Iran–Iraq War and 2006 Mumbai train bombings: Difference between pages

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{{Infobox terrorist attack

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|title=July 2006 Mumbai train bombings

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{{POV}}

|caption=One of the bomb-damaged coaches

{| style="float: right; clear: right; background-color: transparent"

|___location={{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai]], [[India]]

|-

|target=[[Mumbai Suburban Railway|Mumbai Suburban Railway]]

|{{Infobox Military Conflict

|date=[[11 July]] [[2006]]

|conflict=Iran-Iraq War

|time-begin=18:24

|image=[[Image:Jang.jpg|300px]]

|time-end=18:35

|caption=<small>''Iranian Soldiers and Iraqi Tanks on the battlefield''</small>

|timezone=[[UTC]]+5.5

|date=[[22 September]] [[1980]]–[[20 August]] [[1988]]

|type=[[Bombing]]s

|place=[[Persian Gulf]], Iranian-Iraqi border

|fatalities=209

|casus=

|injuries=714

|result=[[Stalemate]]; [[United Nations]]-mandated [[cease-fire]]

|perps=Terrorist outfits&mdash;Student Islamic Movement of India ([[Students Islamic Movement of India|SIMI]]), Lashkar-e-Toiba ([[LeT]]; These are alleged perpetrators as legal proceedings have not yet taken place.)

|combatant1=[[Image:Flag of Iran.svg|22x20px]][[Iran]]

|combatant2=[[Image:Flag of Iraq (1963-1991).svg|22x20px]][[Iraq]]<br>

|commander1=[[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]]<br>[[Abolhassan Banisadr]]<BR>[[Ali Shamkhani]]<BR>[[Mostafa Chamran]]†

|commander2=[[Saddam Hussein]]<BR>[[Ali Hassan al-Majid]]

|strength1=305,000 soldiers<br>500,000 [[Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps|Passdaran and Baseej]] militia<br>1,000 tanks<br>1,000 armored vehicles<br>3,000 artillery pieces<br>65 aircraft<br>720 helicopters<ref>http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cshome.html</ref>

|strength2=190,000 soldiers<br>4,500 tanks<br>4,000 armored vehicles<br>7,330 artillery pieces<br>500+ aircraft<br>100+ helicopters<ref>http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/iran-iraq.htm</ref>

|casualties1=Est. 500,000+ soldiers/militia/civilians killed or wounded

|casualties2=Iraq<br>Est. 375,000+ soldiers/militia/civilians killed or wounded

}}

|-

|{{Campaignbox Iran-Iraq War}}

{{Campaignbox Persian Gulf Wars}}

|}

The '''11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings''' were a series of seven [[bomb]] blasts that took place over a period of 11 minutes on the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway|Suburban Railway]] in [[Mumbai]] (formerly known as Bombay), capital city of the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]] and India's financial capital. 209 people lost their lives and over 700 were injured in the attacks. According to the Indian police the bombings were carried out by [[Lashkar-e-Tayyaba]] and [[Students Islamic Movement of India]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/09/30/india.bombs/index.html?section=cnn_world#|title=Death Toll At 209|author=CNN|date=[[2006-09-30]]|accessdate=2006-09-30|publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref>

The '''Iran-Iraq War''', also known as the '''Imposed War''' (جنگ تحمیلی, ''Jang-e-tahmīlī'') in Iran, and '''Saddām's Qādisiyyah''' (قادسيّة صدّام, ''Qādisiyyat Saddām'') in Iraq, was a [[war]] between the armed forces of [[Iraq]] and [[Iran]] lasting from September [[1980]] to August [[1988]]. It is commonly referred to as the '''First Gulf War''' until the [[Persian Gulf War|Iraq-Kuwait conflict]] ([[1990]]–[[1991|91]]), which became known as the Second (Persian) Gulf War and later simply the (Persian) Gulf War.

== Details ==

[[Pressure cookers]] with 2.5kg of [[RDX]] each <ref>http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2062187.cms</ref>, were placed on trains plying on the western line of the suburban ("local") train network, which forms the backbone of the city's transport network. The first blast reportedly took place at 18:24 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] (12:54 [[UTC]]), and the explosions continued for approximately eleven minutes, until 18:35,<ref name="cnn">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/07/11/mumbai.blasts/index.html|title=At least 174 killed in Indian train blasts|publisher=[[CNN|cnn.com]]|accessdate=2006-07-11|date=[[2006-07-10]]}}</ref> during the after-work rush hour. All the bombs had been placed in the first-class "general" compartments (some compartments are reserved for women, called "ladies" compartments) of several trains running from [[Churchgate]], the city-centre end of the western railway line, to the western suburbs of the city. They exploded at or in the near vicinity of the suburban railway stations of [[Matunga Road]], [[Mahim]], [[Bandra]], [[Khar Road]], [[Jogeshwari]], [[Bhayandar (railway station)|Bhayandar]] and [[Borivali]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5169332.stm|title=Blasts rock Mumbai rail network|publisher=[[BBC News Online|news.bbc.co.uk]]|accessdate=2006-07-11|date=[[2006-07-10]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1731631.cms|title=Tuesday terror: Six blasts rock Mumbai railway stations|publisher=[[Times of India|indiatimes.com]]|accessdate=2006-07-11|date=[[2006-07-10]]}}</ref> [[Image:11 July 2006 Mumbai bombings - map showing locations.png|thumb|right|190px|Map showing the 'Western line' and blast locations.]]

It has been called "the longest [[conventional warfare|conventional war]] of the [[20th century]]", and cost 1 million casualties and [[US$]]1.19 trillion.<ref>See introduction of: D. Hiro. ''The Longest War''. 1991. ISBN 0-415-90406-4</ref>

[[Minister for Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]] [[Shivraj Patil]] told reporters that authorities had "some" information an attack was coming, "but place and time was not known".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5169332.stm|title=Scores dead in Mumbai train bombs|publisher=[[BBC News Online|news.bbc.co.uk]]|accessdate=2006-07-11|date=[[2006-07-10]]}}</ref> will

The bomb attacks in Mumbai came hours after a series of grenade attacks in [[Srinagar]], the largest city in the Indian state of [[Jammu and Kashmir]]. However, [[Secretary for Home Affairs (India)|Home Secretary]] [[V K Duggal]] said there was no link between the Srinagar and Mumbai bomb blasts.<ref name="ndtv-8">{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/template/template.asp?template=terrorstrikes&slug=Serial+blasts+rock+Mumbai%2C+146+killed&id=19794&callid=0&category=National|title=Serial blasts rock Mumbai, 172 killed|publisher=[[NDTV|ndtv.com]]|accessdate=2006-07-11|date=[[2006-07-11]]}}</ref>

The war began when [[Iraq]] invaded [[Iran]] on [[22 September]] [[1980]] following a long history of border disputes and demands for the overthrow of [[Saddam Hussein]]'s regime. The conflict saw early successes by the Iraqis, but before long they were repelled and the conflict stabilized into a long [[war of attrition]]. The [[United Nations Security Council]] called upon both parties to end the conflict on multiple occasions, but a [[ceasefire]] was not agreed to until [[20 August]] [[1988]], and the last [[prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] were not exchanged until [[2003]]. The war irrevocably altered politics in the area, playing into wider global politics and leading to the [[1990]] Iraqi [[invasion of Kuwait]].

== Injuries and fatalities ==

The war is also noted for extensive use of [[chemical weapons]] by Iraqi forces against Iranian troops, Iranian civilians and Iraqi [[Kurd]]s.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

==Background==

[[Image:Jang2.jpg|right|thumb|240px|Iranian soldiers landing from a [[CH-47 Chinook]] helicopter in the northern front of the war. The war (according to one estimate) resulted in [[USD]]$350 billion in damages to Iran alone.]]

Although the Iran-Iraq war of 1980–1988 was a war over dominance of the [[Persian Gulf]] region, the roots of the war go back many centuries. There has been rivalry between kingdoms of [[Mesopotamia]] (the Tigris-Euphrates valley, modern [[Iraq]]) and the rugged highlands to the East (modern [[Persia]] or Iran) since the beginning of recorded history in [[Sumer]].

More precisely, the origins of the Iran-Iraq war of 1980–1988 go back to the question of sovereignty over the resource-rich province of [[Khuzestan]]. Khuzestan was home to the [[Elamite Empire]], an independent, non-[[Semitic]], and non-[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]-speaking kingdom, whose capital was [[Susa]]. Khuzestan has been attacked and occupied by various kingdoms of Mesopotamia (and vice versa) many times. Indeed, the dawn of recorded history opens with the earliest historical ruler who can be archaeologically attested, [[Enmebaragesi]] of [[Kish]], subduing Elam (ca. 2650 BC), first of several Sumerian potentates to do so. Elam was finally able to return the favor in 2004 BC when they sacked the city of [[Ur]] for the first time, bringing the predominant [[3rd dynasty of Ur]] to an end.

Before the [[Ottoman empire]], Iraq was part of Persia ruled under the [[Aq Qoyunlu]] dynasty. The rising power of the Ottomans put an end to this when [[Murad IV]] annexed what is today Iraq from the weakening [[Safavids]] of Persia in 1638 via the [[Treaty of Zuhab]]. The border disputes between Persia and the Ottomans never ended, however. Between 1555 and 1918, Persia and the Ottoman empire signed no fewer than 18 treaties delineating their disputed borders. Modern Iraq was created with [[United Kingdom|British]] involvement in the region and the final collapse of the Ottoman empire, thereby inheriting all the disputes with Persia.

On [[18 December]] [[1959]], [[Abdul Karim Qassim|`Abd al-Karīm Qāsim]], who had just taken control of Iraq by ''[[coup d'etat|coup d'état]]'', openly declared: "''We do not wish to refer to the history of Arab tribes residing in Al-Ahwaz and Mohammareh [Khorramshahr]. The [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]]s handed over Mohammareh, which was part of Iraqi territory, to Iran.''" The Iraqi regime's dissatisfaction with Iran's possession of the [[petroleum|oil]]-rich Khuzestan province was not limited to rhetorical statements; Iraq began supporting [[secession]]ist movements in Khuzestan, and even raised the issue of its territorial claims at the next meeting of the [[Arab League]], without success. Iraq showed reluctance in fulfilling existing agreements with Iran &mdash; especially after the death of [[Egypt]]ian President [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] and the rise of the [[Ba'ath Party|Ba`ath Party]], when Iraq decided to take on the role of "leader of the [[Arab world]]".

In 1969, the deputy prime minister of Iraq openly declared: "''Iraq's dispute with Iran is in connection with Arabistan ([[Khuzestan]]) which is part of Iraq's soil and was annexed to Iran during foreign rule.''" Soon Iraqi [[radio station]]s began exclusively broadcasting into "Arabistan", encouraging Arabs living in Iran and even [[Baloch|Balūchīs]] to revolt against the [[Shah of Iran]]'s government. [[Basra]] TV stations even began showing Iran's Khuzestan province as part of Iraq's new province called ''Nasiriyyah'', renaming all Iranian cities with [[Arabic language|Arabic]] names.

In 1971, Iraq broke diplomatic relations with Iran after claiming sovereignty rights over the islands of [[Abu Musa]], [[Greater and Lesser Tunbs|Greater Tunb and Lesser Tunb]] in the [[Persian Gulf]], following the withdrawal of the British. Iraq then expropriated the properties of 70,000 Iranians and expelled them from its territory, after complaining to the Arab League and the UN without success.

One of the factors contributing to hostility between the two powers was a dispute over full control of the [[Arvand/Shatt al-Arab|Arvandrud/Shatt al-Arab]] waterway at the head of the Persian Gulf, an important channel for the oil exports of both countries. In [[1975]], [[United States]] [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[Henry Kissinger]] had sanctioned Shah [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] to attack Iraq over the waterway, then under Iraqi control; soon afterward, both nations signed the [[Algiers Accord]], where Iraq made territorial concessions &mdash; including the waterway &mdash; in exchange for normalized relations.

Iraq had staged a battle against Iranian forces a year earlier in 1974, resulting in heavy casualties on both sides. Iran attempted to destabilize Iraq, and encouraged [[Kurd]]ish nationalists to break up the country, in response to Iraq's similar activities in Iran's [[Khuzestan]] province.

However, the relationship between Iranian and Iraqi governments briefly improved in 1978, when Iranian agents in Iraq discovered a pro-Soviet coup d'etat against the Iraqi government. When informed of this plot, [[Saddam Hussein]], who was Vice President at the time, ordered the execution of dozens of his army officers, and to return the favor, expelled [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], an exiled leader of clerical opposition to the Shah, from Iraq.

Iran's embassy in [[London]] was subsequently attacked by Iraqi-sponsored terrorist forces a few months prior to the war in 1980, in what came to be known as the [[Iranian Embassy Siege]].

Saddam Hussein was keenly interested in elevating Iraq to a strong regional power. A successful invasion of Iran would make Iraq the dominant power in the Persian Gulf region, and would strengthen its lucrative oil trade. Such lofty ambitions were not that far-fetched. Severe officer purges (including several executions ordered by [[Sadegh Khalkhali]], the post-revolution ''[[sharia]]'' ruler), and spare parts shortages for Iran's American-made equipment, had crippled Iran's once mighty [[military of Iran|military]]. The bulk of the Iranian military was made up of poorly armed, though committed, [[militia]]s. Iran had minimal defenses in the Arvand/Shatt al-`Arab river.

Saddam on numerous occasions alluded to the [[Islamic conquest of Iran]] in propagating his position against Iran. For example, on [[2 April]] [[1980]], half a year before the outbreak of the war, in a visit by Saddam to al-Mustansiriyyah University in Baghdad, drawing parallels with the 7th century defeat of Persia in the [[Battle of al-Qādisiyyah]], he announced:

:"In your name, brothers, and on behalf of the Iraqis and Arabs everywhere we tell those [Persian] cowards and dwarfs who try to avenge Al-Qadisiyah that the spirit of Al-Qadisiyah as well as the blood and honor of the people of Al-Qadisiyah who carried the message on their spearheads are greater than their attempts."<ref>Speech made by Saddam Hussein. Baghdad, ''Voice of the Masses'' in Arabic, 1200 GMT 02 April 1980. FBIS-MEA-80-066. 03 April 1980, E2-3. E3</ref>

The aftermath of the [[Iranian Revolution]] of [[1979]] was central to the conflict. The [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]] was threatening to export Islamic revolution to the rest of the [[Middle East]] &mdash; even though Iran was hardly in any position to do so militarily, for most of the Shah's army had already been disbanded. The Khomeinist camp despised Iraq's Ba`athist secularism in particular, and believed that the oppressed [[Shi'a Islam|Shias]] in Iraq, [[Saudi Arabia]], and [[Kuwait]] could follow the Iranian example and turn against their governments. At the same time, the revolution in Iran, the destabilization of the country, and its alienation from the [[Western world|West]] made it a tempting target to the expansionist [[Saddam Hussein]]. In particular he felt that Iranian Sunni citizens would rather join a powerful Sunni-led Iraq than remain in the Shia-dominated Iran.

Thus, Iraq started the war believing that Sunnis of Iran would join the opposing forces. It seems that Saddam had not fully appreciated the power of nationalism over historically clan-centered differences, nor the power of the central state apparatus that controlled the press. Although some of the ethnic Arabs of [[Khuzestan]] collaborated with Iraqis, most of the Sunnis of Iran turned against the Iraqi forces.

The [[UN Secretary General]] report dated [[9 December]] [[1991]] (S/23273) explicitly cites "Iraq's aggression against Iran" in starting the war and breaching International security and peace.<ref>See:

*R.K. Ramazani, ''"Who started the Iran-Iraq war?"''

*The [[Virginia Journal of International Law]] 33, Fall 1992, pp. 69–89

Link: http://www.student.virginia.edu/~vjil</ref>

==History of the war==

===Invasion and repulse===

[[image:Saddam7.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Upon invading Iran on [[22 September]] [[1980]], then-Iraqi President Saddam Hussein boasted he would be in [[Tehran]] in 3 days.]]

<!-- Image with questionable fair-use claim removed: [[Image:Iraqi_stamp.jpg|right|250px|frame|Commemorative propaganda stamp issued by Saddam depicting the [[Battle of al-Qādisiyyah]] and its parallel during the Iran-Iraq war.]] -->The two nations severed diplomatic relations in June 1980, and sporadic border clashes increased. On [[September 18]], Iraq declared the Shatt al-Arab part of its territory. [[Iraq]] launched a full-scale invasion of [[Iran]] on [[September 22]] [[1980]], claiming as a pretext, an Iranian assassination attempt on [[Foreign Minister]] [[Tariq Aziz]].

Objectives of Iraq's invasion of Iran were:

#Acquisition of the [[Arvand/Shatt al-Arab]] waterway as part of Iraqi territory (Iraq's only port connection to The [[Persian Gulf]]).

#Acquisition of the three islands of [[Abu Musa]] and the [[Greater and Lesser Tunbs]], on the unilateral behalf of the [[UAE]].

#Annexing [[Khuzestan]] as part of Iraqi territory.

The [[blitzkrieg|surprise offensive]] advanced quickly against the still disorganized [[military of Iran|Iranian forces]], advancing on a wide front into Iranian territory along the [[Mehran]]-[[Khorramabad]] axis in Central Iran and towards Ahvaz in the oil-rich southern province of [[Khuzestan]].

Iraq encountered unexpected resistance, however. Rather than turning against the Ayatollah's government as exiles had promised, the people of Iran rallied around their country and mounted far stiffer resistance; an estimated 100,000 volunteers arrived at the front by November. An Iraqi Air Force attack on Iranian airfields was ineffective, due in part to the fact that the Iranian airfields were long enough for the [[Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force]] to deploy its planes, and that aircraft [[hangar]]s had been upgraded to withstand bombs. The Iraqis soon found the Iranian military was not nearly as depleted as they had thought. By June of [[1982]], a successful Iranian counter-offensive had recovered the areas previously lost to Iraq. An especially significant battle of this counter-offensive in the Khuzestan province was the [[liberation of Khorramshahr]] city from the Iraqis on May 24, 1982.

Most of the fighting for the rest of the war occurred on Iraqi territory, although some have interpreted the Iraqi withdrawal as a [[military tactics|tactical]] ploy by the Iraqi military. By fighting just inside Iraq, Saddām Hussein could rally popular Iraqi patriotism. The Iraqi army could also fight on its own territory and in well-established defensive positions. The Iranians continued to employ unsophisticated [[human wave attack]]s, while Iraqi soldiers remained, for the most part, in a defensive posture.

Iraq offered a cessation of hostilities in 1982, but Iran's insistence from July 1982 onward to destroy the Iraqi government prolonged the conflict for another six years of static warfare.

Newly declassified US intelligence available<ref>SNIE 34/36.2-82 link: http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB167</ref> explores both the domestic and foreign implications of Iran's apparent (in 1982) victory over Iraq in their then two-year old war. Iran especially had the opportunity to cut off Iraq from the [[Persian Gulf]] at the [[Al-Faw Peninsula]] and win the war in the late stages of the conflict.

===The Tanker War and U.S. entanglement===

[[image:Saddam_rumsfeld.jpg|thumb|right|[[Donald Rumsfeld]] meeting Saddam on [[19 December]] – [[20 December]] [[1983]]. Rumsfeld visited again on [[24 March]] [[1984]]; the same day the UN released a report that Iraq had used [[mustard gas]] and [[Tabun (nerve agent)|tabun]] nerve agent against Iranian troops. The [[NY Times]] reported from Baghdad on [[29 March]] [[1984]], that "American diplomats pronounce themselves satisfied with Iraq and the U.S., and suggest that normal diplomatic ties have been established in all but name."<ref>[[National Security Archive]]: http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82</ref>]]

{{main|U.S. support for Iraq during the Iran-Iraq war}}

The [[United States]] had been wary of the [[Islamic Republic of Iran]] since the [[Iranian Revolution]], not least because of the detention of its Tehran [[embassy]] staff in the 1979–81 [[Iran hostage crisis]]. Allegedly there was a secret encouragement by the US administration (President [[Jimmy Carter]], conveyed through [[Saudi Arabia]]) which was embroiled in a dispute with the new [[Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref>Saddam's 'Green Light' By Robert Parry [http://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/xfile5.html]</ref><ref>Iraq & geopolitics, by Henry C K Liu [http://archives.econ.utah.edu/archives/a-list/2004w37/msg00030.htm]</ref><ref>The Longest War: The Iran-Iraq Military Conflict (1991), pp. 71-72</ref> However, Dr. [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]], President Carter's [[National Security Advisor (United States)]] doesn't support this assertion.<ref name=Zbig>{{cite book

|last=Brzezinski

|first=Zbigniew

|authorlink=Zbigniew Brzezinski

|title=Power and Principle, Memoirs of the National Security Advisor 1977-1981

|date=1983

|publisher=Farrar Straus Giroux

|pages=451-454, 504}} ISBN 0-374-23663-1</ref>

Starting in 1981, both Iran and Iraq attacked [[oil tanker]]s and merchant ships, including those of neutral nations, in an effort to deprive the opponent of trade. After repeated Iraqi attacks on Iran's main exporting facility on [[Bushehr Province#Kharg Island (Khark Island)|Khark Island]], Iran attacked a Kuwaiti tanker near [[Bahrain]] on [[May 13]] [[1984]], and a [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]] tanker in Saudi waters on [[May 16]]. Attacks on ships of noncombatant nations in the Persian Gulf sharply increased thereafter, and this phase of the war was dubbed the "Tanker War."

In 1982 with Iranian success on the battlefield, the U.S. made its backing of Iraq more pronounced, supplying it with intelligence, economic aid, normalizing relations with the government (broken during the 1967 [[Six-Day War]]), and also supplying weapons.<ref>See: http://www.iranchamber.com/history/articles/arming_iraq.php</ref> President Ronald Reagan decided that the United States ''"could not afford to allow Iraq to lose the war to Iran"'', and that the United States ''"would do whatever was necessary and legal to prevent Iraq from losing the war with Iran."''<ref>See statement by former [[United States National Security Council|NSC]] official Howard Teicher, dated 1/31/95, to the US District Court, Southern District of Florida:

*UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF FLORIDA, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff, v. Case No. 93-241-CR-HIGHSMITH, CARLOS CARDOEN, FRANCO SAFTA, JORGE BURR, INDUSTRIAS CARDOEN LIMITADA, DECLARATION OF a/k/a INCAR, HOWARD TEICHER, SWISSCO MANAGEMENT GROUP, INC. EDWARD A. JOHNSON, RONALD W. GRIFFIN, and TELEDYNE INDUSTRIES, INC., d/b/a, TELEDYNE WAH CHANG ALBANY. 1/31/95. A link about the trial: http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=1291</ref> President Reagan formalized this policy by issuing a National Security Decision Directive ("NSDD") to this effect in June, 1982.<ref>''Ibid.''</ref>

[[Lloyd's of London]], a British [[insurance]] [[market]], estimated that the Tanker War damaged 546 commercial vessels and killed about 430 civilian mariners. The largest of attacks were directed by Iran against Kuwaiti vessels, and on [[November 1]] [[1986]], Kuwait formally petitioned foreign powers to protect its shipping. The [[Soviet Union]] agreed to charter tankers starting in [[1987]], and the United States offered to provide protection for tankers [[flag of convenience|flying the U.S. flag]] on [[March 7]] [[1987]] ([[Operation Earnest Will]] and [[Operation Prime Chance]]). Under [[international law]], an attack on such ships would be treated as an attack on the U.S., allowing the U.S. to retaliate militarily. This support would protect ships headed to Iraqi ports, effectively guaranteeing Iraq's revenue stream for the duration of the war.

An Iraqi plane attacked the [[USS Stark (FFG-31)|USS ''Stark'' (FFG 31)]], a [[Oliver Hazard Perry class|''Perry'' class]] [[frigate]] on [[May 17]], killing 37 and injuring 21.<ref>See: http://www.navybook.com/nohigherhonor/pic-stark.shtml</ref> However, U.S. attention was focused on isolating Iran; it criticized Iran's mining of international waters, and sponsored [[Wikisource:UN Security Council Resolution/598|UN Security Council Resolution 598]], which passed unanimously on [[July 20]], under which it skirmished with Iranian forces. In October 1987, the U.S. attacked Iranian oil platforms in retaliation for an Iranian attack on the U.S.-flagged Kuwaiti tanker ''Sea Isle City''.<ref>See: http://www.navybook.com/nohigherhonor/pic-nimblearcher.shtml</ref>

On [[April 14]] [[1988]], the frigate [[USS Samuel B. Roberts (FFG-58)|USS ''Samuel B. Roberts'']] was badly damaged by an Iranian mine. U.S. forces responded with [[Operation Praying Mantis]] on [[April 18]], the [[United States Navy]]'s largest engagement of surface warships since [[World War II]]. Two Iranian ships were destroyed, and an American helicopter crashed with no apparent combat damage, killing the two pilots.<ref>See: http://www.navybook.com/nohigherhonor/pic-prayingmantis.shtml</ref>

In the course of these escorts by the U.S. Navy, the cruiser [[USS Vincennes (CG-49)|USS ''Vincennes'']] shot down [[Iran Air Flight 655]] with the loss of all 290 passengers and crew on [[July 3]] [[1988]]. The [[Federal Government of the United States|American government]] claimed that the airliner had been mistaken for an Iranian [[F-14 Tomcat]], and that the Vincennes was operating in international waters at the time and feared that it was under attack. The Iranians, however, maintain that the Vincennes was in fact in Iranian territorial waters, and that the Iranian passenger jet was turning away and increasing altitude after take-off. U.S. Admiral [[William J. Crowe]] also admitted on [[Nightline]] that the Vincennes was inside Iranian territorial waters when it launched the missiles.<ref>See: http://homepage.ntlworld.com/jksonc/docs/ir655-nightline-19920701.html</ref> . The U.S. eventually paid compensation for the incident; but never apologized.

According to the investigation done by [[Ted Koppel]], during the war, U.S. navy used to set decoys inside the Persian Gulf to lure out the Iranian gunboats and destroy them, and at the time USS Vincennes shot down the Iranian airline, it was performing such an operation.<ref>See: http://homepage.ntlworld.com/jksonc/docs/ir655-nightline-19920701.html</ref>

==="War of the Cities"===

Toward the end of the war, the land conflict regressed into [[stalemate]] largely because neither side had enough self-propelled artillery or airpower to support ground advances.

The relatively professional Iraqi armed forces could not make headway against the far more numerous Iranian [[infantry]]. The Iranians were outmatched in towed and self-propelled [[artillery]], which left their tanks and troops vulnerable. What followed was a bloodbath with the Iranians substituting infantry for artillery. Both sides turned to more brutal weapons and tactics.

Iraq's air force soon began strategic bombing against Iranian cities, chiefly [[Tehran]], starting in 1985. In response, Iran began launching SS-1 "[[Scud]]" missiles against [[Baghdad]]. Iraq did not respond in kind against Tehran until early 1988, able to deploy only air raids against the Iranian capital up until that point. In October 1986, Iraqi aircraft attacked civilian passenger trains and aircraft, including an [[Iran Air]] Boeing 737 unloading passengers at [[Shiraz International Airport]]. Iraqi warplanes attacked 34 elementary and high schools in 1986, killing hundreds of children.<ref>See dated [[IRNA]] archives: http://www.irna.ir</ref>

In retaliation for the successful Iranian ''Karbala-5'' operation in the fronts, during the course of 42 days, Iraq attacked 65 cities in 226 sorties, bombing civilian neighborhoods. Eight Iranian cities came under the attack from Iraqi missiles. Bombings killed 65 children in an elementary school in [[Borujerd]] alone. These events became known as "the war of the cities".<ref>''Ibid.''</ref>

The war saw the use of [[chemical weapon]]s, especially [[mustard gas]] and [[sarin]], by Iraq. International antipathy to the Tehran regime meant Iraq suffered few repercussions in spite of those attacks. After the war, the UN eventually condemned Iraq for using chemical weapons against Iran. Chemical weapons had not previously been widely used in any major war since the [[Second Italo-Abyssinian War]].

With foreign assistance, Iraq financed the purchase of more technologically advanced weapons, and built a more modern, well-trained armed force. After setbacks on the battlefield, it offered to return to the 1975 border. Since Iran was internationally isolated and facing rising public discontent, it agreed to a cease-fire on [[August 20]], [[1988]].

===List of major Iranian operations during the war===

#[[27 September]]-[[29 September]] [[1981]]: ''[[Operation Thamen-ol-A'emeh]]''; Iran retakes [[Abadan]].

#[[29 November]]-mid-December [[1981]]: ''[[Operation Tarigh ol-Qods]]''; Iran retakes Abadan and area north of [[Susangard]].

#[[21 March]]-[[30 March]] [[1982]]: ''[[Operation Fath-ol-Mobeen]]''; Iran expels Iraqi troops from [[Dezful]]-[[Shush]] area.

#[[30 April]]-[[24 May]] [[1982]]: ''[[Operation Beit-ol-Moqaddas]]''; Iran retakes [[Khorramshahr]] and drives Iraqis back across the border.

#[[14 July]]-[[28 July]] [[1982]]: ''[[Operation Ramadhan]]''; Failed Iranian offensive to capture [[Basra]].

#[[9 April]]-[[17 April]] [[1983]]: ''[[Operation Valfajr-1]]''; Failed Iranian offensive in Ein Khosh to capture Basra-Baghdad highway.

#[[19 October]]-mid November [[1983]]: ''[[Operation Valfajr-4]]''; Iranian offensive in Iraq's Kurdistan near Panjwin makes small gains.

#[[22 February]]-[[16 March]] [[1984]]: ''[[Operation Kheibar]]''; Iranian offensive captures the Iraqi Majnoon Islands in the Haur al-Hawizeh marshes.

#[[10 March]]-[[20 March]] [[1985]]: ''[[Operation Badr (Iran-Iraq War)|Operation Badr]]''; Unsuccessful Iranian offensive to capture the Basra-Baghdad highway.

#[[9 February]]-[[25 February]] [[1986]]: ''[[Operation Valfajr-8]]''; Three-pronged Iranian offensive leads to capture of [[Fao]] peninsula.

#[[2 June]] [[1986]]: ''[[Operation Karbala-1]]''.

#[[1 September]] [[1986]]: ''[[Operation Karbala-2]]''; Iranian offensive in the Hajj Umran area of Iraqi Kurdistan.

#[[9 January]]-[[26 February]] [[1987]]: ''[[Operation Karbala-5]]''; Iranian offensive in southern Iraq to capture Basra.

#[[21 June]] [[1987]]: ''[[Operation Nasr 4]]''.

#[[16 March]] [[1988]]: ''[[Operation Valfajr-10]]''; Iranian offensive in Iraqi [[Kurdistan]].

#[[27 July]] [[1988]]: ''[[Operation Mersad]]''.

===List of major Iraqi operations during the war===

# [[22 September]]-mid November [[1980]]; Iraqi invasion of Iran

# [[9 March]]-[[10 March]] [[1986]]; Unsuccessful Iraqi offensive to recapture [[Al-Faw Peninsula|Fao]].

# [[17 May]] [[1986]]; Iraqi offensive captures [[Mehran]].

# [[16 April]]-[[18 April]] [[1988]]; Iraqi offensive recaptures [[Al-Faw Peninsula|Fao]]. Use of chemical weapons

# [[23 May]]-[[25 May]] [[1988]]; Iraqi offensive in northern and central sectors recaptures Shalamche using chemical weapons.

# [[19 June]]-[[22 June]] [[1988]]; Iraqi offensive captures Mehran.

# [[25 June]] [[1988]]; Iraqi offensive recaptures Majnoon Islands.

# [[12 July]] [[1988]]; Iraqi offensive retakes all Iraqi territory in the Musian border region.

# [[22 July]]-[[29 July]] [[1988]]; Iraqi offensive along the entire Iran border, captures some territory in the central and southern sectors with the help of [[Mojahedin-e-Khalq]], but fails in the northern sector.

==Armament and support==

===Iran===

====Military Armaments/Technology====

During the early years of the war, Iran's arsenal was almost entirely American made, left over from the Imperial Armed Forces of the dethroned Shah. Iran's foreign supporters gradually came to include [[Syria]] and [[Libya]], through which it obtained Scud missiles. It purchased weaponry from [[North Korea]] and the [[People's Republic of China]], notably the [[Silkworm missile|Silkworm anti-ship missile]]. Iran acquired weapons and parts for its Shah-era U.S. systems through covert arms transactions from officials in the [[Reagan Administration]], first indirectly through [[Israel]] and then directly. It was hoped Iran would, in exchange, persuade several radical groups to release Western hostages, though this did not result; proceeds from the sales were diverted to the [[Nicaragua]]n [[Contra (guerrillas)|Contras]] in what became known as the [[Iran-Contra Affair]].

In fact, according to the report of the U.S. Congressional Committees Investigating the [[Iran-Contra Affair]] issued in November 1987, "the sale of U.S. arms to Iran through Israel began in the summer of 1985, after receiving the approval of President Reagan."<ref>[[Jewish Virtual Library]]: http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/US-Israel/Iran_Contra_Affair.html</ref> These sales included "2,008 [[BGM-71 TOW]] anti-Tank missiles, and 235 parts kits for [[MIM-23 Hawk]] surface-to-air missiles had been sent to Iran via Israel." Further shipments of up to US$2 billion of American weapons from Israel to Iran, consisting of 18 [[F-4]] fighter-bombers, 46 [[A-4 Skyhawk]] fighter-bombers, and nearly 4,000 missiles were foiled by the [[U.S. Department of Justice]], and "unverified reports alleged that Israel agreed to sell Iran [[AIM-9]] Sidewinder air-to-air missiles, radar equipment, mortar and machinegun ammunition, field telephones, M-60 tank engines and artillery shells, and spare parts for [[C-130]] transport planes."<ref>Links:

* http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iran/intro.htm

* http://www.consortiumnews.com/2005/russiantext.html</ref> The [[London Observer]] also estimated that Israel's arms sales to Iran during the war totalled US$ 500 million annually,<ref>The [[Washington Report on Middle East Affairs]]: http://www.washington-report.org/backissues/1186/8611002.html</ref> and [[Time Magazine]] reported that throughout 1981 and 1982, "the Israelis reportedly set up Swiss bank accounts to handle the financial end of the deals."<ref>[[Time Magazine]]: http://www.time.com/time/europe/timetrails/iran/ir861208.html</ref> For more on Israeli Hawk missile sales to Iran see.<ref>Richard Johns, "''Arms Embargo Which Cannot Withstand The Profit Motive''," [[Financial Times]] (London), 13 November 1987</ref>

====Aircraft====

During war, Iran operated U.S.-manufactured [[F-4 Phantom II|F-4 Phantom]] and [[F-5 Freedom Fighter]] fighters, as well as [[AH-1 Cobra]] light attack [[helicopter]]s. It also operated a number of [[F-14 Tomcat]] fighters, which, according to a few sources, proved devastating to the Iraqis in the early phases of the war. However, due to the Iranian government's estrangement, spare parts were difficult to obtain. Despite this the Iranians managed to maintain a constant presence with their Tomcats during the entire conflict, mostly due to a combination of spare parts acquired on the black market and parts made in Iran. These were supported by [[KC-135 Stratotanker|KC-135]]s, a [[aerial refueling|refueling tanker]] based on the [[Boeing 707]].<ref>See: http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iran/airforce.htm</ref>

===Iraq===

''See also: [[Arms sales to Iraq 1973-1990]]''

====Military Armaments/Technology====

Iraq's [[military of Iraq|army]] was primarily armed with weaponry it had purchased from the [[Soviet Union]] and its [[satellite state|satellites]] in the preceding decade. During the war, it purchased billions of dollars worth of advanced equipment from the Soviet Union, [[France]],<ref>[[BBC]]: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3324053.stm</ref> as well as from the [[People's Republic of China]], [[Egypt]], [[Germany]], and other sources (including [[Europe]] and facilities for making and/or enhancing chemical weapons). [[Germany]]<ref>[[Deutsche Welle]] report: http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,716376,00.html</ref> along with other Western countries (among them [[United Kingdom]], [[France]], [[Spain]] (Explosivos Alaveses), [[Canada]], [[Italy]] and the [[United States]]) provided Iraq with [[biological weapon|biological]] and [[chemical weapon]]s technology and the precursors to nuclear capabilities (see below).

The source of Iraqi arms purchases between 1970 and 1990 (10% of the world market during this period) are estimated to be:

<center>

{| border="1" class="wikitable"

! Suppliers !! in Billions (1985 $US) !! % of total

|-

|+ '''11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings'''<br/>Confirmed casualties

|align="center" |[[Soviet Union]]

|align="center" |19.2

|align="center" |61

|-

! '''Train'''

|align="center" |[[France]]

! '''Blast ___location'''

|align="center" |5.5

! '''Carriage type'''

|align="center" |18

! abbr="Time" | '''Time''' ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]])

! '''Deaths'''

! '''Injured'''

! '''Sources'''

|-

| Travelling north<br>from [[Churchgate]] || [[Khar Road]] - [[Santacruz (railway station)|Santacruz]]

|align="center" |[[People's Republic of China]]

|| First Class || 18:24 || || || <small></small>

|align="center" |1.7

|align="center" |5

|-

| 17:50 Fast Local<br>[[Churchgate]]-[[Borivali]] || [[Bandra]] - [[Khar Road]]

|align="center" |[[Brazil]]

|| First Class || 18:24 || || || <small></small>

|align="center" |1.1

|align="center" |4

|-

| 17:37 Slow Local<br>[[Churchgate]]-[[Borivali]] || [[Jogeshwari]] (PF #1)

|align="center" |[[Egypt]]

|| First Class || 18:25 || || || <small></small>

|align="center" |1.1

|align="center" |4

|-

| 17:54 Fast Local<br>[[Churchgate]]-[[Borivali]] || [[Mahim|Mahim Junction]] (PF #3)

|align="center" |Other countries

|| First Class || 18:26 || || || <small></small>

|align="center" |2.9

|align="center" |6

|-

| Travelling north<br>from [[Churchgate]] || [[Mira Road]] - [[Bhayandar]]

|align="center" |'''Total'''

|| First Class || 18:29 || || || <small></small>

|align="center" |'''31.5'''

|-

|align="center" |'''98.0'''

| 17:57 Fast Local<br>[[Churchgate]]-[[Virar]] || [[Matunga Road]] - [[Mahim|Mahim Junction]]

|}</center>

|| First Class || 18:30 || || || <small></small>

|-

The U.S. sold Iraq $200 million in helicopters, which were used by the Iraqi military in the war. These were the only direct U.S.-Iraqi military sales and were valued to be about 0.6% of Iraq's conventional weapons imports during the war.<ref>See: http://web.archive.org/web/20040601181327/projects.sipri.se/armstrade/Trnd_Ind_IRQ_Imps_73-02.pdf</ref>

| 17:37 Fast Local<br>[[Churchgate]]-[[Virar]] || [[Borivali]] (PF #4)¹

[[Ted Koppel]] of [[Nightline|ABC Nightline]] reported the following, however, on June 9, 1992: "It is becoming increasingly clear that George Bush Sr., operating largely behind the scenes throughout the 1980s, initiated and supported much of the financing, intelligence, and military help that built Saddam's Iraq into [an aggressive power]" and “Reagan/Bush administrations permitted — and frequently encouraged — the flow of money, agricultural credits, dual-use technology, chemicals, and weapons to Iraq.”

|| First Class || 18:35 || || || <small><small>

The Reagan Administration secretly began to allow Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Egypt to transfer to Iraq American howitzers, helicopters, bombs and other weapons. These shipments were done without the approval of the U.S. Congress and were in clear violation of the Arms Export Control Act as well as international law.<ref> [http://web.archive.org/web/20010513085039/http:/www.wlv.ac.uk/shass/cv/phythian.html Phythian], p. 35. Phythian cites Murray Waas and Craig Unger, "In the Loop: Bush's Secret Mission," New Yorker, p. 70. </ref> Reagan personally asked Italy’s Prime Minister Guilio Andreotti to channel arms to Iraq.<ref> [http://web.archive.org/web/20010513085039/http:/www.wlv.ac.uk/shass/cv/phythian.html Phythian], p. 35. p. 36 Phythian cites Alan Friedman, Spider's Web: Bush, Saddam, Thatcher and the Decade of Deceit, (London: Faber, 1993), pp. 81-84.</ref>

|-

! style="background: #E9E9E9;" |

The United States, United Kingdom, and Germany also provided "dual use" technology (computers, engines, etc.) that allowed Iraq to expand its missile program and radar defenses. The U.S. Commerce Department, in violation of procedure, gave out licenses to companies for $1.5 billion in dual-use items to be sent to [[Iraq]]. The State Department was not informed of this. Over 1 billion of these authorized items were trucks that were never delivered. The rest consisted of advanced technology. Iraq's Soviet-made Scuds had their ranges expanded as a result.<ref>See:

| style="background: #E9E9E9;" |

*http://www.iraqwatch.org/suppliers/LicenseMD.html

| style="background: #E9E9E9;" | '''Total'''

*http://www.iraqwatch.org/bulletins/vol2iss1jan03.htm</ref>

| style="background: #E9E9E9;" | 11 minutes

| style="background: #E9E9E9;" | 209

[[Yugoslavia]] sold weapons to both countries for the entire duration of the conflict.

| style="background: #E9E9E9;" | 714

[[Portugal]] helped both countries: it was not unusual seeing Iranian- and Iraqi-flagged [[ships]] side-by-side in [[Sines, Portugal|Sines]] (a town with a deep-sea [[port]]).

| style="background: #E9E9E9;" | <small></small><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/09/30/india.bombs/index.html?section=cnn_world#|title=Death Toll At 209|author=CNN|date=[[2006-09-30]]|accessdate=2006-09-30|publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref>

|-

====Aircraft====

|colspan=7|<font style="font-size:90%">¹ One bomb exploded at this ___location, but another one was found by police and defused.<ref name="cnn" /><br/>

Iraq's air force used Soviet weapons and reflected Soviet training, although it expanded and upgraded its fleet considerably as the war progressed. It conducted strategic bombing using [[Tupolev Tu-16]] Badgers. Its fighters included the [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21]], later supplemented by large purchases of [[Sukhoi Su-17|Sukhoi Su-22]]s and French [[Dassault Mirage F1]]s. It also deployed the Anglo-French [[Aérospatiale Gazelle]] scout helicopter and the [[Exocet]] anti-ship missile.<ref>See: http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iraq/airforce.htm</ref>

|}

====Chemical Weapons====

<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:Halabjaattack.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Victims of [[Iraq]]'s poison gas attack on the Kurdish town of [[Halabja]] in Iraq. Iraq dropped the poison gas during the [[Iran-Iraq war]] In 1988, then held by Iranian troops and Iraqi Kurdish guerrillas allied with Tehran,<ref>{{cite web | author=Hirst, David| year=March 22nd, 1988| title=the Kurdish victims were caught unaware by cyanide | format=| work=The Guardian | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/Iraq/Story/0,2763,1251881,00.html |accessdate=2006-06-09}}</ref>-->

[[Image:Iran-chemical.JPG|thumb|200px||Iranian soldiers with gas masks posing in front of a sign reading: "Hey brother, smile".]]

According to Iraq's report to the UN, the know-how and material for developing [[chemical weapon]]s were obtained from firms in such countries as: the [[United States]], [[West Germany]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[France]] and the [[People's Republic of China]].<ref>Link: [[The Independent]], Wednesday, 18 December, 2002: http://foi.missouri.edu/terrorbkgd/uscorpsiniraq.html</ref>

In December 2002, Iraq's 1,200 page Weapons Declaration revealed a list of Eastern and Western corporations and countries, as well as individuals, that exported a total of 17,602 tons of chemical precursors to Iraq in the past two decades. By far, the largest suppliers of precursors for chemical weapons production were in [[Singapore]] (4,515 tons), the [[Netherlands]] (4,261 tons), [[Egypt]] (2,400 tons), [[India]] (2,343 tons), and [[West Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]] (1,027 tons). One [[India]]n company, Exomet Plastics (now part of EPC Industrie) sent 2,292 tons of precursor chemicals to Iraq. The Kim Al-Khaleej firm, located in [[Singapore]] and affiliated to [[United Arab Emirates]], supplied more than 4,500 tons of [[VX (nerve agent)|VX]], [[sarin]], and [[mustard gas]] precursors and production equipment to Iraq.<ref>See ''What Iraq Addmitted About its Chemical Weapons Program'': http://www.iraqwatch.org/suppliers/nyt-041303.gif</ref>

According to the Washington Post, the CIA began in 1984 secretly to give Iraq intelligence that Iraq used to "calibrate" its mustard gas attacks on Iranian troops. In August, the CIA establishes a direct Washington-Baghdad intelligence link, and for 18 months, starting in early 1985, the CIA provided Iraq with "data from sensitive U.S. satellite reconnaissance photography...to assist Iraqi bombing raids." The Post’s source said that this data was essential to Iraq’s war effort.<ref> Bob Woodward, "CIA Aiding Iraq in Gulf War; Target Data From U.S. Satellites Supplied for Nearly 2 Years," [[Washington Post]], 15 December 1986.</ref>

In May of 2003, an extended list of international companies involvements in Iraq was provided by [[The Independent]] (UK).<ref>Link: [[The Independent]], Wednesday, 18 December, 2002: http://foi.missouri.edu/terrorbkgd/uscorpsiniraq.html</ref> Official Howard Teicher and Radley Gayle, stated that Bell helicopters that were given to Iraq by U.S. later were used to spray chemical weapons.<ref> [http://web.archive.org/web/20010513085039/http:/www.wlv.ac.uk/shass/cv/phythian.html Phythian], p. 38. Phythian cites former NSC official Howard Teicher and Radley Gayle, Twin Pillars to Desert Storm: America's Flawed Vision in the Middle East from Nixon to Bush, (New York: William Morrow, 1993), p. 275.</ref>

Iraq's Chemical weapons program was mainly assisted by German companies such as [[Karl Kobe]], which built a chemical weapons facility disguised as a pesticide plant. Iraq’s foreign contractors, including Karl Kolb with Massar for reinforcement, built five large research laboratories, an administrative building, eight large underground bunkers for the storage of chemical munitions, and the first production buildings. 150 tons of mustard were produced in 1983. About 60 tons of [[Tabun]] were produced in 1984. Pilot-scale production of [[Sarin]] began in 1984.<ref>[[Central Intelligence Agency]] report: https://www.cia.gov/cia/reports/iraq_wmd_2004/chap5.html</ref> Germany also supplied reactors, heat exchangers, condensors and vessels. [[France]], [[Austria]], [[Canada]], and [[Spain]] provided similar equipment.<ref>Link: http://www.iraqwatch.org/suppliers/nyt-041303.gif</ref>

The Al Haddad trading company of [[Tennessee]] delivered 60 tons of [[DMMP]], a chemical used to make [[sarin]], a [[nerve gas]] implicated in so-called ''[[Gulf War Syndrome]]''. The Al Haddad trading company appears to have been an Iraqi front company. The firm was owned by Sahib Abd al-Amir al-Haddad, an Iraqi-born, naturalized American citizen. Recent stories in The [[New York Times]] and [[The Tennessean]] reported that al-Haddad was arrested in [[Bulgaria]] in November 2002 while trying to arrange an arms sale to Iraq. Al-Haddad was charged with conspiring to purchase equipment for the manufacture of a [[Project Babylon|giant Iraqi cannon]]. In [[1984]], U.S. Customs at New York's Kennedy Airport stop an order addressed to the Iraqi State Enterprise for Pesticide Production for 74 drums of potassium fluoride, a chemical used in the production of Sarin. The order was places by Al-Haddad Enterprises Incorporates, owned by an individual named Sahib al-Haddad. [http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Iraq/Chemical/3883_3895.html]

[[Maharashtra]] Deputy Chief Minister R. R. Patil confirmed that a total of 200 people were killed and another 714 others have been injured.<ref>{{cite news|

The U.S. firm Alcolac International supplied one mustard-gas precursor, [[thiodiglycol]], to both Iraq and Iran in violation of U.S. export laws for which it was forced to pay a fine in [[1989]]. Overall between 300-400 tons were sent to Iraq.[http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Iraq/Chemical/3883_3895.html] [http://www.iraqwatch.org/search/view-record.asp?sc=suppliers&id=269] [http://www.wisconsinproject.org/countries/iran/iran-chemical-1998.html][http://www.iraqwatch.org/suppliers/nyt-041303.gif]

url=http://www.ddinews.com/Homepage/Homepage+-+Headlines/Mumbai+Blast+Govt.htm|

title=Multiple blasts rock India trains, killing 200 |accessdate=2006-07-11 |date=[[2006-07-11]]}}</ref> Additionally, various news organisations have reported that at least 200 people have died and that more than 700 others have been injured.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5173646.stm|title=Death Toll at 200 in India Train Bombings|accessdate=2006-07-11|date=[[2006-07-11]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/story/world/national/2006/07/12/mumbai-survivor.html|title='Everything was blacked out': Mumbai blast survivor|accessdate=2006-07-12|date=[[2006-07-12]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/07/12/world/main1794814.shtml|publisher=[[CBS News]]|title=Mumbai Death Toll Tops 200|date=[[2006-07-11]] |accessdate=2006-07-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060711/mumbai_explosions_060712/20060712?hub=TopStories|publisher=[[CTV]] |title=Mumbai Terror Death Toll At 200|date=[[2006-07-11]] |accessdate=2006-07-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.breitbart.com/news/2006/07/12/D8IQFV480.html|title=Death Toll in India Train Bombings at 200|publisher=[http://www.breitbart.com breitbart.com]|accessdate=2006-07-12|date=[[2006-07-12]]}}</ref>

A week after the blasts in [[Mumbai]] the confirmed death toll rose to 207.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060718/mumbai_militants_060719/20060719?hub=World|title=Mumbai remembers train bombing victims|publisher=CTV|accessdate=2006-07-24|date=[[2006-07-21]]}}</ref>

====Biological====

In September of 2006 it was confirmed that the death toll had risen to 209.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/09/30/india.bombs/index.html?section=cnn_world#|title=Pakistan spy agency behind Mumbai bombings|author=CNN|date=[[2006-09-30]]|accessdate=2006-09-30|publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref>

Iraq did not use biological weapons in the war, but built up its capability during that time.

== Response ==

On [[25 May]] [[1994]], The [[U.S. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs|U.S. Senate Banking Committee]] released a report in which it was stated that [[pathogenic]] (meaning ''disease producing''), [[toxigenic]] (meaning ''poisonous'') and other biological research materials were exported to Iraq, pursuant to application and licensing by the U.S. Department of Commerce.'' It added: ''"These exported biological materials were not attenuated or weakened and were capable of reproduction."''<ref>Link: http://www.gulfwarvets.com/arison/banking.htm</ref>

{{2006 Mumbai bombings}}

The report then detailed 70 shipments (including [[Anthrax|Anthrax Bacillus]]) from the United States to Iraqi government agencies over three years, concluding that ''"these microorganisms exported by the United States were identical to those the UN inspectors found and recovered from the Iraqi biological warfare program."''<ref>See:

A state of high alert was declared in India's major cities. Both the airports in Mumbai were placed on high alert. The western line of the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] network was at first shut down, although some trains resumed service later, and stringent security arrangements, including frisking and searching of commuters, were instituted on the other lines of the network. The city's bus service, the [[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport|BEST]], pressed extra buses into service to transport stranded commuters home.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=a_Y4F.tdGUFc&refer=home|title=India's Commercial Hub Mumbai Rocked by 5 Explosions|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|bloomberg.com]]|accessdate=2006-07-11|date=[[2006-07-11]]}}</ref>

*One list: http://cns.miis.edu/research/wmdme/flow/iraq/seed.htm

*Another list: http://groups.msn.com/exposureofthetruth/biologicalssoldtoiraq.msnw</ref>

The Prime Minister also held a security meeting at his residence attended by [[Minister for Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]] [[Shivraj Patil]], [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor]] [[M K Narayanan]], and [[Secretary for Home Affairs (India)|Home Secretary]] [[V K Duggal]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/breakingnews/frmShowBackground.asp?q_id=46|title=PM reviews security situation after blasts|publisher=[[NDTV]]|accessdate=2006-07-12}}</ref>

A report by [[Berlin]]'s [[Die Tageszeitung]] in 2002 reported that Iraq's 11,000-page report to the [[UN Security Council]] listed 150 foreign companies that supported Saddam Hussein's [[Weapons_of_mass_destruction|WMD]] program. Twenty-four U.S. firms were involved in exporting arms and materials to Baghdad<ref>Link: http://www.iranchamber.com/history/articles/arming_iraq.php</ref>

[[Donald W. Riegle, Jr.|Donald Riegle]], Chairman of the [[U.S. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs|Senate committee]] that made the report, said, "''UN inspectors had identified many United States manufactured items that had been exported from the United States to Iraq under licenses issued by the Department of Commerce, and [established] that these items were used to further Iraq's chemical and nuclear weapons development and its missile delivery system development programs.''" He added, "''the executive branch of our government approved '''771''' different export licenses for sale of dual-use technology to Iraq. I think that is a devastating record.''"

=== Resumption of services and return to normality ===

The [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|U.S. Centers for Disease Control]] sent Iraq 14 agents "with biological warfare significance," including [[West Nile virus]], according to Riegle's investigators.<ref>[[Saint Petersburg Times]] report: http://www.sptimes.com/2003/03/16/Perspective/How_Iraq_built_its_we.shtml</ref>

Western Railway services were restored on [[11 July]] by 10.45 pm.<ref name="Trains back on track on July 12"> {{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/13/stories/2006071308100100.htm|title="Mumbai back on track"|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=2006-07-13}}</ref> As a show of investor confidence, the [[Mumbai Stock Exchange]] rebounded, starting the day with the BSE Sensex Index up by nearly 1% in morning trade. Foreign investors also retained confidence, with the Sensex up almost 3% at 10,930.09 at the end of the day's trade.

=== Rescue and relief operations ===

====Financial support====

* Initial rescue efforts were hampered by the heavy rains and the prevalent [[monsoon]] flooding, but quickly took momentum after fellow passengers and bystanders helped victims to reach waiting ambulances and/or provided first aid.

* [[Maharashtra]] [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]] announced [[ex gratia|ex-gratia]] payments of [[Indian rupee|Rs]]&nbsp;1,00,000 <!-- before changing this, please read the article on [[lakh]]s -->(approx. [[USD|US$]]2,200) to the next of kin of those who died in the explosion. The injured would be given Rs&nbsp;50,000 (approx. US$1,100) each.<ref name="ndtv-8" />

Iraq's main financial backers were the oil-rich [[Persian Gulf]] states, most notably [[Saudi Arabia]] ($30.9 billion), [[Kuwait]] ($8.2 billion) and the [[United Arab Emirates]] ($8 billion).<ref>Iraq debt: non-Paris Club creditors: http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/report/2004/isg-final-report/ch2_anxd_img06.jpg</ref>

* [[Indian Railways]] announced [[Indian rupee|Rs]]&nbsp;5,00,000 <!-- before changing this, please read the article on [[lakh]]s -->(approx. [[USD|US$]]10,000) compensation and a job to the next of kin of those killed in the serial blasts in Mumbai. The announcements were made by [[Railways Minister (India)|Railways Minister]] [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] after visiting those injured in the blasts at a hospital in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200607120312.htm |date=[[2006-07-12]] |accessdate=2006-07-12 |publisher=The Hindu|title=Lalu offers Rs. 5 lakh, railway job to kin of dead }}</ref>

The [[Iraq-gate]] scandal revealed that an [[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]] branch of [[Italy]]'s largest bank, [[Banca Nazionale del Lavoro]], relying partially on U.S. taxpayer-guaranteed loans, funneled $5 billion to Iraq from 1985 to 1989. In August 1989, when [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] agents finally raided the Atlanta branch of BNL, the branch manager, Christopher Drogoul, was charged with making unauthorized, clandestine, and illegal loans to Iraq—some of which, according to his indictment, were used to purchase arms and weapons technology.

However a study commissioned by former MP Kirit Somaiya noted that that only 174 of the 1,077 victims had received compensation through the Railway Claims Tribunal. For the handicapped victims, only 15 out of 235 eligible cases had been taken care of. Regarding the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]'s promise to India concerning the rehabilitation of the victims, [[L. K. Advani]] noted: {{cquote|none of the above mentioned assurances has been fulfiled to any degree of satisfaction<ref>[http://www.dailypioneer.com/indexn12.asp?main_variable=NATION&file_name=nt4%2Etxt&counter_img=4 Families of 7/11 victims still waiting for Govt relief: Advani] The Pioneer - June 13, 2007</ref>}}

Aside from the [[New York Times]], the [[Los Angeles Times]], and [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]'s [[Ted Koppel]], the [[Iraq-gate]] story never picked up much steam, even though the U.S. Congress became involved with the scandal.<ref>[[Federation of American Scientists]] report: http://www.fas.org/spp/starwars/congress/1992/h920519l.htm</ref> This scandal is covered in Alan Friedman's book "The Spider's Web: The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq."

=== Sources of information ===

Beginning in September, 1989, the ''[[Financial Times]]'' laid out the first charges that BNL, relying heavily on U.S. government-guaranteed loans, was funding Iraqi chemical and nuclear weapons work. For the next two and a half years, the [[Financial Times]] provided the only continuous newspaper reportage (over 300 articles) on the subject. Among the companies shipping militarily useful technology to Iraq under the eye of the U.S. government, according to the [[Financial Times]], were [[Hewlett-Packard]], [[Tektronix]], and [[Matrix Churchill]], through its [[Ohio]] branch<ref>Report by [[Colombia Journalism Review]]: http://www.cjr.org/archives.asp?url=/93/2/iraqgate.asp</ref>

Due to the [[mobile phone]] networks being jammed, news channels such as [[NDTV]] ran tickertapes with information of injured individuals as well as [[Short message service|SMS]] messages from those who wish to contact their families.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/mumbaiblasts/|title=Mumbia Blasts|work=[[NDTV]]|accessdate=2006-07-11|date=[[2006-07-11]]}}</ref> Reports indicated that at around 18:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] on [[11 July]] (midnight in Mumbai), the phone networks were restoring service; telephone service was completely restored during the night.

[http://mumbaihelp.blogspot.com Mumbai Help], a blog run by around thirty bloggers, was a useful source of information, especially for those outside India.

==Weapons of mass destruction==

With more than 100,000 Iranian victims<ref name="r1">Center for Documents of The Imposed War, Tehran. (مرکز مطالعات و تحقیقات جنگ)</ref> of Iraq's chemical weapons during the eight-year war, [[Iran]] is one of the world's top afflicted countries by [[weapons of mass destruction]].

==Impact==

The [[Simon Wiesenthal Center]], a [[Jewish]] organization dedicated to preserving the memory of [[the Holocaust]], released a list of U.S. companies and their exports to Iraq.

===Heightened security measures===

In wake of the blasts, the Indian government tightened security in railway stations. Under new restrictions passed by the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], non-passengers would no longer be allowed on the railway platforms after July 2006. Other major security steps include installation of close circuit televisions inside the stations for round-the-clock vigil and installation of metal detectors.<ref name="Heightened security"> {{cite web |url=http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=71737|title="Say your goodbyes outside the rly station: Laloo"|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=2006-07-29}}</ref>

The official estimate does not include the civilian population contaminated in bordering towns or the children and relatives of veterans, many of whom have developed blood, lung and skin complications, according to the Organization for Veterans of Iran. According to a 2002 article in the ''[[Star-Ledger]]'':

=== Setback for the India-Pakistan peace process ===

:"Nerve gas agents killed about 20,000 Iranian soldiers immediately, according to official reports. Of the 90,000 survivors, some 5,000 seek medical treatment regularly and about 1,000 are still hospitalized with severe, chronic conditions. Many others were hit by mustard gas..."<ref>Link to article by the ''[[Star-Ledger]]'': http://www.nj.com/specialprojects/index.ssf?/specialprojects/mideaststories/me1209.html</ref>

Following the bomb attacks, [[Minister of State of External Affairs]] E. Ahamed announced on [[14 July]] that India would suspend the talks with Pakistan until President [[Pervez Musharraf]] abides by his [[2004]] promise of ending all support to cross-border terrorism.<ref name="End of talks"> {{cite web |url=http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=71124|title="Talks with Pak not on agenda now: India"|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=2006-07-15}}</ref> However, Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] has conveyed India's willingness to be flexible with [[Pakistan]] following Pakistani President [[Pervez Musharraf]]'s statements that ending the three-year long peace process would signal a victory for the separatist terrorists.<ref name="Possibility for resuming the peace process"> {{cite web |url=http://autofeed.msn.co.in/pandorav3/output/News/07e91e2d-1e93-4435-a063-41bfa0d73493.aspx|title= "PM tones down anti-Pak rhetoric"|publisher=NDTV, via msn.co.in news|accessdate=2006-07-19}}</ref>

Iraq also used chemical weapons on Iranian civilians, killing many in villages and hospitals. Many civilians suffered severe burns and health problems, and still suffer from them. Furthermore, 308 Iraqi missiles were launched at population centers inside Iranian cities between 1980 and 1988 resulting in 12,931 casualties.<ref name="r1" />

On [[16 September]] at the summit of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] in [[Havana]] [[Cuba]], Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and President Pervez Musharraf made a joint statement announcing that the two countries would resume formal peace negotiations and set up a joint agency to tackle terrorism.<ref name="Peace talks resume"> {{cite web |url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N16141942.htm|title="India and Pakistan agree to resume peace talks"|publisher=[[Reuters]]|accessdate=2006-09-16}}</ref>

On 21 March 1986, the United Nations Security Council made a declaration stating that "members are profoundly concerned by the unanimous conclusion of the specialists that chemical weapons on many occasions have been used by Iraqi forces against Iranian troops and the members of the Council strongly condemn this continued use of chemical weapons in clear violation of the Geneva Protocol of 1925 which prohibits the use in war of chemical weapons." The United States was the only member who voted against the issuance of this statement.<ref>[51] S/17911 and Add. 1, 21 March 1986. Note that this is a "decision" and not a resolution.</ref>

=== Statements in response ===

According to retired Colonel Walter Lang, senior defense intelligence officer for the United States [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] at the time, "the use of gas on the battlefield by the Iraqis was not a matter of deep strategic concern" to Reagan and his aides, because they "were desperate to make sure that Iraq did not lose." He claimed that the Defense Intelligence Agency "would have never accepted the use of chemical weapons against civilians, but the use against military objectives was seen as inevitable in the Iraqi struggle for survival",<ref>Colonel Walter Lang, former senior US Defense Intelligence officer, [[New York Times]], Aug. 18, 2002.</ref> however, despite this allegation, Reagan’s administration did not stop aiding Iraq after receiving reports affirming the use of poison gas on Kurdish civilians.<ref>Galbraith and van Hollen, p. 30</ref><ref> [http://www-pps.aas.duke.edu/people/faculty/jentleson/index.html Jentleson], p. 78.</ref><ref> Robert Pear, "U.S. Says It Monitored Iraqi Messages on Gas," New York Times, 15 September 1988.</ref>

{{main|Statements in response to the 11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings}}

Various senior political figures from India and around the world condemned the attacks. In India, [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] Dr. Manmohan Singh was quick to call for calm in Mumbai, while [[President of India|President]] [[Abdul Kalam|Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]], [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Railways Minister]] [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]], and president of the [[Indian National Congress]] [[Sonia Gandhi]] also issued statements regarding the bombings in Mumbai. Officials from other nations offered their condolences to those affected by the bombings. Officials from [[Pakistan]], which has long feuded with India, and the [[United Kingdom]], which was the target of [[7 July 2005 London bombings|similar attacks]] the previous July, were among those who denounced the attacks in Mumbai as well as terrorism as a whole. Several terrorist groups, including [[Lashkar-e-Toiba]] and [[al-Qaeda]], made comments — both in condemnation and condonation — about the attacks as well.

=== Memorial service ===

There is great resentment in Iran that the international community helped Iraq develop its chemical weapons arsenal and armed forces, and also that the world did nothing to punish Saddam's Baathist regime for its use of chemical weapons against Iran throughout the war — particularly since the US and other western powers later felt obliged to oppose the Iraqi invasion of [[Kuwait]] and eventually invade Iraq itself to remove Saddam Hussein.{{fact}}

A [http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,19844825-663,00.html memorial service] was held in Mumbai on [[18 July]] at 6:25&nbsp;pm local time — exactly one week after the blasts. [[President of India|President]] [[APJ Abdul Kalam]], his hand raised to his forehead in salute, [http://today.reuters.com/News/newsArticle.aspx?type=worldNews&storyID=2006-07-18T135900Z_01_SP258624_RTRUKOC_0_US-INDIA-BLAST-SILENCE.xml led the two-minute silence] as people lit candles and placed wreaths at Mahim station, one of the seven places on the suburban rail network hit by bombs. Sirens sounded across Mumbai marking the [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5188450.stm memorial service]. People gathered at the site of the blasts, in railway stations on the city's Western Line and millions of people stopped talking, traffic came to a halt and cinemas interrupted films as a city that never stops observed a silence for bombing victims.

The [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] also accused Iran of using chemical weapons. These allegations however, have been disputed. [[Joost Hiltermann]], who was the principal researcher for [[Human Rights Watch]] between 1992-1994, conducted a two year study, including a field investigation in Iraq, capturing Iraqi government documents in the process.

== Investigation ==

[[Image:Iran-iraq-war-gas-masks.JPG|right|thumb|160px|Iran suffered heavy casualties from Saddam's chemical weapons.]]

:''Main article: [[Mumbai serial train blasts investigations]]''

According to Hiltermann, the literature on the Iran-Iraq war reflects a number of allegations of Chemical Weapons use by Iran, but these are "marred by a lack of specificity as to time and place, and the failure to provide any sort of evidence".<ref>[[Lawrence Potter]], [[Gary Sick]]. ''Iran, Iraq, and the legacies of war''. 2004, MacMillan. ISBN 1-4039-6450-5 p.153</ref> [[Gary Sick]] and [[Lawrence Potter]] call the allegations against Iran "mere assertions" and state: "no persuasive evidence of the claim that Iran was the primary culprit [of using chemical weapons] was ever presented".<ref>[[Lawrence Potter]], [[Gary Sick]]. ''Iran, Iraq, and the legacies of war''. 2004, MacMillan. ISBN 1-4039-6450-5 p.156</ref> Policy consultant and author [[Joseph Tragert]] also states: "Iran did not retaliate with Chemical weapons, probably because it did not possess any at the time".<ref>[[Joseph Tragert]]. ''Understanding Iran''. 2003, ISBN 1-59257-141-7 p.190</ref>

Some 350 people were detained 36 hours after the incident in Maharashtra - police claim that these are people rounded up for investigations.<ref name="350 rounded in Maha"> {{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060714/main1.htm|title="350 rounded up in Maharashtra"|publisher=[[The Tribune]]|accessdate=2006-07-14}}</ref> On [[14 July]], [[Lashkar-e-Qahhar]], a terrorist organisation possibly linked to Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), claimed responsibility for the bombings. In an e-mail to an Indian TV channel, the outfit says it organised the bombings using 16 people who are all "safe". According to the e-mail, the main motive seems to have been a retaliation to the situation in the [[Gujrat]] and [[Kashmir]] regions, possibly referring to the alleged oppression of Muslim minorities in certain parts of the region. It also says that the blasts were part of a series of attacks aimed at other sites such as the Mumbai international airport, [[Gateway of India]], the [[Taj Mahal]] in [[Agra]] and the [[Red Fort]] in [[New Delhi]]. The authorities are investigating this claim and are trying to track the ___location of the e-mail sender.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1758548.cmsD]<> {{cite web |url=http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=71039|title=" uncertainty grips 'LeT involvement'"|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=2006-07-14}}</ref> However, on [[17 July]], the forensic science laboratory Mumbai has confirmed the use of a mixture of the highly explosive [[RDX]] and [[Ammonium Nitrate]] for the bombings. The presence of these explosives in the post explosive debris was confirmed by modern techniques such as Liquid [[Chromatography]] with mass detector (LCMS), Gas Chromatography with mass detector (GCMS) and Ion Scan Chromatography. They have indicated a strong possibility of all explosives being planted at the [[Churchgate]] railway station, which was the starting point for all affected trains.<ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/template/template.asp?template=Mumbaiblasts&slug=RDX+used+in+Mumbai+blasts%3A+ATS&id=19841&callid=0&category=National]</ref>

'''''See also:'''''

*''[[Halabja poison gas attack|The Chemical Attack on Halabja]]''

*''Further reading on surviving veterans of these weapons:''<ref>See links:

*A report on Iranian victims of Iraqi blister agents, ''Medical Management of Chemical Casualties''. Link: http://www.sc-ems.com/ems/NuclearBiologicalChemical/MedicalAspectsofNBC/chapters/chapter_7.htm

*Report by The New Jersey [[Star-Ledger]], Link: http://www.nj.com/specialprojects/index.ssf?/specialprojects/mideaststories/me1209.html

*Report by [[The Star (South Africa)|The South Africa Star]], Link: http://www.thestar.co.za/index.php?fArticleId=39470

*Report by The [[NY Times]], Link: http://www.commondreams.org/headlines03/0213-05.htm

*Report by [[MSNBC]], Link: http://msnbc.msn.com/id/3068535/site/newsweek

*Report: ''Iranian WMD Veterans sue Germany'', Link: http://www.netiran.com/?fn=artd(1585)

*Report: ''Vets suing the U.S.,'' Link: http://www.payvand.com/news/00/nov/1108.html

*[[NPR]] audio report on Iranian WMD veterans, Link: http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1742878

*More medical reports: http://www.chronicillnet.org/PGWS/tuite/IRMED/IRANTOC.htm</ref>

Initially, religious extremists from the Lashkar-e-Toiba and the banned Students Islamic Movement of India terrorist groups, and Pakistan's intelligence agency [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] were the prime suspects.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1733318.cms "LeT, SIMI hand in Mumbai blasts" ''Times of India'']</ref><ref name="Prime suspects"> {{cite web |url=http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=71060|title="Manmohan warns Pak: Stop terror"|publisher=The Indian Express|accessdate=2006-07-14}}</ref> Both Lashkar and SIMI denied responsibility for the bombings.<ref name="LeT_SIMI_denial">{{cite news|title = Police raids seek Mumbai bombers | publisher = bbc.co.uk| date = [[2006-07-12]]| accessdate = 2006-07-12 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5171864.stm}}</ref><ref name="SIMI_involvement">{{cite news|title = SIMI involved in Mumbai blasts: Home Ministry| publisher = ndtv.com| date = [[2006-07-12]]| accessdate = 2006-07-12 | url = http://www.ndtv.com/breakingnews/default.asp?refno=713200615111AM}}</ref> There was also evidence about the involvement of the international Islamic terrorist group [[Al-Qaeda]] following a phone call from a man claiming to be a spokesperson for the group on [[13 July]]. The alleged al-Qaeda spokesman had said the blasts were a "consequence of Indian oppression and suppression of minorities, particularly Muslims."<ref>[http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/wire/sns-ap-india-bombings-al-qaida,1,3707132.story?ctrack=1&cset=true]</ref>

==Aftermath==

[[Image:Qazvinjangtahmili.jpg|right|thumb|160px|Iran's ethnic minorities actively participated in the war. Seen here is a cemetery of Azaris killed during the Iran-Iraq war.]]

The war was disastrous for both countries, stalling economic development and disrupting oil exports. It cost Iran an estimated 1 million casualties,<ref>Rajaee, Farhang. ''The Iran-Iraq war: the politics of aggression''. Gainesville : University Press of Florida, 1993. p. 206</ref> and $350 billion.<ref>Rajaee, Farhang. ''The Iran-Iraq war: the politics of aggression''. Gainesville : University Press of Florida, 1993. p. 1</ref> Iraq was left with serious debts to its former Arab backers, including US$14 billion loaned by Kuwait, a debt which contributed to Saddam's 1990 decision to [[Persian Gulf War|invade]].

On September 30, 2006 [[CNN]] reported that "The Indian government accused Pakistan's military spy agency, the [[Inter-Services Intelligence]], of planning the July 11 Mumbai train bombings that killed 209 people".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/09/30/india.bombs/index.html?section=cnn_world#|title=Pakistan spy agency behind Mumbai bombings|author=CNN|date=[[2006-09-30]]|accessdate=2006-09-30|publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref>

Much of the oil industry in both countries was damaged in [[air raid]]s. Iran's production capacity has yet to fully recover from the damages during the war.

=== Arrests ===

The war left the [[border]]s unchanged. Two years later, as war with the western powers loomed, Saddam recognized Iranian rights over the eastern half of the [[Shatt al-Arab|Shatt al-`Arab]], a reversion to the status quo ante bellum that he had repudiated a decade earlier.

On [[21 July]] [[2006]] police arrested three people suspected to be involved in the bombings.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5201922.stm|title=First arrests in Mumbai bombings|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=[[2006-07-21]]|accessdate=2006-09-12}}</ref> Police have detained more than 300 suspects since [[18 July]] but these are the first arrests in the case.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/21/world/21india.ready.html?ei=5070&en=725547a27b8524c9&ex=1158292800&pagewanted=print|title=3 Arrested in Mumbai Train Bombings|author=Kumar, Hari|date=[[2006-07-21]]|accessdate=2006-09-13|publisher=[[New York Times]]}}</ref> Two of the men were detained on Thursday in the northern state of [[Bihar]] and the third later in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://today.reuters.co.uk/misc/PrinterFriendlyPopup.aspx?type=worldNews&storyID=2006-07-21T111820Z_01_DEL294072_RTRUKOC_0_UK-INDIA-BLASTS.xml|title=Police make arrests in Mumbai blasts|date=[[2006-07-21]]|accessdate=2006-09-13|publisher=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/07/21/news/india.php|title=Police arrest 4 suspects in Mumbai train attacks|date=[[2006-07-21]]|accessdate=2006-09-13|author=Gentleman, Amelia|publisher=[[IHT]]}}</ref> All three are said to belong to the banned SIMI organisation. On the same day, Abdul Karim Tunda was arrested in [[Kenya]] on suspicions of involvement in the train bombings.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200607/s1693776.htm|title=Man arrested in Kenya over Mumbai bombings|date=[[2006-07-22]]|accessdate=2006-09-13|publisher=[[ABC News]]}}</ref> He is one of India's most wanted men and also a suspected organizer for the banned Islamic militant group Lashkar-e-Toiba.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1789950.cms|title=Delhi bomber arrested in Kenya|date=[[2006-07-22]]|accessdate=2006-09-13|publisher=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Forced confessions ===

The war was extremely costly, one of the deadliest wars since the [[Second World War]] (see [[List of wars and disasters by death toll]]). Many of the prisoners taken by both sides weren't released until up to 10 years after the conflict was over.

In late 2006, all the seven key accused in the Mumbai train blasts in July retracted their alleged confession to the police, saying they were illegally forced to sign blank papers, an Indian TV channel reported. <ref> http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6037055.stm</ref> <ref> http://www.dawn.com/2006/10/10/top15.htm </ref> The forced confessions, extracted apparently by [[torture]], were later used by the Indian government to implicate Pakistan.

It should be noted that this implication was of importance to the investigation.

The current president of Iran [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] and most of his cabinet members are veterans of the Iran-Iraq war.

===Investigation updates===

==Final ruling==

[[Image:Shohada hoveizeh.JPG|thumb|right|160px|An Iranian mother mourns the loss of her son in a war cemetery in [[Hoveizeh]].]]

On [[9 December]] [[1991]], the UN Secretary-General reported the following to the UN Security Council:

The Indian National Security Advisor M K Narayanan has said that India doesn't have "clinching" evidence of the involvement of Pakistan's intelligence agency, the ISI in the Mumbai train blasts of July 11.

<blockquote>

"I would hesitate to say we have clinching evidence but we have pretty good evidence," he was quoted as saying on CNN-IBN.

<p>"That Iraq's explanations do not appear sufficient or acceptable to the international community is a fact. Accordingly, the outstanding event under the violations referred to is the attack of [[22 September]] [[1980]], against Iran, which cannot be justified under the charter of the United Nations, any recognized rules and principles of international law or any principles of international morality and entails the responsibility for conflict."

Following Narayanan's remarks, the Union Home Secretary V.K. Duggal on Monday characterised the evidence as "very good [...] it is fairly solid evidence,".

<p>"Even if before the outbreak of the conflict there had been some encroachment by Iran on Iraqi territory, such encroachment did not justify Iraq's aggression against Iran—which was followed by Iraq's continuous occupation of Iranian territory during the conflict—in violation of the prohibition of the use of force, which is regarded as one of the rules of jus cogens."

<ref>http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/%27Evidence_against_ISI_not_clinching%27_says_Indian_National_Security_Adviser </ref>

<p>"On one occasion I had to note with deep regret the experts' conclusion that "chemical weapons had been used against Iranian civilians in an area adjacent to an urban centre lacking any protection against that kind of attack" (s/20134, annex). The Council expressed its dismay on the matter and its condemnation in resolution 620 (1988), adopted on [[26 August]] [[1988]]."<ref>See items 6, 7, and 8 of the UN Secretary General's report to the [[UN Security Council]] on Dec 9, 1991:[http://www.iranian.com/Kasraie/2005/April/Ahwaz/Images/page1.pdf][http://www.iranian.com/Kasraie/2005/April/Ahwaz/Images/page2.pdf][http://www.iranian.com/Kasraie/2005/April/Ahwaz/Images/page3.pdf]

*Secondary link source: [http://www.irna.com/occasion/defence/english/un/page1.pdf p1] [http://www.irna.com/occasion/defence/english/un/page2.pdf p2] [http://www.irna.com/occasion/defence/english/un/page3.pdf p3]</ref>

</blockquote>

==References==

<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">

<references/>

<references /></div>

==See also==

* [[Mumbai serial train blasts investigations]]- The official police investigations into the blasts.

*[[History of Iraq]]

* [[1993 Mumbai bombings]]: another series of bombings that occurred in [[Mumbai]]

*[[Arms sales to Iraq 1973-1990]]

* 13 March 2003 Bomb blast in train at [[Mulund]] in Mumbai - [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2848123.stm Mulund Blasts - BBC]

*[[Saddam's Trial and Iran-Iraq War|Saddam's trial and Iran-Iraq War]]

* [[11 March 2004 Madrid train bombings]]: similar precedent

*[[History of Iran]]

* [[7 July 2005 London bombings]]: a similar series of bombings involving a transport system

*[[Military of Iran]]

* [[29 October 2005 Delhi bombings]]: a series of three blasts in crowded markets in [[Delhi]], two days before the [[Hindu]] festival [[Diwali]]

*[[Military history of Iran]]

* [[7 March 2006 Varanasi bombings]]: a series of similar blasts

*[[Iranian Air Force in Iran-Iraq war]]

* [[2006 Jama Masjid explosions]]: two explosions outside the [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]] mosque in [[Delhi]] in April 2006

*[[Al-Faw Peninsula]]

* [[2007 Samjhauta Express bombings]]

*[[Battle of al-Qādisiyyah]]

*[[Mostafa Chamran]], Minister of Defense killed during the Iran-Iraq war.

*[[Frans Van Anraat]]

*[[Iran-Israel relations]]

*[[US-Iran relations]]

*[[Operation Prime Chance]], the United States' involvement

*[[Iran Ajr]], the minelaying ship captured by the U.S.

*[[Iran-Contra Affair]]

*[[Hands of Victory]]

*[[Three Whom God Should Not Have Created: Persians, Jews, and Flies]]

*[[Algiers Agreement (1975)]]

*[[Morteza Avini]], prominent photographer of the Iran-Iraq war

*[[Iraq-gate]]

*[[U.S. support for Saddam during the Iran-Iraq war]]

== External links ==

{{wikinewspar|Several blasts rock Mumbai commuter trains}}

{{wikisourcecat|Iran-Iraq War}}

{{commonscat|Mumbai bombing, July 2006}}

* [http://www.laweekly.com/news/news/made-in-the-usa-part-iii-the-dishonor-roll/2889/ List of US companies and countries that sold chemical weapons to Iraq]

*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/king-o-convenience/sets/72157594195929672/ Flickr photo compilation by Mumbai resident and writer Jeffrey Rufus] See also publication mention in the India Times.

* [http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/ref/iran-iraq_war More indepth reading, includes many links]

*[http://in.rediff.com/news/2006/jul/12guest1.htm Editorial documentation by Mumbai resident and writer Jeffrey Rufus]

* [http://www.ogrish.com/archives/footage_from_iraniraq_war_Oct_06_2005.html Video footage from the war]

* [http://www.mumbaipolice.org/images/news_cp/1blast/blast.htm Mumbai Police Helpline]

*[http://www.rotten.com/library/history/war/wmd/chemical-weapons/nerve-agents/ Iraqi nerve agents]

* [http://mumbaihelp.blogspot.com Mumbai Help Blog - Surviving Mumbai – Information for emergencies in the Bombay area]

*Paul Reynolds. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3324053.stm How Saddam could embarrass the West], ''BBC'', [[December 16]] [[2003]]. (regarding foreign powers which armed Iraq)

* [http://konkanicatholics.blogspot.com/2006/07/catholic-casualties-in-mumbai-blasts.html Catholic Casualties in Mumbai Blasts 7/11]

*[http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/iraniraq.htm Global map of countries who took sides in the Iran-Iraq war]

* [http://mumbai.metblogs.com/ Coverage of event, including help links and first hand accounting on Metroblogging Mumbai]

*Kendal Nezan. [http://mondediplo.com/1998/03/04iraqkn When our 'friend' Saddam was gassing people], [[Le Monde Diplomatique]], March 1998.

* [http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200607112111.htm Statement issued by PM Manmohan Singh]

*[[Robert Fisk]]. [http://www.zmag.org/hussein.htm Poison gas from Germany], [[The Independent]], [[December 30]] [[2000]].

* {{Es icon}} [http://www.20minutos.es/galeria/1326/0/0/bombay/bombas/trenes/ Images of disaster] at ''[[20 minutos]]''

*Lev Lafayette. [http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/51/040.html Who armed Saddam?], ''World History Archives'', [[July 26]] [[2002]].

* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/5170140.stm Images of Mumbai after the explosions] at ''[[BBC News]]''

*Norm Dixon. [http://www.greenleft.org.au/back/2002/506/506p12.htm How the U.S. armed Saddam with Chemical Weapons], ''Green Left Weekly'', [[August 28]] [[2002]].

* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5170230.stm Mumbai's valued railway lifeline]

*Neil Mackay, F. Arbuthnot. [http://www.commondreams.org/headlines02/0908-08.htm How did Saddam get his Chemical Weapons?], [[Sunday Herald]], [[September 8]] [[2002]].

* [http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14247070 Militant arrested; 2.05 kg RDX, Rs 49 lakh seized]

*[http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/2002_cr/s092002.html U.S. helped Saddam acquire Biological Weapons], ''Congressional Record'', [[September 20]] [[2002]].

* [http://www.flickr.com/photos/tags/mumbai/show/ Flickr slideshow of Images tagged Mumbai]

*[[Eric Margolis]]. [http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/bush/margolis.htm British helped Saddam develop biological weapons], [[The American Conservative]], [[October 7]] [[2002]].

* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/100727.cms Chronology of Mumbai blasts since December 2002]

*[[Robert Fisk]]. [http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=15&ItemID=2442 America wants us to forget about the sources of Saddam's WMD], [[The Independent]], [[October 8]] [[2002]].

* [http://www.news24.com/News24/World/News/0,,2-10-1462_1966228,00.html Al-Qaeda link to Mumbai blasts]

*Robert Fisk. [http://www.robert-fisk.com/articles154.htm Did Saddam's army test poison gas on missing 5000?], [[The Independent]], [[December 13]] [[2002]].

* [http://saja.org/resources/mumbaiblasts.html Mumbai Blasts 2006 Resources (South Asian Journalists Association)]

*Elaine Sciolino. [http://www.commondreams.org/headlines03/0213-05.htm Iraq WMD condemned, but West once looked the other way], [[New York Times]], [[February 13]] [[2003]].

* [http://www.lastingnews.com/maps/mumbai_terror.php A Google map of the Mumbai Blasts ]

*Paul Bond. [http://www.wsws.org/articles/2003/mar2003/chem-m13.shtml British built Chemical Weapons plant in Iraq], ''World Socialist Web Site'', [[March 13]] [[2003]].

* [http://india.wikia.com/wiki/Mumbai_Blasts_07-06 WikiIndia page]

*Tom Drury. [http://72.14.207.104/search?q=cache:h2KzqQZl1ToJ:www.sptimes.com/2003/03/16/news_pf/Perspective/How_Iraq_built_its_we.shtml+St.+Petersburg+Times+tom+drury+16+2003&hl=en&lr=&strip=1 How Iraq built its weapons programs: with help from the West], [[St. Petersburg Times]], March 16, 2003.

* [http://in.rediff.com/movies/2006/jul/17srk.htm Mumbai blasts 'dastardly act': Shah Rukh Khan]

*[http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/iraq/cw/az120103.html Iraqi scientist reports on German, other help for Iraq Chemical Weapons program], ''Al-Zaman'', [[December 1]] [[2003]].

*Elaine Sciolino. [http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article1420.htm Saddam's gas victims blame the West], ''New York Times'', [[February 14]] [[2003]].

*Eddie Davers. [http://members.optushome.com.au/spainter/Murdoch.html Australia's support for Saddam in the 1980s], ''Overland'', Autumn 2003.

*Alan Maass. [http://www.socialistworker.org/2004-1/480/480_05_SaddamHussein.shtml When the U.S. supported Saddam: The crimes of a U.S. ally], ''Socialist Worker'', January 2, 2004.

*Joseph Kay, A. Lefebvre. [http://www.wsws.org/articles/2004/mar2004/iraq-m19.shtml The diplomacy of imperialism: Washington-Saddam connection], ''World Socialist Web Site'', [[March 19]] [[2004]].

*Alex Lefebvre. [http://www.wsws.org/articles/2004/mar2004/iraq-m24.shtml The diplomacy of imperialism: Reagan administration deepens ties with Saddam], ''World Socialist Web Site'', [[March 24]] [[2004]].

*Alex Lefebvre. [http://www.wsws.org/articles/2004/mar2004/iraq-m26.shtml The diplomacy of imperialism: U.S. financial assistance for Saddam in the 1980s], ''World Socialist Web Site'', [[March 26]] [[2004]].

*Joseph Kay. [http://www.wsws.org/articles/2004/mar2004/irq8-m29.shtml The diplomacy of imperialism: The end of the Iran-Iraq war], ''World Socialist Web Site'', [[March 29]] [[2004]].

*Joseph Kay, A. Lefebvre. [http://www.wsws.org/articles/2004/apr2004/irq9-a02.shtml The diplomacy of imperialism: American policy after the Iran-Iraq war], ''World Socialist Web Site'', [[April 2]] [[2004]].

*[[Robert Fisk]]. [http://www.robert-fisk.com/articles394.htm When I reported Saddam's use of mustard gas, British government told me to stop criticizing our ally, Saddam], [[The Independent]], [[April 10]] [[2004]].

*Norm Dixon. [http://counterpunch.org/dixon06172004.html How Reagan armed Saddam with Chemical Weapons], ''CounterPunch'', [[June 17]] [[2004]].

*Jacob Hornberger. [http://www.fff.org/comment/com0406g.asp Reagan’s WMD connection to Saddam], ''Future of Freedom Foundation'', [[June 18]] [[2004]].

*Aaron Glantz. [http://www.globalpolicy.org/intljustice/tribunals/iraq/2004/0618west.htm The West should go on trial with Saddam], [[Inter Press Service]], [[June 18]] [[2004]].

*[http://www.payvand.com/news/04/jun/1199.html 100,000 Iranians are victims of chemical weapons, supplied by the West], [[IRNA]], June 30, 2004.

*[[Eric Margolis]]. [http://www.bigeye.com/fc122004.htm Put Saddam's backers on trial], ''Foreign Correspondent'', [[December 20]] [[2004]].

*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4360137.stm Dutchman charged for selling chemicals to Saddam], [[BBC]], March 18, 2005.

*[http://72.14.207.104/search?q=cache:pLDvnuglYNwJ:www.irna.ir/en/news/view/menu-236/0512019282195123.htm+December+01+2005+Vienna+Dec+1+IRNA+testify&hl=en&lr=&strip=1 Iranian survivors of nerve gas attack testify in Chemical Frans' trial], [[IRNA]], December 1, 2005.

*[http://72.14.207.104/search?q=cache:UaBS4eRo6wgJ:www.iranmania.com/News/ArticleView/Default.asp%3FNewsCode%3D38327%26NewsKind%3DCurrent%2520Affairs+LONDON+December+3+IranMania&hl=en&lr=&strip=1 Dutchman know the chemicals were for nerve agents], [[Agence France-Presse]], December 3, 2005.

*[http://www.trial-ch.org/trialwatch/profiles/en/legalprocedures/p286.html Trial Watch: Frans Van Anraat]

*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4358741.stm Chemical Frans: Saddam's Dutch link], [[BBC]], December 23, 2005.

*Jeff Moore. [http://www.bnfp.org/neighborhood/jmoore.htm Saddam: Made in the USA], ''Bainbridge Neighbors for Peace''.

*[http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82 Shaking hands with Saddam: U.S. supports for Iraq in the 1980s], ''U.S. National Security Archive''.

*[http://www.sc-ems.com/ems/NuclearBiologicalChemical/MedicalAspectsofNBC/chapters/chapter_7.htm A report on Iranian victims of Iraqi blister agents], ''Medical Management of Chemical Casualties''

* Martsching, Brad. "[http://www.american.edu/ted/ice/iraniraq.htm Iran-Iraq War and Waterway Claims]," [[American University]] Inventory of Conflict & Environment, May 1998.

* [[Center for Strategic and International Studies]]: [http://www.csis.org/burke/reports/9005lessonsiraniraqII-chap01.pdf ''The Lessons of Modern War: Volume Two - The Iran-Iraq Conflict''], with Abraham R. Wagner, Westview, Boulder, 1990.

* Center for Strategic and International Studies: [http://www.csis.org/burke/sa/iranwmdbackground032700.pdf ''Weapons of Mass Destruction in Iran and Iraq ''], [[March 27]] [[2000]].

* GlobalSecurity.org: [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/iran-iraq.htm Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988)]

* [[United States Marine Corps]]: [http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/ops/war/docs/3203/ FMFRP 3-203 - Lessons Learned: Iran-Iraq War, [[10 December]] [[1990]]].

*A [[timeline]] of U.S. support for Saddām against Iran<ref>See: http://www.casi.org.uk/info/usdocs/usiraq80s90s.html</ref>

*The statement of [[Henry B. Gonzalez]], Chairman, House Committee on Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs on [[Iraq-gate]]<ref>See: http://www.fas.org/spp/starwars/congress/1992/h920325wp.htm</ref>

*[http://cns.miis.edu/research/wmdme/flow/iraq/seed.htm Center for Nonproliferation Studies: Foreign Suppliers to Iraq's Biological Weapons Program]

*And more sources:<ref>See:

* [http://foi.missouri.edu/terrorintelligence/ussentgerms.html University of Missouri School of Journalism database]

* [http://www.iraqwatch.org/perspectives/Sussexreport.htm University of Sussex report]

* [http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/iraq/2001/1022iraq.htm A Global Policy Forum Report]

* [http://www.gulfweb.org/bigdoc/report/riegle1.html Text of the U.S. Senate Riegle Report]

* [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/ NSA Archives]

* [http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/08/18/1029114048796.html?oneclick=true Sydney Morning Herald report]

* [http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1052440808465 Litigation of involved corporations]

* [http://www.consortiumnews.com/2003/022703a.html Consortium News article]

*Friedman Alan, ''Spider's Web: The Secret History of how the White House Illegally Armed Iraq''. New York, Bantam Books, 1993.

*Jentleson Bruce, ''With friends like these: Reagan, Bush, and Saddam, 1982-1990''. New York, W. W. Norton, 1994.

*Phythian Mark, ''Arming Iraq: How the U.S. and Britain Secretly Built Saddam's War Machine''. Boston, Northeastern University Press, 1997.

*Dennis Bernstein, ''Arming Iraq: Made in America'', [[San Francisco Bay Guardian]], Feb 25, 1998. Link to copy: http://www.geocities.com/iraqinfo/gulfwar/arms/madeinamerica.html</ref>

{{War on Terrorism}}

====Iranian sources====

* John King. [http://www.iranchamber.com/history/articles/arming_iraq.php Arming Iraq: A Chronology of U.S. Involvement], ''Iran Chamber Society'', March 2003.

* [http://www.jao.ir/ Iran Veterans Affairs Organization]

* [http://www.iranian.com/Revolution/war.html Memoirs, photos, and essays about the war], ''Iranian.com''.

* [http://www.janbazanesfahan.ir/ Isfahan's War Veterans Foundation].

**Pictures from the foundation's war memorial museum: [http://www.janbazanesfahan.ir/subpages/shohadaMusem.aspx]

* [[Islamic Republic News Agency]], [http://www.irna.com/occasion/defence1/ ''Sacred Defense Epic'']

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