| -- ||San Jose State
|-
|align=center|129||New York Jets||Steve King|| -- ||Michigan
|-
|align=center|130||Cleveland Browns||Henry Sheppard|| -- ||Southern Methodist
|-
|align=center|131||San Diego Chargers||[[Woodrow Lowe]]|| -- ||Alabama
|-
|align=center|132||Green Bay Packers||Aundra Thompson|| -- ||East Texas State
|-
|align=center|133||Minnesota Vikings||Steve Wagner|| -- ||Wisconsin
|-
|align=center|134|| Baltimore Colts||[[Sanders Shiver]]|| -- ||Carson-Newman
|-
|align=center|135||Philadelphia Eagles||Greg Johnson|| -- ||Florida State
|-
|align=center|136||New York Giants||Melvin Wilson|| -- ||Cal State-Northridge
|-
|align=center|137||Kansas City Chiefs||Willie Lee|| -- ||[[Bethune-Cookman University|Bethune-Cookman]]
|-
|align=center|138||Cincinnati Bengals||Willie Shelby|| -- ||Alabama
|-
|align=center|139||Denver Broncos||Lonnie Perrin|| -- ||Illinois
|-
|align=center|140||San Francisco 49ers||Tony Leonard|| -- ||Virginia Union
|-
|align=center|141||St. Louis Cardinals||[[Wayne Morris (football player)|Wayne Morris]]|| -- ||Southern Methodist
|-
|align=center|142||Buffalo Bills||Fred Coleman|| -- ||N.E. Louisiana
|-
|align=center|143|| Baltimore Colts||Mike Kirkland|| -- ||Arkansas
|-
|align=center|144||Kansas City Chiefs||Jimbo Elrod|| -- ||Oklahoma
|-
|align=center|145||Detroit Lions||Steadman Scavella|| -- ||Miami (FL)
|-
|align=center|146||Oakland Raiders||[[Fred Steinfort]]|| -- ||Boston College
|-
|align=center|147||Cincinnati Bengals||Scott Perry|| -- ||Williams
|-
|align=center|148||Washington Redskins||Mike Hughes|| -- ||[[Baylor University|Baylor]]
|-
|align=center|149||Minnesota Vikings||Keith Barnette|| -- ||Boston College
|-
|align=center|150||Los Angeles Rams||Ken Bordelon|| -- ||Louisiana State
|-
|align=center|151||Dallas Cowboys||Wally Pesuit|| -- ||Kentucky
|-
|align=center|152||Pittsburgh Steelers||Rodney Norton|| -- ||[[Rice University|Rice]]
|-
|align=center|153||Seattle Seahawks||Ernie Jones|| -- ||Miami (FL)
|-
|align=center|154||Tampa Bay Buccaneers||[[Steve Wilson (offensive lineman)|Steve Wilson]]|| -- ||Georgia
|-
|align=center|155||Los Angeles Rams||Dwight Scales|| -- ||Grambling
|-
|align=center|156||Seattle Seahawks||Larry Bates|| -- ||Miami (FL)
|}
 
===Round six===
== Work and Extension of the Brotherhood ==
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{|class="wikitable sortable sortable" style="width: 100%"
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC;" width=6%|Pick # !!width=40% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|NFL Team !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Player !!width=14% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Position !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|College
|-
|align=center|157||Seattle Seahawks||Alvis Darby|| -- ||Florida
|-
|align=center|158||Tampa Bay Buccaneers||[[Curtis Jordan]]|| -- ||Texas Tech
|-
|align=center|159||Pittsburgh Steelers||[[Gary Dunn]]|| -- ||Miami (FL)
|-
|align=center|160||New Orleans||[[Terry Stieve]]|| -- ||Wisconsin
|-
|align=center|161||Chicago Bears||[[Dan Jiggetts]]|| -- ||Harvard
|-
|align=center|162||New York Giants||Dan Lloyd|| -- ||Washington
|-
|align=center|163||New York Jets||Bob Martin|| -- ||Nebraska
|-
|align=center|164||Buffalo Bills||Leslie Benson|| -- ||Baylor
|-
|align=center|165||Philadelphia Eagles||Kirk Johnson|| -- ||Howard Payne
|-
|align=center|166||Kansas City Chiefs||Steve Taylor|| -- ||Kansas
|-
|align=center|167||Kansas City Chiefs||Bob Gregolunas|| -- ||Northern Illinois
|-
|align=center|168||San Francisco 49ers||Robert Pennywell|| -- ||Grambling
|-
|align=center|169||Atlanta Falcons||Stan Varner|| -- ||Brigham Young
|-
|align=center|170||New England||Greg Boyd|| -- ||San Diego State
|-
|align=center|171||Buffalo Bills||Scott Piper|| -- ||Arizona
|-
|align=center|172||Kansas City Chiefs||Calvin Harper|| -- ||Illinois State
|-
|align=center|173||Houston Oilers||Todd Simonsen|| -- ||South Dakota State
|-
|align=center|174||Miami Dolphins||Gary Davis|| -- ||[[California Polytechnic State University|Cal Poly-San Luis Obispo]]
|-
|align=center|175||Buffalo Bills||Darnell Powell|| -- ||Tennessee-Chattanooga
|-
|align=center|176||Cincinnati Bengals||Orlando Nelson|| -- ||Utah State
|-
|align=center|177||San Francisco 49ers||Scott Bull|| -- ||Arkansas
|-
|align=center|178||San Diego Chargers||Calvin Lane|| -- ||Fresno State
|-
|align=center|179||Washington Redskins||Tom Marvaso|| -- ||Cincinnati
|-
|align=center|180||Minnesota Vikings||Terry Egerdahl|| -- ||Minnesota-Duluth
|-
|align=center|181||Dallas Cowboys||Greg McGuire|| -- ||Indiana
|-
|align=center|182||Pittsburgh Steelers||[[Jack Deloplaine]]|| -- ||Salem
|}
 
===Round seven===
It was not, however, a life of idle mendicancy on which the brothers entered when they set out in [[1210]] with the papal approbation, but one of diligent labor. Their work embraced devoted service in the abodes of sickness and poverty, earnest preaching by both priests and lay brothers, and missions in an ever widening circle, which finally included heretics and [[Islam|Muslims]]. They came together every year at Pentecost in the little church of the Portiuncula at Assisi, to report on their experiences and strengthen themselves for fresh efforts.
<!-- Please eliminate use of abbreviations for a more encyclopedic article -->
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{|class="wikitable sortable sortable" style="width: 100%"
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC;" width=6%|Pick # !!width=40% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|NFL Team !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Player !!width=14% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Position !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|College
|-
|align=center|183||Tampa Bay Buccaneers||Parnell Dickinson|| -- ||[[Mississippi Valley State University|Mississippi Valley State]]
|-
|align=center|184||Seattle Seahawks||Dick Dixon|| -- ||Arkansas State
|-
|align=center|185||Miami Dolphins||Joe ingersoll|| -- ||UNLV
|-
|align=center|186||Dallas Cowboys||Greg Schaum|| -- ||Michigan State
|-
|align=center|187||Cincinnati Bengals||Bob Bateman|| -- ||Brown
|-
|align=center|188||New York Jets||Abdul (Larry) Salaam|| -- ||[[Kent State University|(Faulk) Kent State]]
|-
|align=center|189||Cleveland||Steve Cassidy|| -- ||Louisiana State
|-
|align=center|190||Chicago Bears||Jerry Muckenstrum|| -- ||Arkansas State
|-
|align=center|191||Philadelphia Eagles||[[Carl Hairston]]|| -- ||Maryland-Eastern Shore
|-
|align=center|192||Cincinnati Bengals||Carmen Rome|| -- ||Miami (OH)
|-
|align=center|193||Atlanta Falcons||Karl Farmer|| -- ||Pittsburgh
|-
|align=center|194||San Francisco 49ers||Jay Chesley|| -- ||Vanderbilt
|-
|align=center|195||Buffalo Bills||Jackie Williams|| -- ||Texas A&M
|-
|align=center|196||Kansas City Chiefs||Rod Wellington|| -- ||Iowa
|-
|align=center|197||Houston Oilers||Larry Harris|| -- ||Oklahoma State
|-
|align=center|198||Detroit Lions||Garth Ten Napel|| -- ||Texas A&M
|-
|align=center|199||New York Jets||James Richards|| -- ||Florida
|-
|align=center|200||Miami Dolphins||John Owens|| -- ||Tennessee State
|-
|align=center|201||New Orleans||Ed Bauer|| -- ||Notre Dame
|-
|align=center|202||New England||Perry Brooks|| -- ||Southern
|-
|align=center|203||St. Louis Cardinals||Phil Rogers|| -- ||Virginia Tech
|-
|align=center|204||Oakland Raiders||Clarence Chapman|| -- ||Eastern Michigan
|-
|align=center|205||Cincinnati Bengals||Ken Kuhn|| -- ||Ohio State
|-
|align=center|206||Minnesota Vikings||Larry Brune|| -- ||Rice
|-
|align=center|207||Los Angeles Rams||Larry Buie|| -- ||Mississippi State
|-
|align=center|208||Dallas Cowboys||David Williams|| -- ||Colorado
|-
|align=center|209||Pittsburgh Steeler||Barry Burton|| -- ||Vanderbilt
|}
===Round eight===
<!-- Please eliminate use of abbreviations for a more encyclopedic article -->
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{|class="wikitable sortable sortable" style="width: 100%"
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC;" width=6%|Pick # !!width=40% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|NFL Team !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Player !!width=14% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Position !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|College
|-
|align=center|210||Seattle Seahawks||Larry Shipp|| -- ||Louisiana State
|-
|align=center|211||New York Jets||Joe Davis|| -- ||USC
|-
|align=center|212||San Diego Chargers||Tony DiRienzo|| -- ||Oklahoma
|-
|align=center|213||New Orleans||Craig Cassady|| -- ||Ohio State
|-
|align=center|214||New York Jets||[[Louie Giammona]]|| -- ||Utah State
|-
|align=center|215||Buffalo Bills||Scott Gardner|| -- ||Virginia
|-
|align=center|216||Philadelphia Eagles||Richard LaFargue|| -- ||Arkansas
|-
|align=center|217||Detroit Lions||Rich Sorenson|| -- ||Chico State
|-
|align=center|218||Green Bay||Jim Burrow|| -- ||Nebraska
|-
|align=center|219||Atlanta Falcons||Frank Reed|| -- ||Washington
|-
|align=center|220||Oakland Raiders||Jerome Dove|| -- ||Colorado State
|-
|align=center|221||New York Giants||John Jordan|| -- ||Indiana
|-
|align=center|222||Kansas City Chiefs||Orrin Olsen|| -- ||Brigham Young
|-
|align=center|223||San Francisco 49ers||[[John Ayers]]|| -- ||West Texas State
|-
|align=center|224||Denver Broncos||James Betterson|| -- ||North Carolina
|-
|align=center|225||Detroit Lions||Charles Braswell|| -- ||West Virginia
|-
|align=center|226||Buffalo Bills||Bobby Joe|| -- ||Easter Middle Tennessee State
|-
|align=center|227||Buffalo Bills||Art Meadowcroft|| -- ||Minnesota
|-
|align=center|228|| Baltimore Colts||Ricky Thompson|| -- ||Baylor
|-
|align=center|229||Houston Oilers||Bobby Simon|| -- ||Grambling
|-
|align=center|230||Miami Dolphins||Bob Simpson|| -- ||Colorado
|-
|align=center|231||Oakland Raiders||Terry Kunz|| -- ||Colorado
|-
|align=center|232||Cincinnati Bengals||Ron Hunt|| -- ||Oregon
|-
|align=center|233||St. Louis Cardinals||Randall Burks|| -- ||SE Oklahoma State
|-
|align=center|234||Washington Redskins||Bryan Fryer|| -- ||Alberta
|-
|align=center|235||New England||Stu Betts|| -- ||Northern Michigan
|-
|align=center|236||Dallas Cowboys||Henry Laws|| -- ||South Carolina
|-
|align=center|237||Pittsburgh Steelers||[[Ed McAleney]]|| -- ||Massachusetts
|}
 
===Round nine===
== The Last Years of Francis ==
<!-- Please eliminate use of abbreviations for a more encyclopedic article -->
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{|class="wikitable sortable sortable" style="width: 100%"
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC;" width=6%|Pick # !!width=40% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|NFL Team !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Player !!width=14% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Position !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|College
|-
|align=center|238||Tampa Bay Buccaneers||Bruce Welch|| -- ||Texas A&M
|-
|align=center|239||Seattle Seahawks||Bob Bos|| -- ||Iowa State
|-
|align=center|240||New Orleans||Warren Peiffer|| -- ||Iowa
|-
|align=center|241||Buffalo Bills||Jeff Turner|| -- ||Kansas
|-
|align=center|242||Cleveland||James Reed|| -- ||Mississippi
|-
|align=center|243||New England||Doug Beaudoin|| -- ||Minnesota
|-
|align=center|244||New York Jets||Ronnie Moore|| -- ||Virginia Military Inst.
|-
|align=center|245||Green Bay||Jim Gueno|| -- ||[[Tulane University|Tulane]]
|-
|align=center|246||Atlanta Falcons||[[Phil McKinnely]]|| -- ||UCLA
|-
|align=center|247||Philadelphia Eagles||Mike Hogan|| -- ||Tennessee-Chattanooga
|-
|align=center|248||Philadelphia Eagles||Richad Osborne|| -- ||Texas A&M
|-
|align=center|249||Kansas City Chiefs||Tim Collier|| -- ||East Texas State
|-
|align=center|250||San Francisco 49ers||Ken Harrison|| -- ||Southern Methodist
|-
|align=center|251||San Diego Chargers||Glynn Harrison|| -- ||Georgia
|-
|align=center|252||Denver Broncos||Jim Czirr|| -- ||Michigan
|-
|align=center|253||Detroit Lions||Leanell Jones|| -- ||Long Beach State
|-
|align=center|254||Washington Redskins||Curtis Akins|| -- ||Hawaii
|-
|align=center|255||Buffalo Bills||Bob Kotzur|| -- ||Southwest Texas State
|-
|align=center|256||Houston Oilers||Art Stringer|| -- ||Ball State
|-
|align=center|257||Miami Dolphins||[[Norris Thomas]]|| -- ||Southern Mississippi
|-
|align=center|258|| Baltimore Colts||Stu Levenick|| -- ||Illinois
|-
|align=center|259||Cincinnati Bengals||Lonnie Allgood||Wide Receiver||Syracuse
|-
|align=center|260||Denver Broncos||Jim Lisko|| -- ||Arkansas State
|-
|align=center|261||Cleveland Browns||Craig Nagel|| -- ||Purdue
|-
|align=center|262||Minnesota Vikings||Isaac Hagins|| -- ||Southern
|-
|align=center|263||Los Angeles Rams||Jeb Church|| -- ||Stanford
|-
|align=center|264||Dallas Cowboys||[[Beasley Reece]]|| -- ||[[University of North Texas|North Texas State]]
|-
|align=center|265||Pittsburgh Steelers||Wentford Gaines|| -- ||Cincinnati
|}
 
===Round ten===
Francis had to suffer from the dissensions just alluded to and the transformation which they operated in the originally simple constitution of the brotherhood, making it a regular order under strict supervision from Rome. Exasperated by the demands of running a growing and fractious Order, Francis asked [[Pope Honorius III]] for help in [[1219]]. He was assigned Cardinal Ugolino as protector of the order by the Pope. Francis resigned the day to day running of the Order into the hands of others but retained the power to shape the Order's legislation, writing a Rule in [[1221]] which he revised and had approved in [[1223]]. At least after about [[1223]] the day to day running of the Order was in the hands of Brother [[Elias of Cortona]], an able friar who would be elected as leader of the friars a few years after Francis' death but who aroused much opposition because of his autocratic style of leadership.
<!-- Please eliminate use of abbreviations for a more encyclopedic article -->
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{|class="wikitable sortable sortable" style="width: 100%"
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC;" width=6%|Pick # !!width=40% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|NFL Team !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Player !!width=14% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Position !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|College
|-
|align=center|266||Seattle Seahawks||Randy Coffield|| -- ||Florida State
|-
|align=center|267||Tampa Bay Buccaneers||Sid Smith|| -- ||Brigham Young
|-
|align=center|268||San Diego Chargers||Jeff Perlinger|| -- ||Michigan
|-
|align=center|269||New Orleans Saints||Junior Hardin|| -- ||Eastern Kentucky
|-
|align=center|270||New England||Ricky Feacher|| -- ||Mississippi Valley State
|-
|align=center|271||Cleveland Browns||Doug Kleber|| -- ||Illinois
|-
|align=center|272||Washington Redskins||Paul Strohmeier|| -- ||Washington
|-
|align=center|273||Philadelphia Eagles||Herb Lusk|| -- ||Long Beach State
|-
|align=center|274||Green Bay Packers||Jessie Green|| -- ||Tulsa
|-
|align=center|275||San Francisco 49ers||Robin Ross|| -- ||Washington State
|-
|align=center|276||New York Giants||John Thomas|| -- ||Valley City (ND)
|-
|align=center|277||Kansas City Chiefs||Whitney Paul|| -- ||Colorado
|-
|align=center|278||Denver Broncos||Art Gilliam|| -- ||Grambling
|-
|align=center|279||Detroit Lions||Bill Bowerman|| -- ||New Mexico State
|-
|align=center|280||Buffalo Bills||Keith Moody|| -- ||Syracuse
|-
|align=center|281||Miami Dolphins||bgcolor="#FFCC00"|[[Gary Fencik]]|| -- ||[[Yale University|Yale]]
|-
|align=center|282||Miami Dolphins||Don Testerman|| -- ||Clemson
|-
|align=center|283|| Baltimore Colts||Tim Baylor|| -- ||[[Morgan State University|Morgan State]]
|-
|align=center|284||Houston Oilers||Steve Kincannon|| -- ||[[Humboldt State University|Humboldt State]]
|-
|align=center|285||St. Louis Cardinals||Randy Walker|| -- ||Bethune-Cookman
|-
|align=center|286||Oakland Raiders||Dwight Lewis|| -- ||Purdue
|-
|align=center|287||Cincinnati Bengals||Tom Klaban|| -- ||Ohio State
|-
|align=center|288||Los Angeles Rams||Freeman Johns|| -- ||Southern Methodist
|-
|align=center|289||Minnesota Vikings||Bill Salmon|| -- ||Northern Iowa
|-
|align=center|290||Dallas Cowboys||Leroy Cook|| -- ||Alabama
|-
|align=center|291||Pittsburgh Steelers||Gary Campbell|| -- ||Colorado
|}
 
===Round eleven===
In the external successes of the brothers, as they were reported at the yearly general chapters, there was much to encourage Francis. Caesarius of Speyer, the first German provincial, a zealous advocate of the founder's strict principle of poverty, began in [[1221]] from [[Augsburg]], with twenty-five companions, to win for the order the land watered by the [[Rhine]] and the [[Danube]]. In [[1224]] Agnellus of Pisa led a small group of friars to England. Beginning at [[Canterbury]], the ecclesiastical capital, they moved on to [[London]], the political capital and [[Oxford]], the intellectual capital. From these three bases the Franciscans swiftly expanded to embrace the principal towns of [[England]].
<!-- Please eliminate use of abbreviations for a more encyclopedic article -->
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{|class="wikitable sortable sortable" style="width: 100%"
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC;" width=6%|Pick # !!width=40% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|NFL Team !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Player !!width=14% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Position !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|College
|-
|align=center|292||Tampa Bay Buccaneers||Melvin Washington|| -- ||Colorado State
|-
|align=center|293||Seattle Seahawks||Keith Muehr|| -- ||Southwestern Louisiana
|-
|align=center|294||New Orleans Saints||Greg Kokal|| -- ||Kent State
|-
|align=center|295||San Diego Chargers||[[Raymond Preston|Ray Preston]]|| -- ||Syracuse
|-
|align=center|296||New York Jets||Lawrence Pillers|| -- ||[[Alcorn State University|Alcorn State]]
|-
|align=center|297||Cleveland Browns||Chuck Celek|| -- ||Kent State
|-
|align=center|298||New England Patriots||Donnie Thomas|| -- ||Indiana
|-
|align=center|299||Chicago Bears||Norman Andersen|| -- ||UCLA
|-
|align=center|300||Philadelphia Eagles||Mike Gilbert|| -- ||San Diego State
|-
|align=center|301||Green Bay Packers||Curtis Leak|| -- ||Johnson C. Smith
|-
|align=center|302||Atlanta Falcons||Chuck Brislin|| -- ||Mississippi State
|-
|align=center|303||New York Giants||Craig Brantley|| -- ||Clemson
|-
|align=center|304||Kansas City Chiefs||Bob Squires|| -- ||Hastings
|-
|align=center|305||San Francisco 49ers||Paul Hofer|| -- ||Mississippi
|-
|align=center|306||Denver Broncos||Greg Pittman|| -- ||Iowa State
|-
|align=center|307||Detroit Lions||Gary Shugrue|| -- ||[[Villanova University|Villanova]]
|-
|align=center|308||Washington Redskins||Dean Gissler|| -- ||Nebraska
|-
|align=center|309||Buffalo Bills||Forry Smith|| -- ||Iowa State
|-
|align=center|310|| Baltimore Colts||Rick Gibney|| -- ||Georgia Tech
|-
|align=center|311||Houston Oilers||Skip Walker|| -- ||Texas A&M
|-
|align=center|312||Miami Dolphins||Dexter Pride|| -- ||Minnesota
|-
|align=center|313||Oakland Raiders||Rich Jennings|| -- ||Maryland
|-
|align=center|314||Cincinnati Bengals||Melvin Morgan|| -- ||Mississippi Valley State
|-
|align=center|315||St. Louis Cardinals||Marty Akins|| -- ||Texas
|-
|align=center|316||Minnesota Vikings||Steve Kracher|| -- ||Montana State
|-
|align=center|317||Los Angeles Rams||Brian Nemeth|| -- ||South Carolina
|-
|align=center|318||Dallas Cowboys||Cornelius Greene|| -- ||Ohio State
|-
|align=center|319||Pittsburgh Steelers||Rolland Fuchs|| -- ||Arkansas
|}
 
===Round twelve===
== The Three Rules of the Order and the Testament of Saint Francis ==
<!-- Please eliminate use of abbreviations for a more encyclopedic article -->
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{|class="wikitable sortable sortable" style="width: 100%"
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC;" width=6%|Pick # !!width=40% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|NFL Team !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Player !!width=14% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Position !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|College
|-
|align=center|320||Seattle Seahawks||Ron Barnett|| -- ||Texas-Arlington
|-
|align=center|321||Tampa Bay Buccaneers ||George Ragsdale|| -- ||North Carolina A&T
|-
|align=center|322||San Diego Chargers||Ron Lee|| -- ||Oregon
|-
|align=center|323||New Orleans Saints||Milton Butts|| -- ||North Carolina Central
|-
|align=center|324||Houston Oilers||Larry Bell|| -- ||East Texas State
|-
|align=center|325||New England Patriots||Nathaniel Bell|| -- ||Tulane
|-
|align=center|326||New York Jets||Don Buckey|| -- ||[[North Carolina State University|North Carolina State]]
|-
|align=center|327||New York Jets||Dave Buckey|| -- ||North Carolina State
|-
|align=center|328||Green Bay Packers||[[Mel Jackson (American football)|Mel Jackson]]|| -- ||USC
|-
|align=center|329||Atlanta Falcons||Pat Bolton|| -- ||Montana State
|-
|align=center|330||Chicago Bears||John O'Leary|| -- ||Nebraska
|-
|align=center|331||Kansas City Chiefs||Harold Porter|| -- ||Southwestern Louisiana
|-
|align=center|332||San Francisco 49ers||Gerald Loper|| -- ||Florida
|-
|align=center|333||New York Giants||Jerry Golsteyn|| -- ||Northern Illinois
|-
|align=center|334||Denver Broncos||Randy Moore|| -- ||Arizona State
|-
|align=center|335||Detroit Lions||Mike McCabe|| -- ||South Carolina
|-
|align=center|336||Buffalo Bills||Joe Lowery|| -- ||Jackson State
|-
|align=center|337||Washington Redskins||Walter Tullis|| -- ||Delaware State
|-
|align=center|338||San Diego Chargers||Herman Harris|| -- ||Mississippi Valley State
|-
|align=center|339||Miami Dolphins||Randy Young|| -- ||Iowa State
|-
|align=center|340||Baltimore Colts||Frank Stavroff|| -- ||Indiana
|-
|align=center|341||Cincinnati Bengals||Joe Dale Harris|| -- ||Alabama
|-
|align=center|342||Miami Dolphins||Darryl Brandford|| -- ||Northwestern
|-
|align=center|343||Oakland Raiders||[[Cedric Brown]]|| -- ||Kent State
|-
|align=center|344||Los Angeles Rams||Jim Jodat|| -- ||Carthage
|-
|align=center|345||Minnesota Vikings||Robert Sparks|| -- ||San Francisco State
|-
|align=center|346||Dallas Cowboys||Charles McShane|| -- ||California-Lutheran
|-
|align=center|347||Pittsburgh Steelers||Bill Carroll|| -- ||East Texas State
|}
 
===Round The First Rule thirteen===
<!-- Please eliminate use of abbreviations for a more encyclopedic article -->
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{|class="wikitable sortable sortable" style="width: 100%"
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC;" width=6%|Pick # !!width=40% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|NFL Team !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Player !!width=14% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Position !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|College
|-
|align=center|348||Tampa Bay Buccaneers||[[Brad Jenkins]]|| -- ||Nebraska
|-
|align=center|349||Seattle Seahawks||[[Andy Reid]]|| -- ||Georgia
|-
|align=center|350||New Orleans Saints||[[Kenny Downing]]|| -- ||Missouri
|-
|align=center|351||San Diego Chargers||[[John Lee]]|| -- ||Nebraska
|-
|align=center|352||New England Patriots||[[James Jones]]|| -- ||Central Michigan
|-
|align=center|353||Philadelphia Eagles||[[Terry Tautolo]]|| -- ||UCLA
|-
|align=center|354||Cleveland Browns||[[Brian Murray]]|| -- ||Arizona
|-
|align=center|355||Green Bay Packers||[[Bradley Bowman]]|| -- ||Southern Mississippi
|-
|align=center|356||Atlanta Falcons||[[Mike Williams]]|| -- ||Florida
|-
|align=center|357||Chicago Bears||[[Dale Kasowski]]|| -- ||North Dakota
|-
|align=center|358||Philadelphia Eagles||[[Steve Ebbecke]]|| -- ||Villanova
|-
|align=center|359||San Francisco 49ers||[[Larry Brumfield]]|| -- ||Indiana State
|-
|align=center|360||New York Giants||[[Rick Caswell]]|| -- ||Western Kentucky
|-
|align=center|361||Kansas City Chiefs||[[Joe Bruner]]|| -- ||N.E. Louisiana
|-
|align=center|362||Denver Broncos||[[Donnie McGraw]]|| -- ||Houston
|-
|align=center|363||Detroit Lions||[[Mel Jacobs]]|| -- ||San Diego State
|-
|align=center|364||Washington Redskins||[[Waymon Britt]]|| -- ||Michigan
|-
|align=center|365||Buffalo Bills||[[Will Wilcox]]|| -- ||Texas
|-
|align=center|366||Miami Dolphins||[[Bernie Head]]|| -- ||Tulsa
|-
|align=center|367||Oakland Raiders||[[Craig Crnick]]|| -- ||Idaho
|-
|align=center|368||Houston Oilers||[[Dan O'Rourke]]|| -- ||Colorado State
|-
|align=center|369||St. Louis Cardinals||[[Greg Brewton]]|| -- ||Michigan State
|-
|align=center|370||Oakland Raiders||[[Mark Young]]|| -- ||Washington State
|-
|align=center|371||Cincinnati Bengals||[[Randy Walker]]|| -- ||Miami (OH)
|-
|align=center|372||Minnesota Vikings||[[Gary Paulson]]|| -- ||Colorado State
|-
|align=center|373||Los Angeles Rams||[[Steve Hamilton]]|| -- ||Emporia State
|-
|align=center|374||Dallas Cowboys||[[Mark Driscoll]]|| -- ||Colorado State
|-
|align=center|375||Pittsburgh Steelers||[[Larry Kain]]|| -- ||Ohio State
|}
 
===Round fourteen===
The oldest "rule", referred to above, no longer preserved in its original form, seems to have contained not much more than the three Scriptural commands in Matt. xix. 21; Luke ix. 3; and Matt. xvi. 24. Thus it was more a proppositum vitae, a life project, than a rule as traditionally understood. The attempted reconstruction by Muller ascribes to it too extensive a content, though Sabatier goes too far in the other direction when he limits it to these three sayings of Christ, which, according to [[Thomas of Celano]], formed the kernel of the rule, surrounded by certain other more detailed prescriptions. [[Paul Sabatier|Sabatier]]'s theory that these were gradual accretions, depending especially on decisions of the yearly general chapter, needs further evidence to confirm it although Oktavian Schmucki has discerned definite stages in the development of the [[1221]] Rule. The oldest biographers say nothing of any intermediate stage between the primitive rule and that of [[1221]]. The former, based upon the idea of poverty and self-denying labor in the cause of Christ, was intended for an association of a similar kind to the ''Pauperes Catholici'' or "Poor Men of Lyons." It had little or nothing in common with the older monastic rules, Benedictine or Augustinian.
<!-- Please eliminate use of abbreviations for a more encyclopedic article -->
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{|class="wikitable sortable sortable" style="width: 100%"
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC;" width=6%|Pick # !!width=40% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|NFL Team !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Player !!width=14% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Position !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|College
|-
|align=center|376||Seattle Seahawks||Jarvis Blinks|| -- ||Northwest Louisiana
|-
|align=center|377||Tampa Bay Buccaneers||Carl Roaches|| -- ||Texas A&M
|-
|align=center|378||San Diego Chargers||Ed Jones|| -- ||Cincinnati
|-
|align=center|379||New Orleans Saints||Rich Hucke|| -- ||Western Montana
|-
|align=center|380||New York Jets||Al Gluchoski|| -- ||West Virginia
|-
|align=center|381||Cleveland Browns||Joe Smalzer|| -- ||Illinois
|-
|align=center|382||New England Patriots||David Quehl|| -- ||Holy Cross
|-
|align=center|383||Atlanta Falcons||Mark Husfloen|| -- ||Washington State
|-
|align=center|384||Chicago Bears||Ron Cuie|| -- ||Oregon State
|-
|align=center|385||Philadelphia Eagles||Melvin Shy|| -- ||Tennessee State
|-
|align=center|386||Green Bay Packers||John Henson|| -- ||Cal Poly-San Luis Obispo
|-
|align=center|387||New York Giants||Jerry Mullane|| -- ||Lehigh
|-
|align=center|388||Kansas City Chiefs||Rick Thurman|| -- ||Texas
|-
|align=center|389||San Francisco 49ers||Johnny Miller|| -- ||[[Livingstone College]]
|-
|align=center|390||Denver Broncos||Larry Evans|| -- ||Mississippi College
|-
|align=center|391||Detroit Lions||Leonard Elston|| -- ||Kentucky State
|-
|align=center|392||Buffalo Bills||Tony Williams|| -- ||Middle Tennessee State
|-
|align=center|393||Washington Redskins||Quinn Buckner|| -- ||Indiana
|-
|align=center|394||Baltimore Colts||Jeremiah Cummings|| -- ||Albany State
|-
|align=center|395||Houston Oilers||John Reimer|| -- ||Wisconsin
|-
|align=center|396||Miami Dolphins||Bob Gissler|| -- ||South Dakota State
|-
|align=center|397||Oakland Raiders||Calvin Young|| -- ||Fresno State
|-
|align=center|398||Cincinnati Bengals||Greg Coleman|| -- ||Florida A&M
|-
|align=center|399||St. Louis Cardinals||Raymond Crosier|| -- ||[[Abilene Christian University|Abilene Christian]]
|-
|align=center|400||Los Angeles Rams||Al Burleson|| -- ||Washington
|-
|align=center|401||Minnesota Vikings||Jeff Stapleton|| -- ||Purdue
|-
|align=center|402||Dallas Cowboys||Larry Mushinskie|| -- ||Nebraska
|-
|align=center|403||Pittsburgh Steelers||Wayne Field|| -- ||Florida
|}
 
===Round The Rule of 1221 fifteen===
<!-- Please eliminate use of abbreviations for a more encyclopedic article -->
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{|class="wikitable sortable sortable" style="width: 100%"
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC;" width=6%|Pick # !!width=40% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|NFL Team !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Player !!width=14% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Position !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|College
|-
|align=center|404||Tampa Bay Buccaneers||Bob Dzierzak|| -- ||Utah State
|-
|align=center|405||Seattle Seahawks||Dan Smith|| -- ||Washington State
|-
|align=center|406||New Orleans Saints||Steve Seminoff|| -- ||Wichita State
|-
|align=center|407||San Diego Chargers||Jack Hoffman|| -- ||Indiana
|-
|align=center|408||Cleveland Browns||Luther Philyaw|| -- ||Loyola (CA)
|-
|align=center|409||New England Patriots||Bernard Coleman|| -- ||Bethune-Cookman
|-
|align=center|410||New York Jets||Rick Faulk|| -- ||San Francisco State
|-
|align=center|411||Chicago Bears||Jerry Meyers|| -- ||Northern Illinois
|-
|align=center|412||Philadelphia Eagles||Brett White|| -- ||UCLA
|-
|align=center|413||Green Bay Packers||Jerry Dandridge|| -- ||[[University of Memphis|Memphis State]]
|-
|align=center|414||Atlanta Falcons||Ron Olson|| -- ||Washington
|-
|align=center|415||Kansas City Chiefs||Dave Rozumek|| -- ||New Hampshire
|-
|align=center|416||San Francisco 49ers||Howard Stidham|| -- ||Tennessee Tech
|-
|align=center|417||New York Giants||Eddie Morgan|| -- ||Arkansas State
|-
|align=center|418||Denver Broncos||Wilbur Summers|| -- ||Louisville
|-
|align=center|419||Detroit Lions||Trent Smock|| -- ||Indiana
|-
|align=center|420||St. Louis Cardinals||[[Lee Nelson (football player)|Lee Nelson]]|| -- ||Florida State
|-
|align=center|421||Buffalo Bills||Arnold Robinson|| -- ||Bethune-Cookman
|-
|align=center|422||Houston Oilers||Bobby Byars|| -- ||Cheyney (PA)
|-
|align=center|423||Miami Dolphins||Ron Holmes|| -- ||Utah State
|-
|align=center|424||Baltimore Colts||Gary Alexander|| -- ||Clemson
|-
|align=center|425||Cincinnati Bengals||Lynn Hieber|| -- ||Indiana (PA)
|-
|align=center|426||Washington Redskins||John Monroe|| -- ||Bluefield State
|-
|align=center|427||Oakland Raiders||Carl Hargrave|| -- ||Upper Iowa
|-
|align=center|428||Minnesota Vikings||Ron Groce|| -- ||Macalester
|-
|align=center|429||Los Angeles Rams||Malcolm Campbell|| -- ||Cal State-Los Angeles
|-
|align=center|430||Dallas Cowboys||Dale Curry|| -- ||UCLA
|-
|align=center|431||Pittsburgh Steelers||Mel Davis|| -- ||North Texas State
|}
 
===Round sixteen===
The rule of 1221 is more adapted to the needs of a monastic order intended to further the general ends of the Church and based upon the three usual vows, but laying special stress on that of poverty. It was drawn up by Francis himself, but under the influence of Cardinal Ugolino, as well as of the learned and practical Caesarius of Speyer and apparently of Brother Leo, who from 1220 on was the constant companion of the founder. The matter of the primitive rule was included in it, but scattered among a large part of detailed directions, besides many edifying thoughts and pious outpourings of the heart, probably the work of Francis. But there is much in the new rule which breathes a different spirit. The humble founder, though refusing the title of general of the order, and appearing simply as "minister-general," sometimes with the addition "the servant of the whole brotherhood," appears now at the head of a regular monastic hierarchy, consisting of provincial ministers over the provinces, ''custodes'' over smaller districts. Definite rules for the novitiate, the habit, hours of prayer, and the discipline of the houses were modeled after the older monastic tradition. In place of the informal yearly gatherings of the brotherhood, there are now regular chapters at fixed times. Of special interest are the provisions for apostolic poverty and the ascetic life in general, which show this rule to be essentially a development of the older discipline, with the obligation of poverty made more strict while that of other ascetic practises was mitigated, partly for the reason that the new ''Fratres minores'' were expected to be diligently occupied in exhausting labors.
<!-- Please eliminate use of abbreviations for a more encyclopedic article -->
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{|class="wikitable sortable sortable" style="width: 100%"
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC;" width=6%|Pick # !!width=40% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|NFL Team !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Player !!width=14% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Position !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|College
|-
|align=center|432||Seattle Seahawks||Jeff Urczyk|| -- ||Georgia Tech
|-
|align=center|433||Tampa Bay Buccaneers||Tommy West|| -- ||Tennessee
|-
|align=center|434||San Diego Chargers||Jack Harrison|| -- ||California
|-
|align=center|435||New Orleans Saints||Gene Jones|| -- ||Bowling Green
|-
|align=center|436||New England Patriots||Clifford Brown|| -- ||Tuskegee
|-
|align=center|437||New York Jets||James Godwin|| -- ||Fayetteville
|-
|align=center|438||Cleveland Browns||Chris Lorenzen|| -- ||Arizona State
|-
|align=center|439||Philadelphia Eagles||Steve Campassi|| -- ||Kentucky
|-
|align=center|440||Green Bay Packers||Mike Timmermans|| -- ||Northern Iowa
|-
|align=center|441||Atlanta Falcons||Pat Curto|| -- ||Ohio State
|-
|align=center|442||Chicago Bears||Ronald Parker|| -- ||Texas Christian
|-
|align=center|443||San Francisco 49ers||Reggie Lewis|| -- ||San Diego State
|-
|align=center|444||New York Giants||David Lawson|| -- ||Air Force
|-
|align=center|445||Kansas City Chiefs||Dennis Anderson|| -- ||Arizona
|-
|align=center|446||Denver Broncos||John Huddleston|| -- ||Utah
|-
|align=center|447||Detroit Lions||Craig McCurdy|| -- ||William & Mary
|-
|align=center|448||Buffalo Bills||Gary Gorrell|| -- ||Boise State
|-
|align=center|449|| Baltimore Colts||Mike Fuhrman|| -- ||Memphis State
|-
|align=center|450||Miami Dolphins||Mike Green|| -- ||Ohio
|-
|align=center|451|| Baltimore Colts||Steve Ludwig|| -- ||Miami (FL)
|-
|align=center|452||Houston Oilers||Claude Johnson|| -- ||Florida A&M
|-
|align=center|453||St. Louis Cardinals||Cecil Beaird|| -- ||Fisk
|-
|align=center|454||Oakland Raiders||[[Doug Hogan]]|| -- ||USC
|-
|align=center|455||Cincinnati Bengals||George Demopoulis|| -- ||Miami (FL)
|-
|align=center|456||Los Angeles Rams||Rick Gage|| -- ||Arkansas Tech
|-
|align=center|457||Minnesota Vikings||Randy Hickel|| -- ||Montana State
|-
|align=center|458||Dallas Cowboys||Rick Costanzo|| -- ||Nebraska
|-
|align=center|459||Pittsburgh Steelers||Randy Butts|| -- ||Kearney State
|}
 
===Round The Later Rule seventeen===
<!-- Please eliminate use of abbreviations for a more encyclopedic article -->
<!-- Please watch case on positions to avoid redirects -->
{|class="wikitable sortable sortable" style="width: 100%"
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC;" width=8%|Pick # !!width=40% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|NFL Team !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Player !!width=14% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|Position !!width=20% style="background:#A8BDEC;"|College
|-
|align=center|460||Tampa Bay Buccaneers||[[Jack Berry]]|| -- ||Washington & Lee
|-
|align=center|461||Seattle Seahawks||[[Chris Rowland]]|| -- ||Washington
|-
|align=center|462||New Orleans Saints||[[Scott MacDonald (athlete)|Scott MacDonald]]|| -- ||West Virginia
|-
|align=center|463||San Diego Chargers||[[Clarence Sanders]]|| -- ||Cincinnati
|-
|align=center|464||New York Jets||[[Darwin Willie]]|| -- ||Tulane
|-
|align=center|465||Cleveland Browns||[[Tom Fleming]]|| -- ||Dartmouth
|-
|align=center|466||New England Patriots||[[Todd Anderson]]|| -- ||Stanford
|-
|align=center|467||Green Bay Packers||Ray Hall|| -- ||Cal Poly-San Luis Obispo
|-
|align=center|468||Atlanta Falcons||Tony Green|| -- ||Texas Tech
|-
|align=center|469||Chicago Bears||[[Mike Malham]]|| -- ||Arkansas State
|-
|align=center|470||Philadelphia Eagles||[[Anthony Terry]]|| -- ||California-Davis
|-
|align=center|471||New York Giants||[[Steve Curnutte]]|| -- ||Vanderbilt
|-
|align=center|472||Kansas City Chiefs||[[Pat McNeil]]|| -- ||Baylor
|-
|align=center|473||San Francisco 49ers||[[Darryl Jenkins]]|| -- ||San Jose State
|-
|align=center|474||Denver Broncos||[[Randy Cozens]]|| -- ||Pittsburgh
|-
|align=center|475||Detroit Lions||[[Jim Meeks]]|| -- ||Boise State
|-
|align=center|476||Washington Redskins||[[Chuck Wills]]|| -- ||Oregon
|-
|align=center|477||Buffalo Bills||Bob Berg|| -- ||New Mexico
|-
|align=center|478||Oakland Raiders||Buddy Tate|| -- ||Tulsa
|-
|align=center|479||Houston Oilers||[[Allen Misher]]|| -- ||Louisiana State
|-
|align=center|480||Miami Dolphins||[[Jeff Grantz]]|| -- ||South Carolina
|-
|align=center|481||Oakland Raiders||[[Nate Beasley]]|| -- ||Delaware
|-
|align=center|482||Cincinnati Bengals||[[Scott Dannelley]]|| -- ||Ohio State
|-
|align=center|483||St. Louis Cardinals||[[Dan Myers]]|| -- ||Georgia Tech
|-
|align=center|484||Minnesota Vikings||[[Dick Lukowski]]|| -- ||West Virginia
|-
|align=center|485||Los Angeles Rams||Gary Shaw|| -- ||Brigham Young
|-
|align=center|486||Dallas Cowboys||[[Stan Woodfill]]|| -- ||Oregon
|-
|align=center|487||Pittsburgh Steelers||[[Kelvin Kirk]]|| -- ||Dayton
|}
{|
|-
|style="background-color:#FFCC00; border:1px solid #aaaaaa; width:2em;"|
|= Pro Bowler
|}
 
==[[Pro Football Hall of Fame|Hall of Famers]]==
The Later Rule, confirmed by Honorius III on [[November 29]], [[1223]], is a distillation of the 1221 Rule written in the more terse style of a canonist. The edifying tone, the citation of the Scriptural texts, have disappeared from it. Instead of the strong emphasis upon Christ's admonitions to his disciples with which the rule of 1221 had begun, the enumeration of the three traditional monastic vows is here substituted. The character of the order as a mendicant order, pledged to an ideal of the strictest poverty, is retained and the prescriptions on poverty strengthened as the support of the lay Franciscan penitents allowed the brothers to dispense with reliance on money in any form. The spirit of the earlier rules is intermingled with a number of other prescriptions which clearly show the official character of the new statutes, framed so that the order can serve the church in the interest of the papacy and in conformity with the other organs of the hierarchy. A cardinal appointed by the pope as protector of the whole order was to support the elected Minister General in his governance of the order. The conditions for entrance are more definitely laid down; the Roman Breviary is expressly named as the obligatory basis of the daily devotions of priests belonging to it; and the preaching brothers have a more dependent position than before. In a word, the life here regulated is no longer the old free, wandering life of the first years, marked by apostolic poverty and loving, simple-hearted devotion to the Lord, but rather it is tamed to a more sedate quasi-monastic system, shorn of much of its original freedom but with a sustainability that the original ideals had failed to provide.
*Lee Roy Selmon, Defensive End, Oklahoma -- taken 1st round, 1st overall by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Inducted in 1995.
*Mike Haynes, Cornerback, Arizona State -- taken 1st round, 5th overall by the New England Patriots. Inducted in 1997.
*Jackie Slater, Ofensive Tackle, Jackson State -- taken 3rd round, 86th overall by the Los Angeles Rams. Inducted in 2001.
*Harry Carson, Linebacker, South Carolina State - taken 4th round, 105th overall by the New York Giants. Inducted in 2006.
*Steve Largent, Wide Receiver, Tulsa - taken 4th round, 117th overall by the Houston Oilers. Inducted in 1995.
 
{{NFL drafts}}
=== The Testament ===
[[Category:National Football League Draft]]
[[Category:1976 in American football|NFL Draft]]
 
{{Americanfootball-draft-stub}}
Francis, as may be seen from more than one passage in the accounts of his last years, was unhappy about these changes. As a demonstration against them, he left what is called his "Testament," whose occasional reading together with the rule was enjoined on the brethren. Its tone is rather plaintive than angry; it looks back in a spirit of regret to the primitive days of the first love. It urges unswerving obedience to the pope and the heads of the order, but at the same time emphasizes the necessity of following its principles, especially the imitation of the poverty of Christ. The brethren are commanded to oppose the introduction of any future secularizing influences, and at the same time are forbidden to ask for any special privileges from the pope. In spite of the direct command in the "Testament" against considering it as a new rule, the Observantist section of the Franciscans practically regarded it as even more binding than the formal rule, while the advocates of a less strict observance paid little attention to it, especially to its prohibition of asking for ecclesiastical privileges.
 
== Development of the Order after the Death of Francis ==
 
=== Dissentions During the Life of Francis ===
 
The controversy about poverty which extends through the first three centuries of Franciscan history began in the lifetime of the founder. The ascetic brothers [[Matthew of Narni]] and [[Gregory of Naples]], to whom Francis had entrusted the direction of the order during his absence, carried through at a chapter which they held certain stricter regulations in regard to fasting and the reception of alms, which really departed from the spirit of the original rule. It did not take Francis long, on his return, to suppress this insubordinate tendency; but he was less successful in regard to another of an opposite nature which soon came up. Elias of Crotona originated a movement for the increase of the worldly consideration of the order and the adaptation of its system to the plans of the hierarchy which conflicted with the original notions of the founder and helped to bring about the successive changes in the rule already described. Francis was not alone in opposition to this lax and secularizing tendency. On the contrary, the party which clung to his original views and after his death took his "Testament" for their guide, known as Observantists or ''Zelanti'', was at least equal in numbers and activity to the followers of Elias. The conflict between the two lasted many years, and the ''Zelanti'' won several notable victories, in spite of the favor shown to their opponents by the papal administration -- until finally the reconciliation of the two points of view was seen to be impossible, and the order was actually split into halves.
 
=== Development to 1239. The Laxer Party ===
 
St. [[Anthony of Padua]] has usually been regarded as the first leader of the Observantists; but recent investigations have shown that he was inclined to the opposite side. When Elias sent a delegation to Rome in 1230 to obtain papal sanction for his views, Anthony was one of the envoys; and there is little doubt that the bull ''Quo elongati'' of [[Pope Gregory IX]], favoring this side, was due in large measure to his influence. The earliest leader of the strict party was rather Brother Leo, the witness of the ecstasies of Francis on Monte Alverno and the author of the ''Speculum perfectionis'', a strong polemic against the laxer party. Next to him came [[John Parens]], the first successor of Francis in the headship of the order. In [[1232]], however, Elias succeeded him, and administered the affairs of the order in the interest of his own, party for seven years. Much external progress was made during these years; many new houses were founded, especially in Italy, and in them, without regard to the founder's depreciation of secular learning, special attention was paid to education. The somewhat earlier settlements of Franciscan teachers at the universities (in [[Oxford]], for example, where [[Alexander of Hales]] was teaching) continued to develop. Contributions toward the promotion of the order's work came in abundantly, and Elias authorized his subordinates to get around the provision of the rule against the receiving of money, usually by the appointment of agents outside the order, who had the custody of the funds. Elias pursued with great severity the principal leaders of the opposition, and even Bernardo di Quintavalle, the founder's first disciple, was obliged to conceal himself for years in the forest of Monte Sefro.
 
=== To 1274. Bonaventure ===
 
At last, however, the reaction came. At the general chapter of 1239, held in Rome under the personal presidency of Gregory IX., Elias was deposed in favor of [[Albert of Pisa]], the former provincial of England, a moderate Observantist. None the less, Elias' attitude remained widely prevalent in the order. The next two ministers-general [[Haymo of Faversham]] (1240-44) and [[Crescentius of Jesi]] (1244-47), governed to a great extent in this sense, and had the new [[Pope Innocent IV]] on their side. In a bull of [[November 14]], [[1245]], he even sanctioned an extension of the system of financial agents, and declared the funds in their custody the property of the Church, to be held at the disposal of the cardinal-protector and not to be alienated without his permission. The Observantist party took a strong stand in opposition to this ruling, and carried on so successfully an agitation against the lax general that in [[1247]], at a chapter held in [[Lyons]], where Innocent IV. was then residing, he was replaced by the strict Observantist [[John of Parma]] (1247-57). Elias, who had been excommunicated and taken under the protection of Frederick II., was now forced to give up all hope of recovering his power in the order. He died in [[1253]], after succeeding by recantation in obtaining the removal of his censures. Under John of Parma, who enjoyed the favor of Innocent IV. and [[Pope Alexander IV]], the influence of the order was notably increased, especially by the provisions of the latter pope in regard to the academic activity of the brothers. He not only sanctioned the theological institutes in Franciscan houses, but did all he could to facilitate the entrance of their teachers to the universities, especially Paris, the headquarters of theological study. It was due to the action of his representatives, who were obliged to threaten the university authorities with excommunication, that the degree of doctor of theology was conceded to the Dominican [[Thomas Aquinas]] and the Franciscan [[Bonaventure]] (1257), who had previously been able to lecture only as licentiates. In the same year Bonaventura succeeded John of Parma. In spite of his adherence to Observantist principles, Bonaventura took a decided stand against the teaching of Joachim of Fiore, which John of Parma had been inclined to favor. Not a few of the "Spiritual" party, as they were now coming to be called, were condemned to lifelong imprisonment; and for the purpose of discouraging their extreme tendency a new life of the founder was compiled by Bonaventura, at the request of the general chapter held at [[Narbonne]] in [[1260]], and authorized by that of Pisa three years later as the only approved biography. Apart from the severe measures taken against Joachim's followers, Bonaventura seems to have ruled (1257-74) in a moderate spirit, which is represented also by various works produced by the order in his time -- especially by the ''Expositio regulae'' written by David of Augsburg (q.v.) soon after 1260.
 
=== To 1300. Continued Dissensions ===
 
The successor of Bonaventura, Jerome of Ascoli (1274-79), the future [[Pope Nicholas IV]], and his successor, [[Bonagratia]] (1279-85), also followed a middle course. Severe measures were taken against certain extreme Spirituals who, on the strength of the rumor that [[Pope Gregory X]] was intending at the [[Council of Lyons]] (1274-75) to force the mendicant orders to tolerate the possession of property, threatened both pope and council with the renunciation of allegiance. Attempts were made, however, to satisfy the reasonable demands of the Spiritual party, as in the bull ''Exiit qui seminiat'' of [[Pope Nicholas III]] ([[1279]]), which pronounced the principle of complete poverty meritorious and holy, but interpreted it in the way of a somewhat sophistical distinction between possession and usufruct. The bull was received respectfully by Bonagratia and the next two generals, [[Arlotto of Prato]] (1285-87) and [[Matthew of Aqua Sparta]] (1287-89); but the Spiritual party under the leadership of the fanatical apocalyptic [[Peter Olivi|Pierre Jean Olivi]] regarded its provisions for the dependence of the friars upon the pope and the division between brothers occupied in manual labor and those employed on spiritual missions as a corruption of the fundamental principles of the order. They were not won over by the conciliatory attitude of the next general, [[Raymond Gaufredi]] (1289-96), and of the Franciscan [[Pope Nicholas IV]] (1288-92). The attempt made by the next pope, [[Pope Celestine V]], an old friend of the order, to end the strife by uniting the Observantist party with his own order of hermits (see [[Celestines]]) was scarcely more successful. Only a part of the Spirituals joined the new order, and the secession scarcely lasted beyond the reign of the hermit-pope. [[Pope Boniface VIII]] annulled Celestine's bull of foundation with his other acts, deposed the general Raymond Gaufredi, and appointed a man of laxer tendency, John de Murro, in his place. The Benedictine section of the Celestines was separated from the Franciscan section, and the latter was formally suppressed by Boniface in [[1302]]. The leader of the Observantists, Olivi, who spent his last years in the Franciscan house at Narbonne and died there in 1298, had pronounced against the extremer "Spiritual" attitude, and given an exposition of the theory of poverty which was approved by the more moderate Observantists, and for a long time constituted their principle.
 
=== Temporary Success of the Stricter Party. Persecution ===
 
Under [[Pope Clement V]] (1305-14) this party succeeded in exercising some influence on papal decisions. In [[1309]] Clement had a commission sit at [[Avignon]] for the purpose of reconciling the conflicting parties. [[Ubertino of Casale]], the leader, after Olivi's death, of the stricter party, who was a member of the commission, induced the [[Council of Vienne]] to arrive at a decision in the main favoring his views, and the papal constitution ''Exivi de paradiso '' (1313) was on the whole conceived in the same sense. Clement's successor, [[Pope John XXII]] (1316-34), favored the laxer or conventual party. By the bull ''Quorundam exigit '' he modified several provisions of the constitution ''Exivi'', and required the formal submission of the Spirituals. Some of them, encouraged by the strongly Observantist general [[Michael of Cesena]], ventured to dispute the pope's right so to deal with the provisions of his predecessor. Sixty-four of them were summoned to Avignon, and the most obstinate delivered over to the Inquisition, four of them being burned ([[1318]]). Shortly before this all the separate houses of the Observantists had been suppressed.
 
=== Renewed Controversy on the Question of Poverty ===
 
A few years later a new controversy, this time theoretical, broke out on the question of poverty. The Spirituals contended eagerly for the view that Christ and his apostles had possessed absolutely nothing, either separately or jointly. This proposition had been declared heretical in a trial before an inquisitor. A protest was now made against this decision by the chapter held at [[Perugia]] in [[1322]], as well as by such influential members of the order as [[William of Ockham]], the English provincial, and Bonagratia of Bergamo. John XXII ranged himself decidedly with the Dominicans, who combated the theory, and by the bull ''Cum inter nonnullos'' of [[1322]] declared it erroneous and heretical. Appealing from this decision, Bonagratia, Occam, and Michael of Cesena were imprisoned at Avignon for four years, until they escaped by the help of the Emperor Louis the Bavarian. Supported by him, they carried on a literary war against the papal and Dominican denial of the absolute poverty of Christ and his apostles. The pope deposed Cessna and Occam from their offices in the order, and excommunicated them with the Franciscan antipope Peter of Corvara (Nicholas V.) and all their adherents. Only a small part of the order, however, joined them, and at a general chapter held in [[Paris]] ([[1329]]) the majority of all the houses declared their submission to the pope. The same step was taken in the following year by the antipope, later by the ex-general Cesena, and finally, just before his death, by Occam.
 
=== Separate Congregations ===
 
Out of all these dissensions in the fourteenth century sprang a number of separate congregations, almost of sects. To say nothing of the heretical parties of the [[Beghards]] and [[Fraticelli]], some which developed within the order on both hermit and cenobitic principles may here be mentioned:
 
==== The [[Clareni]] ====
 
or Clarenini, an association of hermits established on the river Clareno in the march of [[Ancona]] by [[Angelo da Clareno]] after the suppression of the Franciscan Celestines by Boniface VIII. It maintained the principles of Olivi, and, outside of Umbria, spread also in the kingdom of [[Naples]], where Angelo died in [[1337]]. Like several other smaller congregations, it was obliged in [[1568]] under [[Pope Pius V]] to unite with the general body of Observantists.
 
==== The Minorites of Narbonne ====
 
As a separate congregation, this originated through the union of a number of houses which followed Olivi after 1308. It was limited to southwestern France and, its members being accused of the heresy of the Beghards, was suppressed by the Inquisition during the controversies under John XXII.
 
==== The Reform of Johannes de Vallibus ====
 
This was founded in the hermitage of St. Bartholomew at Brugliano near Foligno in 1334. The congregation was suppressed by the Franciscan general chapter in 1354; reestablished in 1368 by Paolo de' Trinci of Foligno; confirmed by Gregory XI. in 1373, and spread rapidly from Central Italy to France, Spain, Hungary and elsewhere. Most of the Observantist houses joined this congregation by degrees, so that it became known simply as the "brothers of the regular Observance." It acquired the favor of the popes by its energetic opposition to the heretical [[Fraticelli]], and was expressly recognized by the [[Council of Constance]] ([[1415]]). It was allowed to have a special vicar-general of its own and legislate for its members without reference to the conventual part of the order. Through the work of such men as [[Bernardin of Siena]], [[Giovanni da Capistrano]], and Dietrich Coelde (b. 1435? at Munster; was a member of the [[Brethren of the Common Life]], died [[December 11]], [[1515]]), it gained great prominence during the fifteenth century. By the end of the Middle Ages, the Observantists, with 1,400 houses, comprised nearly half of the entire order. Their influence brought about attempts at reform even among the Conventuals, including the Observantists of the Common Life, founded by Boniface de Ceva and spreading principally in France and Germany; the reformed congregation founded in 1426 by the Spaniard Philip de Berbegal and distinguished by the special importance they attached to the little hood (''cappuciola''); the Neutri, a group of reformers originating about 1463 in Italy, who tried to take a middle ground between the Conventuals and Observantists, but refused to obey the heads of either, until they were compelled by the pope to affiliate with the regular Observantists, or with those of the Common Life; the Caperolani, a congregation founded about 1470 in North Italy by Peter Caperolo, but dissolved again on the death of its founder in 1480; the Amadeists, founded by the noble Portuguese Amadeo, who entered the Franciscan order at Assisi in 1452, gathered around him a number of adherents to his fairly strict principles (numbering finally twenty-six houses) and, died in the odor of sanctity in 1482.
 
=== Unsuccessful Attempts to Unite the Order ===
 
Projects for a union between the two main branches of the order were put forth not only by the Council of Constance but by several popes, without any positive result. By direction of Martin V., John of Capistrano drew up statutes which were to serve as a basis for reunion, and they were actually accepted by a general chapter at Assisi in 1430; but the majority of the Conventual houses refused to agree to them, and they remained without effect. At Capistrano's request Eugenius IV. put forth a bull (<i>Ut sacra minorum</i>, 1446) looking to the same result, but again nothing was accomplished. Equally unsuccessful were the attempts of the Franciscan pope Sixtus IV., who bestowed a vast number of privileges on both the original mendicant orders, but by this very fact lost the favor of the Observantists and failed in his plans for reunion. Julius II. succeeded in doing away with some of the smaller branches, but left the division of the two great parties untouched. This division was finally legalized by Leo X., after a general chapter held in Rome, in connection with the reform-movement of the Fifth Lateran Council, had once more declared the impossibility of reunion. The less strict principles of the Conventuals, permitting the posesssion of real estate and the enjoyment of fixed revenues, were recognized as tolerable, while the Observantists, in contrast to this ''usus moderatus'', were held strictly to their own ''usus arctus'' or ''pauper''. The latter, as adhering more closely to the rule of the founder, were allowed to claim a certain superiority over the former. The Observantist general (elected now for six years, not for life) was to have the title of "Minister-General of the Whole Order of St. Francis" and the right to confirm the choice of a head for the Conventuals, who was known as "Master-General of the Friars Minor Conventual" -- although this privilege never became practically operative.
 
=== Spread of the order in Modern Times ===
 
See: [[Franciscan Order in modern times]]
 
=== Distinguished Names ===
 
Although surpassed in the number of prominent and influential theological authors by the [[Jesuits]] and [[Dominicans]], the order still boasts a number of distinguished names. The first century of its existence produced the three great scholastics [[Alexander of Hales]], [[Bonaventure]], and [[Duns Scotus]], the "Admirable Doctor" [[Roger Bacon]], and the well-known mystic authors and popular preachers [[David of Augsburg]] and [[Berthold of Regensburg]].
 
Among Franciscan celebrities of the later Middle Ages may be mentioned [[Nicholas of Lyra]], the Biblical commentator, [[Bernardin of Sienna]], [[John of Capistrano]], [[Mollard]] and [[Menot]] as preachers, and the famous canonists [[Astesanus]], [[Alvarus Pelagius]], and [[William of Ockham]]. Later again came sound historical investigators such as [[Luke Wadding]] and Pagi.
 
In the field of Christian art, during the later Middle Ages, the Franciscan movement exercised considerable influence, especially in Italy. Several great painters of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, especially Cimabue and Giotto, were spiritual sons of Francis in the wider sense, and the plastic masterpieces of the latter, as well as the architectural conceptions of both himself and his school, show the influence of Franciscan ideals. The Italian Gothic style, whose earliest important monument is the great convent church at Assisi (built 1228-53), was cultivated as a rule principally by members of the order or men under their influence.
 
The early spiritual poetry of Italy was inspired by Francis himself, who was followed by Thomas of Celano, Bonaventura, and [[Jacopone da Todi]]; and in a certain sense even Dante may be included within the sphere of Franciscan influence (cf. especially <i>Paradiso</i>, xi. 50).
 
== The Clarisses or Poor Clares ==
 
For the history of the female branch of the order, founded in the lifetime of Francis, see [[Poor Clares]].
 
== The Third Order ==
 
=== Origin and Rule ===
 
The Tertiary rule which passes under the name of St. Francis not only can not have been drawn up by him, but does not even show a basis of his original instructions. There must have been, however, in his lifetime a following of devout laity who composed a sort of third order, beside the Friars Minor and the Clarisses.
 
== External links ==
 
*[http://www.ofm.org/ Ordo Fratrum Minorum], official website
 
== Books ==
 
*''A History of the Franciscan Order: From Its Origins to the Year 1517'' by John Moorman ISBN 0198264259
 
*''Medieval Monasticism: Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages (3rd Edition)'' by C.H. Lawrence, ISBN 0582404274
 
*''The Name of the Rose'' by Umberto Eco, ISBN 0156001314 - A fictional account involving Franciscan and [[Dominican_Order|Dominican]] monks in the 14th century.
 
[[Category:Roman Catholic Orders and Societies]]
 
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