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The '''1960s''' [[list of decades|decade]] refers to the years from [[January 1]], [[1960]] to [[December 31]], [[1969]], inclusive. '''The Sixties''' has also come to refer to the complex of inter-related cultural and political events which occurred in approximately that period, in Western countries, particularly [[United Kingdom|Britain]], [[France]], the [[United States]] and [[Germany|West Germany]]. Social upheaval was not limited to just these nations, reaching large scale in nations such as [[Japan]], [[Mexico]] and [[Canada]] as well. The term is used both nostalgically by those who participated in those events, and pejoratively by those who regard the time as a period whose harmful effects are still being felt today. The decade was also labeled the '''[[Swinging London|Swinging Sixties]]''' because of the libertine attitudes that emerged during this decade.
{{cquote2 |quotetext=If you can remember anything about [[1960s|the sixties]], you weren't really there. |personquoted=[[Paul Kantner]]}}
As with the [[Seventies]], popular memory has conflated into the Sixties some events which did not actually occur during this time period{{Fact|date=February 2007}}. For example, although some of the most dramatic events of the [[American Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968)|American civil rights movement]] occurred in the early 1960s, the movement had already begun in earnest during the [[1950s]]. On the other hand, the rise of [[feminism]] and [[gay rights]] began in the 1960s and continued into the next few decades. [[Homosexuality|Homosexual]] acts between consenting adults in private were legalized in [[England]], [[Canada]], and [[Wales]] in [[1967]]. The "Sixties" has become [[synonym]]ous with all the new, exciting, radical, subversive and/or dangerous (depending on one's viewpoint) events and trends of the period, which continued to develop in the [[1970s]], [[1980s]] and beyond. In [[Africa]] the 60s were a period of radical change as countries gained independence from their European colonial rulers, only for this rule to be replaced in many cases by civil war or corrupt dictatorships.
==Social and Political Movements==
The decade started with the election of President [[John F. Kennedy]] in 1960, who promoted the space program, math and science education, tax cuts and the [[Peace Corps]]. It continued with president [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s projects of the Great Society and the [[Civil Rights Acts]]. It is marked by tragedy with [[John F. Kennedy Assassination|Kennedy's assassination]] in 1963, and by the assassinations of [[Malcolm X]] in 1965, [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] and [[Robert F. Kennedy]] in 1968. The decade ends with the collapse of Johnson's presidency due to public opposition to the Vietnam War and the inauguration of [[Richard Nixon]] in 1969.
===Assassinations===
* US President [[John F. Kennedy]] is assassinated on [[November 22]], [[1963]] in his car during a parade
* [[Malcolm X]] is assassinated on [[February 21]], [[1965]]
* The assassination of [[civil rights]] leader [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] on [[April 4]], [[1968]].
* The assassination of presidential candidate Senator [[Robert F. Kennedy]] on [[June 6]], [[1968]].
===The Vietnam War===
A mass movement began rising in opposition to the [[Vietnam War]], ending in the massive [[Moratorium]] protests in [[1969]], and also the movement of resistance to [[Conscription in the United States|conscription]] (“the Draft”) for the war. The [[antiwar movement]] was initially based on the older 1950s [[Peace movement]] heavily influenced by the [[Communist Party USA]], but by the mid-1960s it outgrew this and became a broad-based mass movement centered on the universities and churches: one kind of protest was called a "''[[sit-in]]''." Other terms included ''[[the Draft]]'', ''[[draft dodger]]'', ''[[conscientious objector]]'', and ''[[Vietnam veteran|Vietnam vet]]''. [[Voting|Voter]] age-limits were challenged by the phrase: "If you're old enough to die for your country, you're old enough to vote."
===Civil Rights===
Stimulated by this movement, but growing beyond it, were large numbers of student-age youth, beginning with the [[Free Speech Movement]] at the [[University of California, Berkeley]] in [[1964]], peaking in the riots at the [[1968 Democratic National Convention]] in [[Chicago]] and reaching a climax with the shootings at [[Kent State University]] in [[1970]], which some claimed as proof that ''"police brutality"'' was rampant. The terms were: ''"[[The Establishment]]"'' referring to traditional management/government, and ''"pigs"'' referring to police using excessive force. [[Marijuana]] and other drugs were also popular in the 1960s.
===New Left===
The rapid rise of a "[[New Left]]" employed the rhetoric of [[Marxism]] but had little organizational connection with older Marxist organizations such as the [[Communist Party USA|Communist Party]], and even less connection with the supposed focus of Marxist politics, the organized labor movement, and consisted of ephemeral campus-based [[Trotskyism|Trotskyist]], [[Maoism|Maoist]] and [[anarchism|anarchist]] groups, some of which by the end of the 1960s had turned to [[terrorism]].
==Technology==
The [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]] were involved in the [[space race]]. This led to an increase in spending on science and technology during this period. The space race heated up when Soviet [[cosmonaut]] [[Yuri Gagarin]] orbited the Earth and President Kennedy announced [[Project Apollo]] in 1961. The Soviets and Americans were then involved in a race to put a man on the Moon before the decade was over. America won the race when it placed the first men on the Moon: [[Neil Armstrong]] and [[Buzz Aldrin]], in July 1969.
American automobiles evolved through the stream-lined, [[jet]]-inspired designs for sportscars such as the [[Pontiac GTO]] and the [[Plymouth Barracuda]], [[Ford Mustang]], and the [[Chevrolet Corvette]].
* 1960 - The first working [[Laser]] was demonstrated in May by [[Theodore Maiman]] at [[Hughes Research Laboratories]].
* 1961 - First human spaceflight to orbit the Earth: [[Yuri Gagarin]], [[Vostok 1]].
* 1962 - First trans-Atlantic satellite broadcast via the [[Telstar]] satellite.
* 1962 - The first computer video game, [[Spacewar!]], is invented.
* 1963 - The first [[Geosynchronous satellite|geosynchronous communications satellite]], '''[[Syncom#Syncom2|Syncom 2]]''' is launched.
* 1964 - [[Touch-Tone]] telephones introduced.
* 1964 - The first successful [[Minicomputer]], [[Digital Equipment Corporation]]’s 12-bit [[PDP-8]], is marketed.
* 1965 - [[Sony]] markets the [[Videocassette recorder#History|CV-2000]], the first home video tape recorder.
* 1966 - The [[Soviet Union]] launches ''[[Luna 10]]'', which later becomes the first [[space probe]] to enter orbit around the [[Moon]].
* 1967 - First [[heart transplantation]] operation.
* 1967 - [[PAL]] and [[SECAM]] broadcast color TV systems start publicly transmitting in Europe.
* 1968 - First humans to leave Earth's gravity influence and orbit another world: [[Apollo 8]].
* 1968 - The [[The Mother of All Demos|first public demonstration]] of the [[computer mouse]], the [[paper paradigm]] [[Graphical user interface]], [[video conference|video conferencing]], [[teleconference|teleconferencing]], [[email]] and [[hypertext]].
* 1969 - [[Arpanet]], the first [[Internet]] was invented.
* 1969 - First humans to walk on the Moon: [[Apollo 11]].
* 1969 - [[Charge-coupled device]] (CCD) invented at AT&T [[Bell Labs]], used as the electronic imager in still and video cameras.
==Popular Culture==
The overlapping, but somewhat different, movement of youth cultural radicalism was manifested by the [[hippies]] and the [[counter-culture]], whose emblematic moments were the [[Summer of Love]] in [[San Francisco]] in [[1967]] and the [[Woodstock festival|Woodstock]] Festival in [[1969]]. The sub-culture, associated with this movement, spread the recreational use of [[cannabis]] and other drugs, particularly new semi-synthetic drugs such as [[LSD]]. The era heralded the rejection and a reformation by [[hippies]] of traditional Christian notions on spirituality, leading to the widespread introduction of Eastern and ethnic religious thinking to western values and concepts concerning ones religious and [[spirituality|spiritual]] development.
[[Psychedelic drugs]], especially [[LSD]], were popularly used medicinally, spiritually and recreationally throughout the 1960s. [[Psychedelia]] influenced the music, artwork and movies of the decade.
===Music===
Popular music entered an era of "all hits" as numerous singers released recordings, beginning in the [[1950s]], as [[phonograph record|45-rpm]] "singles" (with another on the [[B-side|flip side]]), and [[radio station]]s tended to play only the most popular of the wide variety of records being made. Also, bands tended to record only the best of their songs as a chance to become a hit record. The developments of the ''[[Motown Sound]]'', ''"[[folk rock]]"'' and the ''[[British Invasion]]'' of bands from the [[U.K.]] ([[The Beatles]], [[The Dave Clark Five]], [[British Invasion|and so on]]), are major examples of American listeners expanding from the [[folksinger]], [[doo-wop]] and [[saxophone]] sounds of the [[1950s]] and evolving to include [[psychedelia]] music.
The rise of an [[alternative culture]] among affluent youth, creating a huge market for [[Rock and roll|rock]] and [[blues]] music produced by drug-culture, influenced bands such as [[The Beatles]], [[The Rolling Stones]], [[The Grateful Dead]], [[Jefferson Airplane]], [[Janis Joplin]], [[Jimi Hendrix Experience]] and [[The Doors]], and also for radical music in the [[folk music|folk]] tradition pioneered by [[Bob Dylan]], [[The Mamas and the Papas]], and [[Joan Baez]] in the United States, and in England, [[Donovan]] was helping to create folk rock.
Significant events in music in the 1960s:
*The [[Beatles]] went to [[United States|America]] in 1964, bringing the [[British Invasion]].
*The [[Monterey Pop Festival]] in 1967 was the apex of the so-called [[Summer of Love]].
*The [[Woodstock Festival]], and four months later, the [[Altamont Free Concert]] in [[1969]].
==
Popular American movies of the 1960s include ''[[Psycho]]'', ''[[Breakfast at Tiffany's]]'', ''[[To Kill a Mockingbird]], [[My Fair Lady]], [[The Pink Panther]], [[Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb]]; [[The Sound of Music]]; [[Doctor Zhivago]], [[Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid]]; [[Bonnie and Clyde]]; [[Cool Hand Luke]]; [[The Graduate]]; [[Rosemary's Baby]]; [[Midnight Cowboy]]; [[Head (film)|Head]]; [[Medium Cool]]; [[2001: A Space Odyssey]]; [[Easy Rider]].''
In Europe, [[Art Cinema]] gains wider distribution and sees movements like [[French New Wave|la Nouvelle Vague]] (The French New Wave); [[Cinéma Vérité]] documentary movement in Canada, France and the United States; and the high-point of Italian filmmaking with [[Michelangelo Antonioni]], [[Federico Fellini]] and [[Pier Paulo Pasolini]] making some of their most known films during this period. Notable films from this period include: ''[[8½]]''; ''[[L'avventura]]''; ''[[La notte]]''; ''[[Blowup]]''; ''[[Satyricon (film)|Satyricon]]''; ''[[Accattone]]''; ''[[The Gospel According to St. Matthew (film)|The Gospel According to St. Matthew]]''; ''[[Theorem (film)|Theorem]]''; ''[[Breathless (1960 film)|Breathless]]'';''[[Vivre sa vie (film)|Vivre sa vie]]''; ''[[Contempt (film)|Contempt]]''; ''[[Bande à part]]''; ''[[Alphaville]]''; ''[[Pierrot le fou]]''; ''[[Week End]]''; ''[[Shoot the Piano Player]]''; ''[[Jules and Jim]]''; ''[[Fahrenheit 451 (1966 film)|Fahrenheit 451]]'';''[[Last Year at Marienbad]]'';''[[Dont Look Back]]''; ''[[Chronique d'un été]]''; ''[[Titicut Follies]]''; ''[[High School (film)|High School]]''; ''[[Salesman (film)|Salesman]]''; ''[[La Jetée]]''; ''[[Warrendale]]''
The sixties were about experimentation. With the explosion of light-weight and affordable cameras, the underground [[Experimental film#The New American Cinema and Structural-Materialism|avant-garde film]] movement thrived. Canada's [[Michael Snow]], Americans [[Kenneth Anger]]. [[Stan Brakhage]], [[Andy Warhol]], and [[Jack Smith (film director)|Jack Smith]]. Notable films in this genre are: ''[[Dog Star Man]]''; ''[[Scorpio Rising (film)|Scorpio Rising]]''; ''[[Wavelength (1966 film)|Wavelength]]''; ''[[Chelsea Girls]]'';''[[Blow Job (film)|Blow Job]]''; ''[[Vinyl (1965 film)|Vinyl]]''; ''[[Flaming Creatures]]''.
Significant events in the film industry in the 1960s:
*Removal of the [[Motion Picture Association of America]]'s [[Production Code]] in [[1967]].
*The decline and end of the [[Studio system|Studio System]].
*The rise of '[[art house]]' films and theaters.
*The rise of independent producers that worked outside of the Studio System.
*Move to all-color production in Hollywood movies.
*The invention of the [[Nagra]] 1/4", sync-sound, portable open-reel tape deck.
*[[Expo 67]] where new film formats like [[Imax]] were invented and new ways of displaying film were tested.
*Flat-bed film editing tables appear, like the [[Steenbeck]], they eventually replace the [[Moviola]] editing platform.
*The [[French New Wave]].
*[[Direct Cinema]] and [[Cinéma vérité]] documentaries.
==International issues==
===In the United States===
* President [[John F. Kennedy]] and Vice President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] take office in [[1961]]; Kennedy establishes the [[Peace Corps]].
* Substantial American forces first arrive in [[Vietnam]] in [[1961]].
* 1963 - After Kennedy's assassination, [[Lyndon Johnson]] becomes president, and presses [[civil rights]] legislation; college attendance soars.
* U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] is inaugurated in January [[1969]]; promises "peace with honor" to end the [[Vietnam War]]; price [[inflation]] soars; Nixon imposes [[wage and price controls]].
===In Canada===
*[[Canada]] celebrated its 100th anniversary of [[Canadian Confederation|Confederation]] in 1967 by hosting [[Expo 67]], the World's Fair, in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]].
* The [[Quiet Revolution]] in [[Quebec]] modernized the province into a more secular society. The [[Jean Lesage]] [[Quebec Liberal Party|Liberal]] government created a [[welfare state]] (''État-Providence'') and fermented the rise of active [[nationalism]] among [[Francophone]] Quebecois.
* On [[February 15]], [[1965]], Canada got the new [[Flag of Canada|maple leaf flag]], after much acrimonious debate known as the [[Great Flag Debate]].
* In 1960, The [[Canadian Bill of Rights]] becomes law, and Universal Suffrage, the right for any Canadian citizen to vote, is finally adopted by [[John Diefenbaker]]'s [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative]] government. The new election act allows [[first nations]] people to vote for the first time.
===In the UK===
* [[British Prime Minister]] [[Harold Macmillan]] delivers his [[Wind of Change speech]] in [[1960]].
===In Europe===
* [[Pope John XXIII]] calls the [[Second Vatican Council]] of the [[Catholic Church]], continued by [[Pope Paul VI]], which met from Oct. 11, 1962 until Dec. 8, 1965.
* The May 1968 student and worker uprisings in France.
* Mass socialist or Communist movement in most European countries (particularly France and Italy), with which the student-based new left was able to forge a connection. The most spectacular manifestation of this was the [[May 1968|May]] student revolt of [[1968]] in Paris that linked up with a general strike of ten million workers called by the trade unions—and for a few days seemed capable of overthrowing the government of [[Charles de Gaulle]]. De Gaulle went off to visit French troops in Germany to check on their loyalty. Major concessions were won for trade union rights, higher minimum wages and better working conditions.
* University students protested in their hundreds of thousands in [[London]], [[Paris]], [[Berlin]] and [[Rome]] with the huge crowds that protested against the Vietnam War.
===In Mexico===
The peak of the student and [[New Left]] protests in [[1968]] coincided with political upheavals in a number of other countries. Although these events often sprung from completely different causes, they were influenced by reports and images of what was happening in the United States and France.
Students in [[Mexico City]] protested against the authoritarian regime of [[Gustavo Díaz Ordaz]]: in the resulting [[Tlatelolco massacre]] in which hundreds were killed.
* The [[October 2]], [[1968]] [[Tlatelolco Massacre]] in [[Mexico City]], of student protesters and uninvolved bystanders, by the Mexican military and police.
===In the Commonwealth===
[[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] committed troops to the Vietnam war with controversy and war protests.[[Canada]] celebrated its 100th anniversary of confederation in 1967 by hosting [[Expo 67]], the World's Fair, in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]].
===In Eastern Europe===
In Eastern Europe students also drew inspiration from the protests in the West. In [[Poland]] and [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] they protested against restrictions on free speech by [[Communist]] regimes.
In [[Czechoslovakia]] [[1968]] was the year of [[Alexander Dubček]]’s [[Prague Spring]], a source of inspiration to many Western leftists who admired Dubček's "socialism with a human face". The [[Warsaw Pact]] invasion of Czechoslovakia in August ended these hopes and also fatally damaged the chances of the orthodox [[communist party|communist parties]] drawing many recruits from the student protest movement.
* The popular uprising in [[Czechoslovakia]], known as [[Prague Spring]], which was ended by a [[Soviet]] invasion
===In Africa===
The transformation of [[Africa]] from [[colonialism]] to [[independence]] dramatically accelerated during the decade.
===In China===
In the [[People's Republic of China]] the mid-1960s were also a time of massive upheaval and the [[Red Guards (China)|Red Guard]] rampages of [[Mao Zedong]]'s [[Cultural Revolution]] had some superficial resemblances to the student protests in the West. The [[Maoist]] groups that briefly flourished in the West in this period saw in Chinese Communism a more revolutionary, less bureaucratic, model of [[socialism]]. Most of them were rapidly disillusioned when Mao welcomed [[Richard Nixon]] to China in [[1972]]. People in China, however, saw the [[Nixon visit to China 1972|Nixon visit]] as a victory in that they believed the United States would concede that [[Maoism|Mao Zedong-thought]] was superior to [[capitalism]] (this was the Party stance on the visit in late 1971 and early 1972).
===In South America===
The [[Argentinian]] revolutionary [[Che Guevara|Ernesto "Che" Guevara]] travelled to [[Africa]] and then [[Bolivia]] in his campaigning to spread worldwide revolution. He was killed in 1967 by Bolivian government forces, but in the process became an iconic figure for the student left.
==People==
===Writers, artists and intellectuals===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
* [[Edward Albee]]
* [[Muhammad Ali]]
* [[Louis Althusser]]
* [[Michelangelo Antonioni]]
* [[Isaac Asimov]]
* [[J. G. Ballard]]
* [[Amiri Baraka]]
* [[Brigitte Bardot]]
* [[Roland Barthes]]
* [[Gwendolyn Brooks]]
* [[Syd Barrett]]
* [[Joan Baez]]
* [[Peter Blake (artist)|Peter Blake]]
* [[Stan Brackage]]
* [[Basil Bunting]]
* [[William S. Burroughs]]
* [[Truman Capote]]
* [[Andy Capp]]
* [[Rachel Carson]]
* [[Claude Chabrol]]
* [[Noam Chomsky]]
* [[Eric Clapton]]
* [[Arthur C. Clarke]]
* [[John Coltrane]]
* [[Sam Cooke]]
* [[R. Crumb]]
* [[Miles Davis]]
* [[Simone de Beauvoir]]
* [[Jacques Derrida]]
* [[Philip K. Dick]]
* [[Bob Dylan]]
* [[Federico Fellini]]
* [[Betty Friedan]]
* [[Milton Friedman]]
* [[Allen Ginsberg]]
* [[Jean-Luc Godard]]
* [[George Harrison]]
* [[Václav Havel]]
* [[Robert A. Heinlein]]
* [[Joseph Heller]]
* [[Jimi Hendrix]]
* [[Frank Herbert]]
* [[Abbie Hoffman]]
* [[Jane Jacobs]]
* [[Jasper Johns]]
* [[Janis Joplin]]
* [[Ken Kesey]]
* [[Allan King]]
* [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]
* [[John Knowles]]
* [[Stanley Kubrick]]
{{col-2}}
* [[Philip Larkin]]
* [[Timothy Leary]]
* [[Harper Lee]]
* [[Donovan Leitch]]
* [[John Lennon]]
* [[Phil Lesh]]
* [[Roy Lichtenstein]]
* [[Norman Mailer]]
* [[Louis Malle]]
* [[Albert and David Maysles]]
* [[Paul McCartney]]
* [[Marshall McLuhan]]
* [[Joni Mitchell]]
* [[Jeanne Moreau]]
* [[Jim Morrison]]
* [[Michael Novak]]
* [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]]
* [[D. A. Pennebaker]]
* [[Thomas Pynchon]]
* [[Lou Reed]]
* [[Alain Resnais]]
* [[Jean Rhys]]
* [[Dick Rivers]] (French singer)
* [[Jacques Rivette]]
* [[Éric Rohmer]]
* [[George Romero]]
* [[Jean Rouch]]
* [[Bertrand Russell]]
* [[Carl Sagan]]
* [[Jean-Paul Sartre]]
* [[Charles Schulz]]
* [[Dr. Seuss]]
* [[Jean Shepherd]]
* [[Susan Sontag]]
* [[Ringo Starr]]
* [[John Steinbeck]]
* [[Gloria Steinem]]
* [[Karlheinz Stockhausen]]
* [[Tom Stoppard]]
* [[Hunter S. Thompson]]
* [[Francois Truffault]]
* [[Gore Vidal]]
* [[Kurt Vonnegut]]
* [[Andy Warhol]]
* [[Alan Watts]]
* [[Bob Weir]]
* [[Brian Wilson]]
* [[Frederick Wiseman]]
* [[Tom Wolfe]]
* [[Frank Zappa]]
{{col-end}}
== Sport ==
There were six [[Olympics]] held during the decade. These were:
[[1960]] XVII Summer Olympics — {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Rome]], [[Italy]] <br>
[[1960]] VIII Winter Olympics — {{flagicon|USA}} [[Squaw Valley]], [[USA]] <br>
[[1964]] XVIII Summer Olympics — {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]] <br>
[[1964]] IX Winter Olympics — {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Innsbruck]], [[Austria]] <br>
[[1968]] XIX Summer Olympics — {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Mexico City]], [[Mexico]] <br>
[[1968]] X Winter Olympics — {{flagicon|France}} [[Grenoble]], [[France]]
There were two [[FIFA World Cup]]s during the decade:
[[1962 FIFA World Cup]] — {{flagicon|Chile}} [[Chile]] (winner {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brazil]]) <br>
[[1966 FIFA World Cup]] — {{flagicon|England}} [[England]] (winner {{flagicon|England}} [[England]])
The ten [[European Cup]] winners during the decade were:
[[1960]] - {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Real Madrid]] <br>
[[1961]] - {{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Benfica]] <br>
[[1962]] - {{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Benfica]] <br>
[[1963]] - {{flagicon|Italy}} [[A.C. Milan]] <br>
[[1964]] - {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Internazionale]] <br>
[[1965]] - {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Internazionale]] <br>
[[1966]] - {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Real Madrid]] <br>
<code>*</code>[[1967]] - {{flagicon|Scotland}} [[Celtic F.C.]]
[[1968]] - {{flagicon|England}} [[Manchester United]] <br>
[[1969]] - {{flagicon|Italy}} [[A.C. Milan]] <br>
<code>*</code> First British club to win the European Cup, Celtic triumphed over Internazionale 2-1 in a stunning victory. See [[European Cup 1966-67]] or [[Lisbon Lions]].
The ten [[Formula One]] World Championship Winners were:
[[1960]] — {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Jack Brabham]] <br>
[[1961]] — {{flagicon|US}} [[Phil Hill]] <br>
[[1962]] — {{flagicon|England}} [[Graham Hill]] <br>
[[1963]] — {{flagicon|Scotland}} [[Jim Clark]] <br>
[[1964]] — {{flagicon|England}} [[John Surtees]] <br>
[[1965]] — {{flagicon|Scotland}} [[Jim Clark]] <br>
[[1966]] — {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Jack Brabham]] <br>
[[1967]] — {{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Denny Hulme]] <br>
[[1968]] — {{flagicon|England}} [[Graham Hill]] <br>
[[1969]] — {{flagicon|Scotland}} [[Jackie Stewart]]
==External links==
*[http://www.public.iastate.edu/~rjackson/webbibl.html The 1960s: A Bibliography]
*[http://kclibrary.nhmccd.edu/decade60.html American Cultural History 1960–1969]
*[http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-69-1587/life_society/60s/ CBC Digital Archives — 1960s a GoGo]
*[http://www.thesixtiesdiary.com San Francisco — diary of the 1960s by Peter Vincent]
*[http://www3.iath.virginia.edu/sixties/ The Sixties Project]
*[http://www.thezoneradio.net/ The Zone Radio Station — The 60's Show & more]
*[http://www.babyboomersuk.com The Baby Boomer Years] — Reminisce with other UK baby boomers.
*[http://www.lib.virginia.edu/small/exhibits/sixties/ The 60's: Literary Tradition and Social Change], exhibit at the [[University of Virginia]], Library, Special Collections.
*[http://www.landyvision.com/ Elliott Landy's Photographs of the 1960s]
*[http://www.americansixtiesradio.com/ American Sixties Radio]
*[http://www.britishsixtiesradio.com/ British Sixties Radio]
*[http://www.radioyeye.com/ Radio Yé-Yé: Sixties Music from France]
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