Moose and 1960s: Difference between pages

Revision as of 19:45, 6 February 2007

Revision as of 16:16, 11 July 2007

Line 1:

{{Cleanup|date=May 2007}}

:''For other uses, see [[Moose (disambiguation)]]. For other animals called "elk", see [[Elk (disambiguation)]].''

{{Decadebox|196}}

{{Taxobox

| color = pink

| name = Moose

| status = LR/lc

| image = Lonesome-Lake-Moose.jpg

| image_width = 250px

| regnum = [[Animal]]ia

| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]

| classis = [[Mammal]]ia

| ordo = [[Artiodactyla]]

| familia = [[Cervidae]]

| subfamilia = [[Odocoilinae]]

| genus = '''''Alces'''''

| genus_authority = [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], [[1821]]

| species = '''''A. alces'''''

| binomial = ''Alces alces''

| binomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[1758]])

| range_map = Moose distribution.png

| range_map_width = 250px

| range_map_caption = Moose range map

}}

The '''1960s''' [[list of decades|decade]] refers to the years from [[January 1]], [[1960]] to [[December 31]], [[1969]], inclusive. '''The Sixties''' has also come to refer to the complex of inter-related cultural and political events which occurred in approximately that period, in Western countries, particularly [[United Kingdom|Britain]], [[France]], the [[United States]] and [[Germany|West Germany]]. Social upheaval was not limited to just these nations, reaching large scale in nations such as [[Japan]], [[Mexico]] and [[Canada]] as well. The term is used both nostalgically by those who participated in those events, and pejoratively by those who regard the time as a period whose harmful effects are still being felt today. The decade was also labeled the '''[[Swinging London|Swinging Sixties]]''' because of the libertine attitudes that emerged during this decade.

The '''moose''' (so named in [[North America]]) or '''elk''' (in [[Europe]]), ''Alces alces'', is the largest member of the [[deer]] family ''[[Cervidae]]'', distinguished from the others by the palmate [[antler]]s of its males. Moose eat saplings and shrubs, and the name ''moose'' is from ''mus'' or ''mooz'' (‘twig eater’) in several of the [[Algonquian languages]], spoken by certain [[indigenous peoples of the Americas]].

{{cquote2 |quotetext=If you can remember anything about [[1960s|the sixties]], you weren't really there. |personquoted=[[Paul Kantner]]}}

As with the [[Seventies]], popular memory has conflated into the Sixties some events which did not actually occur during this time period{{Fact|date=February 2007}}. For example, although some of the most dramatic events of the [[American Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968)|American civil rights movement]] occurred in the early 1960s, the movement had already begun in earnest during the [[1950s]]. On the other hand, the rise of [[feminism]] and [[gay rights]] began in the 1960s and continued into the next few decades. [[Homosexuality|Homosexual]] acts between consenting adults in private were legalized in [[England]], [[Canada]], and [[Wales]] in [[1967]]. The "Sixties" has become [[synonym]]ous with all the new, exciting, radical, subversive and/or dangerous (depending on one's viewpoint) events and trends of the period, which continued to develop in the [[1970s]], [[1980s]] and beyond. In [[Africa]] the 60s were a period of radical change as countries gained independence from their European colonial rulers, only for this rule to be replaced in many cases by civil war or corrupt dictatorships.

==HabitatSocial and rangePolitical Movements==

The decade started with the election of President [[John F. Kennedy]] in 1960, who promoted the space program, math and science education, tax cuts and the [[Peace Corps]]. It continued with president [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s projects of the Great Society and the [[Civil Rights Acts]]. It is marked by tragedy with [[John F. Kennedy Assassination|Kennedy's assassination]] in 1963, and by the assassinations of [[Malcolm X]] in 1965, [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] and [[Robert F. Kennedy]] in 1968. The decade ends with the collapse of Johnson's presidency due to public opposition to the Vietnam War and the inauguration of [[Richard Nixon]] in 1969.

Moose are typical of [[boreal forest|boreal]] and [[Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests|mixed deciduous forests]] of the [[Northern Hemisphere]] in [[temperate]] to [[Subarctic climate|subarctic]] climates. In [[North America]], that includes almost all of [[Canada]], [[Alaska]], much of [[New England]], and the upper [[Rockies]].

Moose have been successfully introduced on the island of [[Newfoundland]] in 1904 where they are now the dominant [[ungulate]], and somewhat less successfully on [[Anticosti Island]] in the [[Gulf of St. Lawrence]]. Ten moose were also introduced in [[Fiordland]], [[New Zealand]] in 1910, but they apparently died off. Nevertheless, there have been reported sightings that were thought to be false until moose hair samples were found by a New Zealand scientist in 2002.[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/___location/story.cfm?l_id=141&ObjectID=10348890]

===Assassinations===

==Physical characteristics==

* US President [[John F. Kennedy]] is assassinated on [[November 22]], [[1963]] in his car during a parade

===Antlers===

* [[Malcolm X]] is assassinated on [[February 21]], [[1965]]

The male moose's antlers arise as cylindrical beams projecting on each side at right angles to the middle line of the skull, which after a short distance divide in a fork-like manner. The lower prong of this fork may be either simple, or divided into two or three tines, with some flattening.

* The assassination of [[civil rights]] leader [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] on [[April 4]], [[1968]].

* The assassination of presidential candidate Senator [[Robert F. Kennedy]] on [[June 6]], [[1968]].

===The Vietnam War===

[[Image:Moose standing.jpg|thumb|right|A full grown bull moose from [[British Columbia]] with early (May) antlers]]

A mass movement began rising in opposition to the [[Vietnam War]], ending in the massive [[Moratorium]] protests in [[1969]], and also the movement of resistance to [[Conscription in the United States|conscription]] (“the Draft”) for the war. The [[antiwar movement]] was initially based on the older 1950s [[Peace movement]] heavily influenced by the [[Communist Party USA]], but by the mid-1960s it outgrew this and became a broad-based mass movement centered on the universities and churches: one kind of protest was called a "''[[sit-in]]''." Other terms included ''[[the Draft]]'', ''[[draft dodger]]'', ''[[conscientious objector]]'', and ''[[Vietnam veteran|Vietnam vet]]''. [[Voting|Voter]] age-limits were challenged by the phrase: "If you're old enough to die for your country, you're old enough to vote."

===Civil Rights===

In the East [[Siberia]]n race of the elk (''Alces alces bedfordiae'') the posterior division of the main fork divides into three tines, with no distinct flattening. In the common elk (''Alces alces alces''), on the other hand, this branch usually expands into a broad palmation, with one large tine at the base, and a number of smaller snags on the free border.

Stimulated by this movement, but growing beyond it, were large numbers of student-age youth, beginning with the [[Free Speech Movement]] at the [[University of California, Berkeley]] in [[1964]], peaking in the riots at the [[1968 Democratic National Convention]] in [[Chicago]] and reaching a climax with the shootings at [[Kent State University]] in [[1970]], which some claimed as proof that ''"police brutality"'' was rampant. The terms were: ''"[[The Establishment]]"'' referring to traditional management/government, and ''"pigs"'' referring to police using excessive force. [[Marijuana]] and other drugs were also popular in the 1960s.

===New Left===

There is, however, a [[Scandinavia]]n phase of the common elk in which the antlers are simpler, and recall those of the East Siberian race.

The rapid rise of a "[[New Left]]" employed the rhetoric of [[Marxism]] but had little organizational connection with older Marxist organizations such as the [[Communist Party USA|Communist Party]], and even less connection with the supposed focus of Marxist politics, the organized labor movement, and consisted of ephemeral campus-based [[Trotskyism|Trotskyist]], [[Maoism|Maoist]] and [[anarchism|anarchist]] groups, some of which by the end of the 1960s had turned to [[terrorism]].

==Technology==

The palmation appears to be more marked in the North American race, the moose (''Alces alces americanus'') than in the typical Scandinavian elk. The largest of all is the Alaskan race (''Alces alces gigas''), which can stand over 2 m (6.5 ft) in height, with a span across the antlers of 1.8 m (6 ft).

The [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]] were involved in the [[space race]]. This led to an increase in spending on science and technology during this period. The space race heated up when Soviet [[cosmonaut]] [[Yuri Gagarin]] orbited the Earth and President Kennedy announced [[Project Apollo]] in 1961. The Soviets and Americans were then involved in a race to put a man on the Moon before the decade was over. America won the race when it placed the first men on the Moon: [[Neil Armstrong]] and [[Buzz Aldrin]], in July 1969.

American automobiles evolved through the stream-lined, [[jet]]-inspired designs for sportscars such as the [[Pontiac GTO]] and the [[Plymouth Barracuda]], [[Ford Mustang]], and the [[Chevrolet Corvette]].

The male moose will drop its antlers after mating season in order to conserve energy for the winter season. It will then regrow them in the spring. The antlers take about three to five months to grow. This makes their antlers one of the fastest growing organs in the world. The antlers initially have a layer of skin, which will shed off once fully grown.

* 1960 - The first working [[Laser]] was demonstrated in May by [[Theodore Maiman]] at [[Hughes Research Laboratories]].

[[Image:Moose crossing river in yellowstone.jpg|thumb|left|A moose crossing a river.]]

* 1961 - First human spaceflight to orbit the Earth: [[Yuri Gagarin]], [[Vostok 1]].

* 1962 - First trans-Atlantic satellite broadcast via the [[Telstar]] satellite.

* 1962 - The first computer video game, [[Spacewar!]], is invented.

* 1963 - The first [[Geosynchronous satellite|geosynchronous communications satellite]], '''[[Syncom#Syncom2|Syncom 2]]''' is launched.

* 1964 - [[Touch-Tone]] telephones introduced.

* 1964 - The first successful [[Minicomputer]], [[Digital Equipment Corporation]]’s 12-bit [[PDP-8]], is marketed.

* 1965 - [[Sony]] markets the [[Videocassette recorder#History|CV-2000]], the first home video tape recorder.

* 1966 - The [[Soviet Union]] launches ''[[Luna 10]]'', which later becomes the first [[space probe]] to enter orbit around the [[Moon]].

* 1967 - First [[heart transplantation]] operation.

* 1967 - [[PAL]] and [[SECAM]] broadcast color TV systems start publicly transmitting in Europe.

* 1968 - First humans to leave Earth's gravity influence and orbit another world: [[Apollo 8]].

* 1968 - The [[The Mother of All Demos|first public demonstration]] of the [[computer mouse]], the [[paper paradigm]] [[Graphical user interface]], [[video conference|video conferencing]], [[teleconference|teleconferencing]], [[email]] and [[hypertext]].

* 1969 - [[Arpanet]], the first [[Internet]] was invented.

* 1969 - First humans to walk on the Moon: [[Apollo 11]].

* 1969 - [[Charge-coupled device]] (CCD) invented at AT&T [[Bell Labs]], used as the electronic imager in still and video cameras.

==Popular Culture==

===Other characteristics===

The great length of the legs gives a decidedly lanky appearance to the moose. The muzzle is long and fleshy, with only a very small triangular naked patch below the nostrils; and the males have a peculiar sac, known as the bell, hanging from the neck. The chief food of moose consists of young shoots and leaves of [[willow]] and [[birch]], tree bark and mast (the fallen [[Nut (fruit)|nuts]] of forest trees) in winter, and waterplants (such as ''Arnicus brucitus''). These [[ruminant]]s are often found feeding in wetlands and swamps. Their [[teeth]] resemble those of other ruminants such as deer, cows, sheep and goats. On each side of the lower jaw they have three [[molars]], three [[premolars]] and four front teeth, one of which is a transformed [[canine tooth|canine]]. In the upper jaw there are no front teeth, only a plate of horn against which the food is chewed. The usual stride of a moose is a shambling trot but, when pressed, they can break into a gallop and reach speeds of up to 55 km/h (34 mph).

The overlapping, but somewhat different, movement of youth cultural radicalism was manifested by the [[hippies]] and the [[counter-culture]], whose emblematic moments were the [[Summer of Love]] in [[San Francisco]] in [[1967]] and the [[Woodstock festival|Woodstock]] Festival in [[1969]]. The sub-culture, associated with this movement, spread the recreational use of [[cannabis]] and other drugs, particularly new semi-synthetic drugs such as [[LSD]]. The era heralded the rejection and a reformation by [[hippies]] of traditional Christian notions on spirituality, leading to the widespread introduction of Eastern and ethnic religious thinking to western values and concepts concerning ones religious and [[spirituality|spiritual]] development.

Male moose (bulls) normally weighs between 540 - 720 kg (1200 - 1600 lbs) and females (cows) usually weigh about 400 kg (880 lb). The typical moose stands about 1.9 meters (6.2 feet) at the shoulder. Calves weigh around 15 kg (33 lb) at birth but quickly increase in size. Only the males have antlers, often 160 cm (64 inches) across and 20 kg (44 lb) in weight with a broad, flattened palmate shape fringed in up to 30 tines. An Alaskan moose discovered in [[1897]] holds the record for being the largest known modern deer; it was a male standing 2.34 m (7.7 feet) at the shoulders and weighing 825 kg. Its antler spread was 199 cm (79 inches).

[[Psychedelic drugs]], especially [[LSD]], were popularly used medicinally, spiritually and recreationally throughout the 1960s. [[Psychedelia]] influenced the music, artwork and movies of the decade.

==History==

European [[rock drawings ]] and [[cave painting]]s reveal that the elk or moose has been hunted since the [[stone age]]. Excavations in [[Alby, Sweden]] adjacent to the [[Stora Alvaret]] have yielded elk antlers in wooden hut remains from 6000 BC, indicating some of the earliest elk hunting in northern Europe. In Northern Scandinavia one can still find remains of [[trapping pit]]s used for hunting elk. These pits, which can measure up to 4 x 7 m in plan and be up to 2 m deep, would have been camouflaged with branches and leaves. They would have had steep sides lined with planks, making it impossible for the elk to escape once it had fallen in. The pits are normally found in large groups, crossing the elk's regular paths and stretching over several kilometres. Remains of wooden fences designed to guide the animals toward the pits have been found in bogs and peats. In Norway, an early example of these trapping devices has been dated to around 3700 BC. Trapping elk in pits is an extremely effective hunting method, and as early as the [[16th century]] the Norwegian government tried to restrict their use. Nevertheless, the method was in use until the [[19th century]].

===Music===

The first written description of the elk is in [[Julius Caesar|Julius Cæsar's]] ''[[Commentarii de Bello Gallico]]'', where it is described thus:

Popular music entered an era of "all hits" as numerous singers released recordings, beginning in the [[1950s]], as [[phonograph record|45-rpm]] "singles" (with another on the [[B-side|flip side]]), and [[radio station]]s tended to play only the most popular of the wide variety of records being made. Also, bands tended to record only the best of their songs as a chance to become a hit record. The developments of the ''[[Motown Sound]]'', ''"[[folk rock]]"'' and the ''[[British Invasion]]'' of bands from the [[U.K.]] ([[The Beatles]], [[The Dave Clark Five]], [[British Invasion|and so on]]), are major examples of American listeners expanding from the [[folksinger]], [[doo-wop]] and [[saxophone]] sounds of the [[1950s]] and evolving to include [[psychedelia]] music.

The rise of an [[alternative culture]] among affluent youth, creating a huge market for [[Rock and roll|rock]] and [[blues]] music produced by drug-culture, influenced bands such as [[The Beatles]], [[The Rolling Stones]], [[The Grateful Dead]], [[Jefferson Airplane]], [[Janis Joplin]], [[Jimi Hendrix Experience]] and [[The Doors]], and also for radical music in the [[folk music|folk]] tradition pioneered by [[Bob Dylan]], [[The Mamas and the Papas]], and [[Joan Baez]] in the United States, and in England, [[Donovan]] was helping to create folk rock.

:''"There are also animals which are called alces. The shape of these, and the varied color of their skins, is much like roes, but in size they surpass them a little and are without horns, and have legs without joints and ligatures; nor do they lie down for the purpose of rest, nor, if they have been thrown down by any accident, can they raise or lift themselves up. Trees serve as beds to them; they lean themselves against them, and thus reclining only slightly, they take their rest; when the huntsmen have discovered from the footsteps of these animals whither they are accustomed to betake themselves, they either undermine all the trees at the roots, or cut into them so far that the upper part of the trees may appear to be left standing. When they have leant upon them, according to their habit, they knock down by their weight the unsupported trees, and fall down themselves along with them."''

Significant events in music in the 1960s:

In chapter 16 of [[Pliny the Elder]]s [[Natural History]] from [[77]]AD the elk and an animal called achlis, which is presumably the same animal, are described thus:

*The [[Beatles]] went to [[United States|America]] in 1964, bringing the [[British Invasion]].

*The [[Monterey Pop Festival]] in 1967 was the apex of the so-called [[Summer of Love]].

*The [[Woodstock Festival]], and four months later, the [[Altamont Free Concert]] in [[1969]].

===Film===

:''"...there is, also, the elk, which strongly resembles our steers, except that it is distinguished by the length of the ears and of the neck. There is also the achlis, which is produced in the island of Scandinavia; it has never been seen in this city, although we have had descriptions of it from many persons; it is not unlike the elk, but has no joints in the hind leg. Hence, it never lies down, but reclines against a tree while it sleeps; it can only be taken by previously cutting into the tree, and thus laying a trap for it, as otherwise, it would escape through its swiftness. Its upper lip is so extremely large, for which reason it is obliged to go backwards when grazing; otherwise, by moving onwards, the lip would get doubled up."''

Popular American movies of the 1960s include ''[[Psycho]]'', ''[[Breakfast at Tiffany's]]'', ''[[To Kill a Mockingbird]], [[My Fair Lady]], [[The Pink Panther]], [[Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb]]; [[The Sound of Music]]; [[Doctor Zhivago]], [[Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid]]; [[Bonnie and Clyde]]; [[Cool Hand Luke]]; [[The Graduate]]; [[Rosemary's Baby]]; [[Midnight Cowboy]]; [[Head (film)|Head]]; [[Medium Cool]]; [[2001: A Space Odyssey]]; [[Easy Rider]].''

In Europe, [[Art Cinema]] gains wider distribution and sees movements like [[French New Wave|la Nouvelle Vague]] (The French New Wave); [[Cinéma Vérité]] documentary movement in Canada, France and the United States; and the high-point of Italian filmmaking with [[Michelangelo Antonioni]], [[Federico Fellini]] and [[Pier Paulo Pasolini]] making some of their most known films during this period. Notable films from this period include: ''[[8½]]''; ''[[L'avventura]]''; ''[[La notte]]''; ''[[Blowup]]''; ''[[Satyricon (film)|Satyricon]]''; ''[[Accattone]]''; ''[[The Gospel According to St. Matthew (film)|The Gospel According to St. Matthew]]''; ''[[Theorem (film)|Theorem]]''; ''[[Breathless (1960 film)|Breathless]]'';''[[Vivre sa vie (film)|Vivre sa vie]]''; ''[[Contempt (film)|Contempt]]''; ''[[Bande à part]]''; ''[[Alphaville]]''; ''[[Pierrot le fou]]''; ''[[Week End]]''; ''[[Shoot the Piano Player]]''; ''[[Jules and Jim]]''; ''[[Fahrenheit 451 (1966 film)|Fahrenheit 451]]'';''[[Last Year at Marienbad]]'';''[[Dont Look Back]]''; ''[[Chronique d'un été]]''; ''[[Titicut Follies]]''; ''[[High School (film)|High School]]''; ''[[Salesman (film)|Salesman]]''; ''[[La Jetée]]''; ''[[Warrendale]]''

Dr. Valerius Geist, who emigrated to [[Canada]] from the [[Soviet Union]] wrote in his book ''Moose: Behavior, Ecology, Conservation'' (published in 1999 by Voyageur Press of Stillwater, MN):

The sixties were about experimentation. With the explosion of light-weight and affordable cameras, the underground [[Experimental film#The New American Cinema and Structural-Materialism|avant-garde film]] movement thrived. Canada's [[Michael Snow]], Americans [[Kenneth Anger]]. [[Stan Brakhage]], [[Andy Warhol]], and [[Jack Smith (film director)|Jack Smith]]. Notable films in this genre are: ''[[Dog Star Man]]''; ''[[Scorpio Rising (film)|Scorpio Rising]]''; ''[[Wavelength (1966 film)|Wavelength]]''; ''[[Chelsea Girls]]'';''[[Blow Job (film)|Blow Job]]''; ''[[Vinyl (1965 film)|Vinyl]]''; ''[[Flaming Creatures]]''.

:''"Those who care most passionately about moose are - paradoxically - [[hunter]]s, in particular people who live in wilderness and rural communities and those who depend on moose for food. In [[Sweden]], no fall menu is without a mouthwatering moose dish. The Swedes fence their highways to reduce moose fatalities and design moose-proof cars. Sweden is less than half as large as the Canadian province of [[British Columbia]], but the annual take of moose in Sweden - upward of 150,000 - is twice that of the total moose harvest in [[North America]]. That is how much Swedes cherish their moose."''

Significant events in the film industry in the 1960s:

==Domestication==

*Removal of the [[Motion Picture Association of America]]'s [[Production Code]] in [[1967]].

*The decline and end of the [[Studio system|Studio System]].

*The rise of '[[art house]]' films and theaters.

*The rise of independent producers that worked outside of the Studio System.

*Move to all-color production in Hollywood movies.

*The invention of the [[Nagra]] 1/4", sync-sound, portable open-reel tape deck.

*[[Expo 67]] where new film formats like [[Imax]] were invented and new ways of displaying film were tested.

*Flat-bed film editing tables appear, like the [[Steenbeck]], they eventually replace the [[Moviola]] editing platform.

*The [[French New Wave]].

*[[Direct Cinema]] and [[Cinéma vérité]] documentaries.

==International issues==

In Sweden, some kings considered domesticating moose to form a moose cavalry, especially during the [[17th century]]. However, the idea was ultimately deemed unfeasible.

===In the United States===

* President [[John F. Kennedy]] and Vice President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] take office in [[1961]]; Kennedy establishes the [[Peace Corps]].

* Substantial American forces first arrive in [[Vietnam]] in [[1961]].

* 1963 - After Kennedy's assassination, [[Lyndon Johnson]] becomes president, and presses [[civil rights]] legislation; college attendance soars.

* U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] is inaugurated in January [[1969]]; promises "peace with honor" to end the [[Vietnam War]]; price [[inflation]] soars; Nixon imposes [[wage and price controls]].

===In Canada===

Domestication of moose was investigated in the [[Soviet Union]] before [[World War II]]. Early experiments were inconclusive, but with the creation of a moose farm at [[Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve]] in [[1949]] a small-scale moose domestication program was started, involving attempts at [[selective breeding]] of animals based on their behavioral characteristics. Since [[1963]], the program has continued at [[Kostroma Moose Farm]], which had a herd of 33 [[tame]] moose as of 2003. Although at this stage the farm is not expected to be a profit-making enterprise, it obtains some income from the sale of moose [[milk]] and from visiting tour groups. Its main value, however, is seen in the opportunities it offers for the research in the [[physiology]] and behavior of the moose, as well as in the insights it provides into the general principles of animal [[domestication]].

*[[Canada]] celebrated its 100th anniversary of [[Canadian Confederation|Confederation]] in 1967 by hosting [[Expo 67]], the World's Fair, in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]].

* The [[Quiet Revolution]] in [[Quebec]] modernized the province into a more secular society. The [[Jean Lesage]] [[Quebec Liberal Party|Liberal]] government created a [[welfare state]] (''État-Providence'') and fermented the rise of active [[nationalism]] among [[Francophone]] Quebecois.

* On [[February 15]], [[1965]], Canada got the new [[Flag of Canada|maple leaf flag]], after much acrimonious debate known as the [[Great Flag Debate]].

* In 1960, The [[Canadian Bill of Rights]] becomes law, and Universal Suffrage, the right for any Canadian citizen to vote, is finally adopted by [[John Diefenbaker]]'s [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative]] government. The new election act allows [[first nations]] people to vote for the first time.

===In popularthe cultureUK===

* [[British Prime Minister]] [[Harold Macmillan]] delivers his [[Wind of Change speech]] in [[1960]].

[[Image:Elk vyborg.jpg|thumb|200px|Statue in [[Vyborg]], Russia.]]

*The moose, along with the [[beaver]], is one of the national animals of [[Canada]]. It is also considered the national animal of [[Sweden]] and [[Norway]]. In Norway it is often referred to as "the king of the forest".

*In [[Western culture]], the moose is often depicted as laconic and good-natured but not terribly bright. [[Bullwinkle J. Moose|Bullwinkle]] of ''[[The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show]]'', an animated television series, is the most famous example, although Rutt and Tuke (voiced by [[Rick Moranis]] and [[Dave Thomas]] in a return to their [[Bob and Doug McKenzie|MacKenzie Brothers]] roles) from the Disney release [[Brother Bear]] are also excellent examples.

*In sportsbetting, a "moose" is said to occur when something highly unlikely or improbable occurs thereby "moosing" everyone that appeared to have the winning bet. Typically, a "moose" takes place near the end of a sporting event.

*[[A Moose for Jessica]] chronicles the 76-day 'relationship' between a wild bull moose and a Hereford cow named Jessica in [[Shrewsbury]], [[Vermont]], USA.

*In ''[[Monty Python and the Holy Grail]]'', the opening credits are given mock-Swedish subtitles that quickly degenerate into [[vandalism]], including such lines as "A møøse once bit my sister" and "Mynd you, møøse bites kan be pretty nastï".

*In poker, a loose or inexperienced player is often referred to as a "moose" (or occasionally a "Vunk").

*The quest to see (and possibly catch) moose or 'meese'* is a recurring theme in [[The Tent Dwellers]], by [[Albert Bigelow Paine]].

*The moose is the symbol of American clothing company [[Abercrombie & Fitch]].

*The mascot of the [[Seattle Mariners]] is the [[Mariner Moose]].

*A bronze statue of a moose decorates the old main square of the city of [[Monchegorsk]] in Russian [[Lapland]], and is an unofficial emblem of the city.

*The moose is the state animal of [[Maine]].

*[[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Theodore Roosevelt]] was referring to the male moose's relentless behavior during breeding when he said "I am as strong as a bull moose" (some accounts say "fit as a bull moose"). Because of this, Roosevelt's [[Progressive Party (United States, 1912)|Progressive Party]] became popularly known as the '''Bull Moose Party'''.

===In Europe===

==Vehicle collisions and moose warning signs==

* [[Pope John XXIII]] calls the [[Second Vatican Council]] of the [[Catholic Church]], continued by [[Pope Paul VI]], which met from Oct. 11, 1962 until Dec. 8, 1965.

[[Image:Moose-Gustav.jpg|left|thumb|250 px|Young elk in Grönåsens Moosepark, Sweden]]

* The May 1968 student and worker uprisings in France.

* Mass socialist or Communist movement in most European countries (particularly France and Italy), with which the student-based new left was able to forge a connection. The most spectacular manifestation of this was the [[May 1968|May]] student revolt of [[1968]] in Paris that linked up with a general strike of ten million workers called by the trade unions—and for a few days seemed capable of overthrowing the government of [[Charles de Gaulle]]. De Gaulle went off to visit French troops in Germany to check on their loyalty. Major concessions were won for trade union rights, higher minimum wages and better working conditions.

* University students protested in their hundreds of thousands in [[London]], [[Paris]], [[Berlin]] and [[Rome]] with the huge crowds that protested against the Vietnam War.

===In Mexico===

A moose's body structure, with a large heavy body suspended on long spindly legs, makes these animals particularly dangerous when hit by motor vehicles. Such collisions are often fatal for both the moose and motorist. This has led to the development of a vehicle test in Scandinavia referred to as the "[[moose test]]" (''Älgtest''). In an advertising campaign the [[Sweden|Swedish]] car manufacturers [[Volvo]] and [[Saab]] warned people of buying Japanese cars by stating "There are no moose in Japan."

The peak of the student and [[New Left]] protests in [[1968]] coincided with political upheavals in a number of other countries. Although these events often sprung from completely different causes, they were influenced by reports and images of what was happening in the United States and France.

Generally, upon impact the bumper of the car will break the moose's legs. The main body of the moose will then collide with the windshield, often with disastrous effect to both motorist and animal. In a collision of this nature, a car's [[airbag]]s may not deploy or be of much use if they do[http://www.vti.se/nordic/2-04mapp/annosv.html].

Students in [[Mexico City]] protested against the authoritarian regime of [[Gustavo Díaz Ordaz]]: in the resulting [[Tlatelolco massacre]] in which hundreds were killed.

* The [[October 2]], [[1968]] [[Tlatelolco Massacre]] in [[Mexico City]], of student protesters and uninvolved bystanders, by the Mexican military and police.

===In the Commonwealth===

Moose or elk warning signs are used on roads in regions where there is a danger of collision with the animal. The triangular warning signs common in Sweden and Norway have become coveted souvenirs among the many German tourists traveling in these countries, and authorities have had to issue warnings that it is a dangerous and criminal practice to remove one of these signs. The popularity of these signs has led to them being depicted on all kinds of souvenirs, such as coffee mugs, neckties or T-shirts, and full-size copies of the actual signs may be bought. In the mid 1990s, the Swedish postal service issued a triangular stamp with an elk warning sign, intended to cater especially to German tourists writing postcards home. The [[brand]] ''[[Ahlgrens|Ahlgrens bilar]]'' ("Ahlgren's Cars"), a popular confectionery product which has been on the market since 1953, has in recent years been extended to other car- and road-related products, one of which, depicting Swedish road signs, includes a candy elk warning sign.

[[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] committed troops to the Vietnam war with controversy and war protests.[[Canada]] celebrated its 100th anniversary of confederation in 1967 by hosting [[Expo 67]], the World's Fair, in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]].

===In Eastern Europe===

In the [[Canada|Canadian]] province of [[New Brunswick]], collisions with moose are frequent enough that all new highways have fences to prevent moose from accessing the road. Ironically, Highway 7 between [[Fredericton]] and [[Saint John, New Brunswick|Saint John]], which has one of the highest incidences of moose collisions in the province, does not have these fences, although it is extremely well signed.[http://www.gnb.ca/0113/moose/alert-e.asp]

In Eastern Europe students also drew inspiration from the protests in the West. In [[Poland]] and [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] they protested against restrictions on free speech by [[Communist]] regimes.

In [[Czechoslovakia]] [[1968]] was the year of [[Alexander Dubček]]’s [[Prague Spring]], a source of inspiration to many Western leftists who admired Dubček's "socialism with a human face". The [[Warsaw Pact]] invasion of Czechoslovakia in August ended these hopes and also fatally damaged the chances of the orthodox [[communist party|communist parties]] drawing many recruits from the student protest movement.

<gallery>

* The popular uprising in [[Czechoslovakia]], known as [[Prague Spring]], which was ended by a [[Soviet]] invasion

Image:Moose-warning.svg|Swedish elk warning sign

Image:Hirvieläimiä 155.svg|Finnish elk warning sign

Image:Skilt146 01.png|Norwegian elk warning sign

Image:Ahlgrens älgskylt.jpg|Swedish candy elk warning sign

Image:Newfoundland Moose Sign.jpg|A warning sign from Newfoundland, Canada

Image:Moose Warning Sign.jpg|A moose warning sign from Maine, USA

Image:Break for moose sign.gif|A moose warning sign from New Hampshire, USA

</gallery>

==Trivia=In Africa===

The transformation of [[Africa]] from [[colonialism]] to [[independence]] dramatically accelerated during the decade.

*The plural of moose is "moose," not "meese", although the latter is sometimes jokingly used due to the fact that the plural of [[goose]] is "geese".

*The [[moose test]] is a test for vehicles doing rapid cornering, based on steering to avoid crashing into elks/moose. An ''elk test'' conducted in Sweden was the embarrassing downfall of the [[Mercedes-Benz A-Class]] as the car rolled over and resulted in the A-Class being modified for better stability.

*A moose can swim for up to two hours and as far as twelve miles at a speed of up to 10 km/h (6 mph).

*Several Norwegian municipalities have one or more elks in their coat-of-arms: [[Aremark]], [[Namsos]], [[Namsskogan]], [[Ringsaker]], [[Tynset]].

*According to the ''Life of [[Venerable]] [[Macarius of Unzha]]'', the Saint and his companions were saved from starvation by the [[Miracle of the Moose]] (1439).

*[[Tycho Brahe]] (1546-1601), a famous physicist and astronomer, had a pet moose that once got drunk and died when it fell down the stairs in his castle[http://www.nada.kth.se/~fred/tycho/nose.html].

==References=In China===

In the [[People's Republic of China]] the mid-1960s were also a time of massive upheaval and the [[Red Guards (China)|Red Guard]] rampages of [[Mao Zedong]]'s [[Cultural Revolution]] had some superficial resemblances to the student protests in the West. The [[Maoist]] groups that briefly flourished in the West in this period saw in Chinese Communism a more revolutionary, less bureaucratic, model of [[socialism]]. Most of them were rapidly disillusioned when Mao welcomed [[Richard Nixon]] to China in [[1972]]. People in China, however, saw the [[Nixon visit to China 1972|Nixon visit]] as a victory in that they believed the United States would concede that [[Maoism|Mao Zedong-thought]] was superior to [[capitalism]] (this was the Party stance on the visit in late 1971 and early 1972).

* {{IUCN2006|assessors=Deer Specialist Group|year=1996|id=41782|title=Alces alces|downloaded=12 May 2006}}

*{{ITIS|ID=180703|taxon=Alces alces|year=2006|date=18 March}}

===In South America===

==External links==

The [[Argentinian]] revolutionary [[Che Guevara|Ernesto "Che" Guevara]] travelled to [[Africa]] and then [[Bolivia]] in his campaigning to spread worldwide revolution. He was killed in 1967 by Bolivian government forces, but in the process became an iconic figure for the student left.

{{commons|Alces alces}}

*[http://www.mnh.si.edu/mna/image_info.cfm?species_id=1 Smithsonian National Museum of Natural Histoy species account-Moose]

*[http://www.mymoose.com Tawfiq's Moose Page]

*[http://www.greatnorthwoods.org/moose/ Moose in the Great North Woods region of northern New Hampshire]

*[http://www.gomoose.com/ Moose information and photos]

*[http://www.snopes.com/photos/accident/moose.asp Moose - car accident account and photos]

*[http://www.mass.gov/dfwele/dfw/dfw_moose.htm On moose in Massachusetts]

*[http://www.ultimate-moose.co.uk Fun facts about moose]

*[http://www.env.gov.nl.ca/env/wildlife/publications/collisions.htm Moose-vehicle collisions in Newfoundland & Labrador]

*[http://www.gomoose.com/moosefacts.php What does a moose sound like?]

*[http://bolt.lakeheadu.ca/~alceswww/ ''Alces''], ''[Alces]'', a journal devoted to the biology and management of moose (''Alces alces'')

*[http://www.moosefarm.newmail.ru/ Kostroma Moose Farm] {{en icon}} {{ru icon}}. Plenty of photos from the Kostroma farm, plus the story of Russian moose domestication program.

*[http://www.freewebs.com/moose-lover Mooseland]

==People==

[[Category:Deer]]

===Writers, artists and intellectuals===

[[Category:Mammals of Europe]]

{{col-begin}}

[[Category:Mammals of Asia]]

{{col-2}}

[[Category:Fauna of Canada]]

* [[Edward Albee]]

[[Category:Fauna of Finland]]

* [[Muhammad Ali]]

[[Category:Fauna of Norway]]

* [[Louis Althusser]]

[[Category:Mammals of Estonia]]

* [[Michelangelo Antonioni]]

[[Category:Fauna of Russia]]

* [[Isaac Asimov]]

[[Category:Fauna of Sweden]]

* [[J. G. Ballard]]

[[Category:Fauna of the United States]]

* [[Amiri Baraka]]

[[Category:Fauna of the United Kingdom]]

* [[Brigitte Bardot]]

[[Category:Hunting in the United States]]

* [[Roland Barthes]]

[[Category:Fauna of Minnesota]]

* [[Gwendolyn Brooks]]

[[Category:Fauna of Utah]]

* [[Syd Barrett]]

* [[Joan Baez]]

* [[Peter Blake (artist)|Peter Blake]]

* [[Stan Brackage]]

* [[Basil Bunting]]

* [[William S. Burroughs]]

* [[Truman Capote]]

* [[Andy Capp]]

* [[Rachel Carson]]

* [[Claude Chabrol]]

* [[Noam Chomsky]]

* [[Eric Clapton]]

* [[Arthur C. Clarke]]

* [[John Coltrane]]

* [[Sam Cooke]]

* [[R. Crumb]]

* [[Miles Davis]]

* [[Simone de Beauvoir]]

* [[Jacques Derrida]]

* [[Philip K. Dick]]

* [[Bob Dylan]]

* [[Federico Fellini]]

* [[Betty Friedan]]

* [[Milton Friedman]]

* [[Allen Ginsberg]]

* [[Jean-Luc Godard]]

* [[George Harrison]]

* [[Václav Havel]]

* [[Robert A. Heinlein]]

* [[Joseph Heller]]

* [[Jimi Hendrix]]

* [[Frank Herbert]]

* [[Abbie Hoffman]]

* [[Jane Jacobs]]

* [[Jasper Johns]]

* [[Janis Joplin]]

* [[Ken Kesey]]

* [[Allan King]]

* [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]

* [[John Knowles]]

* [[Stanley Kubrick]]

{{col-2}}

* [[Philip Larkin]]

* [[Timothy Leary]]

* [[Harper Lee]]

* [[Donovan Leitch]]

* [[John Lennon]]

* [[Phil Lesh]]

* [[Roy Lichtenstein]]

* [[Norman Mailer]]

* [[Louis Malle]]

* [[Albert and David Maysles]]

* [[Paul McCartney]]

* [[Marshall McLuhan]]

* [[Joni Mitchell]]

* [[Jeanne Moreau]]

* [[Jim Morrison]]

* [[Michael Novak]]

* [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]]

* [[D. A. Pennebaker]]

* [[Thomas Pynchon]]

* [[Lou Reed]]

* [[Alain Resnais]]

* [[Jean Rhys]]

* [[Dick Rivers]] (French singer)

* [[Jacques Rivette]]

* [[Éric Rohmer]]

* [[George Romero]]

* [[Jean Rouch]]

* [[Bertrand Russell]]

* [[Carl Sagan]]

* [[Jean-Paul Sartre]]

* [[Charles Schulz]]

* [[Dr. Seuss]]

* [[Jean Shepherd]]

* [[Susan Sontag]]

* [[Ringo Starr]]

* [[John Steinbeck]]

* [[Gloria Steinem]]

* [[Karlheinz Stockhausen]]

* [[Tom Stoppard]]

* [[Hunter S. Thompson]]

* [[Francois Truffault]]

* [[Gore Vidal]]

* [[Kurt Vonnegut]]

* [[Andy Warhol]]

* [[Alan Watts]]

* [[Bob Weir]]

* [[Brian Wilson]]

* [[Frederick Wiseman]]

* [[Tom Wolfe]]

* [[Frank Zappa]]

{{col-end}}

== Sport ==

There were six [[Olympics]] held during the decade. These were:

[[1960]] XVII Summer Olympics — {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Rome]], [[Italy]] <br>

[[1960]] VIII Winter Olympics — {{flagicon|USA}} [[Squaw Valley]], [[USA]] <br>

[[1964]] XVIII Summer Olympics — {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]] <br>

[[1964]] IX Winter Olympics — {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Innsbruck]], [[Austria]] <br>

[[1968]] XIX Summer Olympics — {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Mexico City]], [[Mexico]] <br>

[[1968]] X Winter Olympics — {{flagicon|France}} [[Grenoble]], [[France]]

There were two [[FIFA World Cup]]s during the decade:

[[1962 FIFA World Cup]] — {{flagicon|Chile}} [[Chile]] (winner {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brazil]]) <br>

[[1966 FIFA World Cup]] — {{flagicon|England}} [[England]] (winner {{flagicon|England}} [[England]])

The ten [[European Cup]] winners during the decade were:

[[1960]] - {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Real Madrid]] <br>

[[1961]] - {{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Benfica]] <br>

[[1962]] - {{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Benfica]] <br>

[[1963]] - {{flagicon|Italy}} [[A.C. Milan]] <br>

[[1964]] - {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Internazionale]] <br>

[[1965]] - {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Internazionale]] <br>

[[1966]] - {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Real Madrid]] <br>

<code>*</code>[[1967]] - {{flagicon|Scotland}} [[Celtic F.C.]]

[[1968]] - {{flagicon|England}} [[Manchester United]] <br>

[[1969]] - {{flagicon|Italy}} [[A.C. Milan]] <br>

<code>*</code> First British club to win the European Cup, Celtic triumphed over Internazionale 2-1 in a stunning victory. See [[European Cup 1966-67]] or [[Lisbon Lions]].

The ten [[Formula One]] World Championship Winners were:

[[1960]] — {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Jack Brabham]] <br>

[[1961]] — {{flagicon|US}} [[Phil Hill]] <br>

[[1962]] — {{flagicon|England}} [[Graham Hill]] <br>

[[1963]] — {{flagicon|Scotland}} [[Jim Clark]] <br>

[[1964]] — {{flagicon|England}} [[John Surtees]] <br>

[[1965]] — {{flagicon|Scotland}} [[Jim Clark]] <br>

[[1966]] — {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Jack Brabham]] <br>

[[1967]] — {{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Denny Hulme]] <br>

[[1968]] — {{flagicon|England}} [[Graham Hill]] <br>

[[1969]] — {{flagicon|Scotland}} [[Jackie Stewart]]

==External links==

*[http://www.public.iastate.edu/~rjackson/webbibl.html The 1960s: A Bibliography]

*[http://kclibrary.nhmccd.edu/decade60.html American Cultural History 1960–1969]

*[http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-69-1587/life_society/60s/ CBC Digital Archives — 1960s a GoGo]

*[http://www.thesixtiesdiary.com San Francisco — diary of the 1960s by Peter Vincent]

*[http://www3.iath.virginia.edu/sixties/ The Sixties Project]

*[http://www.thezoneradio.net/ The Zone Radio Station — The 60's Show & more]

*[http://www.babyboomersuk.com The Baby Boomer Years] — Reminisce with other UK baby boomers.

*[http://www.lib.virginia.edu/small/exhibits/sixties/ The 60's: Literary Tradition and Social Change], exhibit at the [[University of Virginia]], Library, Special Collections.

*[http://www.landyvision.com/ Elliott Landy's Photographs of the 1960s]

*[http://www.americansixtiesradio.com/ American Sixties Radio]

*[http://www.britishsixtiesradio.com/ British Sixties Radio]

*[http://www.radioyeye.com/ Radio Yé-Yé: Sixties Music from France]

[[Category:1960s| ]]

[[csals:Los evropský1960er]]

[[daar:Elgعقد 1960]]

[[deast:ElchAños 1960]]

[[zh-min-nan:1960 nî-tāi]]

[[et:Põder]]

[[esbs:Alces alces1960te]]

[[eobr:AlkoBloavezhioù 1960]]

[[frca:ÉlanDècada del 1960]]

[[glcy:Alce1960au]]

[[ioda:Alko1960'erne]]

[[itde:Alces alces1960er]]

[[heet:אייל1960. קוראaastad]]

[[lael:AlcesΔεκαετία alces1960]]

[[ltes:BriedisAños 1960]]

[[hueo:Jávorszarvas1960-aj jaroj]]

[[nleu:Eland1960ko hamarkada]]

[[crfr:ᒨᔅAnnées 1960]]

[[jagd:ヘラジカ1960an]]

[[noko:Elg1960년대]]

[[nnhr:Elg1960.-1969.]]

[[nrmio:Orîngna1960a yari]]

[[plid:Łoś1960-an]]

[[ptia:Alce1960s]]

[[ruos:Лось1960-тæ]]

[[simpleis:Moose1961-1970]]

[[slit:LosAnni 1960]]

[[he:שנות ה-60 של המאה ה-20]]

[[fi:Hirvi]]

[[svjv:Älg1960-an]]

[[trla:ElkDecennium 197]]

[[lt:XX amžiaus 7-as dešimtmetis]]

[[hu:1960-as évek]]

[[ms:1960-an]]

[[nah:1960s]]

[[nl:1960-1969]]

[[ja:1960年代]]

[[no:1960-årene]]

[[pl:Lata 60. XX wieku]]

[[pt:Década de 1960]]

[[ksh:1960-er Joohre]]

[[ro:Anii 1960]]

[[ru:1960-е]]

[[se:1960-lohku]]

[[sq:Vitet 1960]]

[[scn:1960ini]]

[[simple:1960s]]

[[sk:60. roky 20. storočia]]

[[sl:1960.]]

[[sr:1960е]]

[[fi:1960-luku]]

[[sv:1960-talet]]

[[ta:1960கள்]]

[[tt:1960. yıllar]]

[[uk:1960-ті]]

[[uz:1960-lar]]

[[wa:Anêyes 1960]]

[[zh-yue:1960年代]]

[[zh:1960年代]]