Vigenère cipher and Lamb of God (band): Difference between pages

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[[Image:Vigenere.jpg|right|thumbnail|The Vigenère cipher is named for Blaise de Vigenère (pictured), although the cipher had been invented earlier by Giovan Batista Belaso. Vigenère did invent a stronger [[autokey cipher]].]]

| Name = [[Image:Lamb of God Logo.png|Lamb of God|100px]]‎

The '''Vigenère cipher''' is a method of [[encryption]] that uses a series of different [[Caesar cipher]]s based on the letters of a keyword. It is a simplified version of the more general [[polyalphabetic substitution]] cipher, invented by [[Leone Battista Alberti|Alberti]] circa [[1465]]. This cipher's basic idea is so natural that it has been reinvented many times.

| Img =

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| Img_size = <!-- Only for images narrower than 220 pixels -->

| Landscape =

| Background = group_or_band

| Alias = [[Burn the Priest]]

| Origin = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]], [[Virginia]], [[United States]]

| Genre = [[Groove metal]]<ref name="Encyclopaedia Metallum">{{cite web | url = http://www.metal-archives.com/band.php?id=59 | accessdate = 2006-12-30 | title = Encyclopaedia Metallum entry | publisher = Metal-Archives.com | date = }}</ref><ref name="Rockdetector">{{cite web | url = http://www.rockdetector.com/artist,5087.sm | accessdate = 2006-12-30 | title = Rockdetector entry | publisher = Rockdetector.com | date = }}</ref><br>[[Metalcore]]<ref name="Encyclopaedia Metallum"/><ref name="Rockdetector"/><ref name="MP3.com">{{cite web | url = http://www.mp3.com/albums/20120072/summary.html | accessdate = 2006-12-30 | author = James Christopher Monger | title = All Music Guide "Sacrament" review | publisher = All Music Guide | date = }}</ref><br>[[Thrash metal]]<ref>[http://www.lambofgod.tv/ Offical site news updates]</ref>

| Years_active = 1990-present

| Label = [[Epic Records]]

| Associated_acts =

| URL = [http://www.lamb-of-god.com/ lamb-of-god.com]

| Current_members = [[Mark Morton (musician)|Mark Morton]]<br>[[Willie Adler]]<br>[[John Campbell (bassist)|John Campbell]]<br>[[Chris Adler]]<br>[[Randy Blythe]]<br>

| Past_members = Abe Spear

}}

'''Lamb of God''' is a Grammy-nominated five-piece [[heavy metal music|metal]] band from [[Richmond, Virginia]], formerly known as [[Burn the Priest]]. They have sold over 1 million albums in the U.S. alone ([[Lamb of God Discography|see discography]]).

This cipher is well-known because while it is easy to understand and implement, it often appears to beginners to be unbreakable. Consequently, many programmers have implemented [[obfuscation]] or encryption schemes in their applications which are essentially Vigenère ciphers, only to have them broken.

==History==

The invention of the Vigenère cipher was misattributed to [[Blaise de Vigenère]] in the [[19th century]]. The cipher was originally described by [[Giovan Batista Belaso]] in his [[1553]] book ''La cifra del. Sig. Giovan Batista Belaso''. Vigenère published his description of the cipher in 1586.

==Biography==

[[Johannes Trithemius]] and [[Giovanni Battista Della Porta]] both created important predecessors to the Vigenère cipher.

Lamb of God was formed in 1990 when [[Mark Morton (musician)|Mark Morton]], [[Chris Adler]], and [[John Campbell (bassist)|John Campbell]] were floor mates at [[Virginia Commonwealth University]]. Randy Blythe was only a year ahead of the others in college. After graduation, Morton moved to Chicago to pursue a master's degree, but the band continued. A new guitarist, Abe Spear, was found. In 1994 [[Randy Blythe]] was added on vocals when the band decided to move past its instrumental sound. At this point in their career, they were known as [[Burn the Priest]]. Morton re-joined the group and Burn the Priest released a self-titled full length album soon after. Spear left the band in 1999 after admitting himself to a rehabilitation center outside of Williamsburg, Virginia. This opened a place for Chris Adler's brother, [[Willie Adler]]. A year after the second Adler joined, the band changed its name to Lamb of God, after which it signed a record deal with Prosthetic Records.<ref name ="HomepageBio">[http://www.lamb-of-god.com/sacrament/info/bio.php Biography on band's home page, www.lamb-of-god.com]</ref>

==Description==

[[Image:Vigenere-square.png|right|thumbnail|320px|The Vigenère square or Vigenère table, also known as the ''[[tabula recta]]'', can be used for encryption and decryption.]]

Nobody likes Them. They were voted the Worst band ever. It is not only legal to kill them, but you can be rewarded if you do. It would do the world good if they shoot themselves.

In a [[Caesar cipher]], each letter of the alphabet is shifted along some number of places; for example, in a Caesar cipher of shift 3, <tt>A</tt> would become <tt>D</tt>, <tt>B</tt> would become <tt>E</tt> and so on. The Vigenère cipher consists of using several Caesar ciphers in sequence with different shift values.

Their lyrical themes tend to cover [[religion]], [[society]], [[Pain and nociception|pain]], [[misery]], [[politics]], and [[heresy]], as well as other often personal topics.

To encipher, a table of alphabets can be used, termed a ''[[tabula recta]]'', ''Vigenère square'', or ''Vigenère table''. It consists of the alphabet written out 26 times in different rows, each alphabet shifted cyclically to the left compared to the previous alphabet, corresponding to the 26 possible Caesar ciphers. At different points in the encryption, an encipherer uses a different alphabet from one of the rows. The alphabet used at each point depends on a repeating keyword.

{{cquote|We play music that straddles the line between prog and traditional rock. I think we make prog-rock more listenable without cheapening the progressiveness of it. The complexity of our music appeals to people who like technical playing, but the arrangements are not so extreme that they fly over the average listener's head. It's a good balance.|20px|20px|John Campbell|Lamb of God biography<ref>[http://www.sonybmgmusic.co.uk/artist_spotlight/lamb_of_god/biog/ Artist Bio on Sony BMG, ret. 02/28/07]</ref>}}

After two well received releases and a DVD (''[[Terror and Hubris]]'') on Prosthetic Records, the band signed a new recording contract with Epic Records in late 2003. Their first release for the label, ''[[Ashes of the Wake]]'', debuted at #27 on the Billboard Top 200 chart and has sold over 250,500 copies in the U.S. to date [http://www.metalhammer.co.uk/news/article/?id=45364].

For example, suppose the encipherer wishes to encrypt a [[plaintext]]:

:<tt>ATTACKATDAWN</tt>

The encipherer chooses a keyword and repeats it until it matches the length of the plaintext, for example, the keyword "<tt>LEMON</tt>":

:<tt>LEMONLEMONLE</tt>

The first letter of the plaintext, <tt>A</tt>, is enciphered using the alphabet in row <tt>L</tt>, which is the first letter of the key. This is done by looking at the letter in row <tt>L</tt> and column <tt>A</tt> of the Vigenère square, namely <tt>L</tt>. Similarly, for the second letter of the plaintext, the second letter of the key is used; the letter at row <tt>E</tt> and column <tt>T</tt> is <tt>X</tt>. The rest of the plaintext is enciphered in a similar fashion:

{|

| Plaintext: || <tt>ATTACKATDAWN</tt>

|-

| Key: || <tt>LEMONLEMONLE</tt>

|-

| Ciphertext: || <tt>LXFOPVEFRNHR</tt>

|}

Decryption is performed by finding the position of the ciphertext letter in a row of the table, and then taking the label of the column in which it appears as the plaintext. For example, in row <tt>L</tt>, the ciphertext <tt>L</tt> appears in column <tt>A</tt>, which taken as the first plaintext letter. The second letter is decrypted by looking up <tt>X</tt> in row <tt>E</tt> of the table; it appears in column <tt>T</tt>, which is taken as the plaintext letter.

On [[August 29]], [[2005]], the band announced that their DVD ''[[Killadelphia (DVD)|Killadelphia]]'', which chronicles the band on tour supporting ''Ashes of the Wake'', had received Gold certification from the [[RIAA]]. The DVD features a complete live performance at the [[Trocadero]] in October 2004 in [[Philadelphia]], and also contains three of their music videos, commentary by the band, outtakes, soundchecks, and plenty of backstage shenanigans.

Vigenère can also be viewed algebraically. If the letters <tt>A</tt>&ndash;<tt>Z</tt> are taken to be the numbers 0&ndash;25, and addition is performed [[modular arithmetic|modulo]] 26, then Vigenère encryption can be written,

On [[January 25]], [[2006]], a press release announced the re-release of Lamb of God's debut album, ''[[New American Gospel]]''. The original, along with the self-titled debut ''[[Burn the Priest (album)|Burn the Priest]]'', were both produced by Steve Austin, known for his work with [[Today Is the Day]], [[Converge (band)|Converge]], and [[Unsane]]. The re-release will be remastered and repackaged with four new tracks, exclusive liner notes from the band and a re-imaging of the album art by longtime band collaborator Ken Adams. The album was re-released on [[April 4]], [[2006]].

:<math>C_i \equiv P_i + K_i \pmod{26},</math>

Their newest album, ''[[Sacrament (album)|Sacrament]]'', was met with immediate success, debuting at #8 on the U.S. Billboard charts. The same day ''Sacrament'' was released, the band's fan club The Congregation was launched.

and decryption,

Before the release of ''Sacrament'', the band took part in the 2006 [[The Unholy Alliance (tour)|The Unholy Alliance]] tour in [[North America]] with [[Slayer]], [[Mastodon (band)|Mastodon]], [[Children of Bodom]], and [[Thine Eyes Bleed]], and in [[Europe]] with [[In Flames]] instead of Mastodon. After ''Sacrament'' was released, they joined onto the North American portion of [[Gigantour]], headlined by [[Megadeth]] and including [[Arch Enemy (band)|Arch Enemy]], [[Opeth]], and [[Overkill (band)|Overkill]]. They were touring Europe.

:<math>P_i \equiv C_i - K_i \pmod{26}.</math>

They have also toured with [[Trivium (band)|Trivium]], [[Machine Head (band)|Machine Head]], and [[Gojira (band)|Gojira]]. They have also been long time friends with the band [[GWAR]], having come from the same city and most members from the same college.

==Cryptanalysis==

===Kasiski examination===

''Main article: [[Kasiski examination]]''

Lamb of God has been nominated for a Grammy Award for "Best Metal Performance" for the song "Redneck" from ''Sacrament'' in 2006 for the 49th annual Grammy Awards.

[[Friedrich Kasiski]] ''published'' the first successful attack on the Vigenère cipher in [[1863]], but [[Charles Babbage]] had already developed the same test in [[1854]].

On February 9, 2007 Lamb of God made their national television debut on [[Late Night with Conan O'Brien]]. They played "Pathetic" from ''Sacrament''.

The idea behind the Vigenère cipher is like that of all polyalphabetic ciphers &mdash; to make [[frequency analysis]] more difficult. Frequency analysis is the practice of decrypting a message by counting the frequency of ciphertext letters, and equating it to the letter frequency of normal text. For instance if <tt>P</tt> occurred most in a ciphertext whose plaintext is in [[English language|English]] one could suspect that <tt>P</tt> corresponded to <tt>E</tt>, because <tt>E</tt> is the most frequently used letter in English. Using the Vigenère cipher, <tt>E</tt> can be enciphered as any of several letters in the alphabet at different points in the message thus defeating simple frequency analysis.

On February 29th, the band was confirmed to play the UK's [[Download Festival]] 2007. The band is also confirmed as one of the headlining acts in this year's [[Ozzfest]] tour alongside [[Ozzy Osbourne]], [[Static-X]], and [[Lordi]].

Noted author and mathematician Charles Ludwidge Dodgson (aka [[Lewis Carroll]]) called this cipher unbreakable in his [[1868]] piece "[[The Alphabet Cipher]]" in a children's magazine. In [[1917]], the Vigenère was described as "impossible of translation" in the respected science magazine ''[[Scientific American]]''. Despite this reputation, however, the cipher can be broken.

==Equipment==

The weakness lies with the fact that the key is relatively short and constantly repeated: as a result, common words like "<tt>the</tt>" will likely be encrypted using the same key letters, leading to repeated groups in the ciphertext. Look at this example:

{| class="wikitable"

| Randy Blythe

|

*[[Sennheiser]] microphones

|-

| Chris Adler

|

*[[Mapex Drums|Mapex]] Saturn Series Drums

*Mapex 13 inch Black Panther Birdseye-maple snare

*[[Meinl Percussion]] Cymbals w/ Signature MB20 Ride

*Pro-Mark TX5AX Drum Sticks

*Gibraltar Drum Hardware

*Aquarian Drumheads

*Axis pedals

|-

| Mark Morton

|

*[[Jackson Guitars|Jackson]] Mark Morton Dominion w/ Seymour Duncan '59s Tobacco

*Jackson Mark Morton Dominion w/ Seymour Duncan '59s Wine Drunk

*[[Gibson Les Paul]] Standard Gold

*GHS Boomer Strings 10-52

*Mesa Mark IV amplifier head w/ 9 Mesa 4x12 cab (2 of them work, the other seven are for show)

*1.14mm Dunlop picks

*Sennheiser wireless system

*Rocktron Hush Super C

*Dunlop Crybaby Wah Pedal

*MXR GT-OD Pedal

*MXR EVH Phase 90

*Boss TU-2 Chromatic Tuner

|-

| Will Adler

|

*[[ESP Guitars|ESP]] Will Alder Signature Model

*ESP Eclipse Quilt Blue w/ gold edging

*ESP Eclipse Quilt Red w/ gold edging

*ESP Eclipse Will Adler Signature Eclipse(Camoflague)

*ESP-LTD EX-400BD

*GHS Boomer Strings 10-52

*Mesa Mark IV amplifer head w/ Framus 4x12 cabs

*Sennheiser wireless system

|-

| John Campbell

|

*[[Peavey]] Millennium 4 bass

*[[Jackson]] C20 concert basses (yellow)

*Dean Markley bass strings

*Mesa 400+ watt tube bass amplifier w/ two Mesa Roadready 8x10 cabs

*Sennheiser wireless system

*Tech 21 Sans Amp Bass Driver DI

*DBX 266XL Compressor/Gate

|}

Mark Morton endorses Jackson Guitars, GHS Strings, Dunlop Electronics, and Rocktron Electronics. Will Adler endorses ESP guitars and GHS Strings.

'''abcdef'''abcdefabcdefab'''cdefab'''cdefabc

'''crypto''' is short for '''crypto'''graphy.

Both Morton and Will use [[drop D tuning]] (D-A-D-G-B-E) primarily, also [[standard tuning]] (E-A-D-G-B-E) and [[open D tuning]] (D-A-D-G-B-D) on certain songs. John Campbell also uses drop D tuning (D-A-D-G).

The encrypted text here will not have repeated sequences that correspond to repeated sequences in the plaintext. However, if the key length is different, as in this example:

==Discography==

'''abcdea'''bcdeabcdeabcde'''abcdea'''bcdeabc

'''cryptoSee:''' is[[Lamb shortof God discography]] for '''crypto'''graphya complete discography.

===Studio albums===

{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"

|'''Cover'''

|'''Title'''

|-

|align="left"|[[Image:Lamb of God - New American Gospel.jpg|center|135px]]

|align="left"|'''''[[New American Gospel]]'''''

*Released: [[September 26]], [[2000]]

*Chart Positions:-

*U.S. Sales: 100,000+

*Label(s): [[Prosthetic Records]]<br>

*Singles: ''Black Label''

|-

|align="left"|[[Image:Lamb of God - As the Palaces Burn.jpg|center|135px]]

|align="left"|'''''[[As the Palaces Burn]]'''''

*Released: [[May 6]], [[2003]]

*Chart Positions:#7 U.S. Top Heatseekers

*U.S. Sales: 200,000+

*Label(s): [[Prosthetic Records]]

*Singles: ''Ruin'', ''11th Hour'', ''As the Palaces Burn''

|-

|align="left"|[[Image:Lamb_of_God_-_Ashes_of_the_Wake.jpg|center|135px]]

|align="left"|''[[Ashes of the Wake]]''

*Released: [[August 31]], [[2004]]

*Chart Positions: #27 U.S.

*U.S. Sales: 400,000+

*Label(s): [[Epic Records]]

*Singles: ''Laid to Rest'', ''Now You've Got Something to Die For''

|-

|align="left"|[[Image:Lamb of God - Sacrament.jpg|center|135px]]

|align="left"|'''''[[Sacrament (album)|Sacrament]]'''''

*Released: [[August 22]], [[2006]]

*Chart Positions: #8 U.S.

*U.S. Sales: 300,000+

*Label(s): [[Epic Records]]

*Singles: ''Redneck'', ''Walk with Me in Hell''

|-

|}

==Members==

Then the Kasiski test can be used.

===FriedmanCurrent testmembers===

*[[Randy Blythe]] - [[singer|vocals]] ([[Burn the Priest]] (1995)-present)

The Friedman test (also known as the Kappa test) was invented in [[1925]] by [[William F. Friedman]]. Friedman used the [[index of coincidence]], the probability that any two cipher letters represent the same letter in the plaintext, to break the cipher. By knowing that the probability of any two randomly chosen letters in English are the same is about 6.5%, Friedman found that the key length ''I'' is approximately equal to:

*[[Mark Morton (musician)|Mark Morton]] - [[electric guitar|guitar]] ([[Burn the Priest]] (1990)-present)

*[[Willie Adler]] - guitar (1999-present)

*[[John Campbell (bassist)|John Campbell]] - [[bass guitar]] ([[Burn the Priest]] (1990)-present)

*[[Chris Adler]] - [[drum kit|drums]] ([[Burn the Priest]] (1990)-present)

==Video game involvement==

<math>{.027n}\over{(n-1)\boldsymbol{I}-.038n+.065}</math>

* "Laid to Rest" is featured in [[Guitar Hero II]].

* "Black Label" is featured in [[Tony Hawk's Underground 2]].

* Lamb of God's music can also be found in [[BaboViolent 2]].

* "Redneck" is featured in [[ATV Offroad Fury 4]].

* "Redneck" is also featured in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_Street#NFL_Street_3 NFL Street 3].

==Wall of Death==

where '''I''' (the index of coincidence) equals

{{main|Wall of Death}}

The wall of death occurs at the beginning of the song "Black Label," usually the last song in the set. The crowd divides to the left and right sides of the floor area, and then on Blythe's direction, run wildly towards the other side. This is much more intense than [[circle pit]]s, which are also seen at Lamb of God concerts.

Two Quicktime videos (6-8mb in size) document the wall of death on the video page of the official Lamb of God website, found [http://www.lamb-of-god.com/sacrament/gallery/photos.php?getNumb=3&cat=Video here].

<math>\sum_{n=1}^{26}\frac{n_i(n_1 -1)}

{n(n-1)}</math>

However, Randy is no longer allowed to orchestrate walls of death, due to health and safety,and also beacause nobody likes it and it is the stupidest act ever, although the crowd sometimes perform the wall of death at the beginning of "Black Label", even if Randy did not ask them to.

n is the length of the text and <math> n_1 </math> through <math>n_{26}</math> are the frequencies of the letters.

==The cipher of Blaise de Vigenère==

Vigenère actually invented a stronger cipher: an [[autokey cipher]]. The name "Vigenère cipher" became associated with this polyalphabetic cipher instead. In fact the two ciphers were often confused, and both were sometimes called "''[[le chiffre ind&eacute;chiffrable]]''", or "the unbreakable cipher". For nearly 300 years this cipher was thought to be unbreakable, but [[Charles Babbage]] and [[Friedrich Kasiski]] independently found a way to break it in the middle of the 19th century. Babbage actually broke the much stronger autokey cipher, while Kasiski is generally credited with the first published solution to fixed-key polyalphabetic ciphers.

==References==

<references/>

*{{Book reference|First=Albrecht|Last=Beutelspacher|Year=1994|Title=Cryptology|Chapter=Chapter 2|Editor=|Others=translation from German by J. Chris Fisher|Pages=27-41|Publisher=|ID=ISBN 0-88385-504-6}}

==See also==

*[[one-time pad]] - a kind of Vigenère cipher with a very long and random key

== External links ==

* [http://www.murky.org/cryptography/archives/2004/09/vigenre_1.html The Vigen&egrave;re Cipher] as discussed on [http://www.murky.org/cryptography/index.shtml The Beginner's Guide to Cryptography]

* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/alabaster/A613135 Basic Cryptanalysis] at H2G2

* [http://it.geocities.com/teutoburgo/java/indexJavaEn.html Java Vigenere] applet with source code (GNU GPL)

==External links==

{{Classical_cryptography}}

*[http://www.lamb-of-god.com Official website]

*[http://www.fansiteproductions.com/lambofgod/ The Congregation] - official fansite

*[http://www.myspace.com/lambofgod Lamb of God] at [[MySpace]]

*[http://www.lambofgod.tv Lamb of God] at [[Sony Music]]

*[http://www.sacrament2006.com Sample of ''Sacrament'']

*[http://www.rockdetector.com/interviews/artist,5087.sm?id=143 Interview with Lamb of God] at [[Rockdetector]]

*[http://www.greatfallstribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061018/LIFESTYLE/610180306/1024 Interview with Willie Adler], ''[[Great Falls Tribune]]'', [[2006-10-18]]

{{LambOfGod}}

[[Category:Classical ciphers]]

[[Category:American musical groups]]

[[Category:Groove metal musical groups]]

[[Category:Music of Richmond, Virginia]]

[[Category:Virginia heavy metal musical groups]]

[[Category:Musical groups with siblings]]

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