John Roberts and Frio County, Texas: Difference between pages

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{{Infobox U.S. County|

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county = Frio County|

{{dablink|For other uses, see [[John Roberts (disambiguation)]].}}

state = Texas |

{{flux}}

seal = |

{{Infobox Biography living|image_name=John G. roberts.jpg

map = Map of Texas highlighting Frio County.svg |

| subject_name=John G. Roberts, Jr

map size = 250|

| image_caption=

founded = 1871|

| date_of_birth=[[January 27]], [[1955]]

seat = [[Pearsall, Texas|Pearsall]] |

| place_of_birth=[[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]], [[New York]]

area = 2,938 [[square kilometre|km²]] (1,134 [[square mile|mi²]]) |

| date_of_death=

area land = 2,935 km² (1,133 mi²) |

| place_of_death=}}

area water = 3 km² (1 mi²) |

area percentage = 0.11% |

census yr = 2000|

pop = 16,252|

density = 6|

web = |

|}}

'''Frio County''' is a [[county]] located in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Texas]]. As of [[2000]], the population is 16,252. Its [[county seat]] is [[Pearsall, Texas|Pearsall]][[Geographic references|⁶]]. Frio County is named for the [[Frio River]].

Chief Justice '''John Glover Roberts, Jr''' (born [[January 27]], [[1955]]) is the 17th [[Chief Justice of the United States]]. From 2003 to 2005, he was a judge on the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]]. Roberts previously spent 14 years in private law practice, and held positions in [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] administrations in the [[United States Department of Justice|U.S. Department of Justice]] and [[White House Counsel|Office of the White House Counsel]].

==Geography==

On [[July 19]], [[2005]], Roberts was [[Bush Supreme Court candidates|nominated]] by [[President of the United States|President]] [[George W. Bush]] to fill a vacancy on the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]], which had been left by the retirement of [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|Associate Justice]] [[Sandra Day O'Connor]]. Following the [[September 3]] death of [[William H. Rehnquist]], Bush withdrew Roberts' nomination as O'Connor's successor, and on [[September 6]], sent the [[United States Senate]] notice of Roberts' new nomination to the position of Chief Justice.

According to the [[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]], the county has a total area of 2,938 [[km²]] (1,134 [[square mile|mi²]]). 2,935 km² (1,133 mi²) of it is land and 3 km² (1 mi²) of it (0.11%) is water.

===Major Highways===

On [[September 22]], the [[Senate Judiciary Committee]] approved the nomination by a vote of 13-5. On [[September 29]], Roberts was confirmed by the full Senate by a vote of [http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=109&session=1&vote=00245 78-22]. Hours after confirmation, he was sworn in by Associate Justice [[John Paul Stevens]] at the [[White House]]; at 50, Roberts is the youngest man to have assumed the role since [[John Marshall]] became Chief Justice over two centuries earlier. John Roberts received more Senate votes supporting his nomination than any other nominee for Chief Justice in American history.

*[[Image:I-35.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 35]]

*[[Image:US 57.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Highway 57]]

*[[Image:Texas 85.svg|20px]] [[State Highway 85 (Texas)]]

*[[State Highway 173 (Texas)]]

===Adjacent counties===

== Early life and education ==

*[[Medina County, Texas|Medina County]] (north)

Roberts was born in [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]], [[New York]], on [[January 27]], [[1955]]. His father was an executive with [[Bethlehem Steel]]. When Roberts was in second grade, his family moved to the affluent beachside town of [[Long Beach, Indiana]], where he was raised in a devoutly Roman Catholic upper middle class home along with 3 sisters.

*[[Atascosa County, Texas|Atascosa County]] (east)

*[[La Salle County, Texas|La Salle County]] (south)

*[[Dimmit County, Texas|Dimmit County]] (southwest)

*[[Zavala County, Texas|Zavala County]] (west)

==Demographics==

Roberts graduated second in his high school class of 1973 from La Lumiere School, a [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] boarding school in [[LaPorte, Indiana]]. He studied six years of [[Latin]] and some [[French language|French]], and was known for his devotion to his studies. He was also captain of his [[American football|football]] team, where he referred to himself as a “slow-footed [[linebacker]].” He also [[amateur wrestling|wrestled]], participated in choir and drama, was co-editor of his school newspaper, and served on the athletic council, and on the Executive Committee of the Student Council.

As of the [[census]][[Geographic references#2|²]] of 2000, there were 16,252 people, 4,743 households, and 3,642 families residing in the county. The [[population density]] was 6/km² (14/mi²). There were 5,660 housing units at an average density of 2/km² (5/mi²). The racial makeup of the county was 71.86% [[Race (United States Census)|White]], 4.87% [[Race (United States Census)|Black]] or [[Race (United States Census)|African American]], 0.58% [[Race (United States Census)|Native American]], 0.41% [[Race (United States Census)|Asian]], 0.02% [[Race (United States Census)|Pacific Islander]], 19.76% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 2.50% from two or more races. 73.76% of the population were [[Race (United States Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Race (United States Census)|Latino]] of any race.

There were 4,743 households out of which 40.70% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.20% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 16.00% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.20% were non-families. 20.60% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.98 and the average family size was 3.44.

Following high school, Roberts was accepted into [[Harvard University]], where he matriculated as a [[sophomore]]. Roberts spent his summers working in a steel mill to help pay for college. While a student at Harvard, he won the[[ William Scott Ferguson award]] for his essay, ''[[Marxism]] and [[Bolshevism]]: Theory and Practice.'' He received his bachelor’s degree ''[[summa cum laude]]'' in 1976. Roberts then attended [[Harvard Law School]], where he served as managing editor of the [[Harvard Law Review]]. He graduated ''[[magna cum laude]]'' from the law school in 1979 [http://www.whitehouse.gov/infocus/judicialnominees/roberts.html].

In the county, the population was spread out with 28.70% under the age of 18, 11.20% from 18 to 24, 30.80% from 25 to 44, 18.70% from 45 to 64, and 10.60% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females there were 121.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 130.20 males.

==Career==

After graduating from law school, Roberts served as a [[law clerk]] for Judge [[Henry Friendly]] on the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|Second Circuit Court of Appeals]] for one year. From 1980 to 1981, he served as a law clerk to then-Associate Justice [[William Rehnquist]] on the [[United States Supreme Court]]. From 1981 to 1982, he served in the [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administration as a Special Assistant to [[United States Attorney General|U.S. Attorney General]] [[William French Smith]]. From 1982 to 1986, Roberts served as [[White House Counsel|Associate Counsel to the President]] under White House Counsel [[Fred Fielding]].

The median income for a household in the county was $24,504, and the median income for a family was $26,578. Males had a median income of $23,810 versus $16,498 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the county was $16,069. About 24.50% of families and 29.00% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 36.20% of those under age 18 and 30.40% of those age 65 or over.

Roberts entered private law practice in 1986 as an associate at the [[Washington, D.C.]]-based [[law firm]] of [[Hogan & Hartson]], but left to serve in the first [[George H.W. Bush|Bush]] administration as [[United States Solicitor General|Deputy Solicitor General]], from 1989 to 1993. In this capacity, Roberts, who reported to Solicitor General [[Kenneth W. Starr]], argued 39 cases for the government before the Supreme Court, prevailing in 25 of them. He represented 18 states in ''[[United States v. Microsoft]]''. In 1992, George H.W. Bush nominated Roberts to the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]], but no Senate vote was held, and Roberts's nomination expired when Bush left office after losing the [[U.S. presidential election, 1992|1992 presidential election]]. Roberts returned to Hogan & Hartson as a partner, and became the head of the firm's appellate practice. In this capacity, Roberts argued several cases before the Supreme Court:

==Cities and towns==

{| {{prettytable}}

*[[Bigfoot, Texas|Bigfoot]]

! Case

*[[Dilley, Texas|Dilley]]

! Argued

*[[Hilltop, Texas|Hilltop]]

! Decided

*[[Moore, Texas|Moore]]

! Represented

*[[North Pearsall, Texas|North Pearsall]]

|-

*[[Pearsall, Texas|Pearsall]]

| ''[[First Options v. Kaplan]] [http://laws.findlaw.com/us/514/938.html]'', 514 U.S. 938

*[[West Pearsall, Texas|West Pearsall]]

| [[March 22]], [[1995]]

| [[May 22]], [[1995]]

| Respondent

|-

| ''[[Adams v. Robertson]]'', 520 U.S. 83

| [[January 14]], [[1997]]

| [[March 3]], [[1997]]

| Respondent

|-

| ''[[Alaska v. Native Village of Venetie Tribal Government]] [http://laws.findlaw.com/us/000/96-1577.html]'', 522 U.S. 520

| [[December 10]], [[1997]]

| [[February 25]], [[1998]]

| Petitioner

|-

| ''[[Feltner v. Columbia Pictures Television, Inc.]] [http://laws.findlaw.com/us/000/96-1768.html]'', 534 U.S. 1127

| [[January 21]], [[1998]]

| [[March 31]], [[1998]]

| Petitioner

|-

| ''[[NCAA v. Smith]] [http://laws.findlaw.com/us/000/98-84.html]'', 525 U.S. 459

| [[January 20]], [[1999]]

| [[February 23]], [[1999]]

| Petitioner

|-

| ''[[Rice v. Cayetano]] [http://laws.findlaw.com/us/000/98-818.html]'', 528 U.S. 495

| [[October 6]], [[1999]]

| [[February 23]], [[2000]]

| Respondent

|-

| ''[[Eastern Associated Coal Corp. v. Mine Workers]] [http://laws.findlaw.com/us/000/99-1038.html]'', 531 U.S. 57

| [[October 2]], [[2000]]

| [[November 28]], [[2000]]

| Petitioner

|-

| ''[[TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc.]] [http://laws.findlaw.com/us/000/99-1571.html]'', 532 U.S. 23

| [[November 29]], [[2000]]

| [[March 20]], [[2001]]

| Petitioner

|-

| ''[[Toyota Motor Mfg v. Williams]] [http://laws.findlaw.com/us/000/00-1089.html]'', 534 U.S. 184

| [[November 7]], [[2001]]

| [[January 8]], [[2002]]

| Practitioner

|-

| ''[[Tahoe-Sierra Preservation Council v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency]] [http://laws.findlaw.com/us/000/00-1167.html]'', 535 U.S. 302

| [[January 7]], [[2002]]

| [[April 23]], [[2002]]

| Respondent

|-

| ''[[Rush Prudential HMO, Inc. v. Moran]] [http://laws.findlaw.com/us/000/00-1021.html]'', 536 U.S. 355

| [[January 16]], [[2002]]

| [[June 20]], [[2002]]

| Petitioner

|-

| ''[[Gonzaga University v. Doe]] [http://laws.findlaw.com/us/000/01-679.html]'', 536 U.S. 273

| [[April 24]], [[2002]]

| [[June 20]], [[2002]]

| Petitioner

|-

| ''[[Barnhart v. Peabody Coal Co.]] [http://laws.findlaw.com/us/000/01-705.html]'', 537 U.S. 149

| [[October 8]], [[2002]]

| [[January 15]], [[2003]]

| Respondent

|-

| ''[[Smith v. Doe]] [http://laws.findlaw.com/us/000/01-729.html]'', 538 U.S. 84

| [[November 13]], [[2002]]

| [[March 5]], [[2003]]

| Petitioner

|}

[[Image:Robertsoath.jpg|325px|right|thumb|Roberts is sworn in as Chief Justice by Justice [[John Paul Stevens]] in the East Room of the [[White House]], [[September 29]], [[2005]].]]

George W. Bush nominated Roberts to the Circuit Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia on [[May 9]], [[2001]], but the nomination&nbsp;&mdash; along with 29 others&nbsp;&mdash; failed to make it out of the Democrat controlled [[U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary]]. He was renominated on [[January 7]], [[2003]], to replace [[James L. Buckley]]. His nomination was approved by the Judiciary Committee by a vote of 16 to three, with Senators [[Richard Durbin]], [[Charles Schumer]] and [[Ted Kennedy]] opposing. However, he was approved by the Senate under [[unanimous consent]] and he received his [[commission]] on [[June 2]], [[2003]].

At the time Roberts left private practice to join the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|DC Circuit Court of Appeals]], he reported in a financial disclosure filing in 2005 that he earned a salary of $1,044,399, had many [[stock]]s (including [[pharmaceutical]] and technology investments, such as holdings in [[Pfizer]] and [[Procter & Gamble]]), and a one-eighth interest in a cottage in the village of [[Knocklong, County Limerick|Knocklong]], [[County Limerick]], [[Republic of Ireland]], his wife's ancestral homeland, valued at $15,000 or less.{{ref|Disclosure}}

On [[July 19]], [[2005]], Bush nominated Roberts to replace [[Sandra Day O'Connor]] as an [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|Associate Justice]] on the U.S. Supreme Court, becoming the first Supreme Court nominee since [[Stephen Breyer]] in 1994. Bush announced Roberts' nomination in a live, nationwide [[television]] broadcast from the [[East Room]] of the [[White House]].

[[Image:John Roberts nominated for Chief Justice.jpg|thumb|right|279px|President Bush announcing his nomination of John Roberts for the position of Chief Justice.]]

Two days after [[William Rehnquist]]'s death on [[September 3]], [[2005]], Bush withdrew Roberts' nomination and renominated him for Chief Justice of the United States. Bush asked the Senate to expedite Roberts' confirmation hearings in order to fill the vacancy by the beginning of the Supreme Court's session in early October.

On [[September 22]] the Senate Judiciary Committee approved Roberts' nomination by a vote of 13-5, with Senators [[Ted Kennedy]], Durbin, Schumer, [[Joe Biden]] and [[Dianne Feinstein]] the dissenting votes. Roberts was confirmed by the full Senate on [[September 29]], passing by a margin of [http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=109&session=1&vote=00245 78-22].

''See [[John Roberts Supreme Court nomination and hearings]] for details on the nomination and the confirmation hearings.''

==Personal life and memberships==

Roberts is currently a member of the American Academy of Appellate Lawyers, the [[American Law Institute]], the Edward Coke Appellate American Inn of Court, and the [[National Legal Center for the Public Interest]].{{ref|Federalist}} He serves on the Federal Appellate Rules Advisory Committee.

Roberts' name is listed on the 1997-1998 "Leadership Directory" of the [[Federalist Society]], though he denies being a member.

Roberts married Jane Marie Sullivan in 1996, and they live in the Washington suburb of [[Bethesda, Maryland|Bethesda]], [[Maryland]].

Roberts and his wife [[adoption|adopted]] two infants in 2000 after being unable to conceive: Josephine ("Josie") and Jack Roberts. Jack's dancing during Bush's White House introduction of his father brought the four-year-old international media attention. Roberts and his wife are [[Roman Catholic]]s who regularly attend [[Peter Vaghi|Msgr. Peter Vaghi's]] Little Flower Parish in Bethesda, Maryland.

[http://www.pillsburylaw.com/cgi-bin/bvisapi.dll/portal/ep/profDetail.do?bio=50166&BV_SessionID=@@@@1778530211.1127773438@@@@&BV_EngineID=cccfaddfkhhjmelcgeicggldhkjdfho.0 Jane Roberts], a lawyer with the firm of Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman LLP, was previously legal counsel for [[Feminists for Life]], an organization that opposes violence, including abortion, infanticide, child abuse, domestic violence, capital punishment, and euthanasia, as being inconsistent with the core feminist principles of justice, nonviolence, and nondiscrimination. She was educated at the [[College of the Holy Cross]] (A.B., ''magna cum laude'', 1976), [[Melbourne University]] (Dip. Ed., 1977), [[Brown University]] (M.S., 1981) and [[Georgetown University Law Center]] (J.D., ''cum laude'', 1984). [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2005/07/19/national/w193750D87.DTL] [http://www.pillsburylaw.com/Go/bios.nsf/professionals/Jane%20Sullivan%20Roberts]

Roberts follows in the footsteps of former Chief Justice [[Warren Burger]] who was also elevated to the position of Chief Justice directly from the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals.

During his confirmation hearings, Roberts said that two of his friends were feeling his genitals. He is said to be an avid reader of [[P.G. Whorehouse]].

==Confirmation hearings and views==

''See [[John Roberts Supreme Court nomination and hearings]] for details on the 2005 Supreme Court nomination and confirmation hearings. <!--Please add any new material dealing with views and current analysis to that hearings article.--> ''

===2003 Senate confirmation hearings===

During Judiciary Committee hearings on his nomination to the circuit court, Roberts testified about his views on jurisprudence.[http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/26jan20041230/www.access.gpo.gov/congress/senate/pdf/108hrg/92548.pdf]

====The Commerce Clause====

<blockquote>[S]tarting with ''[[McCulloch v. Maryland]]'', Chief Justice [[John Marshall]] gave a very broad and expansive reading to the powers of the Federal Government and explained that&nbsp;&mdash; and I don't remember the exact quote&nbsp;&mdash; but if the ends be legitimate, then any means chosen to achieve them are within the power of the Federal Government, and cases interpreting that, throughout the years, have come down. Certainly, by the time ''[[United States v. Lopez|Lopez]]'' was decided, many of us had learned in [[law school]] that it was just sort of a formality to say that [[interstate commerce]] was affected and that cases weren't going to be thrown out that way. ''Lopez'' certainly breathed new life into the [[Commerce Clause]].

I think it remains to be seen, in subsequent decisions, how rigorous a showing, and in many cases, it is just a showing. It's not a question of an abstract fact, does this affect interstate commerce or not, but has this body, the Congress, demonstrated the impact on interstate commerce that drove them to legislate? That's a very important factor. It wasn't present in ''Lopez'' at all. I think the members of Congress had heard the same thing I had heard in law school, that this is unimportant&nbsp;&mdash; and they hadn't gone through the process of establishing a record in that case.[http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/26jan20041230/www.access.gpo.gov/congress/senate/pdf/108hrg/92548.pdf]</blockquote>

====Federalism====

<blockquote>[S]imply because you have a problem that needs addressing, it’s not necessarily the case that Federal legislation is the best way to address it...The constitutional limitation doesn’t turn on whether it’s a good idea. There is not a ‘‘good idea’’ clause in the Constitution. It can be a bad idea, but certainly still satisfy the constitutional requirements.[http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/26jan20041230/www.access.gpo.gov/congress/senate/pdf/108hrg/92548.pdf]</blockquote>

====Judicial activism and deference to legislatures====

<blockquote>[T]he Supreme Court has, throughout its history, on many occasions described the deference that is due to legislative judgments. Justice [[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.|Holmes]] described assessing the constitutionality of an act of Congress as the gravest duty that the Supreme Court is called upon to perform &#8230;[I]t’s a principle that is easily stated and needs to be observed in practice, as well as in theory.

Now, the Court, of course, has the obligation, and has been recognized since ''[[Marbury v. Madison]]'', to assess the constitutionality of acts of Congress, and when those acts are challenged, it is the obligation of the Court to say what the law is. The determination of when deference to legislative policy judgments goes too far and becomes abdication of the judicial responsibility, and when scrutiny of those judgments goes too far on the part of the judges and becomes what I think is properly called [[judicial activism]], that is certainly the central dilemma of having an unelected, as you describe it correctly, undemocratic judiciary in a democratic republic.[http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/26jan20041230/www.access.gpo.gov/congress/senate/pdf/108hrg/92548.pdf]</blockquote>

In referring to [[Brown v. Board of Education|Brown v. Board]] that overturned school [[segregation]]:

"The Court in that case, of course, overruled a prior decision. I don't think that constitutes judicial activism because obviously if the decision is wrong, it should be overruled. That's not activism. That's applying the law correctly."

====''Roe v. Wade''====

In his Senate testimony, Roberts acknowledged that, on the [[Circuit Court]], he would have an obligation to follow precedents established by the Supreme Court, including the controversial decision invalidating many restrictions on the right to an [[abortion]]. He stated: "''[[Roe v. Wade]]'' is the settled law of the land&hellip; There is nothing in my personal views that would prevent me from fully and faithfully applying that precedent, as well as ''[[Planned Parenthood v. Casey|Casey]]''." [http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=108_senate_hearings&docid=f:92548.wais] (See [[John Roberts Supreme Court nomination and hearings]] for speculation about Roberts' current views, concerns about these views raised in the hearings, and the potential impact they might have on his actions in the [[Supreme Court]].)

==Judicial opinions==

Roberts has authored 49 opinions in his two years in the D.C. Circuit but has elicited only two dissents on his decisions, and on the many other cases he has heard in that time, he has authored only three dissenting opinions of his own. Because of this short record, Roberts does not have an extensive case history from which a general approach to the Constitution can be determined, and he appears not to have publicly stated his views on the subject. He has even said that "I do not think beginning with an all-encompassing approach to constitutional interpretation is the best way to faithfully construe the document."[http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=108_senate_hearings&docid=f:92548.wais]

[[Cass Sunstein]], a law professor at the [[University of Chicago]] argues that in general, Roberts appears to be a [[minimalism|judicial minimalist]], emphasizing precedent, as opposed to an [[originalism]]-oriented or rights-focused jurist. "Judge Roberts's opinions thus far are careful, lawyerly, and narrow. They avoid broad pronouncements. They do not try to reorient the law."[http://www.tnr.com/doc.mhtml?i=20050801&s=sunstein080105].

His past rulings have included the following issues:

=== Fourth and Fifth Amendments ===

The D.C. Circuit case ''[[Hedgepeth v. Washington Metro Authority]]'', [http://pacer.cadc.uscourts.gov/docs/common/opinions/200410/03-7149a.pdf 386 F.3d 1148], involved a twelve-year-old girl who was invited to incriminate herself as an illegal drug user, taken into custody, handcuffed, driven to police headquarters, booked, and fingerprinted because she violated a publicly-advertised [[zero tolerance]] "no eating" policy in a [[Washington Metro|Washington D.C. metro]] station by eating a single [[french fries|french fry]]. Roberts wrote for a 3-0 panel affirming a district court decision that dismissed the girl's complaint, which was predicated on the [[Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourth]] and [[Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fifth Amendments]], specifically the claim that an adult would have only received a citation for the same offense, while children must be detained until parents are notified.

Roberts began his opinion by noting, "No one is very happy about the events that led to this litigation," and pointing out that the policies under which the girl was apprehended had since been changed. Because age discrimination is allowed under previous jurisprudence if there is any [[rational basis review|rational basis]] for it, only weak state interests were required to justify the policy. "Because parents and guardians play an essential role in that rehabilitative process, it is reasonable for the District to seek to ensure their participation, and the method chosen &mdash; detention until the parent is notified and retrieves the child &mdash; certainly does that, in a way issuing a citation might not." Roberts concluded that the [[age discrimination]] and detention in this case were constitutional, noting that "the question before us... is not whether these policies were a bad idea, but whether they violated the Fourth and Fifth Amendments to the Constitution.", language reminiscent of Justice [[Potter Stewart]]'s dissent in ''[[Griswold v. Connecticut]]'', in which Justice Stewart wrote, "''We are not asked in this case to say whether we think this law is unwise, or even asinine. We are asked to hold that it violates the United States Constitution. And that, I cannot do.''"

=== Military tribunals ===

In ''[[Hamdan v. Rumsfeld]]'', Roberts was part of a unanimous panel overturning the district court ruling and upholding [[military tribunal|military tribunals]] set up by the Bush administration for trying [[terrorism]] suspects known as [[enemy combatant|enemy combatants]]. Circuit Judge [[A. Raymond Randolph]], writing for the court, ruled that [[Hamdan]], a driver for [[al-Qaeda]] leader [[Osama bin Laden]] [http://www.yementimes.com/article.shtml?i=712&p=local&a=5], could be tried by a military court because

# the military commission had the approval of [[Congress]];

# the [[Third Geneva Convention]] is a [[treaty]] between nations and as such it does not confer [[individual rights]] and remedies enforceable in U.S. courts;

# even if the Convention could be enforced in U.S. courts, it would not be of assistance to Hamdan at the time because, for a conflict such as the [[war on terror|war against al-Qaeda]] (considered by the court as a separate war from that against [[Afghanistan]] itself) that is not between two countries, it guarantees only a certain standard of judicial procedure without speaking to the jurisdiction in which the prisoner must be tried.

The court held open the possibility of judicial review of the results of the military commission after the current proceedings have ended.[http://pacer.cadc.uscourts.gov/docs/common/opinions/200507/04-5393a.pdf]

=== Environmental regulation===

On the U.S. Court of Appeals, Roberts wrote a dissenting opinion regarding ''Rancho Viejo, LLC v. Norton'', [http://laws.lp.findlaw.com/dc/015373b.html 323 F.3d 1062], a case involving the protection of a rare Californian toad under the [[Endangered Species Act]]. When the court denied a rehearing [[en banc]], [http://laws.lp.findlaw.com/dc/015373b.html 334 F.3d 1158] (D.C. Cir. 2003), Roberts dissented, arguing that the original opinion was wrongly decided because he found it inconsistent with ''[[United States v. Lopez]]'' and ''[[United States v. Morrison]]'' in that it focused on the effects of the regulation, rather than the taking of the toads themselves, on [[interstate commerce]]. In Roberts's view, the Commerce Clause of the Constitution did not permit the government to regulate activity affecting what he called "a hapless toad" that "for reasons of its own lives its entire life in [[California]]." He said that reviewing the case could allow the court "alternative grounds for sustaining application of the Act that may be more consistent with Supreme Court precedent."

== Pre-Court First Amendment Jurisprudence ==

* [http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/analysis.aspx?id=15567 David Hudson, "High court nominee well-versed in First Amendment"]

==Media==

{{multi-listen start}}

{{multi-listen item|filename=John_Roberts.ogg|title=Announcement of Supreme Court Nomination|description=Remarks of John G. Roberts, Jr. and President George W. Bush on the occasion of Roberts' nomination as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.|format=[[Ogg]]}}

{{multi-listen end}}

==Bibliography of articles by John G. Roberts, Jr.==

The University of Michigan Law Library (External Links, below) has compiled fulltext links to these articles and a number of briefs and arguments.

*<i>Developments in the Law – Zoning, “The Takings Clause,”</i> 91 Harv. L. Rev. 1462 (1978). (Section III of a longer article beginning on p. 1427)

*<i>Comment, “Contract Clause – Legislative Alteration of Private Pension Agreements: Allied Structural Steel Co. v. Spannaus,”</i> 92 Harv. L. Rev. 86 (1978). (Subsection C of a longer article beginning on p. 57)

*<i>New Rules and Old Pose Stumbling Blocks in High Court Cases,</i> ''The Legal Times'', February 26, 1990, co-authored with E. Barrett Prettyman, Jr.

*<i>Article III Limits on Statutory Standing,</i> 42 Duke L. J. 1219 (1992-1993).

*<i>Riding the Coattails of the Solicitor General,</i> The Legal Times, March 29, 1993.

*<i>The New Solicitor General and the Power of the Amicus,</i> ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', May 5, 1993.

*<i>The 1992-1993 Supreme Court,</i> Public Interest Law Review 107 (1994).

*<i>Forfeitures: Does Innocence Matter?,</i> ''New Jersey Law Journal'', October 9, 1995.

*<i>Thoughts on Presenting an Effective Oral Argument,</i> ''School Law in Review'' (1997). [http://www.nsba.org/site/docs/36400/36316.pdf Link]

*<i>The Bush Panel,</i> 2003 BYU L. Rev. 62 (2003). (Part of a tribute to Rex. E. Lee beginning on p. 1. “The Bush Panel” contains a speech by Roberts.)

*<i>Oral Advocacy and the Re-emergence of a Supreme Court Bar,</i> 30 J. Supr. Ct. Hist. 68 (2005).

==Sources==

{{wikinews|President Bush nominates John Roberts as Chief Justice of the U.S.}}

===News articles===

* "Roberts Listed in Federalist Society '97-98 Directory". Washington Post. July 25, 2005. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/24/AR2005072401201.html 14]

*"Appellate judge Roberts is Bush high-court pick." MSNBC. July 19, 2005. [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/8625492]

*Argetsinger, Amy, and Jo Becker. "The nominee as a young pragmatist: under Reagan, Roberts tackled tough issues." ''Washington Post''. July 22, 2005. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/21/AR2005072101782.html?nav=hcmodule]

*Barbash, Fred, et al: "Bush to nominate Judge John G. Roberts Jr." ''Washington Post''. July 19, 2005. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/19/AR2005071901426.html]

*Becker, Jo, and R. Jeffrey Smith. "Record of accomplishment&mdash;and some contradictions." ''Washington Post''. July 20, 2005. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/19/AR2005071902065.html]

*Bumuller, Elisabeth, and David Stout: "President chooses conservative judge as nominee to court." ''New York Times''. July 19, 2005. [http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/19/politics/politicsspecial1/19cnd-judge.html?hp&ex=1121832000&en=856520306462d3af&ei=5094&partner=homepage]

*"Bush: Meeting with Roberts during recount wasn't political." Associated Press. July 23, 2005. [http://www.news-journalonline.com/NewsJournalOnline/News/Politics/Florida/03FloridaPOLF01072305.htm]

*Entous, Adam. "Bush picks conservative Roberts for Supreme Court." Reuters. July 19, 2005. [http://today.reuters.com/business/newsarticle.aspx?type=tnBusinessNews&storyID=nN19377424&imageid=&cap=]

*Kallestad, Brent. "Roberts helped counsel Jeb Bush." Associated Press. July 21, 2005. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/21/AR2005072101961.html?nav=hcmodule]

*Lane, Charles. "Federalist affiliation misstated: Roberts does not belong to group." ''Washington Post''. July 21, 2005. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/20/AR2005072002431.html?nav=hcmodule]

*Lane, Charles. "Short record as judge is under a microscope." ''Washington Post''. July 21, 2005. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/20/AR2005072002322.html]

*Groppe, Maureen, and John Tuohy. "If you ask John where he's from, he says Indiana." ''Indianapolis Star''. July 20, 2005. [http://www.indystar.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20050720/NEWS02/507200476]

*McFeatters, Ann. "John G. Roberts Jr. is Bush choice for Supreme Court." ''Pittsburgh Post-Gazette''. July 19, 2005. [http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/05200/540299.stm]

*Riechmann, Deb. "Federal judge Roberts is Bush's choice." Associated Press. July 20, 2005. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/worldlatest/story/0,1280,-5152882,00.html]

*"Roberts: A smart, self-effacing 'Eagle Scout.'" Associated Press. July 20, 2005. [http://www.cnn.com/2005/LAW/07/20/roberts.profile.ap/]

*"Who Is John G. Roberts Jr.?" ABC News. July 19, 2005. [http://abclocal.go.com/kgo/news%5C071905_nw_john_roberts.html]

===Government/official biographies===

*"President announces Judge John Roberts as Supreme Court nominee." Office of the Press Secretary, Executive Office of the President. [http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/07/20050719-7.html]

*"Roberts, John G., Jr." Federal Judicial Center. [http://air.fjc.gov/servlet/tGetInfo?jid=3001]

*"John G. Roberts biography." Office of Legal Policy, U.S. Department of Justice. [http://www.usdoj.gov/olp/robertsbio.htm ]

*"Biographical Sketches of the Judges of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the DC Circuit." United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. [http://www.cadc.uscourts.gov/internet/internet.nsf/Content/Stub+-+Biographical+Sketches+of+the+Judges+of+U.S.+Court+of+Appeals+for+the+DC+Circuit]

*John G. Roberts Questionnaire for Appeals Court Confirmation Hearing (p. 297-339) and responses to Questions from Various Senators (p. 443-461) [http://www.access.gpo.gov/congress/senate/pdf/108hrg/89324.pdf] (large [[Portable Document Format|PDF]] file)

===Other===

*Coffin, Shannen W. "Meet John Roberts: The President Makes the Best Choice." ''National Review Online''. July 19, 2005. [http://www.nationalreview.com/coffin/coffin200507192142.asp]

*"Former Hogan & Hartson partner nominated for the U.S. Supreme Court." Hogan & Hartson, LLP. July 20, 2005. [http://www.hhlaw.com/site/news.aspx?Show=538]

*Goldman, Jerry. "John G. Roberts, Jr." Oyez. [http://www.oyez.org/oyez/resource/legal_entity/850/]

*"John G. Roberts, Jr. Fact Sheet" La Lumiere School. [http://www.lalumiere.org/about/roberts.htm]

*"John G. Roberts federal campaign contributions." Newsmeat.com. July 19, 2005. [http://www.newsmeat.com/judiciary_political_donations/John_G_Roberts.php]

*"John G. Roberts Jr." [[DKosopedia]]. July 19, 2005. [http://www.dkosopedia.com/index.php/John_G._Roberts_Jr.]

*"Progress for America: Support for the Confirmation of John G. Roberts" [http://judgeroberts.com/]

*"Report of the Alliance for Justice: Opposition to the Confirmation of John G. Roberts to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit." [[Alliance for Justice]]. [http://www.independentjudiciary.com/resources/docs/John_Roberts_Report.pdf] ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]] file)

==Notes==

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#{{note|Wexler}} "Wexler: Bush's Supreme Court pick insulting to disenfranchised Florida voters." Office of Representative Robert Wexler. July 20, 2004. [http://www.wexler.house.gov/pressreleases/072005.htm]<br>Kallestad, Brent. "Roberts helped counsel Jeb Bush." Associated Press. July 21, 2005. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/21/AR2005072101961.html?nav=hcmodule].<br>It is possible this will be a subject of inquiry during the Senate confirmation hearings.

#{{note|Disclosure}} "Roberts: A smart, self-effacing 'Eagle Scout.'" Associated Press. July 20, 2005. [http://www.cnn.com/2005/LAW/07/20/roberts.profile.ap/]

#{{note|JebBushresponse}} "Bush: Meeting with Roberts during recount wasn't political." Associated Press. July 23, 2005. [http://www.news-journalonline.com/NewsJournalOnline/News/Politics/Florida/03FloridaPOLF01072305.htm]

#{{note|Federalist}} Lane, Charles. "Federalist affiliation misstated: Roberts does not belong to group." ''Washington Post''. July 21, 2005. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/20/AR2005072002431.html?nav=hcmodule]<br>Although in the days immediately following his nomination Roberts was widely reported as being a member of the [[Federalist Society]]&mdash;by media outlets including CNN, the ''Los Angeles Times'', the ''Legal Times'', and the ''Washington Post''&mdash;and he has spoken at Federalist Society events, Roberts subsequently stated that he never has paid the group's $50 membership fee, and does not recall ever having been a member, although the 1997&ndash;1998 directory lists him as a member of the [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/24/AR2005072401201.html steering committee].

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==See also==

*[[Winter Garden Region]]

* [[John Roberts Supreme Court nomination and hearings]]

==External links==

* {{Handbook of Texas|id=FF/hcf10|name=Frio County}}

*[http://www.nndb.com/people/746/000099449/ NNDB Profile]

* [http://texashistory.unt.edu/search/?q=%22United+States+-+Texas+-+Frio+County%22&t=dc.coverage Historic Frio County materials], hosted by the [http://texashistory.unt.edu/ Portal to Texas History.]

*[http://www.access.gpo.gov/congress/senate/pdf/108hrg/92548.pdf Transcript of Senate Judiciary Committee hearing] on the nomination of John Roberts to the D.C. circuit (Roberts Q&A on pages 17-79) [http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=108_senate_hearings&docid=f:92548.wais plain text available here]

*[http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/national/AP-Scotus.html Bush Picks Roberts to Be Chief Justice, Replacing Rehnquist]

*[http://pview.findlaw.com/view/2581160_1 FindLaw Lawyer Profile]

*[http://www.anastigmatix.net/reference/JGR.html List of Circuit Judge Roberts's opinions for the DC Circuit ]

*[http://www.law.umich.edu/library/news/topics/roberts/robertsindex.htm University of Michigan Law Library fulltext links]

*[http://www.fed-soc.org/ Federalist Society]

*[http://www.rcfp.org/news/documents/20050721-robertsrec.html A summary of media-related cases handled by Supreme Court nominee John G. Roberts Jr.] from The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press, July 21, 2005

*[http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/law/july-dec05/roberts_7-22.html Experts Analyze Supreme Court Nominee John Roberts' Legal Record]

*[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/19/AR2005071900870.html Profile of the Nominee] - ''[[The Washington Post]]''

*[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/11/politics/politicsspecial1/11questions.html?ex=1284091200&en=abf98b4ef43253a8&ei=5090 A Senate Hearing Primer] - ''[[The New York Times]]''

*[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/13/politics/politicsspecial1/roberts_textindex.html Video and Transcripts From the Roberts Confirmation Hearings] - ''[[The New York Times]]''

*[http://www.scotusblog.com/movabletype/ SCOTUSblog]

*[http://www.sctnomination.com/blog/ Supreme Court Nomination Blog]

*[http://judgejohnroberts.com The Supreme Court Zeitgeist] - Daily outlook on the Roberts nomination

*[http://www.c-span.org/congress/roberts_senate.asp Senate Vote on the Roberts nomination]

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