Belvedere, California and Austrian Empire: Difference between pages

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:''For the history of these states before 1804, see [[Holy Roman Empire]], [[Habsburg Monarchy]], and articles on each of [[#Constituent lands|the component countries]]. After 1867, see [[Austria-Hungary]]. See also [[Austrian empire (disambiguation)]] and [[Austria (disambiguation)]].''

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'''Belvedere''' is a suburb of [[San Francisco, California]] in [[Marin County, California|Marin County]], [[California]], [[United States]]. The population was 2,125 at the 2000 census. It is the [[California locations by per capita income|highest income city in California]], judged by average per capita annual income, and the 17th [[Highest-income places in the United States#100 highest-income places in the United States|wealthiest place]] in the [[United States]] ([[Highest-income places in the United States#100 highest-income places with a population of at least 1.2C000|1st]] with a population over 1,000).

{{Template:Infobox Former Country

|native_name = ''Kaisertum Österreich''

|conventional_long_name = Austrian Empire

|common_name = Austria

|continent=Europe

|continent=Europe

|region = Central Europe

|country = Austria

|status=Empire

|year_start = 1804

|year_end = 1867

|event_end = Ausgleich

|p1 = Holy Roman Empire

|flag_p1 =Holy roman flag1806.png

|s1 = Austria-Hungary

|flag_s1 = Austria-Hungary flag 1869-1918.svg

|image_s1 =

|image_flag = Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg

|flag = List of Austrian flags

|image_coat = Wappen Kaisertum Österreich 1815 (Klein).png

|symbol =

|symbol_type =

|national_anthem = [[Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser|Volkshymne (People's Anthem)]]

== Location ==

|common_languages = [[German language|German]]

|religion = [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]]

|image_map = Austrian_empire.png

|image_map_caption = The Austrian Empire

|capital = [[Vienna]]

|latd=48|latm=12|latNS=N|longd=16|longm=21|longEW=E

|largest_city = [[Vienna]]

|government_type = Monarchy

|title_leader = [[Emperor of Austria|Emperor]]

}}

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Surrounded on three sides by San Francisco Bay, Belvedere consists of two islands -- the larger being Belvedere Island, the smaller being Corinthian Island (which is shared with neighboring [[Tiburon, California]])-- and a lagoon (Belvedere Lagoon) situated between the two islands. Narrow, winding roads circle the two islands, pressed in by hedges and lush foliage, and momentarily opening onto spectacular water views. These roads are jam-packed with an assortment of construction trucks, dogs, bicycles.Houses on the hilly, heavily wooded islands have views of San Francisco Bay, Angel Island, San Francisco, [[Sausalito, California|Sausalito]], the [[Golden Gate Bridge]] and [[Mount Tamalpais]]. Houses on the Belvedere Lagoon have boat docks, and there are houses with docks on Belvedere Island as well, many sporting luxury yachts the common man could never hope to afford.

[[Image:Austrian imperial crown dsc02787.jpg|thumb|315px|<center>The Crown of the [[Austrian Emperor]]]]

== History ==

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The first settlers arrived in the late 1800s and milked cows, then the train came and was the last stop for trains heading to San Francisco and the Orient. The Belvedere Lagoon was developed in the 1950s and features what today would be called "mid-century modern" architecture: spacious houses with open-beamed ceilings and floor-to-ceiling windows to create an indoor/outdoor living environment.

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The '''Austrian Empire''' ({{lang-de|Kaisertum Österreich}}) was a [[periodization|modern era successor]] [[empire]] founded on a remnant of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] centered on what is today's [[Austria]] that officially lasted from [[1804]] to [[1867]]. It was followed by combining the Royal House with that of [[Hungary]] creating the dual monarchy [[Austria-Hungary]] (also known as the ''Austro-Hungarian Empire'' (1867 to 1918), which itself as one of the losers was dissolved at the end of [[World War I]] and broken into separate new states).

== Houses ==

The term ''"Austrian Empire"'' is also used for the [[Habsburg]] possessions before [[1804]], which had no official collective name, although ''Austria'' is more frequent; the term has also been used, incorrectly, of [[Austria-Hungary]].

Whether traditional or contemporary, homes in Belvedere are unusually elegant and feature attractive gardens. Residents enjoy keeping fruit gardens because they can sell their products at the local farmer's market. Many houses fall under the Victorian Style of Architecture. All Belvedere homes are featured on "The Home Tour" every May. With a recent flood of attention and demand for housing in Belevedere, housing and building has become a contensious issue on this small island as older memebers of the community have increasingly become frustrated with the large construction projects being developed in what once was a more humble community.

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The Austrian Empire was founded by the Habsburg monarch [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Holy Roman Emperor Francis II]], (who became Austrian Emperor Franz I or "Franz") as a [[state]] comprising his personal lands within the larger Empire.

== Climate ==

Belvedere enjoys a mild, usually not escaping heavy winds and the fog that often covers San Francisco in the distance. Yachting and Cocktails are the main recreational activities, but sometimes so many cocktails happen and boats are advised not to go out.

This was a reaction to [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon Bonaparte]]'s proclamation of the [[First French Empire]] in 1804.

== Sailing and Fishing ==

Belvedere originally was a fishing based community. But as time went on slowly it turned into a sailing community. There are two yacht clubs: the San Francisco Yacht Club in Belvedere, and the Corinthian Yacht Club in neighboring Tiburon. [[Belvedere Park, California|Belvedere Park]] is also located in Belvedere. They are both famous for their restaurants.

Austria and some parts of the Holy Roman Empire then took the field against France and its allies in the [[Germanies]] during the [[Third Coalition]] which lead to the crushing defeat at [[Battle of Austerlitz|Austerlitz]] in early December 1805. By the fourth, the armies were in a cease fire in place and conducting peace talks nearby.

== Community Life ==

Susequently, Francis II agreed to the humiliating [[Treaty of Pressburg]] (December 1805), which in practice meant dissolution of the long-lived [[Holy Roman Empire]] with a reorganization of lost territories, [[The Germanies]] under a Napoleonic imprint into the precursor state of what became [[Germany#Modern Germany|Modern Germany]], those possessions nominally having been part of the Holy Roman Empire within the present boundaries of Germany, as well as other measures weakening Austria and the Hapsburgs in other ways. Certain Austrian holdings in Germany were passed to French allies — the [[King of Bavaria]], the [[King of Württemberg]] and the [[Elector of Baden]]. Austrian claims on those German states were renounced without exception.

No restaurants or stores are allowed in Belvedere, and the city enforces strict rules regarding house design and setbacks in order to preserve trees, views, and the town's spacious, wooded character. Belvedere residents shop in Tiburon, which has a variety of waterfront cafes and restaurants, such as the local pizza shop, Waypoint, to the authentic supermarket, the Boardwalk. Residents also enjoy a great recreation center, Blackie's Pasture. Named after a horse that once graced the land, it is located centrally between the San Francisco Bay and Tiburon Boulevard. Here residents find trails of enormous beauty to walk their dogs, children, and themselves. Every Friday many residents walk downm to Tiburon, which hosts a party. There is very little crime in Belvedere, probably because there are few ways to get in and out of the area without being noticed.

One consequence of that was eight months later on [[6 August]] [[1806]], Francis II dissolved the Holy Roman Empire, due to the formation of the [[Confederation of the Rhine]] by France; as he did not want Napoleon to succeed him. This action was unrecognized by [[George III of the United Kingdom]] who was also the [[Prince-elector|Elector and Duke of Hannover]] who'd also lost his German territories around [[Hannover]] to Napoleon. The English claims were settled by the creation of the [[Hanover (state)|Kingdom of Hannover]] which was held by George's heirs until [[Queen Victoria]]'s ascension.

== Transportation ==

Although the office of Holy Roman Emperor was elective, the [[Habsburg dynasty]] had held the title since 1440 (with one brief interruption) and Austria was the core of their territories.

The commute to [[San Francisco]] takes about 25 minutes by car. Highway 101 is also fairly close. There is also a high speed ferry that leaves from Tiburon. And there is a regular ferry to Angel Island State Park. Belvedere is a family-oriented community. However, because of the high cost of homes in the area, the average age of residents is higher than the average for California as a whole.

The Austrian Empire did not originally include the [[Kingdom of Hungary]], and its extensive dependent territories, which the Habsburgs had ruled since 1541; Hungary was incorporated after the defeat of the revolutionaries during the [[Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas|1848/49 revolution]]. Much controversy ensued, including Hungarian efforts to obtain constitutional reform by declining to crown the new Emperor [[Franz Joseph of Austria|Francis Joseph]] as King of Hungary, After Austria was defeated in the [[Austro-Prussian War]] of 1866, and left the [[German Confederation]], the Austrian Empire was transformed into the [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian Empire]] by the [[Ausgleich]] of [[1867]], which granted [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]] and the Hungarian lands equal status to the rest of Austria as a whole.

==Geography==

[[Image:CAMap-doton-Belvedere.png|right|Location of Belvedere, California]]Belvedere is located at {{coor dms|37|52|28|N|122|27|57|W|city}} (37.874559, -122.465823){{GR|1}}.

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of 6.3 [[km²]] (2.4 [[square mile|mi²]]). 1.4 km² (0.5 mi²) of it is land and 4.9 km² (1.9 mi²) of it (78.10%) is water.

==Demographics==

As of the [[census]]{{GR|2}} of 2000, there were 2,125 people, 956 households, and 656 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was 1,519.4/km² (3,968.9/mi²). There were 1,059 housing units at an average density of 757.2/km² (1,977.9/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 96.94% [[Race (United States Census)|White]], 0.09% [[Race (United States Census)|Black]] or [[Race (United States Census)|African American]], 0.05% [[Race (United States Census)|Native American]], 1.79% [[Race (United States Census)|Asian]], 0.05% [[Race (United States Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.52% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 0.56% from two or more races. 2.16% of the population were [[Hispanic American|Hispanic]] or [[Race (United States Census)|Latino]] of any race.

==Creation==

There were 956 households out of which 24.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.4% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 4.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.3% were non-families. 27.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 15.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.68.

Changes shaping the nature of the Austrian Empire took place during conferences in [[Rastatt]] (1797-1799) and [[Regensburg]] (1801-1803). On [[24 March]] [[1803]], the Imperial [[Recess]] (''Reichsdeputationshauptschluss'') was declared, which greatly reduced the number of clerical territories from 81 to only 3 and imperial cities from 51 to 6. This measure was aimed at replacing the old constitution of the Holy Roman Empire, but the actual consequence of the Imperial Recess was the end of the Holy Roman Empire. Taking this significant change into consideration, Francis II abandoned his use of the title Holy Roman Emperor and created a new one, Emperor of Austria, for himself and his successors.

In the city the population was spread out with 20.0% under the age of 18, 2.2% from 18 to 24, 14.9% from 25 to 44, 35.8% from 45 to 64, and 27.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 53 years. For every 100 females there were 86.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.1 males.

The fall and dissolution of the Empire was accelerated by French intervention in the Empire in September 1805. On [[20 October]] [[1805]], an Austrian army led by general [[Karl Mack|Karl Mack von Leiberich]] was defeated by French armies near the town of [[Ulm]]. The French victory resulted in the capture of 20,000 Austrian soldiers and many cannons. Napoleon’s army won another victory in the [[Battle of Austerlitz]] on [[2 December]] [[1805]]. In light of those events, Francis was forced to negotiate with the French from [[4 December]] to [[6 December]] [[1805]]. These negotiations were concluded by an armistice on [[6 December]] [[1805]].

The median income for a household in the city was $130,796, and the median income for a family was $185,590. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $113,595. About 2.9% of families and 5.7% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 4.3% of those under age 18 and 4.5% of those age 65 or over.

The French victories encouraged rulers of certain imperial territories to assert their formal independence from the Empire. On [[10 December]] [[1805]], the [[prince-elector]] Duke of Bavaria proclaimed himself King, followed by the elector Duke of Württemberg on [[11 December]]. Finally, on [[12 December]], the [[Margrave]] of [[Baden]] was given the title of [[Grand Duke]]. In addition, each of these new countries signed a treaty with France and became French allies. The [[Treaty of Pressburg]] between France and Austria, signed in Pressburg (today [[Bratislava]], [[Slovakia]]) on [[26 December]], enlarged the territory of Napoleon's German allies at the expense of defeated Austria.

==External links==

*[http://www.cityofbelvedere.org/ City of Belvedere Web Site]

*[http://www.ci.tiburon.ca.us/ Town of Tiburon Web Site]

*[http://www.bel-tib-lib.org/ The Belvedere-Tiburon Library]

*[http://www.reedschools.org/ Reed Union School District]

On [[12 July]] [[1806]], the [[Confederation of the Rhine]] was established comprising 16 sovereigns and countries. This confederation, under French influence, put an end to the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. On [[6 August]] [[1806]], even Francis recognized the new state of things and claimed the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire.

When, on [[11 August]] [[1804]], [[Francis II]] assumed the title of first [[Emperor of Austria]], the empire spanned from present-day [[Italy]] to the [[Netherlands]] and from present-day [[Poland]] to the [[Balkans]]. The multi-national makeup of the empire is illustrated by the fact that its population included 6,500,000 [[Germans]], 3,360,000 [[Czech people|Czech]]s, 2,000,000 [[Walloons]] and [[Flemish people|Flemings]], 1,000,000 [[Pole]]s, 900,000 [[Croat]]s, 700,000 [[Serbian people|Serb]]s, 700,000 [[Slovenians]] and numerous smaller nationalities. The emperor ruled Austria as the namesake, but also held the title of [[King of Hungary]], [[Bohemia]], [[Kingdom of Croatia (habsburg)|Croatia]], [[Kingdom of Slavonia|Slavonia]] and [[Dalmatia]], leading to the Empire's multi-national army being styled the ''[[Kaiserlich-königliche Armee]]'' (Imperial-Royal Army). The Empire had a [[centralist]] structure, although some degree of autonomy was left to [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]] which was ruled by its own [[Diet (assembly)|Diet]] and [[Tyrol]].

==Foreign policy==

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The years 1804-1815 in Austrian foreign policy were significantly determined by the [[Napoleonic Wars]]. After [[Prussia]] signed a peace treaty with France on [[April 5]], [[1795]], Austria was forced to carry the main burden of war with the [[First French Empire|French Empire]] for almost ten years. This situation led to a distortion of Austrian economy contributing Austrians perceived the war in a highly unpopular manner. With regard to the mentioned mood, Emperor Francis II refused to join the next war against Napoleonic France for long time. On the other hand, Francis II did not abandon a possibility of a revenge on France and therefore he entered into a secret military agreement with the [[Russian Empire]] in November 1804. This convention was to assure a mutual cooperation between Austria and Russia in the case of a new war against France.

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An apparent unwillingness of Austria to join the [[Third Coalition]] was overcome by [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] subsidies. A decisive defeat at [[Battle of Austerlitz]] put an end to Austrian membership in the [[Third Coalition]]. Although Austrian [[budget]] suffered from wartime expenditures and its international position was significantly undermined, the humiliating [[Treaty of Pressburg]] provided plenty of time to strengthening the army and economy. Moreover, an ambitious [[Archduke Charles of Austria|Archduke Charles]] together with [[Johann Philipp von Stadion]] pursued a new war with France.

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Archduke Charles of Austria served as the Head of the Council of War and Commander in Chief of the Austrian army. Endowed with the enlarged powers, he reformed Austrian Army to preparedness for another war. Johann Philipp von Stadion, the foreign minister, personally hated [[Napoleon]] due to an experience of confiscation of his possessions in France by Napoleon. In addition, the third wife of Francis II, [[Marie Ludovika of Austria-Este]], agreed with Stadion's efforts to begin a new war. [[Klemens Wenzel von Metternich]], located in [[Paris]], called for careful advance in the case of the war against France. The defeat of French army at the [[Battle of Bailén]] in Spain on [[27 July]] [[1808]] triggered the war. On [[9 April]] [[1809]], an Austrian force of 170,000 men attacked [[Bavaria]].

[[bg:Белведере]]

[[fr:Belvedere (Californie)]]

Despite military defeats - especially high magnitude losses like those at the Battles of [[Battle of Marengo (1800)|Marengo]], [[Battle of Ulm|Ulm]], [[Battle of Austerlitz|Austerlitz]] and [[Battle of Wagram|Wagram]] - and consequently lost territory throughout the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (the Treaties of [[Treaty of Campo Formio|Campo Formio]] in 1797, [[Treaty of Pressburg|Pressburg]] in 1806, and [[Treaty of Schönbrunn|Schönbrunn]] in 1809), Austria played a decisive part in the overthrow of Napoleon in the campaigns of 1813-14.

The latter period of Napoleonic Wars featured [[Metternich]] exerting a large degree of influence over foreign policy in the Austrian Empire, a matter nominally decided by the Emperor. Metternich initially supported an alliance with France, arranging the marriage between Napoleon and the Francis II's daughter, Marie-Louise; however, by the 1812 campaign, he had realised the inevitability of Napoleon's downfall and took Austria to war against France. Metternich's influence at the [[Congress of Vienna]] was remarkable, and he became not only the premier statesman in Europe but virtual ruler of the Empire until [[1848]] - the [[Revolutions of 1848|Year of Revolutions]] - and the rise of [[liberalism]] equated to his political downfall.

==Constituent lands==

{| width="100%"

|----- valign="top"

|

*[[Kingdom of Bohemia]] (''Königreich Böhmen'')

*[[Kingdom of Hungary]] (''Königreich Ungarn'')

*[[Kingdom of Dalmatia]] (''Königreich Dalmatien'')

*[[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria]] (''Königreich Galizien und Lodomerien'')

*[[Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia]] (''Königreich Kroatien und Slawonien'') including the [[Military Frontier]] from 1578- 1871

*[[Kingdom of Lombardy and Venetia]] (''Lombardo-Venezianisches Königreich'')

*[[Archduchy of Austria]] (''Erzherzogtum Österreich'')

*[[Duchy of Carinthia]] (''Herzogtum Kärnten'')

*[[Duchy of Carniola]] (''Herzogtum Krain'')

*[[Duchy of Salzburg]] (''Herzogtum Salzburg'')

*[[Duchy of Silesia]] (''Herzogtum Schlesien'')

|

*[[Duchy of Styria]] (''Herzogtum Steiermark'')

*[[Duchy of Bukovina]] (''Herzogtum Bukowina'')

*[[Vojvodina of Serbia and Tamiš Banat|Duchy of Serbia and Tamiš Banat]] (''Woiwodschaft Serbien und Tamisch Banat'')

*[[Grand Principality of Transylvania]] (''Großfürstentum Siebenbürgen'')

*[[Margraviate of Moravia]] (''Markgrafschaft Mähren'')

*[[Princely County of Tyrol]] (''Gefürstete Grafschaft Tirol'')

*[[Gorizia and Gradisca|County of Gorizia and Gradisca]] (''Grafschaft Görz und Gradisca'')

*[[Vorarlberg]]

*[[Istria]] (''Istrien'')

|}

==See also==

For the history of these states before 1804, see [[Holy Roman Empire]], [[Habsburg Monarchy]], and articles on each of [[#Constituent lands|the component countries]]. After 1867, see [[Austria-Hungary]].

See also:

*[[Habsburg]]

*[[Ausgleich]]

*[[Former countries in Europe after 1815]]

*[http://napoleonistyka.atspace.com/Austrian_army.htm Austrian Army during the Napoleonic Wars]

==References==

*Lalor, John J. (Ed), 1881. ''Encyclopædia of Political Science, Political Economy, and the Political History of the United States by the Best American and European Writers''. New York, NY: Maynard, Merrill, and Co.

*Manfred, Albert M., 1973. ''Napoleon Bonaparte''. Prague, Czech Republic: Svoboda.

*Skřivan, Aleš, 1999. ''European Politics 1648-1914'' [Evropská politika 1648-1914]. Prague, Czech Republic: Aleš Skřivan.

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[[Category:Former monarchies of Europe]]

[[Category:Former countries in Europe|Austria (1804-1867)]]

[[Category:History of Croatia]]

[[Category:History of Hungary]]

[[Category:History of Slovakia]]

[[Category:History of Slovenia]]

[[Category:Contemporary Italian history]]

[[Category:History of Serbia]]

[[Category:History of Vojvodina]]

[[Category:History of Austria]]

[[Category:Czech history]]

[[Category:History of Romania]]

[[Category:1804 establishments]]

[[Category:1867 disestablishments]]

[[bg:Австрийска империя]]

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[[es:Imperio Austríaco]]

[[fr:Empire d'Autriche]]

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[[it:Impero austriaco]]

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[[no:Keiserdømmet Østerrike]]

[[pl:Cesarstwo Austriackie]]

[[pt:Império Austríaco]]

[[ro:Imperiul Austriac]]

[[ru:Австрийская империя]]

[[sl:Avstrijsko cesarstvo]]

[[sr:Аустријско царство]]

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