Domestic violence and 1960s: Difference between pages

(Difference between pages)
Content deleted Content added
 
 
Line 1:
{{Cleanup|date=May 2007}}
{{POV}}
{{Decadebox|196}}
{{unreferenced|date=July 2006}}
 
The '''1960s''' [[list of decades|decade]] refers to the years from [[January 1]], [[1960]] to [[December 31]], [[1969]], inclusive. '''The Sixties''' has also come to refer to the complex of inter-related cultural and political events which occurred in approximately that period, in Western countries, particularly [[United Kingdom|Britain]], [[France]], the [[United States]] and [[Germany|West Germany]]. Social upheaval was not limited to just these nations, reaching large scale in nations such as [[Japan]], [[Mexico]] and [[Canada]] as well. The term is used both nostalgically by those who participated in those events, and pejoratively by those who regard the time as a period whose harmful effects are still being felt today. The decade was also labeled the '''[[Swinging London|Swinging Sixties]]''' because of the libertine attitudes that emerged during this decade.
{{abuse}}
{{cquote2 |quotetext=If you can remember anything about [[1960s|the sixties]], you weren't really there. |personquoted=[[Paul Kantner]]}}
'''Domestic violence''' (sometimes referred to as '''domestic abuse''') occurs when a family member, partner or ex-partner attempts to physically or psychologically [[domination|dominate]] or harm the other. The term "intimate partner violence" (IPV) is often used synonymously, other terms have included "wife beating", "wife battering", "Man Beating", "husband battering", "relationship violence", "domestic abuse", "spousal abuse", and "family violence" with some legal jurisdictions having specific definitions.
As with the [[Seventies]], popular memory has conflated into the Sixties some events which did not actually occur during this time period{{Fact|date=February 2007}}. For example, although some of the most dramatic events of the [[American Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968)|American civil rights movement]] occurred in the early 1960s, the movement had already begun in earnest during the [[1950s]]. On the other hand, the rise of [[feminism]] and [[gay rights]] began in the 1960s and continued into the next few decades. [[Homosexuality|Homosexual]] acts between consenting adults in private were legalized in [[England]], [[Canada]], and [[Wales]] in [[1967]]. The "Sixties" has become [[synonym]]ous with all the new, exciting, radical, subversive and/or dangerous (depending on one's viewpoint) events and trends of the period, which continued to develop in the [[1970s]], [[1980s]] and beyond. In [[Africa]] the 60s were a period of radical change as countries gained independence from their European colonial rulers, only for this rule to be replaced in many cases by civil war or corrupt dictatorships.
 
==Social and Political Movements==
Recent attention to domestic violence began in the women's movement as concern about wives being beaten by their husbands, and has remained a major focus of modern feminism, particularly in terms of "violence against women".{{cn}}
The decade started with the election of President [[John F. Kennedy]] in 1960, who promoted the space program, math and science education, tax cuts and the [[Peace Corps]]. It continued with president [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s projects of the Great Society and the [[Civil Rights Acts]]. It is marked by tragedy with [[John F. Kennedy Assassination|Kennedy's assassination]] in 1963, and by the assassinations of [[Malcolm X]] in 1965, [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] and [[Robert F. Kennedy]] in 1968. The decade ends with the collapse of Johnson's presidency due to public opposition to the Vietnam War and the inauguration of [[Richard Nixon]] in 1969.
 
===Assassinations===
Popular emphasis has tended to be on women as the victims of domestic violence although with the rise of the [[men's movement]], and particularly [[men's rights]], there is now some advocacy for men as victims, although the statistics concerning the number of male victims given by them are strongly contested by many groups active in research on or working in the field of domestic violence and "violence against men".{{cn}}
* US President [[John F. Kennedy]] is assassinated on [[November 22]], [[1963]] in his car during a parade
* [[Malcolm X]] is assassinated on [[February 21]], [[1965]]
* The assassination of [[civil rights]] leader [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] on [[April 4]], [[1968]].
* The assassination of presidential candidate Senator [[Robert F. Kennedy]] on [[June 6]], [[1968]].
 
===The Vietnam War===
Estimates are that only about a third of cases of domestic violence are actually reported in the US and UK. In other places where there has been less attention and less support, reported cases would be still lower.
A mass movement began rising in opposition to the [[Vietnam War]], ending in the massive [[Moratorium]] protests in [[1969]], and also the movement of resistance to [[Conscription in the United States|conscription]] (“the Draft”) for the war. The [[antiwar movement]] was initially based on the older 1950s [[Peace movement]] heavily influenced by the [[Communist Party USA]], but by the mid-1960s it outgrew this and became a broad-based mass movement centered on the universities and churches: one kind of protest was called a "''[[sit-in]]''." Other terms included ''[[the Draft]]'', ''[[draft dodger]]'', ''[[conscientious objector]]'', and ''[[Vietnam veteran|Vietnam vet]]''. [[Voting|Voter]] age-limits were challenged by the phrase: "If you're old enough to die for your country, you're old enough to vote."
 
===Civil Rights===
Domestic violence occurs in all cultures; people of all races, ethnicities, religions, and classes can be perpetrators of domestic violence. Domestic violence is perpetrated by, and on, both men and women, and occurs in same-sex and opposite-sex relationships.
Stimulated by this movement, but growing beyond it, were large numbers of student-age youth, beginning with the [[Free Speech Movement]] at the [[University of California, Berkeley]] in [[1964]], peaking in the riots at the [[1968 Democratic National Convention]] in [[Chicago]] and reaching a climax with the shootings at [[Kent State University]] in [[1970]], which some claimed as proof that ''"police brutality"'' was rampant. The terms were: ''"[[The Establishment]]"'' referring to traditional management/government, and ''"pigs"'' referring to police using excessive force. [[Marijuana]] and other drugs were also popular in the 1960s.
 
===New Left===
Awareness and documentation of domestic violence differs from country to country. According to the [[Centers for Disease Control]] domestic violence is a serious, preventable public health problem affecting more than 32 million Americans, that is more than 10% of the U.S. population (Tjaden and Thoennes 2000).
The rapid rise of a "[[New Left]]" employed the rhetoric of [[Marxism]] but had little organizational connection with older Marxist organizations such as the [[Communist Party USA|Communist Party]], and even less connection with the supposed focus of Marxist politics, the organized labor movement, and consisted of ephemeral campus-based [[Trotskyism|Trotskyist]], [[Maoism|Maoist]] and [[anarchism|anarchist]] groups, some of which by the end of the 1960s had turned to [[terrorism]].
 
==Technology==
Domestic violence has many forms, including physical violence, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, intimidation, economic deprivation or threats of violence. There are a number of dimensions:
The [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]] were involved in the [[space race]]. This led to an increase in spending on science and technology during this period. The space race heated up when Soviet [[cosmonaut]] [[Yuri Gagarin]] orbited the Earth and President Kennedy announced [[Project Apollo]] in 1961. The Soviets and Americans were then involved in a race to put a man on the Moon before the decade was over. America won the race when it placed the first men on the Moon: [[Neil Armstrong]] and [[Buzz Aldrin]], in July 1969.
*mode - physical, psychological, sexual and/or social
*frequency - on/off, occasional, chronic
*severity – in terms of both psychological or physical harm and the need for treatment – transitory or permanent injury – mild, moderate, severe up to homicide
 
American automobiles evolved through the stream-lined, [[jet]]-inspired designs for sportscars such as the [[Pontiac GTO]] and the [[Plymouth Barracuda]], [[Ford Mustang]], and the [[Chevrolet Corvette]].
The means used to measure domestic violence strongly influence the results found. For example, studies of reported domestic violence and extrapolations of those studies show women preponderantly as victims and men to be more violent, whereas the [[statistical survey|survey]] based [[Conflict Tactics Scale]], tends to show men and women equally violent.<ref name="Douglas">''i.e.'' Douglas, E. M., & Straus, M. A. (2006). Assault and Injury of Dating Partners by University Students in 19 Countries and its Relation to Corporal Punishment Experienced as a Child. European Journal of Criminology, 3, 293–318.</ref>
 
* 1960 - The first working [[Laser]] was demonstrated in May by [[Theodore Maiman]] at [[Hughes Research Laboratories]].
The majority of studies investigate male on female domestic violence. Thus, information on female-on-male (or same-sex) violence tends to be less available.
* 1961 - First human spaceflight to orbit the Earth: [[Yuri Gagarin]], [[Vostok 1]].
* 1962 - First trans-Atlantic satellite broadcast via the [[Telstar]] satellite.
* 1962 - The first computer video game, [[Spacewar!]], is invented.
* 1963 - The first [[Geosynchronous satellite|geosynchronous communications satellite]], '''[[Syncom#Syncom2|Syncom 2]]''' is launched.
* 1964 - [[Touch-Tone]] telephones introduced.
* 1964 - The first successful [[Minicomputer]], [[Digital Equipment Corporation]]’s 12-bit [[PDP-8]], is marketed.
* 1965 - [[Sony]] markets the [[Videocassette recorder#History|CV-2000]], the first home video tape recorder.
* 1966 - The [[Soviet Union]] launches ''[[Luna 10]]'', which later becomes the first [[space probe]] to enter orbit around the [[Moon]].
* 1967 - First [[heart transplantation]] operation.
* 1967 - [[PAL]] and [[SECAM]] broadcast color TV systems start publicly transmitting in Europe.
* 1968 - First humans to leave Earth's gravity influence and orbit another world: [[Apollo 8]].
* 1968 - The [[The Mother of All Demos|first public demonstration]] of the [[computer mouse]], the [[paper paradigm]] [[Graphical user interface]], [[video conference|video conferencing]], [[teleconference|teleconferencing]], [[email]] and [[hypertext]].
* 1969 - [[Arpanet]], the first [[Internet]] was invented.
* 1969 - First humans to walk on the Moon: [[Apollo 11]].
* 1969 - [[Charge-coupled device]] (CCD) invented at AT&T [[Bell Labs]], used as the electronic imager in still and video cameras.
 
==DefinitionsPopular Culture==
Domestic violence is physical, sexual, economic, or psychological abuse directed towards one’s spouse, partner, or other family member within the household.
 
The overlapping, but somewhat different, movement of youth cultural radicalism was manifested by the [[hippies]] and the [[counter-culture]], whose emblematic moments were the [[Summer of Love]] in [[San Francisco]] in [[1967]] and the [[Woodstock festival|Woodstock]] Festival in [[1969]]. The sub-culture, associated with this movement, spread the recreational use of [[cannabis]] and other drugs, particularly new semi-synthetic drugs such as [[LSD]]. The era heralded the rejection and a reformation by [[hippies]] of traditional Christian notions on spirituality, leading to the widespread introduction of Eastern and ethnic religious thinking to western values and concepts concerning ones religious and [[spirituality|spiritual]] development.
[[CAFCASS]] in the [[United Kingdom]] in its "Domestic Violence Policy" uses ''domestic violence'' to refer to a range of violent and abusive behaviours, defining it as:
:Patterns of behaviour characterised by the misuse of power and control by one person over another who are or have been in an intimate relationship. It can occur in mixed gender relationships and same gender relationships and has profound consequences for the lives of children, individuals, families and communities. It may be physical, sexual, emotional and/or psychological. The latter may include intimidation, harassment, damage to property, threats and financial abuse.
 
[[Psychedelic drugs]], especially [[LSD]], were popularly used medicinally, spiritually and recreationally throughout the 1960s. [[Psychedelia]] influenced the music, artwork and movies of the decade.
The New York State Coalition defines domestic violence as "abusive behavior - emotional, psychological, physical, or sexual - that one person in an intimate relationship uses in order to control the other. It takes many different forms and includes behaviors such as threats, name-calling, preventing contact with family or friends, withholding money, actual or threatened physical harm and sexual assault. Stalking can also be a form of domestic violence."
 
===Music===
Popular music entered an era of "all hits" as numerous singers released recordings, beginning in the [[1950s]], as [[phonograph record|45-rpm]] "singles" (with another on the [[B-side|flip side]]), and [[radio station]]s tended to play only the most popular of the wide variety of records being made. Also, bands tended to record only the best of their songs as a chance to become a hit record. The developments of the ''[[Motown Sound]]'', ''"[[folk rock]]"'' and the ''[[British Invasion]]'' of bands from the [[U.K.]] ([[The Beatles]], [[The Dave Clark Five]], [[British Invasion|and so on]]), are major examples of American listeners expanding from the [[folksinger]], [[doo-wop]] and [[saxophone]] sounds of the [[1950s]] and evolving to include [[psychedelia]] music.
 
The rise of an [[alternative culture]] among affluent youth, creating a huge market for [[Rock and roll|rock]] and [[blues]] music produced by drug-culture, influenced bands such as [[The Beatles]], [[The Rolling Stones]], [[The Grateful Dead]], [[Jefferson Airplane]], [[Janis Joplin]], [[Jimi Hendrix Experience]] and [[The Doors]], and also for radical music in the [[folk music|folk]] tradition pioneered by [[Bob Dylan]], [[The Mamas and the Papas]], and [[Joan Baez]] in the United States, and in England, [[Donovan]] was helping to create folk rock.
A survey in July and August 2006 of 2500 adults, males and females, 18 years of age or older, in the continental United States produced finding as per below. This survey was conducted by [[Opinion_Research_Corporation|Opinion Research Corporation]] and [[Ruder_Finn|Ruder Finn]] and funded by [[Redbook|Redbook Magazine]] and [[Liz_Claiborne|Liz Claiborne]]
 
Significant events in music in the 1960s:
"When asked to define what actions comprise domestic violence and abuse, 2 in 5 Americans (40%) did not even mention hitting, slapping and punching. Over 90% of Americans failed to define repeated emotional, verbal, sexual abuse and controlling behaviors as patterns of domestic violence and abuse."
*The [[Beatles]] went to [[United States|America]] in 1964, bringing the [[British Invasion]].
*The [[Monterey Pop Festival]] in 1967 was the apex of the so-called [[Summer of Love]].
*The [[Woodstock Festival]], and four months later, the [[Altamont Free Concert]] in [[1969]].
 
===Film===
The survey concluded: "When they can identify domestic abuse, Americans will act" [http://www.loveisnotabuse.com/surveyresults_bystander.htm Love is Not Abuse]
Popular American movies of the 1960s include ''[[Psycho]]'', ''[[Breakfast at Tiffany's]]'', ''[[To Kill a Mockingbird]], [[My Fair Lady]], [[The Pink Panther]], [[Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb]]; [[The Sound of Music]]; [[Doctor Zhivago]], [[Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid]]; [[Bonnie and Clyde]]; [[Cool Hand Luke]]; [[The Graduate]]; [[Rosemary's Baby]]; [[Midnight Cowboy]]; [[Head (film)|Head]]; [[Medium Cool]]; [[2001: A Space Odyssey]]; [[Easy Rider]].''
 
In Europe, [[Art Cinema]] gains wider distribution and sees movements like [[French New Wave|la Nouvelle Vague]] (The French New Wave); [[Cinéma Vérité]] documentary movement in Canada, France and the United States; and the high-point of Italian filmmaking with [[Michelangelo Antonioni]], [[Federico Fellini]] and [[Pier Paulo Pasolini]] making some of their most known films during this period. Notable films from this period include: ''[[8½]]''; ''[[L'avventura]]''; ''[[La notte]]''; ''[[Blowup]]''; ''[[Satyricon (film)|Satyricon]]''; ''[[Accattone]]''; ''[[The Gospel According to St. Matthew (film)|The Gospel According to St. Matthew]]''; ''[[Theorem (film)|Theorem]]''; ''[[Breathless (1960 film)|Breathless]]'';''[[Vivre sa vie (film)|Vivre sa vie]]''; ''[[Contempt (film)|Contempt]]''; ''[[Bande à part]]''; ''[[Alphaville]]''; ''[[Pierrot le fou]]''; ''[[Week End]]''; ''[[Shoot the Piano Player]]''; ''[[Jules and Jim]]''; ''[[Fahrenheit 451 (1966 film)|Fahrenheit 451]]'';''[[Last Year at Marienbad]]'';''[[Dont Look Back]]''; ''[[Chronique d'un été]]''; ''[[Titicut Follies]]''; ''[[High School (film)|High School]]''; ''[[Salesman (film)|Salesman]]''; ''[[La Jetée]]''; ''[[Warrendale]]''
 
The sixties were about experimentation. With the explosion of light-weight and affordable cameras, the underground [[Experimental film#The New American Cinema and Structural-Materialism|avant-garde film]] movement thrived. Canada's [[Michael Snow]], Americans [[Kenneth Anger]]. [[Stan Brakhage]], [[Andy Warhol]], and [[Jack Smith (film director)|Jack Smith]]. Notable films in this genre are: ''[[Dog Star Man]]''; ''[[Scorpio Rising (film)|Scorpio Rising]]''; ''[[Wavelength (1966 film)|Wavelength]]''; ''[[Chelsea Girls]]'';''[[Blow Job (film)|Blow Job]]''; ''[[Vinyl (1965 film)|Vinyl]]''; ''[[Flaming Creatures]]''.
Domestic violence can be:
*Physical violence
**Direct physical violence, ranging from unwanted [[physical contact]] to [[Spousal_rape|rape]] and [[murder]].
**Indirect physical violence, including [[destruction]] of objects, striking or [[throwing]] objects near the victim, harm to animals
*Mental/emotional violence
**Verbal [[threat]]s of physical violence to the victim, the self, or others including children, ranging from explicit, detailed and impending to implicit and vague as to both content and time frame
**Verbal violence, including threats, [[insult]]s, put-downs, attacks
**Nonverbal threats, including [[gesture]]s, [[facial]] expressions, [[body]] [[posture]]s
*Economic/social abuse
**Controlling victim's money and other economic resources, preventing victim from seeing friends and relatives, actively sabotaging victim's social relationships and isolating victim from social contacts.
*Spiritual abuse
 
Significant events in the film industry in the 1960s:
==Types==
*Removal of the [[Motion Picture Association of America]]'s [[Production Code]] in [[1967]].
Johnson (1995) suggests that:
*The decline and end of the [[Studio system|Studio System]].
*Common couple violence (or "mutual battery"), arises out of a mutual argument, and both parties using physical force, it is not connected to a general pattern of control, and it usually occurs infrequently.
*The rise of '[[art house]]' films and theaters.
*Intimate terrorism (or "patriarchal terrorism") where one partner uses violence along with emotional and psychological abuse to maintain control over the other.
*The rise of independent producers that worked outside of the Studio System.
*Move to all-color production in Hollywood movies.
*The invention of the [[Nagra]] 1/4", sync-sound, portable open-reel tape deck.
*[[Expo 67]] where new film formats like [[Imax]] were invented and new ways of displaying film were tested.
*Flat-bed film editing tables appear, like the [[Steenbeck]], they eventually replace the [[Moviola]] editing platform.
*The [[French New Wave]].
*[[Direct Cinema]] and [[Cinéma vérité]] documentaries.
 
==International issues==
Related are:
===In the United States===
*Violent resistance is used by both men and women against abusive partners. It may be one clue that a battered person is about to leave an abusive relationship.
* President [[John F. Kennedy]] and Vice President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] take office in [[1961]]; Kennedy establishes the [[Peace Corps]].
*Mutual violent control is when both partners are violent and controlling and they possibly battle for control in the relationship. As with intimate terrorism, violence is one form of control used by each abuser.
* Substantial American forces first arrive in [[Vietnam]] in [[1961]].
* 1963 - After Kennedy's assassination, [[Lyndon Johnson]] becomes president, and presses [[civil rights]] legislation; college attendance soars.
* U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] is inaugurated in January [[1969]]; promises "peace with honor" to end the [[Vietnam War]]; price [[inflation]] soars; Nixon imposes [[wage and price controls]].
 
===PhysicalIn violenceCanada===
*[[Canada]] celebrated its 100th anniversary of [[Canadian Confederation|Confederation]] in 1967 by hosting [[Expo 67]], the World's Fair, in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]].
'''Physical [[violence]]''' is the intentional use of physical force with the potential for causing injury, harm, disability, or death, for example, hitting, shoving, biting, restraint, kicking, or use of a weapon.
* The [[Quiet Revolution]] in [[Quebec]] modernized the province into a more secular society. The [[Jean Lesage]] [[Quebec Liberal Party|Liberal]] government created a [[welfare state]] (''État-Providence'') and fermented the rise of active [[nationalism]] among [[Francophone]] Quebecois.
* On [[February 15]], [[1965]], Canada got the new [[Flag of Canada|maple leaf flag]], after much acrimonious debate known as the [[Great Flag Debate]].
* In 1960, The [[Canadian Bill of Rights]] becomes law, and Universal Suffrage, the right for any Canadian citizen to vote, is finally adopted by [[John Diefenbaker]]'s [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative]] government. The new election act allows [[first nations]] people to vote for the first time.
 
===SexualIn violencethe and incestUK===
* [[British Prime Minister]] [[Harold Macmillan]] delivers his [[Wind of Change speech]] in [[1960]].
'''[[Sexual violence]]''' and '''[[incest]]''' are divided into three categories:
# use of physical force to compel a person to engage in a sexual act against their will, whether or not the act is completed;
# attempted or completed sex act involving a person who is unable to understand the nature or condition of the act, unable to decline participation, or unable to communicate unwillingness to engage in the sexual act, e.g., because of illness, disability, or the influence of alcohol or other drugs, or because of intimidation or pressure; and
# abusive sexual contact.
 
===PsychologicalIn violenceEurope===
* [[Pope John XXIII]] calls the [[Second Vatican Council]] of the [[Catholic Church]], continued by [[Pope Paul VI]], which met from Oct. 11, 1962 until Dec. 8, 1965.
'''Threats''' of physical, psychological or sexual, or social violence that use words, gestures, or weapons to communicate the intent to cause death, disability, injury, physical, or psychological harm.
* The May 1968 student and worker uprisings in France.
* Mass socialist or Communist movement in most European countries (particularly France and Italy), with which the student-based new left was able to forge a connection. The most spectacular manifestation of this was the [[May 1968|May]] student revolt of [[1968]] in Paris that linked up with a general strike of ten million workers called by the trade unions&mdash;and for a few days seemed capable of overthrowing the government of [[Charles de Gaulle]]. De Gaulle went off to visit French troops in Germany to check on their loyalty. Major concessions were won for trade union rights, higher minimum wages and better working conditions.
* University students protested in their hundreds of thousands in [[London]], [[Paris]], [[Berlin]] and [[Rome]] with the huge crowds that protested against the Vietnam War.
 
===In Mexico===
'''Psychological/emotional violence''' involves violence to the victim caused by acts, threats of acts, or coercive tactics. Psychological/emotional abuse can include, but is not limited to, humiliating the victim, controlling what the victim can and cannot do, withholding information from the victim, deliberately doing something to make the victim feel diminished or embarrassed, isolating the victim from friends and family, and denying the victim access to money or other basic resources. It is considered psychological/emotional violence when there has been prior physical or sexual violence or prior threat of physical or sexual violence. Perpetrators of this form of domestic aggression can be both users and abusers... both female and male.
The peak of the student and [[New Left]] protests in [[1968]] coincided with political upheavals in a number of other countries. Although these events often sprung from completely different causes, they were influenced by reports and images of what was happening in the United States and France.
Students in [[Mexico City]] protested against the authoritarian regime of [[Gustavo Díaz Ordaz]]: in the resulting [[Tlatelolco massacre]] in which hundreds were killed.
* The [[October 2]], [[1968]] [[Tlatelolco Massacre]] in [[Mexico City]], of student protesters and uninvolved bystanders, by the Mexican military and police.
 
===In the Commonwealth===
'''[[Relational aggression]]''' is a form of psychological/social aggression that uses various forms of falsehood, secrecy and gossip to commit covert violence. It is often a spectacularly successful tactic because so few people know how to detect it. It is often used because it is covert, leaves no visible scars and can be done with a smile. It destroys or damages the target's reputation and ruins the target's relationships. "It is the outcome of fear. Fear of violence, fear of the unknown, fear of the unpredictable, the capricious, and the arbitrary. It is perpetrated by dropping subtle hints, by disorienting, by constant and unnecessary lying, by persistent doubting and demeaning, and by inspiring an air of unmitigated gloom and doom." [http://www.toddlertime.com/sam/abuse/ambient-abuse.htm Ambient Abuse]
[[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] committed troops to the Vietnam war with controversy and war protests.[[Canada]] celebrated its 100th anniversary of confederation in 1967 by hosting [[Expo 67]], the World's Fair, in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]].
 
===In Eastern Europe===
'''[[Parental alienation]]''' is another form of covert violence where children are used as a weapon of war by one parent to alienate the other parent. This covert form of domestic violence is used in high-conflict marriages. It is often devastating to the alienated spouse/parent and to the alienating/alienated children caught in the middle. Misdiagnoses of Parental Alienation can also be devastating -- this time to the parent accurately describing abuse and to the child that is placed with the abusive parent. In effect, it uses innocent, unwitting children to commit relational aggression by one parent against the other.
In Eastern Europe students also drew inspiration from the protests in the West. In [[Poland]] and [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] they protested against restrictions on free speech by [[Communist]] regimes.
 
In [[Czechoslovakia]] [[1968]] was the year of [[Alexander Dubček]]’s [[Prague Spring]], a source of inspiration to many Western leftists who admired Dubček's "socialism with a human face". The [[Warsaw Pact]] invasion of Czechoslovakia in August ended these hopes and also fatally damaged the chances of the orthodox [[communist party|communist parties]] drawing many recruits from the student protest movement.
===Economic abuse===
* The popular uprising in [[Czechoslovakia]], known as [[Prague Spring]], which was ended by a [[Soviet]] invasion
 
===In Africa===
Economic abuse is when the abuser has complete control over the victim's money and other economic resources. Usually, this involves putting the victim on a strict 'allowance', withholding money at will and forcing the victim to beg for the money until the abuser gives them some money. It is common for the victim to receive less money as the abuse continues.
The transformation of [[Africa]] from [[colonialism]] to [[independence]] dramatically accelerated during the decade.
 
===In China===
This also includes (but is not limited to) preventing the victim from finishing education or obtaining employment.
In the [[People's Republic of China]] the mid-1960s were also a time of massive upheaval and the [[Red Guards (China)|Red Guard]] rampages of [[Mao Zedong]]'s [[Cultural Revolution]] had some superficial resemblances to the student protests in the West. The [[Maoist]] groups that briefly flourished in the West in this period saw in Chinese Communism a more revolutionary, less bureaucratic, model of [[socialism]]. Most of them were rapidly disillusioned when Mao welcomed [[Richard Nixon]] to China in [[1972]]. People in China, however, saw the [[Nixon visit to China 1972|Nixon visit]] as a victory in that they believed the United States would concede that [[Maoism|Mao Zedong-thought]] was superior to [[capitalism]] (this was the Party stance on the visit in late 1971 and early 1972).
 
===StalkingIn South America===
The [[Argentinian]] revolutionary [[Che Guevara|Ernesto "Che" Guevara]] travelled to [[Africa]] and then [[Bolivia]] in his campaigning to spread worldwide revolution. He was killed in 1967 by Bolivian government forces, but in the process became an iconic figure for the student left.
In addition, [[stalking]] is often included among the types of Intimate Partner Violence. Stalking generally refers to repeated behaviour that causes victims to feel a high level of fear (Tjaden & Thoennes, 2000). However, psychiatrist [[William Glasser]] states that fear and all other emotions are ''self''-caused as evidenced by the wide range of emotions two different subjects might have in response to the same incident.
 
==People==
===Spiritual Abuse===
===Writers, artists and intellectuals===
'''[[Spiritual abuse]]''' includes:
{{col-begin}}
# using the spouse’s or intimate partner’s religious or spiritual beliefs to manipulate them
{{col-2}}
# preventing the partner from practicing their religious or spiritual beliefs
* [[Edward Albee]]
# ridiculing the other person’s religious or spiritual beliefs
* [[Muhammad Ali]]
* [[Louis Althusser]]
* [[Michelangelo Antonioni]]
* [[Isaac Asimov]]
* [[J. G. Ballard]]
* [[Amiri Baraka]]
* [[Brigitte Bardot]]
* [[Roland Barthes]]
* [[Gwendolyn Brooks]]
* [[Syd Barrett]]
* [[Joan Baez]]
* [[Peter Blake (artist)|Peter Blake]]
* [[Stan Brackage]]
* [[Basil Bunting]]
* [[William S. Burroughs]]
* [[Truman Capote]]
* [[Andy Capp]]
* [[Rachel Carson]]
* [[Claude Chabrol]]
* [[Noam Chomsky]]
* [[Eric Clapton]]
* [[Arthur C. Clarke]]
* [[John Coltrane]]
* [[Sam Cooke]]
* [[R. Crumb]]
* [[Miles Davis]]
* [[Simone de Beauvoir]]
* [[Jacques Derrida]]
* [[Philip K. Dick]]
* [[Bob Dylan]]
* [[Federico Fellini]]
* [[Betty Friedan]]
* [[Milton Friedman]]
* [[Allen Ginsberg]]
* [[Jean-Luc Godard]]
* [[George Harrison]]
* [[Václav Havel]]
* [[Robert A. Heinlein]]
* [[Joseph Heller]]
* [[Jimi Hendrix]]
* [[Frank Herbert]]
* [[Abbie Hoffman]]
* [[Jane Jacobs]]
* [[Jasper Johns]]
* [[Janis Joplin]]
* [[Ken Kesey]]
* [[Allan King]]
* [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]
* [[John Knowles]]
* [[Stanley Kubrick]]
{{col-2}}
 
* [[Philip Larkin]]
==Violence against men==
* [[Timothy Leary]]
* [[Harper Lee]]
* [[Donovan Leitch]]
* [[John Lennon]]
* [[Phil Lesh]]
* [[Roy Lichtenstein]]
* [[Norman Mailer]]
* [[Louis Malle]]
* [[Albert and David Maysles]]
* [[Paul McCartney]]
* [[Marshall McLuhan]]
* [[Joni Mitchell]]
* [[Jeanne Moreau]]
* [[Jim Morrison]]
* [[Michael Novak]]
* [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]]
* [[D. A. Pennebaker]]
* [[Thomas Pynchon]]
* [[Lou Reed]]
* [[Alain Resnais]]
* [[Jean Rhys]]
* [[Dick Rivers]] (French singer)
* [[Jacques Rivette]]
* [[Éric Rohmer]]
* [[George Romero]]
* [[Jean Rouch]]
* [[Bertrand Russell]]
* [[Carl Sagan]]
* [[Jean-Paul Sartre]]
* [[Charles Schulz]]
* [[Dr. Seuss]]
* [[Jean Shepherd]]
* [[Susan Sontag]]
* [[Ringo Starr]]
* [[John Steinbeck]]
* [[Gloria Steinem]]
* [[Karlheinz Stockhausen]]
* [[Tom Stoppard]]
* [[Hunter S. Thompson]]
* [[Francois Truffault]]
* [[Gore Vidal]]
* [[Kurt Vonnegut]]
* [[Andy Warhol]]
* [[Alan Watts]]
* [[Bob Weir]]
* [[Brian Wilson]]
* [[Frederick Wiseman]]
* [[Tom Wolfe]]
* [[Frank Zappa]]
{{col-end}}
 
== Sport ==
Violence against men is the term know for violence that is committed against men by the man's intimate partner.
 
There were six [[Olympics]] held during the decade. These were:
Very little is known about the actual number of men who are in a domestic relationship in which they are abused or treated violently by their male or female partners. Few incidents are reported to police, and data is limited. <ref name="ipvfs">"[http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/factsheets/ipvfacts.htm Intimate Partner Violence: Fact Sheet]", Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 22 September, 2006.</ref> However, the available data indicate that:
:
*3.2 million men experience "minor" abuse (such as "pushing, grabbing, shoving, slapping, and hitting") per year.<ref name="ipvfs" />
*In the United States, approximately 800,000 men per year (3.2%) are raped or physically assaulted by their partner.<ref name="ipvfs" />
*At least 371,000 men are stalked annually.<ref name="ipvfs" />
*3% of nonfatal violence against men stems from domestic violence.<ref name="ipvfs" />
*In 2002, men comprised 24% of domestic violence homicide victims.<ref name="ipvfs" />
*Over 20 years, the instances of homicide from domestic violence against men decreased by approximately 67%.<ref name="ipvfs" />
*Approximately 22% of men have experienced physical, sexual, or psychological intimate partner violence during their life.<ref name="ipvfs" />
 
[[1960]] XVII Summer Olympics — {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Rome]], [[Italy]] <br>
There are many reasons why there isn't more information about domestic abuse and violence against men. A major reason is the reluctance of men to report incidents to the police, unless there are substantial injuries. Data indicate that although mutual violent behavior is quite common in intimate relationships, men are rarely seriously harmed.<p>
[[1960]] VIII Winter Olympics — {{flagicon|USA}} [[Squaw Valley]], [[USA]] <br>
[[1964]] XVIII Summer Olympics — {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]] <br>
[[1964]] IX Winter Olympics — {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Innsbruck]], [[Austria]] <br>
[[1968]] XIX Summer Olympics — {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Mexico City]], [[Mexico]] <br>
[[1968]] X Winter Olympics — {{flagicon|France}} [[Grenoble]], [[France]]
 
There were two [[FIFA World Cup]]s during the decade:
==Violence against children==
{{main|Child Abuse}}
{{Main|Child Welfare}}
When it comes to domestic violence towards children involving physical abuse, research in the UK by the [[NSPCC]] indicated that "most violence occurred at home (78 per cent) 40- 60% of men and women who abuse other men or women also abuse their children.[(American Psychology Association. Violence and the Family: Report of the American Psychological Association Presidential Task Force on Violence and the Family. 1996)]. Girls whose father/mother batter their mothers/fathers are 6.5 times more likely to be sexually abused by their fathers/mothers than are girls from non-violent homes.(Bowker, L.H., Arbitell, M.,& Mcferron, J.R., “On the Relationship Between Wife Beating and Child Abuse.” In K. Yllo & M. Bograd, Feminist Perspectives on Wife Abuse, Sage, 1988)
 
[[1962 FIFA World Cup]] — {{flagicon|Chile}} [[Chile]] (winner {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brazil]]) <br>
==World Health Organization Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence against Women 2005==
[[1966 FIFA World Cup]] — {{flagicon|England}} [[England]] (winner {{flagicon|England}} [[England]])
The World Conference on [[Human Rights]], held in Vienna in 1993, and the [[Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women]] in the same year, concluded that civil society and governments have acknowledged that violence against women is a public health and human rights concern. Work in this area has resulted in the establishment of international standards, but the task of documenting the magnitude of violence against women and producing reliable, comparative data to guide policy and monitor implementation has been exceedingly difficult. The [http://www.who.int/gender/violence/who_multicountry_study/en/ World Health Organisation Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence against Women 2005]is a response to this difficulty. Published in [[2005]] it is a groundbreaking study which analysed data from 10 countries and sheds new light on the prevalence of violence against women. It seeks to look at violence against women from a public health policy perspective. The findings will be used to inform a more effective response from [[government]], including the health, justice and social service sectors, as a step towards fulfilling the state’s obligation to eliminate violence against women under international human rights laws.
 
The ten [[European Cup]] winners during the decade were:
==Allegations of domestic violence==
{{Unreferenced|date=January 2007}}
{{Not verified}}
 
[[1960]] - {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Real Madrid]] <br>
[[1961]] - {{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Benfica]] <br>
[[1962]] - {{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Benfica]] <br>
[[1963]] - {{flagicon|Italy}} [[A.C. Milan]] <br>
[[1964]] - {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Internazionale]] <br>
[[1965]] - {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Internazionale]] <br>
[[1966]] - {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Real Madrid]] <br>
<code>*</code>[[1967]] - {{flagicon|Scotland}} [[Celtic F.C.]]
[[1968]] - {{flagicon|England}} [[Manchester United]] <br>
[[1969]] - {{flagicon|Italy}} [[A.C. Milan]] <br>
 
<code>*</code> First British club to win the European Cup, Celtic triumphed over Internazionale 2-1 in a stunning victory. See [[European Cup 1966-67]] or [[Lisbon Lions]].
{{main|Allegations of domestic violence|Parental alienation syndrome}}
Many Men and [[Father's Rights]] advocates observe the use of false accusations of domestic violence in the context of divorce and child custody proceedings as re-inventing the type of hostile litigations and accusations that were intended to be eliminated by [[no fault divorce]] legislation. Thomas Kasper writes in the Illinois Bar Journal that domestic violence measures funded by [[VAWA]] readily “become part of the gamesmanship of divorce.” Phyllis Schalfly notes in her September 2006 column "Laughing at Restraining Orders" that the domestic violence injunction issued on [[David Letterman]] for sending subliminal messages to a woman 2000 miles away that he had never met, demonstrates the claim by [[Men's Rights]] advocates that many domestic violence injunctions do not even involve any actual physical violence, but are instead absurd exaggerations or fabrications.
 
The ten [[Formula One]] World Championship Winners were:
On the other hand, not taking allegations seriously can lead to further violence, and can also be judicial misconduct. In Maryland, a judge was under investigation for his conduct in a domestic violence case. He retired and thus avoided punishment. Following his dismissal of a protective order, a woman's husband arrived at her place of work, doused her with gasoline, and set her on fire, causing serious burns. [http://wjz.com/topstories/local_story_226150611.html Yvette Cade Seeks Justice Against Judge Palumbo]
 
[[1960]] — {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Jack Brabham]] <br>
Allegations of domestic violence are frequent in post-divorce/separation situations. Such allegations may often be third-party abuse, using third-parties such as courts to carry out untraceable abuse against a falsely-accused 'perpetrator' (see article in [http://www.nuancejournal.com.au/documents/one/graves-duluth.pdf Nuance Journal of Family Studies]). The consequences of such allegations can be serious for the alleged perpetrator since occupation of the home and custody of the children may be at stake. In Australia, mandated allocation of family resources in court-supervised separation shifts automatically from 50:50 to 80:20 in favour of the alleged victim if there is any allegation of abuse; anecdotal reports and other evidence indicate that such allegations are accepted only from women, and that the allegation itself is required to be taken as its own proof, without any checks or balances. It is sometimes claimed that "less than 2% of reported domestic violence allegations are proved false", but anecdotal and other evidence suggests that this claim, as with many supposed statistics in domestic-violence 'research', is based more on wishful thinking and circular reasoning than on fact. {{fact}}
[[1961]] — {{flagicon|US}} [[Phil Hill]] <br>
 
[[1962]] — {{flagicon|England}} [[Graham Hill]] <br>
==Causes==
[[1963]] — {{flagicon|Scotland}} [[Jim Clark]] <br>
There are many different theories as to the causes of domestic violence. As with many phenomena regarding human experience, no one approach appears to cover all cases.
[[1964]] — {{flagicon|England}} [[John Surtees]] <br>
 
[[1965]] — {{flagicon|Scotland}} [[Jim Clark]] <br>
Identified and proposed causes include a need for power and control, a form of bullying and social learning of abuse. Abusers' efforts to dominate their partners have been attributed to low self-esteem or feelings of inadequacy, unresolved childhood conflicts, the stress of poverty, hostility and resentment toward women ([[misogyny]]), hostility and resentment toward men ([[misandry]]), personality disorders, genetic tendencies and sociocultural influences, among other possible causative factors. Most authorities seem to agree that abusive personalities result from a combination of several factors, to varying degrees.
[[1966]] — {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Jack Brabham]] <br>
 
[[1967]] — {{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Denny Hulme]] <br>
Factors associated with domestic violence also include [[substance abuse]], [[mental illness]], [[classism]], various political and legal characteristics such as [[authoritarianism]] and [[dehumanisation]].
[[1968]] — {{flagicon|England}} [[Graham Hill]] <br>
 
[[1969]] — {{flagicon|Scotland}} [[Jackie Stewart]]
"Dukes argues that all [domestic] abuse relates to men’s capacity for, and their need to, devalue women. If we can stop a man devaluing his partner, he will stop abusing her. Devaluation is defined as seeing someone in negative ways - as not being attractive, as being vicious, dangerous, threatening, ugly, boring, useless, bad. This analysis brings male violence against women back within the general ___domain of male violence itself. The extent to which the process of dehumanisation - the reduction of the other person to a thing that is nothing, to a valueless nothing, a contemptible nothing, a disposable nothing - has been analysed and explored by a legion of respected students of violence." [http://www.niwaf.org/Domesticviolence/dispelling_the_myths.htm Women's Aid Federation Northern Ireland]
 
 
{{See also|Civil_liberties}}
 
 
===Classism===
 
Many experts, including Lundy Bancroft and Dr. Susan Weitzman, psychotherapist and author of "Not to People Like Us: Hidden Abuse in Upscale Marriages," contend that abuse in poor families is more likely to be reported to ER staff, police and social services by victims and bystanders. Also, low-income perpetrators are more likely to be arrested and serve time in jail than are their wealthier counterparts, who have the social and financial wherewithal to evade public exposure.
 
The degree to which abuse correlates with poverty and the extent to which poverty causes abuse or abuse causes poverty are ambiguous. To date, more data on abuse has been collected from low-income than middle and upper income families. This does not necessarily confirm that domestic violence is more prevalent among poor families than wealthier ones, only that the population most readily available for study is predominantly low-income.
 
It seems premature to conclude that poverty is an important ''causative'' factor in domestic violence or that domestic violence ''causes'' poverty. Poverty increases the chances that low-income populations will be identified and studied, but this has resulted in a skewed, self-selected sample that does not reflect the incidence and demographics of abuse in the population as a whole.
 
===Power and control===
 
:''… power in a relationship is often a matter of perception. A person may perceive themselves to be put-upon when a less involved observer would disagree.'' {{fact}}
 
A [[causality|causalist]] view of domestic violence is that it is a strategy to gain or maintain power and control over the victim. This view is in alignment with Bancroft's "cost-benefit" theory that abuse rewards the perpetrator in ways other than, or in addition to, simply exercising power over his or her target(s). He cites evidence in support of his argument that, in most cases, abusers are quite capable of exercising control over themselves, but choose not to do so for various reasons.
 
An alternative view is that abuse arises from powerlessness and [[Externalization|externalizing]]/[[psychological projection|projecting]] this and attempting to exercise control of the victim. It is an attempt to 'gain or maintain power and control over the victim' but even in achieving this it cannot resolve the powerlessness driving it. Such behaviours have addictive aspects leading to a [[cycle of abuse]] or [[cycle of violence|violence]]. Mutual cycles develop when each party attempts to resolve their own powerlessness in attempting to assert control.
 
Questions of power and control are integral to the widely accepted [[Duluth Domestic Abuse Intervention Project]]. They developed [http://www.ncdsv.org/images/Power_and_Control_wheel_NCDSV.pdf "Power and Control Wheel"] to illustrate this: it has power and control at the center, surrounded by spokes (techniques used), the titles of which include:
*Coercion and threats
*Intimidation
*Emotional abuse
*Isolation
*Minimizing, denying and blaming
*Using children
*Economic abuse
*Male privilege
 
The model attempts to address abuse by one-sidedly challenging the misuse of power by the 'perpetrator'.
 
Critics of this model suggest that the one-sided focus is problematic as resolution can only be achieved when all participants acknowledge their responsibilities, and identify and respect mutual purpose [http://www.nuancejournal.com.au/documents/one/graves-duluth.pdf].
 
The power wheel model is not intended to assign personal responsibility, enhance respect for mutual purpose or assist victims and perpetrators in resolving their differences. It is an informational tool designed to help individuals understand the dynamics of power operating in abusive situations and identify various methods of abuse.
 
===Bullying===
 
Domestic violence comes as a form of [[bullying]], as a means to an end that is easier than other means. The heading on the UK National Website for Bullying in the Family states that 'Those Who Can, Do. Those Who Can't Bully.' It seems reasonable to add that those who ''won't'' prefer violence, too.
 
=== Sex and gender ===
 
Modes of abuse are thought by some to be gendered, females tending to use more psychological and men more physical forms. {{fact}} The visibility of these differs markedly. However, experts who work with victims of domestic violence have noted that physical abuse is almost invariably preceded by psychological abuse. Police and hospital admission records indicate that a higher percentage of females than males seek treatment and report such crimes.
 
Unless or until more men identify themselves and go on record as having been abused by female partners, and in a manner whereby the nature and extent of their injuries can be clinically assessed, men will continue to be identified as the most frequent perpetrators of physical and emotional violence.
 
See also the section "Gender Differences" in this article, and some of the statistics in the subsection "U.S." in the "Statistics" section.
 
==The cycle of violence==
{{main|Cycle of violence|cycle of abuse}}
Frequently, domestic violence is used to describe specific violent and overtly abusive incidents, and legal definitions will tend to take this perspective. However, when violent and abusive behaviours happen within a relationship, the effects of those behaviours continue after these overt incidents are over. Advocates and counsellors will refer to domestic violence as a pattern of behaviours, including those listed above.
 
[[Lenore Walker]] presented the model of a [[Cycle of violence|Cycle of Violence]] which consists of three basic phases:
 
;''Honeymoon Phase'': Characterized by affection, apology, and apparent end of violence.
;''Tension Building Phase'': Characterized by poor communication, tension, fear of causing outbursts,
;''Acting-out Phase'':Characterized by outbursts of violent, abusive incidents.
 
Although it is easy to see the outbursts of the Acting-out Phase as abuse, even the more pleasant behaviours of the Honeymoon Phase serve to perpetuate the abuse. See also the [[cycle of abuse]] article.
 
Many domestic violence advocates believe that the cycle of violence is somewhat outdated and that it does not reflect the realities of many women experiencing domestic violence.
 
==Statistics==
Domestic violence is a significant problem. Measures of the incidence of violence in intimate relationships can differ markedly in their findings depending on the measures used. [[Statistical survey|Survey]] approaches tend to show parity in the use of violence by both men and women against partners than do approaches using data from reports of domestic violence that tends to show women experiencing violence from male partners as the majority of cases (over 80%). Further discussion of this occurs in the next section on [[#Gender differences|gender differences]].
 
Research based on the [[statistical survey|survey]] based [[Conflict Tactics Scale]], a measure of intrafamily conflict and violence focusing on the adults in the family developed by Murray Straus (1979) has included national [[U.S.]] surveys on the prevalence of family violence in the and other countries. These include the two U.S. National Family Violence Surveys (Straus & Gelles, 1990), the National Violence Against Women Survey (Tjaden & Thoennes, 2000), this research has tended to show men and women equally violent.
 
Research based on reported domestic violence or on police records show men to be responsible for the majority of domestic violence and the high frequency of women as victims.
 
The problem of under-reporting is believed to be substantial.
 
===Europe===
A [[Council of Europe]] study (1992) found that 1 in 4 women experience domestic violence over their lifetimes and between 6-10% of women suffer domestic violence in a given year.
 
===UK===
The British Crime Survey for the year 2001-2 reported, "There were an estimated 12.9 million incidents of domestic violence acts (nonsexual threats or force) against women [84%] and 2.5 million against men [16%] in England and Wales in the year prior to interview." The same report states, "Four per cent of women and two per cent of men were subject to domestic violence (non-sexual domestic threats or force) during the last year."
 
In the [[United Kingdom]], the [[police]] estimate that around 35% of domestic violence against women is actually reported and a 2002 [[Women's Aid]] study found that 74% of separated women suffered from post-separation violence.
 
===US===
It is estimated that every year in the [[United States]], approximately 3 million women are assaulted by their partner. One in four women in the U.S. will be assaulted by their partner over their lifetimes.
 
In [[1998]] in the U.S.,of the approximately 1.5 million violent crimes committed between intimate partners, over 874,000 of the victims were women, and over 832,000 were men. Of the approximately 1,830 murders committed against intimate partners in 1998, 3 out of 4 of the victims were women. In 2001 according to the [[United States Census Bureau]] there were 691,710 non-fatal domestic violence acts committed and 1,247 fatal incidents. In homes where domestic violence occurs, children in the home are at a 300% greater risk of being abused.
 
* 6-12% of women are abused in a given year
* 20-30% of women receiving welfare are current victims of Domestic Violence
* 30-65% of all homicides of women are related to Domestic Violence by their male partners
 
According to [http://www.mediaradar.org/media_fact_sheet.php Respecting Accuracy in Domestic Abuse Reporting (RADAR) report]:
 
* Women are just as likely as men to engage in partner aggression [http://www.law.fsu.edu/journals/lawreview/downloads/304/kelly.pdf (Kelly 2003)]
* Men experience over one-third of DV-related injuries (Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 126, No. 5, pages 651-680)
* Men are far less likely to report DV incidents than women (Stets and Straus 1990)
* The myths about domestic violence are numerous [http://www.mincava.umn.edu/documents/factoid/factoid.html (Gelles 1995)]
* Many of these myths are based on DV studies that use biased survey methods (Arriaga and Oskamp 1999)
 
According to Southern Connecticut State University: "In 95% of family violence cases the victims are women beaten by male partners. In 1% of the cases the reverse is true. There are an estimated 28 million battered women in the U.S., more than half of all married women in the country. In the U.S., one woman is beaten by her husband or partner every 9 seconds.
Battering is the single major cause of injury to women between the ages of 15 and 44 in the U.S.; more than car accidents, muggings, and rapes combined. 70% of the assault victims seen in the emergency room of Boston City Hospital are women who have been attacked in their own homes. 3 out of 5 women in the U.S. will be battered in their lifetime." [http://www.southernct.edu/departments/womenscenter/safe/domvio.htm Domestic Violence Facts]
 
Eight-five percent of these orders are issued against men [http://www.iwf.org/specialreports/specrpt_detail.asp?ArticleID=815 (Young, Independent Women’s Forum, 2005)]. Family judges often issue orders of protection or restraining orders in the absence of any direct threat of harm [http://pegasus.rutgers.edu/~review/ (Heleniak, Rutgers Law Review, Spring 2005)]. Often these orders are used as "part of the gamesmanship of divorce." ([http://www.isba.org/IBJ/home.asp Kasper, Illinois Bar Journal, June 2005] and [http://www.law.com/jsp/nj/index.jsp Kiernan, New Jersey Law Journal, April 1988])
 
New research published in the [http://www.apa.org/journals/fam/description.html Journal of Family Psychology] says that contrary to media and public opinion women commit more acts of violence than men in eleven categories: throw something, push, grab, shove, slap, kick, bite, hit or threaten a partner with a knife or gun. The study, which is based on interviews with 1,615 married or cohabiting couples and extrapolated nationally using census data, found that 21 percent of couples reported domestic violence. [http://www.washingtontimes.com/culture/20060511-112526-4029r.htm The Washington Times confirms study.]
 
Dr. Gerald P. Koocher, American Psychology Association President, [http://www.apa.org/monitor/oct06/pc.html stated October 2006] that "psychological science is not politically correct." He adds, "Several studies of domestic violence have suggested that males and females in relationships have an equal likelihood of acting out physical aggression, although differing in tactics and potential for causing injury (e.g., women assailants will more likely throw something, slap, kick, bite, or punch their partner, or hit them with an object, while males will more likely beat up their partners, and choke or strangle them)."
 
===Australia===
Recent findings - 2006 - from the * [http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/4906.02005?OpenDocument Australian Bureau of Statistics Personal Safety Survey]show that overall, more males than females are victims of physical assault (10.8% vs 5.8%). However, women are most at risk of assault in the home and from men they know, while men are most at risk of assault in public spaces and from men they don’t know. Among the large numbers of men physically assaulted each year, close to 70 per cent were assaulted by strangers. Less than five per cent were assaulted by a female partner or ex-partner. In contrast, among the female victims of physical assault, 31 per cent were assaulted by a male partner or ex-partner (Table 16, p. 30). Thirty per cent of people who had experienced violence by a current partner since the age of 15 were male, while seventy per cent were female (Table 2, p.16).
 
[[Men's rights]] activists and others supporting male victims argue that there is a range of socialization related factors that would lead to very high levels of under-reporting by male victims. They also argue that until recently, very few studies asked about female-on-male (or female-on-female) domestic violence; so while these figures are appallingly high, the prevalence of violence against men is typically not included in the figures.
 
===Cost===
In the U.S., between 3 and 5 billion dollars are spent annually on medical expenses related to domestic violence. Also, approximately 100 million dollars is lost by businesses annually though lost productivity, sick leave and absenteeism due to domestic violence.
 
==Gender differences==
 
The discussion of domestic violence needs to include a discussion of the role of gender.
 
[[Erin Pizzey]], the founder of an early women's shelter in [[Chiswick]], London, has expressed her dismay at how the issue has become a gender-[[political football]], and expressed an unpopular view in her book [http://www.bennett.com/ptv/ ''Prone to Violence''] that some women in the refuge system had a predisposition to seek abusive relationships. She also expressed the view that domestic violence can occur against any vulnerable intimates, regardless of their sex. Given the violence that she herself experienced in the UK for voicing her views, one might be suspicious of some of those who opposed her views, which remain very relevant. In the same book, Erin Pizzey stated that, of the first 100 women to enter the refuge, 62 were as violent, or more violent, than the men they were, allegedly, running away from.
 
There are women and men who seek to put forward the idea that abusive men are sexy. This can be shown in the media with the genre of bad boy [[romance novels]]. This promotes a culture of supporting abusive men, and of even seeing non abusive men as somehow missing something for not being abusive. {{fact}}
 
See also the subsection "Sex and gender" in the "Causes" section of this article, and some of the statistics in the "US" subsection of the "Statistics" section.
 
===Men or women as violent===
{{Unreferenced|date=January 2007}}
{{Not verified}}
 
 
There continues to be discussion about whether men are more abusive than women, whether men's abuse of women is worse than women's abuse of men, and whether abused men should be provided resources similar to those available for abused women.
 
Some psychologists claim males tend to prefer physical aggression while women tend to prefer psychological aggression.
 
The statistics cited by Women's Aid and Ahimsa are that violence by women against men is a tiny proportion of all domestic violence is rejected by advocates for male victims of domestic violence. They hold that this finding is based in the situation that many studies report only male-on-female violence because that is all they ask about, those studies that do examine prevalence in both directions overwhelmingly find little difference by gender. This is particularly true when questions are specific: for example, men typically do not report being slapped if they are simply asked about "violence"; women do.
 
[[Martin S. Fiebert]] of the Department of Psychology at [[California State University, Long Beach]], provides an analysis of 195 scholarly investigations: 152 empirical studies and 43 analyses, which demonstrate women are as physically aggressive, or more aggressive, than men. The aggregate sample size exceeds 175,700.
 
Studies have been carried out to explore these issues, and results have seemed somewhat contradictory. A problem in conducting such studies is the amount of silence, fear and shame that results from abuse within families and relationships. Another is that abusive patterns can tend to seem normal to those who have lived in them for a length of time. Similarly, subtle forms of abuse can be quite transparent even as they set the stage for further abuse seeming normal. Finally, inconsistent definition of what domestic violence is makes definite conclusions difficult to reach when compiling the available studies.
 
Both men and women have been arrested and convicted of assaulting their partners in both heterosexual and homosexual relationships. The bulk of these arrests have been men being arrested for assaulting women, but that has been shifting somewhat over time and clearly arrest records are not the whole story. Actual studies of behaviour show that whilst half of male/female intimate violence is best described as mutual brawling, a quarter is the male attacking the female and the remaining quarter being females attacking their male partner. Determining how many instances of domestic violence actually involve male victims is difficult. Male domestic violence victims may be reluctant to get help for a number of reasons (see [http://www.batteredmen.com/bathelpwhymen.htm this article]) (Article checked [[January 28]], [[2007]].) A man who calls for help may even risk being arrested as the "perpetrator" even though he was the victim.
 
The general consensus seems to be that male on female domestic violence is more likely to result in serious injury or death, whereas female on male (which, under the definition used by the UK Government if no others, includes preventing the father seeing the children), is more likely to result in male [[suicide]]. Men on average have more upper body strength and socialization that predisposes them to resort to violence more than women do, and that can give them a higher average lethality than women. However, women can and do use weapons to equalize whatever deficit in physical power which may be present, and can also use social constraints against men hitting women even in self-defence, to provide them with sufficient lethality to be dangerous in conflict situations. The US National Family Violence Survey has consistently indicated, in repeated surveys over more than 30 years, that women are more than twice as likely as men to initiate domestic assault, and more than twice as likely to use weapons. Other [http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/mpapps/pagetools/print/news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/glasgow_and_west/5092100.stm studies have demonstrated] a high degree of acceptance by women of aggression against men. The oft-repeated claim that all violence by women is self-defence has similarly been proven to be based on [[Begging the question|circular reasoning]]. Women also are at least as well equipped to use psychological violence that forms a pattern of coercive and controlling behaviour (to use the Women's Aid definition given above). Women are also equally capable of using a [[Proxy representative|proxy]], which would further skew the results (since a [[proxy murder]] is not recorded as a case of domestic violence.)
 
In the United States, the bulk of the decrease in rates of intimate partner homicides is accounted for the dramatic decrease in women's murders of their male intimate partners. Murders of female intimate partners by men have dropped, but not nearly as dramatically. (See, for example, the report Violence by Intimates from the US Bureau of Justice Statistics.) Men kill their female intimate partners at about four times the rate that women kill their male intimate partners. Research by Jacquelyn Campbell, PhD RN FAAN has found that at least two thirds of women killed by their intimate partners were battered by those men prior to the murder. She also found that when males are killed by female intimates, the women in those relationships had been abused by their male partner about 75% of the time (see [[battered person syndrome]] and [[battered woman defence]]).
 
Some researchers have found a relationship between the availability of domestic violence services, improved laws and enforcement regarding domestic violence and increased access to divorce, and higher earnings for women with declines in intimate partner homicide. (Laura Dugan, Daniel S. Nagin, and Richard Rosenfeld. Explaining the Decline in Intimate Partner Homicide: The Effects of Changing Domesticity, Women's Status, and Domestic Violence Resources in Homicide Studies, Vol. 3, No. 3, 187-214, 1999)
 
[[Gender roles]] and expectations can and do play a role in abusive situations, and exploring these roles and expectations can be helpful in addressing abusive situations, as do factors like race, class, religion, sexuality and philosophy. None of these factors cause one to abuse or another to be abused.
 
===Domestic violence in same-sex relationships===
Domestic violence occurs in 18% of lesbian couples in the US so it appears to be gender independent. In an effort to be more inclusive, many organizations have made an effort to use gender-neutral terms when referring to perpetratorship and victimhood.
 
Historically domestic violence has been seen as a family issue and little interest has been directed at violence in same-sex relationships. It has not been until recently, as the [[gay rights movement]] has brought the issues of [[gay]] and [[lesbian]] people into public attention, when research has been started to conduct on same-sex relationships. Several studies have indicated that partner abuse among same-sex couples (both female and male) is relatively similar in both prevalence and dynamics to that among opposite-sex couples <ref>[http://www.purpleslurple.net/ps.php?theurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20040724085247/http://www.vaw.umn.edu/documents/glbtdv/glbtdv.html#purp557 Prevalence of DV in Same-Sex Couples comparable to Heterosexual Couples] (circa 1998)</ref> . Gays and lesbians, however, face special obstacles in dealing with the issues that some researchers have labelled "the double closet": not only do gay and lesbian people often feel that they are discriminated against and dismissed by police and social services, they are also often met with lack of support from their peers who would rather keep quiet about the problem in order not to attract negative attention toward the [[gay community]]. Also, the supportive services are mostly designed for the needs of heterosexual women and do not always meet the needs of other groups.
 
==Response to domestic violence==
The response to domestic violence is typically a combined effort between law enforcement agencies, the courts, social service agencies and corrections/probation agencies. The role of each has evolved as domestic violence has been brought more into public view. Historically, law enforcement agencies, the courts and corrections agencies treated domestic violence as a personal matter. For example, police officers were often reluctant to intervene by making an arrest, and often chose instead to simply counsel the couple and/or ask one of the parties to leave the residence for a period of time. The courts were reluctant to impose any significant sanctions on those convicted of domestic violence, largely because it was viewed as a misdemeanour offense. This mindset of treating family violence as a personal problem of minor consequence permeated the system's response, and potentially allowed the perpetrator to continue acting violently. Another response, while infrequent and ill regarded, is the homicide of the abuser by the abused, where the abused is usually a woman. The mindset of treating domestic violence as a family issue is brought into this aspect of domestic violence as well, ensuring that the women who kill their husbands/boyfriends/abusers are marginalized in society and usually thrown in prison for homicide or manslaughter.
 
Activism, initiated by victim advocacy groups and feminist groups, has led to a better understanding of the scope and effect of domestic violence on victims and families, and has brought about changes in the criminal justice system's response.
 
Trainer and municipal court judge Richard Russell quoted in New Jersey Law Journal. April 24, 1995: "when you say to me, am I doing something wrong telling these judges they have to ignore the constitutional protections most people have, I don't think so. The Legislature described the problem and how to address it, [and] I am doing my job properly by teaching other judges to follow the legislative mandate.....Your job is not to become concerned about all the constitutional rights of the man that you're violating as you grant a restraining order. Throw him out on the street, give him the clothes on his back and tell him, 'See ya' around.' " Moreover, Russell says there is nothing wrong with the teaching approach. Abuse victims, he says, may apply and relinquish TROs repeatedly before they finally do something about breaking away. Once they do so, he says, the Legislature's prevention goal has been met. [http://www.ancpr.org/amazing_nj_legal_journal_article.htm New Jersey Law Journal April 24, 1995]
 
Several projects have aided in filling the voids in the justice system as it pertains to the protection of victims. One such initiative, The Hope Card Project, makes an attempt to remedy several problems through the issuance of an ID card to victims of abuse. The card is used to identify both parties in a domestic violence protection order and provides additional resources to the victim through a voucher program for services. "There is no photograph on a protection order, so a photograph is a bonus, not a necessity. There are several methods used to obtain the photograph. Some jurisdictions have a photograph taken of the offender during the first hearing while both parties are present. Another method is for officers to take a photograph in the field or retrieve a booking photograph from their local jail. In a lot of cases the victim brings a photograph and it is scanned. Lastly, the new online site has some state motor vehicle department photograph databases connected for that purpose. This is the ideal method." [http://www.hopecardproject.com/f_a_q.htm#who The Hope Card Project]
 
===The Duluth Domestic Abuse Intervention Project===
{{Main|Duluth Domestic Abuse Intervention Project}}
 
In [[1981]], the Duluth Domestic Abuse Intervention Project became the first multi-disciplinary program designed to address the issue of domestic violence. This experiment, conducted in [[Duluth, Minnesota|Duluth]], [[Minnesota|MN]], frequently referred to as the "Duluth Project."
 
It coordinated agencies dealing with domestic situations, drawing together diverse elements of the system, from police officers on the street, to shelters for battered women and [[probation officer]]s supervising offenders.
 
This program has become a model for other jurisdictions seeking to deal more effectively with domestic violence. Corrections/probation agencies in many areas are supervising domestic violence offenders more closely, and are also paying closer attention to the victim's needs and safety issues.
 
There has been controversy as the Duluth framework depends on a strict "[[Patriarchy|patriarchal]] violence" model and presumes that all violence in the home and elsewhere has a male perpetrator and female victim. Also evidence of success of the model is limited, with scholarly analysis and critique [http://www.nuancejournal.com.au/documents/one/graves-duluth.pdf].
 
===Treatment and support===
Publicly available resources for dealing with domestic violence have tended to be almost exclusively geared towards supporting women and children who are in relationships with or who are leaving violent men, rather than for survivors of domestic violence ''per se''. This has been due to the purported numeric preponderance of female victims and the perception that domestic violence only affected women. Resources to help men who have been using violence take responsibility for and stop their use of violence, such as Men's Behaviour Change Programs or [[anger management]] training, are available, though attendees are ordered to pay for their own course in order that they should remain accountable for their actions.{{cn}}
 
Men's organisations, such as ManKind in the UK, often see this approach as one-sided; as Report 191 by the British Home Office shows that men and women are equally culpable, they believe that there should be anger management courses for women also. They accuse organisations such as Women's Aid of bias in this respect saying that they spend millions of pounds on helping female victims of domestic violence and yet nothing on female perpetrators. These same men's organisations claim that before such help is given to female perpetrators, Women's Aid would have to admit that women are violent in the home. This they seem reluctant to do.{{cn}}
 
One of the challenges for lay observers, victims, perpetrators and treatment providers is demonstrated by the tendency to describe perpetrator treatment as men's "anger management" groups.
 
Comprehensive and accountable behaviour change programs are seen as far more appropriate and effective interventions in male violence in the home than anger management groups.{{cn}}
 
Inherent in anger management only approaches is the assumption that the violence is a result of a loss of control over one's anger. While there is little doubt that some domestic violence ''is'' about the loss of control, the choice of the target of that violence may be of greater significance. Anger management might be appropriate for the individual who lashes out indiscriminately when angry towards co-workers, supervisors or family. In most cases, however, the domestic violence perpetrator lashes out ''only'' at their intimate partner or relatively defenseless child, which suggests an element of choice or selection that, in turn, suggests a different or additional motivation beyond simple anger. Most experienced treatment providers have probably observed that for various reasons, many of which may be cultural, the perpetrator has a sense of entitlement, sometimes conscious, sometimes not, that leads directly to their choice of target.{cn}}
 
Men's behaviour change programs, although differing throughout the world, tend to focus on the prevention of further violence within the family and the safety of women and children. Often they abide by various standards of practise that includes 'partner contact' where the participants female partner is contacted by the program and informed about the course, checked about her level of safety and support and offered support services for herself if she requires them. Many of these programs have both a male and female facilitator and follow a program designed to highlight the impact of his behaviour, examine the attitudes, values and behaviours that lead to his choice to use violence and aim to support and challenge the man to take responsibility for his use of violence.{{cn}}
 
===Police===
From the perspective of the police, who are often the first to investigate domestic violence incidents, one of the problems is that the definitions of domestic violence include acts that are not themselves crimes. The London Metropolitan Police has nevertheless compiled a list of the crimes [http://www.met.police.uk/enoughisenough/strategy.htm#footnotes] which typically can occur when domestic violence occurs. They are:
*[[Murder]]/[[attempted murder]]/[[murder in English law]]
*[[Manslaughter]]/[[manslaughter in English law]]
*[[Rape]]
*[[Indecent assault]]
*[[Grievous bodily harm]]/wounding
*[[Actual bodily harm]]
*Common [[assault]]
*[[Threat]]s to kill
*[[Affray]]
*Threatening behaviour
*[[Harassment]]
*[[Blackmail]]
*[[False imprisonment]]
*[[Kidnapping]]
*[[Criminal Damage Act 1971|Criminal damage]]
*[[Malicious communications]]
*[[Witness intimidation]]
*[[Obstruction of justice]]
*[[Conspiracy (crime)|Conspiracy]] to [[Perverting the course of justice|pervert the course of justice]]
 
The UK Crown Prosecution Service publishes guidance for prosecution in cases of alleged domestic violence. [http://www.cps.gov.uk/publications/docs/DomesticViolencePolicy.pdf]
 
===Bias against men in service provision===
In the UK there are 440 refuges for women to run to and to take their children with them, and only two such refuges for men. Advocates of increased services for male victims argue that this is indicative of the "success" of women's groups, with some suggesting a conspiracy to deny domestic violence against men.
 
==Domestic violence in popular culture==
{{POV-section}}
 
===Abusive men in the news media ===
The news media finds it difficult to maintain neutrality in reporting or editorialising on violence. Indeed, since many are "for profit" organizations, the selection of material to report and the prominence accorded to the coverage [[Framing (communication theory)|frames]] the readership's response and is intended to increase sales or advertising revenues rather than perform an altruistic social education function (see Scheufele: 1999 and 2000). The central organizing idea or narrative of story lines provides meaning to the events described and clusters ideas that guide the individuals as they process the information. Murnen (2002) points to the patriarchal structure of the management of commercial publishing, both fiction and non-fiction, television and cinema production, and the music, games, and advertising industries, all of which are reinforced by the continuing male dominance of political, economic, and legal resources. Men control the content and masculine ideology infuses the communication process, pandering to the relevant market niches and their prejudices to maximise sales revenues. Thus, themes of violent behavior are often portrayed in an uncritical style which reinforces stereotypes and may appear to condone the use of violence in certain specific situations. Sexual relationships are characteristically depicted in terms of the power disparities arising from physical strength: disparities that contribute to women's vulnerability to male authority (Dixon-Mueller: 1993). Social scientists now argue that aggression in the real world is socially learned behavior and results from cultural influences. For example, Reiss (1986) found that in rape-prone societies there was more endorsement of a "macho personality" (e.g. acceptance of physical aggression and of high risk-taking, casual attitudes toward sex) and more agreement with belief in the inferiority of females. Gerbner and Gross (1976) hypothesize that heavy viewers of media will begin to perceive the world as reflective of the worlds they view on television and in the media. Cultivation theory (see Gerbner et al: 1973) examines "the continual, dynamic, ongoing process of interaction among messages and contexts" and identifies the most recurrent, stable, and overarching patterns in media content. In repetitively viewing these recurrent patterns and images, the reader/viewer begins to accept the images as reality. Thus, media coverage frames the debate about the social acceptability of domestic violence in general and of the behavior of some individuals in particular, and may directly influence the real-world behavior in "ordinary" relationships.
 
===In film===
*[[The Piano]] (1993)
*[[Once Were Warriors]] (1990) book and film
*[[Sleeping with the Enemy (1991 film)|Sleeping with the Enemy]] (1991) starring [[Julia Roberts]]
*[[Fried Green Tomatoes]] (1991) book and film
*[[What's Love Got to Do With It]] story of Ike and Tina Turner
*[[The Burning Bed]] (1984)
*[[The Color Purple]] (1985)
*[[Gaslight (1944 film)|Gaslight]] (1944) psychological abuse
*[[The Joy Luck Club]] (1993)
*[[Diary of a Mad Black Woman]] (2005)
*[[Men Don't Tell]] (1993)
*[[When He Didn't Come Home]] (1998)
*[[Enough]] (2002)
 
==Cultural and Religious Teachings==
Human civilisations and religions, if they are to survive, must produce teachings conducive to living honourably and harmoniously. Christianity, Hinduism and Islam have produced teachings exhorting motivations and conduct consistent with the good health of individuals and communities. A few examples are given below:
 
===Christianity===
The [[New Testament]] describes [[Intimate relationship|relationships]] characterized by romantic and passionate [[love]]. This requires wives to honour and obey their husbands and husbands to serve and protect their wives:
 
:"Submit to one another out of reverence for Christ. For wives, this means submit to your husbands as to the Lord. For a husband is the head of his wife as Christ is the head of the church. He is the Savior of his body, the church. As the church submits to Christ, so you wives should submit to your husbands in everything. For husbands, this means love your wives, just as Christ loved the church. He gave up his life for her ........... A man leaves his father and mother and is joined to his wife, and the two are united into one. This is a great mystery, but it is an illustration of the way Christ and the church are one. So again I say, each man must love his wife as he loves himself, and the wife must respect her husband." {{bibleverse||Ephesians|5:21-25|51}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Ephesians|5:31-33|51}}
 
:"Wives must accept the authority of your husbands...........In the same way, you husbands must give honor to your wives. Treat your wife with understanding as you live together. She may be weaker than you are, but she is your equal partner in God’s gift of new life. Treat her as you should so your prayers will not be hindered. Finally, all of you should be of one mind. Sympathize with each other. Love each other as brothers and sisters. Be tenderhearted, and keep a humble attitude. " {{bibleverse||1Peter|3:1|51}}, {{bibleverse-nb||1Peter|3:7-8|51}}
 
:"Older women must train the younger women to love their husbands and their children, to live wisely and be pure, to care for their homes, to do good, and to be submissive to their husbands." {{bibleverse||Titus|2:4-5|51}}
 
 
{{See also|Eye_for_an_eye}}
{{See also|Turn_the_other_cheek}}
 
===Hinduism===
A key teaching of [[Tantras|tantric]] [[Hinduism]] is [[Acceptance]]. [[The Art of Sexual Ecstasy|Sexual Ecstasy]] requires acceptance of all that is [[Ethics|good]] and [[evil]] while honouring [[Dharma|duties and obligations]]:
 
 
"Eternal family traditions and codes of moral conduct are destroyed with the
destruction of the family. And immorality prevails in the family due to the
destruction of family traditions. The women of the family become corrupted. The
everlasting qualities of social order are ruined by striving to slay our relatives
because of greed for the pleasures of the kingdom."
 
[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/gita/agsgita.htm |Bhagavad-Gita. As It Is. Translated by Dr. Ramanand Prasad. Chapter 1. Sections 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45]
 
 
[[Hindus]] ‘bring together’ the complements or poles so as to realise their identity through the tantric method of [[Sublimation_%28psychology%29|Sublimation]]. Thus the physical union of man and woman is sublimated into the creative union of [[Siva]]-[[Sakti]]. [http://www.hinduism.co.za/tantra.htm]
 
 
"She must surrender to her husband...........surrender means one has to
become confident. The devotee reasons: Krsna will protect me and help me
perform devotional service. This is called confidence."
 
[http://www.vedabase.net/noi/3/en |Bhagavad-Gita. The Nectar of Instruction. As interpreted by His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. Chapter 3]
 
 
{{Section-stub}}
{{See also|Tantra}}
{{See also|Sati (practice)}}
{{See also|Dowry death}}
{{See also|Bride burning}}
 
===Islam===
 
For the sake of running a smooth family system, Islam has put the major responsibility of earning over the man and made man one step dominant over his wife in the house, which should not be confused with [[Women in Muslim societies|women and men equality in Islamic society]]. Sheikh Muhammad Kamal Mustafa, [[imam]] of the mosque of the city of Fuengirola, Costa del Sol, [[Spain]], in his book ''The Woman in Islam'' writes, of the status of violence against wives on the part of husbands in Islamic [[Sharia]] law, stating that it is permissible in some instances.
 
"The virtuous women is devoted, careful (in their husbands') absence, as God has cared for them. But those whose perverseness ye fear, admonish them and remove them into bed-chambers and beat them." [http://www.sacred-texts.com/isl/sbe06/004.htm |The Meaning Of The Glorious Quran by E.H. Palmer. Chapter 4. an-Nisa': Women. Section 38]
 
Sheikh Yousef Qaradhawi, head of the [[European Council for Fatwa and Research]], has advocated "non-painful" beating of wives: "it is permissible for [the husband] to beat her lightly with his hands, avoiding her face and other sensitive parts. In no case should he resort to using a stick or any other instrument that might cause pain and injury."
 
The wife-beating must never be in exaggerated, blind anger, in order to avoid serious harm [to the woman]." He adds, "It is forbidden to beat her on the sensitive parts of her body, such as the face, breast, abdomen, and head. Instead, she should be beaten on the arms and legs," using a "rod that must not be stiff, but slim and lightweight so that no wounds, scars, or bruises are caused." Similarly, "[the blows] must not be hard." [http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=37690] But at any point, if wife thinks that she is being abused, she can ask court of law for divorce on the basis of maltreatment.
 
Dr. Muhammad Al-Hajj, lecturer on Islamic faith at the [[University of Jordan]] (Amman) states:
:Hard beatings are those that leave marks on the body or on the face. Thus, beating on the face is prohibited, because the face is a combination of the features of beauty, as it is said. It is forbidden to beat the face, it is forbidden to administer blows that leave fractures or wounds; this is what our sages have said in their books.
 
Mustafa noted in his book that the aim of the beating was to cause the woman to feel some emotional pain, without humiliating her or harming her physically. According to him, physical blows must be the last resort to which a husband turns in punishing his wife, and is, according to the [[Qur'an]] (Chapter 4, Verse 34), the husband's third step when the wife is rebellious: First, he must reprimand her, without anger. Next, he must distance her from the conjugal bed. Only if these two methods fail should the husband turn to beating. Also, understanding of this verse must be in the context of the rest of the Quran, which instructs that a man holds his wife (and all women) in reverance.
 
"The hypocrites, both men and women, proceed one from another. They enjoin the wrong, and they forbid the right, and they withhold their hands. They forget Allah, so He hath forgotten them."
[http://www.sacred-texts.com/isl/pick/009.htm |The Meaning Of The Glorious Quran by Mohammed Marmaduke Pickthall. Chapter 9. at-Taubah: Repentance. Section 67]
 
While some Muslims interpret the Qur'an to allow the beating of wives, many other Muslims interpret Chapter 4, Verse 34 to say "leave" the wife, not beat her. [http://www.answering-christianity.com/beating_no.htm]
 
"So good women are the obedient, guarding in secret that which Allah hath guarded. As for those from whom ye fear rebellion, admonish them and banish them to beds apart, and scourge them."
[http://www.sacred-texts.com/isl/pick/004.htm |The Meaning Of The Glorious Quran by Mohammed Marmaduke Pickthall. Chapter 4. an-Nisa': Women. Section 34]
 
 
{{See also|Rania al-Baz}}
{{See also|Rights_and_obligations_of_spouses_in_Islam}}
 
===Accepted behavior===
In many rural areas in developing countries, beating is considered accepted behavior for a man, in order to "teach" his wife to be obedient. In many parts of Latin America, while wife beating is frowned upon, it is considered more or less acceptable for a husband to administer a beating to an unfaithful or disrespectful wife. Men who suspect their wives of adultery have often "executed" their wives by decapitation. An example of such a region is Iran, in which it is perfectly legal for a man to kill his wife if he finds her cheating. "''Women are treated as second- class citizens and violence against women is the official policy of the Tehran’s fundamentalist regime. Therefore, Tehran’s regime should be referred to the United Nations Security Council not only for its nuclear weapons program but also for its gross violations of human rights and inflicting systemic violence against women.''" [http://www.aviva.org/mideast.htm#IRAN |Women Welcome Report to UN Security Council]
 
The [[Zimbabwe]]an government promoted a Domestic Violence Bill in 2006, after many years of campaigning by groups of women. The bill has been controversial, because it defines repeated insults, ridiculing or name-calling, and demonstrations of obsessive possessiveness and jealousy of a partner as domestic violence: critics have said that this definition is excessively vague. <ref name="SundayMail">See, e.g., letter from "Murume chaiye" ([[Shona language|Shona]] for 'real man') in the ''Sunday Mail'', [[October 22]], [[2006]].</ref> The Bill also includes unreasonable denial of conjugal rights as constituting domestic violence.
 
One Zimbabwean MP, Timothy Mubhawu ([[Movement for Democratic Change|MDC]], Tafara-Mabvuku) made a strong attack on the "diabolic" Bill in Parliament, insisting that it was against God's principles for men and women to be equal. <ref name="Newzimbabwe">Violet Gonda, "[http://www.newzimbabwe.com/pages/valentine16.14826.html Outrage over MP's sexist comments]", newzimbabwe.com, [[October 9]], [[2006]].</ref> As a result he was suspended from membership of the MDC. <ref name="ZWNews">"[http://www.zwnews.com/issuefull.cfm?ArticleID=15328 Comments on women earns MP suspension in Zimbabwe]", ZWNews.com, [[October 17]], [[2006]].</ref>
 
==Leaving an abusive relationship==
Most victims of domestic violence fail to leave their abusive spouses for some of the following reasons:
*Forgiving - it is very common for the victim to forgive his/her partner after an incident. The batterer will say s/he is sorry, and that s/he will never do it again, leading to this forgiveness. But in most cases, the batterer will attack again.
*Economics - Many victims wish they can leave their partners. But they feel trapped because they depend on support from their partners and feel they cannot survive financially on their own.
 
 
==See also==
*[[Abuse]]
*[[Annulment]]
*[[Child abuse]]
*[[Dating violence]]
*[[Divorce]]
*[[Emotional abuse]]
*[[Misandry]]
*[[Misogyny]]
*[[Parental alienation]]
*[[Relational aggression]]
*[[Violence against women]]
*[[Violence against men]]
 
== Footnotes ==
<div class="references-small">
<references/>
</div>
 
==References and further reading==
*[http://www.indlaw.com/guest/columns/default.asp?domesticviolence Srijoni Sen and Sanhita Ambast write on India's new legislation to combat domestic violence], 2006.
*[http://www.indlaw.com/guest/columns/default.asp?amba-domesticviolence Most cruel and unusual, Amba Salelkar writes in Indlaw], 2006.
*[http://www.acfc.org/site/DocServer/FamilyViolence.pdf?docID=601 Family Violence in America: The Truth about Domestic Violence and Child Abuse], 2006.
*Bancroft, Lundy, ''Why Does He Do That? Inside the Minds of Angry and Controlling Men'', Putnam, 2002.
*Bowman, Jim, ''Women, Abuse and the Bible'', ''The Oregonian''. Portland, OR.: Apr 23, 1994. pg. C.06.
*[http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs04/hors276.pdf British Crime Survey for the year 2001-2]
*[http://www.cafcass.gov.uk/English/Publications/consultation/04DecDV%20Policy.pdf "Domestic Violence Policy"], [[CAFCASS]], [[United Kingdom]]
*Dixon-Mueller, R. (1993). "The Sexuality Connection in Reproductive Health". ''Studies in Family Planning'', 24, 269-282.
*Dugan, L., Nagin, D.S. and Rosenfeld, R,, (1999), Explaining the Decline in Intimate Partner Homicide: The Effects of Changing Domesticity, Women's Status, and Domestic Violence Resources in Homicide Studies, 3:3, pp. 187-214
*Dutton, Donald, ''The Batterer: A Psychological Profile'', Basic Books, 1997.
*[http://www.csulb.edu/~mfiebert/assault.htm Fiebert, Martin S. in an annotated bibliography of 174 scholarly studies that found significant incidence of female-on-male domestic violence]Department of Psychology at [[California State University]], Long Beach]
*Gerbner, George, et al. (1973). ''Communications Technology and Social Policy: Understanding the New "Cultural Revolution''. New York: Interscience Publication.
*Gerbner, George & Larry Gross. (1976). "Living With Television: The Violence Profile". ''Journal of Communication''.
*Ghiglieri, Micheal, P., ''The Dark Side of Man: Tracing the Origins of Male Violence'', Perseus Books, 1999.
*Haugen, David, ''Domestic Violence: Opposing Viewpoints'', Greenhaven, 2005. ISBN 0-7377-2225-8 Also in series: ISBN 0-7377-0345-8
*James, Thomas B., ''Domestic Violence: The 12 Things You Aren't Supposed to Know'', Aventine, 2003.
*Johnson, M.P. (1995). Patriarchal terrorism and common couple violence: Two forms of violence against women. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57, May, pp. 283-294.
**[http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/m/p/mpj/dvpage.html Links to selected works on Domestic Violence]
*Kierski, Werner, Female Violence: Can We Therapists Face Up to It?, CPJ, 12/2002. (Google PDF file)
*[[Michael Kimmel|Kimmel, Michael]] ''Gender Symmetry in Domestic Violence - A Substantive and Methodological Research Review'' Stony Brook, Violence Against Women, Vol. 8, No. 11, 1332-1363 (2002), SAGE Publications [http://www.ncdsv.org/images/male_DV_victims1.pdf Synopsis], [http://www.xyonline.net/downloads/malevictims.pdf whole article]
*McElroy, Wendy, ''Sexual Correctness: The Gender-Feminist Attack on Women'', McFarland, 2001.
*[http://www.foxnews.com/printer_friendly_story/0,3566,197550,00.html McElroy, "Feminists Deny Truth on Domestic Violence", FOX News, May 30, 2006]
*Murnen, Sarah K.; Wright, Sarah K. & Gretchen Kaluzny. (2002). "If "boys will be boys," then girls will be victims? A meta-analytic review of the research that relates masculine ideology to sexual aggression". ''Sex Roles: A Journal of Research''. June.
*[http://www.nyscadv.org/domesticviolence.htm "Domestic violence" at New York State Coalition]
*Pearson, Patricia, ''When She Was Bad: Violent Women and the Myth of Innocence'', Viking Adult, 1997.
*[http://www.aph.gov.au/library/intguide/SP/ViolenceAgainstWomen.htm Phillips, J. & Park, M, ''Measuring violence against women: a review of the literature and statistics''] [[Australian Parliament House]] Library E-Briefs: Online Only issued 06 December 2004
*[Carrington, K. & PhillipsD J., ''Domestic Violence in Australia—an Overview of the Issues''] [[Australian Parliament House]] Library E-Briefs: Online Only issued 7 August 2003
*Reiss, Ira. L. (1986). ''Journey into Sexuality: An Exploratory Voyage''. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
*Scheufele, Dietram A. (1999). "Framing as a Theory of Media Effects". ''Journal of Communication''. Vol. 49 (Winter), 102-22.
*Scheufele, Dietram A. (2000). "Agenda Setting, Priming, and Framing Revisited: Another Look at Cognitive Effects of Political Communication". ''Mass Communication and Society'' Vol. 3, 297-316.
*Tjaden, P., & Thoennes, N. ''Full report of the prevalence, incidence, and consequences of violence against women: Findings from the national violence against women survey.'' Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, 2000. Publication No. NCJ183781. Available from: http://www.ncjrs.org/txtfiles1/nij/183781.txt
**Tjaden, P,. Thoennes, N., ''Extent, nature, and consequences of intimate partner violence: findings from the National Violence Against Women Survey.'' Washington (DC): U,S. Department of Justice, 2000a. Publication No. NCJ 181867. Available from: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/181867.htm.
*[http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/vbi.pdf ''Violence by Intimates'' report] [[US Bureau of Justice Statistics]]
*Schafly, P. (2006). [http://www.eagleforum.org/column/2006/sept06/06-09-13.html Laughing at Restraining Orders]
*[http://paulwilliamsconnection.org/women.htm Singer, Songwriter, Actor Paul Williams ]has set up a page with information and links for those who are in abusive relationships or know of someone who may be.
*Young, C. (2005) [http://www.iwf.org/specialreports/specrpt_detail.asp?ArticleID=815 Domestic Violence: An In-Depth Analysis]. Independent Women’s Forum
 
==External links==
*[http://www.public.iastate.edu/~rjackson/webbibl.html The 1960s: A Bibliography]
*[http://kclibrary.nhmccd.edu/decade60.html American Cultural History 1960–1969]
*[http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-69-1587/life_society/60s/ CBC Digital Archives — 1960s a GoGo]
*[http://www.thesixtiesdiary.com San Francisco — diary of the 1960s by Peter Vincent]
*[http://www3.iath.virginia.edu/sixties/ The Sixties Project]
*[http://www.thezoneradio.net/ The Zone Radio Station — The 60's Show & more]
*[http://www.babyboomersuk.com The Baby Boomer Years] — Reminisce with other UK baby boomers.
*[http://www.lib.virginia.edu/small/exhibits/sixties/ The 60's: Literary Tradition and Social Change], exhibit at the [[University of Virginia]], Library, Special Collections.
*[http://www.landyvision.com/ Elliott Landy's Photographs of the 1960s]
*[http://www.americansixtiesradio.com/ American Sixties Radio]
*[http://www.britishsixtiesradio.com/ British Sixties Radio]
*[http://www.radioyeye.com/ Radio Yé-Yé: Sixties Music from France]
[[Category:1960s| ]]
 
[[als:1960er]]
'''Governments:'''
[[ar:عقد 1960]]
* [http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/4906.02005?OpenDocument Australian Bureau of Statistics, Personal Safety Survey Australia 2006, Commonwealth of Australia]
[[ast:Años 1960]]
*[http://ofw.facs.gov.au/womens_safety_agenda/index.htm Partnerships against Domestic Violence, Australia]
[[zh-min-nan:1960 nî-tāi]]
*[http://www.4woman.gov/violence/ U.S. Violence against women: Home Page]
[[bs:1960te]]
*[http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/crime-victims/reducing-crime/domestic-violence/ UK Home Office - Domestic violence]
[[br:Bloavezhioù 1960]]
*[http://www.scotland.gov.uk/cru/kd01/green/dvam-08.asp Website Detailing Action that is being done to help Men in Violent Relationships in Scotland, UK]
[[ca:Dècada del 1960]]
 
[[cy:1960au]]
'''International:'''
[[da:1960'erne]]
*[http://www.who.int/gender/violence/who_multicountry_study/en/ World Health Organisation Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence against Women 2005]
[[de:1960er]]
*[http://hotpeachpages.net/ Hot Peach Pages] worldwide list of agencies
[[et:1960. aastad]]
*[http://europa.eu.int/comm/employment_social/equ_opp/violence_en.html European Campaign Against Domestic Violence]
[[el:Δεκαετία 1960]]
*[http://www.amnesty.org/actforwomen Stop Violence Against Women], [[Amnesty International]]
[[es:Años 1960]]
*[http://www.idontwantdowry.com Matrimonial websites for the people who oppose dowry system ],
[[eo:1960-aj jaroj]]
 
[[eu:1960ko hamarkada]]
'''Organizations:'''
[[fr:Années 1960]]
*[http://www.dvstats.com Research on Domestic Violence Against Males]
[[gd:1960an]]
*[http://www.mediaradar.org Respecting Accuracy in Domestic Abuse Reporting (RADAR)]
[[ko:1960년대]]
*[http://www.nnedv.org National Network to End Domestic Violence]
[[hr:1960.-1969.]]
*[http://www.ncadv.org National Coalition to End Domestic Violence]
[[io:1960a yari]]
*[http://www.endabuse.org Family Violence Prevention Fund]
[[id:1960-an]]
*[http://www.mincava.umn.edu University of Minnesota Center Against Violence And Abuse]
[[ia:1960s]]
*[http://www.deaf-hope.org DeafHope - Deaf Survivors of Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault]
[[os:1960-тæ]]
*[http://www.ndvh.org/index.php National Domestic Violence Hotline (US)]
[[is:1961-1970]]
* [http://www.mankind.org.uk/ Mankind](helping male victims in the UK)
[[it:Anni 1960]]
*[http://www.lfcc.on.ca/children_exposed_to_domestic_violence.html Resources on Children Exposed to Domestic Violence]
[[he:שנות ה-60 של המאה ה-20]]
*[http://nocuffs.com/domestic_violence/Default.htm Domestic Violence laws and expungement]
[[jv:1960-an]]
*[http://www.gmdvp.org/ Gay Men's Domestic Violence Project]
[[la:Decennium 197]]
*[http://www.canbegood.com/ Canadian Domestic Abuse Community & Blog Network]
[[lt:XX amžiaus 7-as dešimtmetis]]
*[http://www.JenniferAnn.org/ Jennifer Ann's Group], [[Jennifer Ann's Group]] (focus on violence specifically in '''teenage''' relationships)
[[hu:1960-as évek]]
*[http://www.aardvarc.org/rape/about/men.shtml Website with further information about Domestic Violence Against Men]
[[ms:1960-an]]
*[http://www.hiddenhurt.co.uk/Victim/forMen.htm Men as Victims Website about Male Victims of Domestic Abuse]
[[nah:1960s]]
*[http://www.nycagainstrape.org The New York City Alliance Against Sexual Assault]
[[nl:1960-1969]]
*[http://www.mmcenter.org/ The Marjaree Mason Center] Shelter-based Domestic Violence Program
[[ja:1960年代]]
*[http://www.womenslaw.org WomensLaw.org] US based legal resources for survivors
[[no:1960-årene]]
'''Articles and information:'''
[[pl:Lata 60. XX wieku]]
*[http://www.helpguide.org/mental/domestic_violence_abuse_types_signs_causes_effects.htm Helpguide: Domestic Violence and Abuse]
[[pt:Década de 1960]]
*[http://www.statcan.ca/Daily/English/060713/d060713a.htm Family Violence in Canada: A Statistical Profile]
[[ksh:1960-er Joohre]]
* [http://www.motherjones.com/news/featurex/2005/07/haven.html No Safe Haven, a special report on domestic violence by ''Mother Jones'' magazine]
[[ro:Anii 1960]]
*[http://menshealth.uws.edu.au/publications.html Domestic violence online articles]
[[ru:1960-е]]
 
[[Categoryse:Violence1960-lohku]]
[[sq:Vitet 1960]]
[[Category:Domestic violence| ]]
[[scn:1960ini]]
[[Category:Criminology topics]]
[[simple:1960s]]
[[Category:Violence against women]]
[[sk:60. roky 20. storočia]]
 
[[desl:Häusliche Gewalt1960.]]
[[sr:1960е]]
[[es:Violencia doméstica]]
[[fi:1960-luku]]
[[fr:Violence conjugale]]
[[sv:1960-talet]]
[[ja:ドメスティックバイオレンス]]
[[ta:1960கள்]]
[[pt:Violência doméstica]]
[[simplett:Domestic1960. violenceyıllar]]
[[fiuk:Perheväkivalta1960-ті]]
[[svuz:Familjevåld1960-lar]]
[[trwa:AileAnêyes içi şiddet1960]]
[[zh-yue:家庭暴力1960年代]]
[[zh:1960年代]]