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{{Infobox town TR
|name = Adana
|photo = Adana,Turkey.jpg
|photo size = 250
|photo cap = A view from the northern part of Adana
|logo =
|logo size =
|logo cap = Coat of Arms of Adana Municipality
|map = Adana Turkey Provinces locator.gif
|map size = 250
|region = Mediterranean
|province = Adana
|population = 1,271,894
|population_as_of = 2006 (est)
|population_ref =
|pop_dens =
|area =
|elevation = 23 m
|lat_deg = 37
|lat_min = 48
|lat_hem = N
|lon_deg = 35
|lon_min = 57
|lon_hem = E
|postal_code = 01xxx
|area_code = 0322
|licence = 01
|mayor = Aytaç Durak
|website = [http://www.adana.gov.tr/?dil=en http://www.adana.gov.tr]
}}
'''Adana''' ([[Greek language|Greek]] Άδανα)(the ancient ''Antioch in Cilicia'' or ''Antioch on the Sarus'') is the capital of [[Adana Province]] in [[Turkey]]. According to the [[2000]] census, with 1,130,710 inhabitants,<ref>[http://www.geohive.com/cntry/turkey.php GeoHive - Turkey - Administrative units]</ref> it is the fifth most populous [[List of cities in Turkey|city]] of [[Turkey]] (after [[İstanbul]], [[Ankara]], [[İzmir]] and [[Bursa, Turkey|Bursa]]). The 2006 estimate of Adana's population is 1,271,894.
For most Turkish people, the word 'Adana' associates with [[Kebab]], [[şalgam]], [[cotton]], [[Orange (fruit)|orange]]s and very hot weather, in the awareness that Adana also embodies more than just these.
In fact, Adana is also named among the 25 ''European Regions of the Future'' for 2006/2007 by [[Foreign Direct Investment]] Magazine. Chosen alongside [[Kocaeli]] for Turkey, Adana scored the most points for cost effectiveness against Kocaeli's points for infrastructure development, while Adana and Kocaeli tied on points for the categories of human resources and quality of life. <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.fdimagazine.com/news/fullstory.php/aid/1544/EUROPEAN_CITIES___REGIONS_OF_THE_FUTURE_2006_07.html | title = European Regions of the Future|author=|publisher=Foreign Direct Investment Magazine | access date=|language=English}} </ref>
==Location==
[[Image:Sabancimosque19082006.jpg|thumb|The Sabancı Mosque]]
One of the largest and most dynamic cities in Turkey and situated thirty kilometers (nineteen miles) inland, Adana is the gateway to the [[Cilicia]]n plain, now known as the [[Çukurova]] plain, the large stretch of flat and fertile land which lies to the south-east of the [[Taurus Mountains]]. This is possibly the most productive area in this part of the world.
From Adana, crossing the Çukurova going west, the road from Tarsus enters the foothills of the Taurus Mountains. The temperature decreases with every foot of ascent; the road reaches an altitude of nearly 4000 feet. It goes through the famous [[Cilician Gates|Cilician or Çukurova Gates]], the rocky pass through which armies have coursed since the dawn of history, and continues to the Anatolian plain.
The north of the city is surrounded by the Seyhan reservoir and HEP, which was completed in 1956. The dam has constructed for hydroelectric power (HEP) and to provide irrigation water to the lower part of Çukurova plain, agricultural cultivating area located in the south part of the city. Two irrigation channels in the city flow to the plain passing through the city center from east to west. Also there is another canal for irrigating the Yüreğir plain to the southeast of the city.
==Etymology==
Its name is derived from the [[Hittite Empire|Hittite]] <sup>URU</sup>'''Adaniya''' of [[Kizzuwatna]]. In the ''[[Iliad]]'' of [[Homer]], the city is called ''Adana''. In [[Hellenistic civilization|Hellenistic]] times, it was known as '''Antiochia in Cilicia''' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: Αντιόχεια της Κιλικίας) or '''Antiochia ad Sarum''' (Greek: Αντιόχεια η προς Σάρον; "Antiocia on the Sarus"). The editors of ''The Helsinki Atlas'' tentatively identify Adana as '''Quwê''' (as contained in [[Cuneiform script|cuneiform]] tablets), the [[Assyria#Neo-Assyrian Empire|Neo-Assyrian]] capital of [[Quwê]] province. The name also appears as '''Coa''', and may be the place referred to in the Bible, where [[King Solomon]] obtained horses. (I Kings 10:28; II Chron. 1:16).<ref>[http://www.innvista.com/culture/religion/bible/compare/horses.htm Innvista - Horses from Egypt and Kue]</ref>
The name of the city is believed to have come from a legend that Adanus and Sarus, two sons of Uranus, came to a place near the Seyhan River where they built Adana.
Alternatively, it is believed that Adad (Tesup), the name of the Hittite Thunder God that lived in the forest was given to the region. The Hittites ideas, names and writings have been found in the area so this is a strong possibility. The theory goes that since the Thunder God brought so much rain and this rain in turn brought such great abundance in this particular region, this god was loved and respected by its inhabitants and, in his honor, the region was called the 'Uru Adaniyya'; in other words 'The Region of Ada'.
Adana's name has had many different versions over the centuries: Adanos, Ta Adana, Uru Adaniya, Erdene, Edene, Ezene, Batana, Atana, Azana.
==History==
The history of Adana is intrinsically linked to the history of [[Tarsus (city)|Tarsus]]; they seem often to be the same city, moving as the neighbouring [[Seyhan River]] changed its position and the name changed over the course of centuries. Adana was of little importance in ancient history while [[Tarsus (city)|Tarsus]] was the metropolis of the area. Also, [[Ayas (city)|Ayas]] (today Yumurtalik), and [[Kozan, Adana|Kozan]] (formerly Sis) have been population and administrative centers, especially during the time of the Kingdom of [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia|Lesser Armenia]].
The history of Adana goes back 3000 years; finds in the region reveal human occupation of the area during the [[Paleolithic]] Age.
[[Tepebag Tumulus]], where archaeologists found a stone wall and a city center, was built in the [[Neolithic]] Age; it is considered to be the oldest city of the [[Cilicia]] region.
Then the city was directly and indirectly the subject of many epic poems and legends over the course of many millennia. Adana is mentioned by name in a [[Sumer]]ian epic, the [[Epic of Gilgamesh]].
According to the Hittite inscription of [[Kava]], found in [[Hattusa]] ([[Boğazkale]]), [[Kitvanza]] Kingdom was the first kingdom that ruled Adana, under the protection of the Hittites in 1335 BC. In that time the name of the city was Uru Adaniyya and the inhabitants were called [[Denyen|Danuna]].
After the rule of the Hittites, circa 1191-1189 B.C, invasions from the west caused many small kingdoms to take control of the plain, as follows: [[Kue]] [[Assyrians]], 9th century BC; [[Cilician Kingdom]], [[Persians]], 6th century BC; [[Alexander the Great]] in 333 BC; [[Seleucids]]; and the pirates of Cilicia and [[Roman Republic|Roman]] statesman [[Pompey|Pompey the Great]].
During the era of Pompey, the city was used as a prison for the pirates of Cilicia. For several centuries thereafter it was a waystation on a Roman military road leading to the East. After the split of the [[Roman Empire]], the area became part of the [[Byzantine Empire]] and was probably developed during the time of Julian. With the building of large bridges, roads, government buildings, and irrigation and plantation, Adana and Cilicia became the most developed and important trade centers of the region.
===Middle Ages===
In the mid 7th century, the city was captured by the Arab [[Abbasids]]. According to an Arab historian of that era, the name of the city was derived from Ezene, the prophet Yazene's grandson.
The [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]] recaptured Adana in 964. After the victory of [[Alp Arslan]] at the [[Battle of Manzikert]], the [[Seljuk Turks]] overran much of the Byzantine Empire. They had reached and captured Adana sometime before 1071 and continued to hold the place until Tancred, a leader of the [[First Crusade]], captured the city in 1097.
In 1132 it was captured by the forces of the [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia]], under its king, [[Leo I of Armenia|Leo I]]. It was taken by Byzantine forces in 1137, but the Armenians regained it around the year 1170. Adana remained a part of the Kingdom of Cilician Armenia until around 1360 when the city was ceded by Constantine III to the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt in return for obtaining a peace treaty. The Mamluks capture of the city allowed many [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] <!--People of Turkmenistan or Oghuz Turks?--> families to settle in it. The [[Ramazanoğlu]] family, one of the Turkmen families brought by the Mamluks, ruled Adana until the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] captured the city.
===Modern Era===
From the end of the Renaissance to the modern era (1517–1918), the [[Ottoman Empire]] ruled the area.
In the 1830s, in order to secure Egypt's independence for the Ottoman Empire, the army of [[Muhammad Ali Pasha]], the viceroy of Egypt, invaded Syria on two occasions and reached the Adana plain. The subsequent peace treaty secured Egypt's independence but (at the insistence of Great Britain, Austria, Russia and Prussia) required the evacuation of all Egyptian forces from Syria and its return to Ottoman sovereignty. In the aftermath, Adana was established as a province in its own right.
In 1909 Adana was the ___location of what is generally termed the ''[[Adana massacre]]''.<ref>''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 11th edition (1911), ''sv.'' Adana; for the Adana massacre, ''sv.'' Turkey (vol. 27, p. 464c).</ref>
After World War I, the Ottoman government surrendered control of the city to Allied forces and French troops were sent to occupy the city. During the Turkish War of Independence, Adana was strategically important. [[Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal]] came to the city on [[October 31]], [[1918]] and stayed there for eleven days. As a result, he decided to fight against the Allies and the idea of what he called ''[[Kuvayi Milliye]]'' was born.
Turkish nationalists fought against Allied forces and on October 20, 1921 [[Treaty of Ankara (1921)|Treaty of Ankara]] was signed between [[France]] and [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey|Turkish Grand National Assembly]], based on the terms of the agreement, France signified the end of the [[Cilicia War]], afterwards French invasion troops together with the Armenian volunteers<ref>[http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/asmin/cilicia191823.html Cilicia in the years 1918-1923]</ref> withdrew form city until January 5, 1922.
{{Further|[[Franco-Turkish War]]}}
===Chronology===
*[[Luwian|Luvi Kingdom]] (B.C.1900)
*[[Arzawa|Arzava Kingdom]] (B.C. 1500-1333)
*[[Hittites|Hittite]] Empire (B.C. 1900-1200)
*[[Assyria]]n Empire (B.C. 713-663)
*[[Persian Empire]] (B.C.550-333)
*[[Hellenistic civilization|Hellenistic]] (B.C. 333-323)
*[[Seleucid Empire]] (B.C. 312-133)
*Pirates of Cilicia (M.Ö. 178-112)
*[[Ancient Rome|Romans]] (B.C.112-A.C 395) <!--Roman Republic or Roman Empire?-->
*[[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]] (395-638)
*[[Abbasid]]
*[[Great Seljuk Sultanate]]
*[[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia]] (1078-1375)
*[[Mamluk]]s
*[[Anatolian Turkish Beyliks|Beylik]] (principality) of [[Ramazanoğlu]]
*[[Ottoman Empire]]
==Features of Adana today==
Adana has become an international metropolis, stretching and swallowing its neighbors. Adana is the marketing and distribution center for the Çukurova agricultural region, where cotton, wheat, corn, soy bean, barley, grapes and citrus fruits are produced in great quantities. The main industries of the city are textile manufacturing, leather tanning, and wool processing.
The city of Adana today is administered by two district council authorities: [[Seyhan]] and [[Yüreğir]] separated by Seyhan river. Seyhan, the more developed west part of the city where Yüreğir is located on the east part of the Seyhan river. [[NATO]]'s [[Incirlik Air Base]] is located in town of [[İncirlik]], 12 km east of Adana.
The houses in Adana have flat tops, and the roofs serve as bedrooms for the inhabitants during the hot summers. Several types of fruit, including the [[apricot]], are native to this area.
The city is also famous for its cuisine, including; the ''[[Adana Kebab|Adana kebab]]''; ''[[şalgam]]'', a salty fermented juice made from turnips; ''Sirdan'' a kind of home-made sausage stuffed with rice, and eaten with cummin; ''Paça'', boiled sheep's feet; ''Bicibici'' (pronounced as bee-jee-bee-jee) made from diced semolina, rose water and sugar and served with crushed ice, consumed especially in summer time. But especially the Adana kebab, this you have to try.
Furthermore, the city has a number of famous desserts, such as ''Halka Tatli'' a round shaped dessert and ''Tas Kadayif'' a bow shaped dessert.
Shopping in Adana is enhanced the 'American bazaar' a street market selling new and second-hand goods that have seeped out of the Incirlik Air-base.
===Sightseeing===
[[Image:Adana mosque DCP 8776.JPG|250px|thumb|right|Sabancı Mosque in Adana]]
*[[Stone Bridge (Adana)|Stone Bridge]], built in part during the 6th-century reign of the [[List of Byzantine Emperors|Byzantine emperor]] [[Justinian I]], the oldest extant bridge in the world which is still in use.
* [[Yilanlı Kale]] The ruins of a castle dating from [[782]].
*''Büyük Saat'' ('''The Great Clock'''), a large clock tower, was built by the local governor of Adana in 1882. Unfortunately, it was damaged during the French occupation but it was rebuilt in 1935, and its image can be found in the city's coat of arms. There are many historical buildings and tombs of local governors next to the ''Büyük Saat''.
*The old bazaar, ''Kazancılar Çarşısı'' ('''Bazaar of Cauldron-Makers'''), founded around ''Büyük Saat'', where ''Çarşı Hamamı'' ('''Bath of the Bazaar'''), a Turkish bath built in 1519 can be found.
*''Bebekli Kilise'' ('''Church of Babies''') is an old Catholic church located in the city center. There are many historic houses in the street where the church is located.
'''OTHERS'''
* Ramazanoğlu Türbesi
* Alemdar Mescidi
* Şeyh Zülfi mescidi
* Irmak Hamamı
* Mestenzade Hamamı
* Yeni Hamam
*[[Seyhan Dam]]
*[[Adana Ulu Camii]]
*[[Adana New Mosque|New Mosque]]
*[[Adana Butter mosque|Butter mosque]]
*[[Adana Eski Camii|Eski Camii]]
*[[Adana Museum]]
*[[Adana Etnography Museum]]
*[[Adana Archeological Museum]]
*[[Adana Atatürk Museum]]
*[[Misis]] Mosaic Museum
==Festivals==
*[[Altın Koza (Golden Cocoon) Film Festival]] - Provincial Center (14-25 September)
==Education==
*[[Çukurova University]]
==Transportation==
===Airport===
*[[Adana Şakirpaşa Airport]]
:*[[AtlasJet Airlines]]: ([[Ercan]], [[Istanbul]])
:*[[Fly Air]]: ([[Stuttgart]])
:*[[Kibris Turkish Airlines]]: ([[Ercan]])
:*[[Onur Air]]: ([[Düsseldorf]], [[Istanbul]])
:*[[Pegasus Airlines]]
:*[[Sun Express]]: ([[Antalya]], [[Erzurum]], [[İzmir]], [[Trabzon]], [[Van]])
:*[[Turkish Airlines]]: ([[Ankara]], [[Berlin-Schönefeld International Airport]], [[Köln]], [[Istanbul]],[[Jeddah]], [[Sabiha Gökçen International Airport]])
==Sports and Athletics==
There is a race-track and also two well-known football teams:
*[[Adanaspor]]
*[[Adana Demirspor]]
==Notable natives==
==Famous inhabitants from various periods==
''alphabetical order''
{{MultiCol}}
* [[Ali Erdemir]] - scientist in metallurgy
* [[Ali Sabancı]] - businessman, member of the Sabancı family in 3rd generation
* [[Ali Şen]] - Actor
* [[Arzu Özyiğit]] - female basketball player
* [[Ayşe Arman]] - Leading journalist
* [[Aytaç Arman]] - actor
* [[Bilge Kösebalaban]] - rock music guitarist and vocalist
* [[Cenk Koray]] - Talkshow Host
* [[Demir Demirkan]] - rock musician and songwriter
* [[Demir Karahan]]
* [[Erol Büyükburç]] - Pop Music Singer - [[Turkish pop music]]
* [[Eyüp Can (journalist)|Eyüp Can]] - journalist
* [[Faruk Logoglu]] - Ambassador
* [[Fatih Terim]] - former football player, ex-manager of [[Galatasaray S.K.|Galatasaray]] and manager of the Turkish national football team
* [[Ferdi Tayfur]] - singer, composer and actor
* [[Haluk Levent]] - rock singer
* [[Haroutioun Hovanes Chakmakjian]] - professor
* [[Hasan Şaş]] - Galatasaray footballer
* [[İsmet Atlı]] - Olympic medalist wrestler
* [[Kasım Gülek]] - Statesman
{{ColBreak}}
* [[Kıvanç Tatlıtuğ]] - actor and male supermodel
* [[Mehmet Sabancı]] - businessman, member of the Sabancı family in 3rd generation
* [[Murat Kekilli]] - rock singer
* [[Mustafa Cihan]] - Mount Everest summiter
* [[Mustafa İnan]]
* Ömer Sabancı - businessman, member of the Sabancı family in 3rd generation
* [[Özdemir Sabancı]] - businessman, member of the Sabancı family in 2nd generation
* [[Özgür Peştimalci]] - Rock music drummer
* Serra Sabancı - businesswoman, member of the Sabancı family in 3rd generation
* [[Suna Kan]] - classical music violinist
* [[Suphi Baykam]] - Statesman
* [[Şaziye İvegin]] - female basketball player
* [[Şener Şen]] - actor
* [[Tayyibe Gülek]] - economist and politician
* [[Turgut Aykaç]] - Olympic medalist boxer
* [[Yaşar Kemal]] - writer
* [[Yılmaz Güney]] - actor and film director
* [[Yılmaz Köksal]] - actor
{{EndMultiCol}}
==See also==
* [[Cilicia War]]
==Sister Cities==
*[[Image:Flag of Israel.svg|20px]] [[Beerscheba]],<ref>[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerscheba Beerscheba, Israel]</ref> [[Israel]]
*{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Other Sources==
*[[Richard Talbert]], [[Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World]], (ISBN 0-691-03169-X), p. 66 (explicitly showing that Antiochia ad Sarum is sited at Adana).
*[[Simo Parpola]] and [[Michael Porter (Assyriologist)|Michael Porter]], editors, [[The Helsinki Atlas of the Near East in the Neo-Assyrian Period]], ISBN 951-45-9050-3 (Helsinki, Finland, 2001), Gazetteer, p. 15.
== External links ==
{{commonscat|Adana}}
* [http://www.adana.gov.tr Governorship of Adana]
* [http://www.adana-bld.gov.tr Municipality of Adana]
* [http://www.cukurova.edu.tr Çukurova University]
* [http://www.adana-to.org.tr Adana Trade and Industry Chamber]
* [http://www.adana.gov.tr/?sayfa=3&alt=tarih&dil=en#i%FEgalkurtulu%FE History of Adana] - from local government web site
{{Districts of Turkey|provname=Adana}}
[[Category:Anatolia]]
[[Category:Ancient Near East]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Turkey]]
[[Category:Cilicia]]
[[Category:Cities along the Silk Road]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek sites in Turkey]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek cities]]
[[Category:Hellenistic colonies]]
[[Category:Hittites]]
[[Category:Roman sites in Turkey]]
[[Category:Port cities in Turkey]]
[[Category:Mediterranean]]
[[ar:أضنة]]
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