Halloween and Chelsea F.C.: Difference between pages

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{{Otheruses1|the holiday}}
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NOTE: REGARDING THE NICKNAME "CHELSKI". WHILE THIS MAY BE A COMMONLY USED NICKNAME, IT IS NOT APPROPRIATE TO INSERT IT INTO THE INFOBOX BECAUSE IT IS A DEROGATORY NICKNAME. THE MEANING OF THE NAME IS DISCUSSED LATER IN THE ARTICLE.
{{Infobox Holiday |
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| holiday_name = Hallowe'en<br/>Halloween | image = Jack-o'-Lantern_2003-10-31.jpg
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| caption = A [[jack-o'-lantern]]
*** POLITE SUGGESTION to potential editors: This article is only meant to be a summary and is already too long by Wikipedia standards. It has been suggested that the temptation to provide a match by match commentary or a blow by blow account of Chelsea's recent history be avoided. More detailed information should be added to the [[History of Chelsea F.C.]] article. See Talk page. ***
| nickname = All Hallows Eve, All Saints' Eve, [[Samhain]], Spooky Day, Snap-Apple Night, Costume Day/Día de los Disfrazes, and Pooky Night
-->
| observedby = Many English-speaking nations, including the [[United States of America|USA]], [[Ireland]], [[Scotland]], [[Wales]], [[England]], [[Canada]], sometimes [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]]{{verify source}}
{{Infobox Football club |
| date = [[October 31]]
clubname = Chelsea Football Club |
| celebrations = [[Trick-or-treating]], [[Bobbing for apples]], [[Costume party|Costume parties]], Carving [[jack-o'-lantern]]s
image = [[Image:Chelsea crest.png|150px]] |
| longtype = Religious, Cultural (celebrated mostly irrespective of religion)
fullname = Chelsea Football Club |
| type=Pagan
nickname = ''The Pensioners''<br>''The Blues''|
| significance = There are many sources of Halloween's significance
founded = [[March 14]], [[1905]] |
}}
ground = [[Stamford Bridge (stadium)|Stamford Bridge]]<br />[[Fulham Road]]<br/>[[London|London SW6]]<br/>[[England]] |
capacity = 42,055<ref name="capacity">{{cite web | url=http://www.chelseafc.com/xxchelsea180706/index.html#/page/StadiumLayout | title=Stadium Layout |work=chelseafc.com | accessdate=21 January | accessyear=2007}}</ref> |
chairman = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Bruce Buck]] <br>(for {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Roman Abramovich]]) |
mgrtitle = Head Coach|
manager = {{flagicon|Portugal}} [[José Mourinho]] |
captain = {{flagicon|England}} [[John Terry]] |
Chief Executive = {{flagicon|England}} [[Peter Kenyon]]|
Life President = {{flagicon|England}} [[Richard Attenborough]] |
league = [[Premier League]] |
season = [[Premier League 2006-07|2006–07]] |
position = Premier League, 2nd |
pattern_la1=_whiteshoulders|pattern_b1=|pattern_ra1=_whiteshoulders|
leftarm1=0000FF|body1=0000FF|rightarm1=0000FF|shorts1=0000FF|socks1=FFFFFF|
pattern_la2=_blackshoulders|pattern_b2=_thinblacksides|pattern_ra2=_blackshoulders|
leftarm2=D4FF00|body2=D4FF00|rightarm2=D4FF00|shorts2=000000|socks2=000000|
shirtsupplier=[[Adidas]]|
shirtsponsors=[[Samsung|Samsung Mobile]]|}}
'''Chelsea Football Club''' (also known as '''The Blues''' or previously '''The Pensioners''') are an [[England|English]] professional [[football (soccer)|football]] [[football team|club]] based in west [[London]]. Founded in 1905, they play in the [[Premier League]] and have spent most of their history in the top tier in [[Football in England|English football]]. They have had two broad periods of success, one during the [[1960s]] and early [[1970s]], and the second from the late 1990s to the present day. Chelsea have won three league titles, four [[FA Cup]]s, four [[Football League Cup|League Cup]]s and two [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]s.<ref>{{cite web |
url=http://www.chelseafc.com/xxchelsea180706/index.html#/page/TrophyCabinet |
title=Trophy Cabinet |
work=chelseafc.com|
accessdate=25 January |
accessyear=2007 }}</ref>
 
Chelsea's home is the 42,055 capacity<ref name="capacity"/> [[Stamford Bridge (stadium)|Stamford Bridge]] football stadium in [[Fulham]], [[West London]], where they have played since their foundation. Despite their name, the club are based just outside the [[Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea]], in the [[London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham]]. In 2003, the club was bought by [[Russia]]n [[petroleum|oil]] tycoon [[Roman Abramovich]].<ref name="takeover">{{cite news |
'''Halloween''', or '''Hallowe'en''', is a tradition celebrated on the night of [[October 31]], most notably by children dressing in costumes and going door-to-door collecting [[confectionery|sweets]], [[fruit]], and other gifts. A variation of this is called [[trick-or-treating]]. Some other traditional activities include [[costume parties]], watching [[horror films]], going to [[Haunted attraction|"haunted" houses]], and traditional [[autumn]] activities such as [[hayride]]s, some of which may even be [[haunted hayride|"haunted"]].
date=[[2003-07-02]] |
url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3036838.stm |
title=Russian businessman buys Chelsea |
publisher=BBC |
accessdate=2007-02-11 |
author=}}</ref>
 
The club's traditional [[Kit (football)|kit]] colours are royal blue shirts and shorts with white socks. Their traditional crest is a ceremonial blue lion holding a staff; a modified version of this was adopted in 2005.<ref name="new crest">{{cite news |
Halloween originated under a different name ("''[[Samhain]]''") as a [[Paganism|Pagan]] festival among the [[Celt]]s of [[Ireland]] and [[Great Britain]] with mainly Irish and Scots and other immigrants transporting versions of the tradition to North America in the nineteenth century. Many other Western countries have embraced Halloween as a part of American [[Popular culture|pop culture]] in the late twentieth century.
date=[[2004-11-12]] |
url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/chelsea/4008257.stm |
title=Chelsea centenary crest unveiled |
publisher=BBC |
accessdate=2007-01-02 |
author=}}</ref> Chelsea are one of the best-supported clubs in the [[United Kingdom]], with an estimated fanbase of around four million.<ref name="fanbase">{{cite web |
url=http://www.chelseafc.com/article.asp?hlid=404437&m=7&y=2006&nav=news&sub=latest%20news |
title=Chelsea voted one of UK's top brands |
work=chelseafc.com |
accessdate=2006-09-28
}}</ref>
 
==History==
Halloween is now celebrated in many parts of the [[western world]], most commonly in the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Puerto Rico]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], the [[United Kingdom]] and with increasing popularity in [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]].{{verify source}} In recent years, Halloween has also been celebrated in some parts of Western Europe.
{{Details2|History of Chelsea F.C.}}
[[Image: Chelsea_Team_1905.jpg|right|thumb|The first Chelsea team in September 1905.|250 px]]
Chelsea were founded on [[March 14]], [[1905]] at The Rising Sun pub (now The Butcher's Hook), opposite the present-day main entrance to the ground on [[Fulham Road]], and were elected to the Football League shortly afterwards. The club's early years saw little success; the closest they came to winning a major trophy was reaching the [[FA Cup]] final in 1915, where they lost to [[Sheffield United F.C.|Sheffield United]]. Chelsea gained a reputation for signing big-name players<ref name="glanville">{{cite news |
date=[[2004-01-10]] |
url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,27-958357_1,00.html |
title=Little sign of change for Chelsea and their impossible dreams |
publisher=[[The Times]] |
accessdate=2006-12-29 |
author=[[Brian Glanville]]}}</ref> and for being entertainers, but made little impact on the English game in the inter-war years.
 
Former [[England national football team|England]] centre-forward [[Ted Drake]] became manager in 1952 and proceeded to modernise the club. He removed the club's [[Chelsea pensioner]] crest, improved the youth set-up and training regime, rebuilt the side, and led Chelsea to their first major trophy success – the League championship – in [[1954-55 in English football|1954–55]]. The following season saw [[UEFA]] create the [[UEFA Champions League|European Champions' Cup]], but after objections from [[The Football League]] and the [[The Football Association|FA]] Chelsea were persuaded to withdraw from the competition before it started.<ref>{{cite news |
The term ''Halloween'', and its older rendering ''Hallowe'en'', is shortened from '''All-hallow-even'''<!-- Note to editors: That is "even", not "eve". Both are abbreviations of "evening", but "Halloween" gets its "n" from "even". -->, as it is the evening of/before [[All Saints|"All Hallows' Day"]]<ref name = "OED">{{cite book | first = John | last = Simpson | coauthors = Weiner, Edmund | title = Oxford English Dictionary | edition = second | year = 1989 | publisher = Oxford University Press | ___location = London|id = ISBN 0-19-861186-2}}</ref> (also known as "[[All Saints]]' Day"). The holiday was a day of religious festivities in various northern [[Europe]]an Pagan traditions{{Fact|date=March 2007}}, until Popes [[Gregory III]] and [[Gregory IV]] moved the old Christian feast of [[All Saints' Day]] from [[May 13]] to [[November 1]]. In the ninth century, the Church measured the day as starting at sunset, in accordance with the [[Florentine calendar]]. Although we now consider All Saints' (or Hallows') day to be on the day after Halloween, they were, at that time, considered to be the same day. Liturgically, the Church traditionally celebrated this day as the Vigil of All Saints, and, until 1970, a day of fasting. Like other vigils, it was celebrated on the previous day if it fell on Sunday, although the secular aspects of the holiday remained on the 31st. The Vigil was suppressed in 1955, although somewhat restored in the post-Vatican II calendar.
date=[[2005-04-27]] |
url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,762-1586242,00.html |
title=The great Chelsea surrender |
publisher=[[The Times]] |
accessdate=2006-12-29 |
author=[[Brian Glanville]]}}</ref>
 
The 1960s saw the emergence of a talented young Chelsea side under manager [[Tommy Docherty]]. They challenged for honours throughout the decade, and endured several near-misses. They were on course for a treble of League, FA Cup and [[Football League Cup|League Cup]] going into the final stages of the [[1964-65 in English football|1964-65]] season, winning the League Cup but faltering late on in the other two.<ref>{{cite book | author=Glanvill, Rick | title=Chelsea FC: The Official Biography - The Definitive Story of the First 100 Years| publisher=Headline Book Publishing Ltd| year=2006| id=ISBN 0-7553-1466-2 | pages=p. 196}}</ref> In three seasons the side were beaten in three major semi-finals and were FA Cup runners-up. In 1970 Chelsea were FA Cup winners, beating [[Leeds United A.F.C.|Leeds United]] 2–1 in a [[FA Cup Final 1970|final replay]]. Chelsea took their first European honour, a [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]] triumph, the following year, with another replayed win, this time over [[Real Madrid]] in [[Athens]].
In [[Ireland]], the name was '''All Hallows' Eve''' (often shortened to '''Hallow Eve'''), and though seldom used today, it is still a well-accepted label, albeit somewhat esoteric. The festival is also known as [[Samhain]] or Oíche Shamhna to the Irish, ''Samhuin'' in Scottish Gaelic, [[Calan Gaeaf]] to the Welsh, [[Allantide]] to the [[Cornish people|Cornish]] and [[Hop-tu-Naa]] to the [[Manx]]. Halloween is also called ''Pooky Night'' in some parts of Ireland, presumably named after the [[púca]], a mischievous [[spirit]].
[[Image: ChelseaReserveProgramme.jpg|thumb|150px|left|One of the first post-[[World War II|War]] matchday programmes - Chelsea Reserves vs [[Crystal Palace F.C.|Crystal Palace]] Reserves, [[27 October]] [[1945]].]]
The late 1970s and the 1980s were a turbulent period for Chelsea. An ambitious redevelopment of Stamford Bridge threatened the financial stability of the club,<ref>{{cite book | author=Glanvill | year=2006 | title=Chelsea FC: The Official Biography | pages=pp. 84-87}}</ref> star players were sold and the team were relegated. Further problems were caused by a notorious [[hooliganism|hooligan]] element among the support, which was to plague the club throughout the decade.<ref>{{cite book | author=Glanvill | year=2006 | title=Chelsea FC: The Official Biography | pages=pp. 143-157}}</ref> Chelsea were, at the nadir of their fortunes, acquired by [[Ken Bates]] for the nominal sum of £1, although by now the Stamford Bridge freehold had been sold to property developers, meaning the club faced losing their home.<ref>{{cite book | author=Glanvill | year=2006 | title=Chelsea FC: The Official Biography | pages=pp. 89-90}}</ref> On the pitch, the team had fared little better, coming close to relegation to the [[Football League Third Division|Third Division]] for the first time, but in 1983 manager [[John Neal (footballer)|John Neal]] put together an impressive new team for minimal outlay. Chelsea won the [[Football League Second Division|Second Division]] title in [[1983-84 in English football|1983–84]] and established themselves in the top division, before being relegated again in 1988. The club bounced back immediately by winning the Second Division championship in [[1988-89 in English football|1988-89]].
 
After a long-running legal battle, Bates reunited the stadium freehold with the club in 1992 by doing a deal with the banks of the property developers, who had been bankrupted by a market crash.<ref>{{cite book | author=Glanvill | year=2006 | title=Chelsea FC: The Official Biography | pages=pp. 90-91}}</ref> Chelsea's form in the new [[Premier League]] was unconvincing, although they did reach the FA Cup final in [[FA Cup Final 1994|1994]]. It was not until the appointment of former [[European Footballer of the Year]] [[Ruud Gullit]] as [[player-manager]] in 1996 that their fortunes changed. He added several top-class international players to the side, particularly [[Gianfranco Zola]], as the club won the [[FA Cup]] in [[FA Cup Final 1997|1997]] and established themselves as one of England's top sides again. Gullit was replaced by [[Gianluca Vialli]], who led the team to victory in the [[Football League Cup Final 1998|League Cup]] and the [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 1997-98|Cup Winners' Cup]] in 1998, the FA Cup in [[FA Cup Final 2000|2000]] and the [[UEFA Champions League]] quarter-finals in 2000. Vialli was sacked in favour of another Italian, [[Claudio Ranieri]], who guided Chelsea to the 2002 [[FA Cup]] final and Champions League qualification in [[2002-03 in English football|2002–03]].
Many European cultural traditions hold that Halloween is one of the [[Liminality|liminal]] times of the year when [[spirit]]s can make contact with the physical world and when [[magic (paranormal)|magic]] is most potent (e.g. [[Catalan mythology about witches]], Irish tales of the [[Sídhe]]).
 
In June 2003, Bates sold Chelsea to [[Russia|Russian]] billionaire [[Roman Abramovich]] for £140 million, completing what was then the biggest-ever sale of an English football club.<ref name="takeover"/> Owing to Abramovich's Russian heritage, the club were soon popularly dubbed "Chelski" in the British media.<ref>{{cite news |
==Halloween around the world==
date=[[2003-08-24]] |
[[Image:maclise.snap.apple.night.jpg|280px|thumb|''Snap-Apple Night'' by [[Daniel Maclise]] portrays a Halloween party in [[Blarney]], Ireland, in 1832. The young people on the left play various [[divination]] games about future romance, while children on the right bob for apples. A couple in the center play snap-apple with an apple skewered on tongs hanging from a string.]]
url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/3174605.stm |
[[Image:IMG 145w.jpg|280px|thumb|Halloween in Dublin 2003]]
title=Chasing 'Mr Chelski' |
publisher=[[The BBC]] |
accessdate=2006-01-30 |
author=Steve Rosenberg}}</ref> Over £100 million was spent on new players, but Ranieri was unable to deliver any trophies, so he was replaced by successful [[Portugal|Portuguese]] coach [[José Mourinho]], who had just guided [[FC Porto]] to victory in the UEFA Champions League.
 
In 2005, Chelsea's [[centenary]] year, the club became Premiership champions in a record-breaking season (most clean sheets, fewest goals conceded, most victories, most points earned),<ref name="records">{{cite news |
===Ireland===
date=[[2005-05-13]] |
Halloween is popular in Ireland, where it is said to have originated, and is known in [[Irish language|Irish]] as "Oíche Shamhna" or "Samhain Night". Pre-Christian Celts had an autumn festival, [[Samhain]] ([[Irish phonology|pronounced]] {{IPA|/ˈsˠaunʲ/from the [[Old Irish]] ''samain''}}), "End of Summer", a pastoral and agricultural "fire festival" or feast, when the dead revisited the mortal world, and large communal bonfires would be lit to ward off evil spirits. (See [[Halloween#Origin: Celtic observation of Samhain|Origin: Celtic observation of Samhain]] below.) It is alleged that in Ireland they continued to practice their deep-rooted, ancient pagan rites well after the arrival of Christianity in the middle of the sixth century{{Fact|date=March 2007}}.
url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/football/teams/c/chelsea/4545045.stm |
[[Pope Gregory IV]] standardized the date of All Saints' Day, or All Hallows' Day, on [[November 1]] to the entire Western Church in 835. Since the day was reckoned to start at sunset, this coincided exactly with Samhain. Although there is no documentation that Gregory was aware of or reacting to Samhain among the Celts in the selection of this date, it could be theoretically considered consistent with the practice of leaving pagan festivals and buildings intact (e.g. the [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]]) and overlaying a Christian meaning.<ref name = "BBC_spec">{{cite web | title = BBC Religion & Ethics - Hallowe'en | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/holydays/halloween.shtml | publisher = BBC | accessdate = 2007-03-14}}</ref> While [[Celt]]s might have been happy to move their All Saints' Day from its earlier date of the 20th of April, ("...the ''Fe-lire'' of Oengus and the ''Martyrology of Tallaght'' prove that the early medieval churches celebrated the feast of All Saints upon 20 April.")<ref name = "Hutton">{{cite book | last = Hutton | first = Ronald | authorlink = Ronald Hutton | title = Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain | year = 1996 | publisher = Oxford Paperbacks | ___location = New York | id = ISBN 0-19-285448-8}}</ref> they were unwilling to give up their existing festival of the dead and continued to celebrate ''Samhain''{{Fact|date=March 2007}}.
title=Mourinho proud of battling finish |
publisher=BBC |
accessdate=2006-12-28 |
author=}}</ref> [[Football League Cup Final 2005|League Cup]] winners with a 3–2 win over [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] at the [[Millennium Stadium]] and reached the [[UEFA Champions League|Champions League]] semi-finals. [[2005-06 in English football|The following year]], they were again League Champions, equalling their own Premiership record of 29 wins set the previous season. They also became the fifth team to win back-to-back championships since the [[Second World War]] and the first London club to do so since [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] in [[1933-34 in English football|1933-34]].<ref>{{cite news |
date= |
url=http://www.sportinglife.com/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=soccer/06/03/12/SOCCER_Chelsea.html&TEAMHD=soccer |
title=Terry Eyes Back-to-Back Titles |
publisher=Sporting Life |
accessdate=2007-01-22 |
author=Matt Barlow}}</ref> In [[2006-07 in English football|2007]] Chelsea won the [[Football League Cup Final 2007|League Cup]] for the second time in three years,<ref>{{cite news |
date=[[2007-02-25]] |
url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/league_cup/6371613.stm |
title=Chelsea 2-1 Arsenal |
publisher=BBC |
accessdate=2007-03-19 |
author=}}</ref> and finished 2nd in the Premier League. To end the season, Chelsea beat Manchester United 1-0 in the [[FA Cup]] final, the first at the [[new Wembley Stadium]]<ref>{{cite news |
date=[[2007-05-20]] |
title=Something old, new and Blue|
url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/sport/story/0,,2083889,00.html |
publisher=[[The Observer]] |
accessdate=2007-05-20 |
author=Mitchell, Kevin}}</ref>
 
==Stamford Bridge==
Unfortunately, there is frustratingly little [[primary source|primary documentation]] of how Halloween was celebrated in pre-industrial Ireland. Historian Nicholas Rogers has written,
[[Image: Chelsea_bt_W_Brom_1905.jpg |right|frame|Chelsea ''vs.'' [[West Bromwich Albion F.C.|West Bromwich Albion]] at Stamford Bridge on [[September 23]] [[1905]]; Chelsea won 1-0.]]
{{Quote | It is not always easy to track the development of Halloween in Ireland and Scotland from the mid-seventeenth century, largely because one has to trace ritual practices from [modern] folkloric evidence that do not necessarily reflect how the holiday might have changed; these rituals may not be "authentic" or "timeless" examples of pre-industrial times.<ref name = "Rogers">{{cite book | first = Nicholas | last = Rogers | title = Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night | ___location = New York | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2002 | pages = 411 | id = ISBN 0-19-514691-3 }}</ref>
{{details|Stamford Bridge (stadium)}}
}}
On Halloween night in present-day Ireland, adults and children dress up as creatures from the underworld (ghosts, ghouls, zombies, witches, goblins), light bonfires, and enjoy spectacular fireworks displays (despite the fact that such displays are usually illegal). The children walk around knocking on the doors of neighbours, in order to gather fruit, nuts, and sweets for the Halloween festival. Salt was once sprinkled in the hair of the children to protect against evil spirits.
 
Chelsea have only ever had one home ground, Stamford Bridge, where they have played since foundation. It was officially opened on [[28 April]] [[1877]]. For the first 28 years of its existence it was used almost exclusively by the London Athletics Club as an arena for [[athletics (track and field)|athletics]] meetings and not at all for football.
The houses are decorated by carving [[pumpkins]] or [[turnips]] into scary faces and other decorations. Lights are then placed inside the carved head to help light and decorate.
In 1904 the ground was acquired by businessman [[Gus Mears]] and his brother, J T Mears, who had previously acquired additional land (formerly a large [[market garden]]) with the aim of staging football matches on the now 12.5 acre (51,000 m²) site.<ref name="stadium">{{cite web |
The traditional Halloween cake in Ireland is the [[barmbrack]] which is a fruit bread. Each member of the family gets a slice. Great interest is taken in the outcome as there is a piece of rag, a coin and a ring in each cake. If you get the rag then your financial future is doubtful. If you get the coin then you can look forward to a prosperous year. Getting the ring is a sure sign of impending romance or continued happiness. Usually these days only the ring is included in commercially made barn bracs.
url=http://www.chelseafc.com/xxchelsea180706/index.html#/page/StadiumHistoryHistory |
title=Stadium History |
work=chelseafc.com|
accessdate=21 January |
accessyear=2007 }}</ref>
 
Stamford Bridge was designed for the Mears family by the noted football architect [[Archibald Leitch]].<ref>{{cite book | author=Glanvill | year=2006 | title=Chelsea FC: The Official Biography | pages=pp. 69-71}}</ref> They offered the stadium to [[Fulham F.C.|Fulham Football Club]], but the offer was turned down. As a consequence, the owners decided to form their own football club to occupy their new ground. Most football clubs were founded first, and then sought grounds in which to play, but Chelsea were founded for Stamford Bridge. Since there was already a football club named Fulham in the borough, the founders decided to adopt the name of the adjacent borough of Chelsea for the new club, having rejected names such as ''Kensington FC'', ''Stamford Bridge FC'' and ''London FC''.<ref>{{cite book | author=Glanvill | year=2006 | title=Chelsea FC: The Official Biography | pages=p. 55}}</ref>
Games are played, such as ducking/bobbing for apples, where apples, monkey nuts (peanuts) and other nuts and fruit and some small coins are put into a basin of water. The apples and monkey nuts float. Coins are harder to catch as they sink. Everyone takes turns catching as much can be caught using only the mouth and no hands. In some households the coins are pushed into the fruit for the children to "earn" as they catch each apple. The Scottish and English have taken this tradition into their customs with a game named ducking, after the fast movement of a person's head under the water to try to get something without having the head under the water for too long. Another game involves trying to eat an apple, hung from the ceiling on a string, without using the hands.
 
Starting with an open bowl-like design and one covered terrace, Stamford Bridge had an original capacity of around 100,000.<ref name="stadium">{{cite web |
Children also have a week-long break from school for Halloween, and the last Monday in October is a [[public holiday]] given for Halloween even though they quite often don't fall on the same day. See [[Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland]].
url=http://www.chelseafc.com/xxchelsea180706/index.html#/page/StadiumHistoryHistory |
title=Stadium History |
work=chelseafc.com|
accessdate=21 January |
accessyear=2007 }}</ref> The early 1930s saw the construction of a terrace on the southern part of the ground with a roof that covered around one fifth of the stand. It eventually became known as the "Shed End", the home of Chelsea's most loyal and vocal supporters, particularly during the 1960s, 70s and 80s. The exact origins of the name are unclear, but the fact that the roof looked like a [[corrugated iron]] shed roof played a part.<ref name="stadium">{{cite web |
url=http://www.chelseafc.com/xxchelsea180706/index.html#/page/StadiumHistoryHistory |
title=Stadium History |
work=chelseafc.com|
accessdate=21 January |
accessyear=2007 }}</ref>
[[Image:Chelsea stand.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The East Stand, during a game with [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]] in March 2006.]]
During the late 1960s and early 70s, the club's owners embarked on a modernisation of Stamford Bridge with plans for a 50,000 all-seater stadium.<ref name="stadium">{{cite web |
url=http://www.chelseafc.com/xxchelsea180706/index.html#/page/StadiumHistoryHistory |
title=Stadium History |
work=chelseafc.com|
accessdate=21 January |
accessyear=2007 }}</ref>
Work began on the East Stand in the early 1970s but the cost almost brought the club to its knees, and the [[Fee simple|freehold]] was sold to [[Real estate developer|property developers]]. Following a long legal battle, it was not until the mid-1990s that Chelsea's future at the stadium was secured and renovation work resumed.<ref name="stadium">When Stamford Bridge was nearly no more</ref> The north, west and southern parts of the ground were converted into all-seater stands and moved closer to the pitch, a process completed by 2001.
 
The Stamford Bridge [[Football pitch|pitch]], the freehold, the turnstiles and Chelsea's [[naming rights]] are now owned by [[Chelsea Pitch Owners]], a non-profit organisation in which fans are the shareholders. The CPO was created to ensure the stadium could never again be sold to developers. It also means that if someone tries to move the football club to a new stadium they could not use the Chelsea FC name.<ref>{{cite book | author=Glanvill | year=2006 | title=Chelsea FC: The Official Biography | pages=pp. 91-92}}</ref>
As of 2006, several County and City Councils around Ireland have imposed bans on bonfires, citing apparent health and safety issues.
 
The club plans to increase its capacity to over 50,000. Owing to its ___location in a built-up part of London on a main road and next to two [[railway]] lines, fans can only enter the stadium through the [[Fulham Road]] entrance, which places severe constraints on expansion due to [[health and safety]] regulations.<ref>{{cite book | author=Glanvill | year=2006 | title=Chelsea FC: The Official Biography | pages=p. 76 }}</ref> As a result, Chelsea have been linked with a move away from Stamford Bridge to sites including the [[Earls Court Exhibition Centre]], [[Battersea Power Station]] and the [[Chelsea Barracks]].<ref>{{cite news
===Scotland===
| date = [[2006-01-20]]
[[Scotland]], having a shared Gaelic culture and language with [[Ireland]], has celebrated the festival of Samhain robustly for centuries. [[Robert Burns]] portrayed the varied customs in his poem "Hallowe'en" (1785).
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/chelsea/4630618.stm
| title = Chelsea plan Bridge redevelopment
| publisher = BBC
| accessdate = 2007-01-01
}}</ref> However, the club have reiterated their desire to keep Chelsea at their current home. <ref>{{cite news
| date = [[2006-04-12]]
| url = http://www.rte.ie/sport/2006/0412/stamfordbridge.html?rss
| title = Kenyon confirms Blues will stay at Stamford Bridge
| publisher = RTÉ Sport
| accessdate = 2007-01-01
}}</ref>
 
==Crest==
Halloween, known in [[Scottish Gaelic]] as "Oidhche Shamhna", consists chiefly of children going door to door "guising", dressed in a disguise (often as a witch or ghost) and offering entertainment of various sorts. If the entertainment is enjoyed, the children are rewarded with gifts of sweets, fruits, or money. There is no Scottish 'trick or treat' tradition; on the contrary, 'trick or treat' may have its origins in the guising customs.
[[Image:Cfcpensioner.gif|thumb|left|150px|Chelsea's first crest.]]
[[Image:Chelsea's old badge.jpg|thumb|150px|Club crest 1953-1986.]]
 
[[Image:vilogo.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Club Crest 2005- (Centenary).]]
In Scotland a lot of folklore, including that of Halloween, revolves around the belief in [[Fairy|faeries]]. Children dress up in costume and carry around a ''"Neepy Candle"'' a devil face carved into a hollowed out [[Neep]], lit from inside, to frighten away the evil faeries.
Since the club's foundation, Chelsea have had four main crests, though all underwent minor variations. In 1905, Chelsea adopted as their first crest the image of a [[Chelsea pensioner]], which obviously contributed to the "pensioner" nickname, and remained for the next half-century, though it never appeared on the shirts. As part of [[Ted Drake]]'s modernisation of the club from 1952 onwards, he insisted that the pensioner badge be removed from the match day programme in order to change the club's image and that a new crest be adopted.<ref name="crests">{{cite web |
url=http://www.chelseafc.com/xxchelsea180706/index.html#/page/ClubBadges |
title=Club Badges |
work=chelseafc.com|
accessdate=21 January |
accessyear=2007 }}</ref> As a stop-gap, a temporary emblem comprising simply the initials C.F.C. was adopted for one year. In 1953, Chelsea's crest was changed to an upright blue [[lion]] looking backwards and holding a [[staff (stick)|staff]], which was to endure for the next three decades. [[Image:Chelseaoldcrest.gif|thumb|150px|left|Club crest 1986-2005.]]
This crest was based on elements in the [[coat of arms]] of the [[Metropolitan Borough of Chelsea]]<ref>{{cite web |
url=http://www.civicheraldry.co.uk/lcc.html#chelsea%20bc |
title=CAMBERWELL METROPOLITAN BOROUGH COUNCIL |
work=civicheraldry.co.uk|
accessdate=21 January |
accessyear=2007 }}</ref> with the "lion rampant regardant" taken from the arms of then club president [[Earl Cadogan|Viscount Chelsea]] and the staff from the [[Westminster Abbey|Abbots of Westminster]], former Lords of the Manor of Chelsea. It also featured three red roses, to represent England, and two footballs. This was the first club badge to appear on shirts, since the policy of putting the crest on the shirts was only adopted in the early 1960s.<ref name="crests"/>
In 1986, with new owners now at the club, Chelsea's crest was changed again as part of another attempt to modernise and to capitalise on new marketing opportunities.<ref name="crests"/> The new badge featured a more naturalistic non-heraldic lion, yellow and not blue, standing over the C.F.C. initials. It lasted for the next 19 years, with some modifications such as the use of different colours. With new ownership, and the club's [[centenary]] approaching, combined with demands from fans for the club's traditional badge to be restored, it was decided that the crest should be changed again in 2004. The new crest was officially adopted for the start of the [[2005-06 in English football|2005-06]] season and marks a return to the older design of the blue heraldic lion holding a staff.<ref name="new crest"/> As with previous crests, this one has appeared in various colours, including white and gold.
 
==Colours==
Popular children's games played on this evening include "dookin" for apples (retrieving an apple from a bucket of water using only one's mouth). In many places, this has been replaced (because of fears of contracting illness by transfer of saliva in water) by standing over the bowl holding a fork in your mouth, and releasing it aiming to skewer an apple using only gravity. Another favourite here is trying to eat, while blindfolded, a treacle-coated scone hanging from the ceiling on a piece of string.
{{Football kit box |
align = left |
pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=|pattern_ra1=|
pattern_b = |
pattern_ra = |
leftarm = 4682b4 |
body = 4682b4 |
rightarm = 4682b4 |
shorts = FFFFFF |
socks = 191970 |
title = Chelsea's first home colours, used from 1905 till c.1912.
}}
 
Chelsea have always worn blue shirts, although they initially adopted a lighter shade than the current version, and unlike today wore white shorts and dark blue socks. The lighter blue was taken from the racing colours of then club president, [[Earl Cadogan]]. The light blue shirts were short-lived, however, and replaced by a royal blue version in around 1912.<ref>{{cite book | author=Glanvill, Rick | title=Chelsea Football Club: The Official History in Pictures| year=2006| id=ISBN 0-75531-467-0}} p.212</ref> When [[Tommy Docherty]] became manager in the early 1960s he changed the kit again, adding blue shorts (which have remained ever since) and white socks, believing it made the club's colours more distinctive, since no other major side used that combination; this kit was first worn during the [[1964-65 in English football|1964–65]] season.<ref>{{cite book | author=Mears, Brian | title=Chelsea: Football Under the Blue Flag| publisher=Mainstream Sport| year=2002| id=ISBN 1-84018-658-5 | pages=p.42 }}</ref>
===England and Wales===
Chelsea's traditional away colours are all yellow or all white with blue trim, but, as with most teams, they have had some more unusual ones. The first away strip consisted of black and white stripes and for one game in the 1960s the team wore [[Internazionale|Inter Milan]]-style blue and black stripes, again at Docherty's behest.<ref>The "Inter Milan" kit was worn for an [[FA Cup]] semi-final against [[Sheffield Wednesday F.C.|Sheffield Wednesday]], on [[23 April]] [[1966]]. Reference: Mears (2002), p. 58</ref> Other memorable away kits include a mint green strip in the 1980s, a red and white checked one in the early 90s and a graphite and tangerine addition in the mid-1990s.<ref>All kits are discussed on the club's official website {{cite web
| url = http://www.chelseafc.com/xxchelsea180706/index.html#/page/ClassicKits
| title= Kits
| work = chelseafc.com
| accessdate = 2007-01-01
}}</ref> The 2007-2008 Chelsea away strip consists of an 'electric yellow' shirt with thick black lines forming separate panels of the shirt. The [[adidas]] three stripes are black, and run down the arms. It is worn with black shorts and black socks, but in the case of further clashes it is worn with "electric yellow" shorts and/or socks. The crest on the shirt is in "electric yellow" and black to go with the rest of the kit, instead of the usual blue, white, red and gold.
 
Chelsea's kit is currently manufactured by [[Adidas]], which is contracted to supply the club's kit from 2006 to 2011. Their previous kit manufacturer was [[Umbro]]. Chelsea's first shirt sponsor was [[Gulf Air]], agreed midway through the [[1983-84 in English football|1983-84]] season. Following that, the club were sponsored by [[Grange Farms]], [[Bai Lin]] tea and [[Italy|Italian]] company [[Simod]] before a long-term deal was signed with computer manufacturer [[Commodore International]] in 1989; [[Amiga]], an off-shoot of Commodore, also appeared on the shirts. Chelsea were subsequently sponsored by [[Coors Brewing Company|Coors]] beer (1995-97), [[Autoglass]] (1997-2001) and [[Emirates Airline]] (2001-05). Chelsea's current shirt sponsor is [[Samsung|Samsung Mobile]].<ref>{{cite news |
The [[History of Anglo-Saxon England|Anglo-Saxon invasions]] of the [[5th century|5th]] and [[6th century|6th centuries]] AD pushed the native [[Celt]]s north and westward in [[Great Britain|Britain]], to present-day [[Wales]], [[Cornwall]] and [[northern England]], taking the festival of All Hallows Eve with them. All Saints Day (All Hallows Day) became fixed on the 1st of November in 835, and All Souls Day on the 2nd of November circa 998. On All Souls Eve, families sat up, and little "soul cakes" were eaten by everyone. At the stroke of midnight there was silence with candles burning in every room to guide the souls back to visit their earthly homes and a glass of wine on the table to refresh them. The tradition continued in some areas of northern England as late as the 1930s, with children going from door to door "souling" for cakes or money, by singing a song. The [[English Reformation]] in the [[16th century]] de-emphasised holidays like All Hallows Day and its associated eve. With the rise of [[Guy Fawkes Night]] celebrations in [[17th century]] England, many Halloween practices, especially the building of bonfires, were transferred to 5 November. Halloween celebrations in the UK were repopularised in the 1980s with influence from America, and saw the reintroduction of traditions such as pumpkin faces and trick-or-treat.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} In the five years between 2001 and 2006 spending in the UK for Halloween rose tenfold from £12m to £120m, according to Bryan Roberts from industry analysts Planet Retail, making Halloween the third most profitable holiday for supermarkets.<ref>{{cite news | first = Claire | last = Heald | title = Boo! Is Halloween too scary? | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/6099008.stm | publisher = BBC News Magazine|date = [[2006-10-31]] | accessdate = 2006-12-28}}</ref>
date=[[2005-05-02]] |
url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,27-958357_1,00.html |
title=Clubs to cash in on mobile advertising |
publisher=[[The Times]] |
accessdate=2007-01-01 |
author=Ashling O'Connor}}</ref>
 
==Supporters==
Today, adults often dress up to attend [[fancy dress]] parties, pubs and clubs on Halloween night.
[[Image:Chelsea defend corner.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Chelsea fans at a match with [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]], on [[March 11]] [[2006]].]]
Chelsea have the fifth highest average all-time attendance in [[Football in England|English football]]<ref>{{cite web |
url=http://www.nufc.com/html/attendance-all-time.html |
title=All Time League Attendance Records |
work= |
accessdate=2006-08-27
}}</ref> and regularly attract over 40,000 fans to Stamford Bridge; they were the fifth best-supported Premiership team in the [[2005-06 in English football|2005-06]] season, with an average gate of 41,870.<ref>{{cite web |
url=http://www.footballeconomy.com/stats/stats_att_04.htm |
title=Top 30 English Football Clubs by Attendance |
work=footballeconomy.com attendance table 2002-2005 |
accessdate=2006-09-28
}}</ref> Chelsea's traditional fanbase comes from working-class parts of [[West London]], such as [[Hammersmith]] and [[Battersea]], from wealthier areas like [[Chelsea, London|Chelsea]] and [[Kensington]], and from the [[Home Counties]]. The club estimates its UK fanbase at around four million.<ref name="fanbase"/> In addition to the standard [[football chant]]s, Chelsea fans sing songs like "Carefree", "Blue is the Colour", "We all follow the Chelsea" (to the tune of [[Land of Hope and Glory]]), "Ten Men Went to Mow", "Zigga Zagga", "Hello! Hello!" and the celebratory "Celery", with the latter often resulting in fans ritually throwing [[celery]].<ref>{{cite news |
date=[[2002-04-17]] |
url=http://football.guardian.co.uk/News_Story/0,1563,685859,00.html |
title=Fans sent spinning after tossing salad |
publisher=[[The Guardian]] |
accessdate=2007-01-01 |
author=Scott Murray}}</ref>
 
Chelsea do not have a traditional rivalry, in the manner that [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] and [[Everton F.C.|Everton]], or [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] and [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]] do. The club's nearest neighbours are [[Fulham F.C.|Fulham]], but they are not seen as big rivals by Chelsea fans, because the clubs have spent most of the last 40 years in separate divisions. A 2004 survey by Planetfootball.com found that Chelsea fans consider their main rivalries to be with (in order): Arsenal, Tottenham Hotspur and [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]<ref>{{cite web |
In various parts of [[England]] there is a similar festival called [[holy day]] which falls on the [[4 November]]. Children play tricks on adults which range from the minor to more serious such as taking garden gates off their hinges on this night. The gates were also often thrown into ponds, or taken a long way away. In recent years these tricks have, in some cases, turned into severe acts of vandalism and criminal damage including street fires and destruction of private property.<ref>{{cite news | title = Mischief Night causes havoc across county | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/northyorkshire/news/2002/11/05/fire.shtml | publisher = BBC|date = [[2002-11-05]] | accessdate = 2006-09-14}}</ref>
url=http://www.sportnetwork.net/main/s120/st44186.htm |
title=Football Rivalries: The Complete Results |
work=Planetfootball.com |
accessdate=2007-01-02
}}</ref> Additionally, a strong rivalry with [[Leeds United A.F.C.|Leeds United]] dates back to several heated and controversial matches in the 1960s and 1970s, particularly the [[FA Cup Final 1970|FA Cup final in 1970]]. <ref>{{cite book | author=Glanvill | year=2006 | title=Chelsea FC: The Official Biography | pages=pp. 321-325}}</ref> A more recent rivalry has grown with [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] following several clashes in cup competitions. In European competition, Chelsea's biggest rivals are [[F.C. Barcelona|Barcelona]], with the two competing to be among the best sides in [[Europe]] and having played in some highly controversial matches in the [[UEFA Champions League]] in recent seasons.<ref>For more details on the controversies in recent Chelsea vs FC Barcelona matches, see [[Chelsea F.C. and FC Barcelona football rivalry]]</ref>
 
During the 1970s and 1980s in particular, Chelsea supporters were long associated with [[Football (soccer) hooliganism|football hooliganism]]. The club's "[[football firm]]", known as the [[Chelsea Headhunters]], became nationally notorious for violent acts against hooligans from other teams, such as [[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]]'s [[Inter City Firm]] and [[Millwall F.C.|Millwall]]'s Bushwhackers, both during and after matches.<ref>{{cite web |
Throughout England, as is common in much of the British Isles, children carve faces or designs into hollowed-out pumpkins.<ref>{{cite news | title = Pumpkin passions | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4385812.stm | publisher = BBC | date = [[2005-10-31]]|accessdate = 2006-09-27}}</ref> Usually illuminated from within, the lanterns are then displayed in windows in keeping with the night's theme of fright and horror. (See article [[Jack-o'-lantern]].) Before the introduction of pumpkin carving from the USA, it was usual to carve large swedes (aka neeps or yellow turnips) and this is still done in some areas.
url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/hooligans/1962503.stm |
title=Making a new start |
work=BBC.com |
accessdate=2007-01-21
}}</ref> The increase in hooliganism in the 1980s led chairman Ken Bates to propose an electric fence to deter them from invading the pitch; the proposal was rejected by the [[Greater London Council|GLC]].<ref>{{cite web |
url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/chelsea/3037508.stm |
title=Bates: Chelsea's driving force |
work=BBC.com|
accessdate=21 January |
accessyear=2007 }}</ref> Chelsea's hooligan element were revealed to have links with [[neo-nazi]] groups such as [[Combat 18]], and other far-right or racist organisations including the [[British National Party]].<ref>{{cite web |
url=http://macintyre.com/content/view/62/105/ |
title=Headhunters unmasked |
work=MacIntyre.com |
accessdate=2007-01-21
}}</ref> Since the 1990s there has been a marked decline in crowd trouble at matches, as a result of stricter policing, [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] in grounds and the advent of [[All-seater stadium|all-seater stadia]].<ref>{{cite news |
date=[[1998-06-02]] |
url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1998/hooligans/60146.stm |
title=Soccer hooliganism: Made in England, but big abroad |
publisher=BBC |
accessdate=2007-01-01 |
author=}}</ref>
 
==Records==
Bobbing for apples is a well-established custom on Halloween, synonymous with the Scottish "dukin". Apples were put into a barrel that had been filled to the brim with water and an individual would have to catch an apple by catching them in their mouth without using their hands. Once an apple had been caught, it was traditional to peel the apple and toss it over one's shoulder in the hope that the strips would fall into the shape of a letter. Whatever letter the peelings arranged into would be the first initial of the participant's true love. According to another superstition, the longer the peel, the longer the peeler's life would be. Some say that the first to get an apple would be the first to marry.
{{Details|Chelsea F.C. statistics}}
[[Image:Frank Lampard cropped.jpg|thumb|150 px|Among Chelsea's current players, [[Frank Lampard]] has made the most appearances and scored the most goals.]]
Chelsea's highest appearance-maker is ex-captain [[Ron Harris (footballer)|Ron Harris]], who played in 795 first-class games for the club between 1961 and 1980.<ref name="stats">For the appearance and goalscoring records of all Chelsea players, see {{cite book | author=Glanvill | year=2006 | title=Chelsea FC: The Official Biography | pages=pp. 399-410}}</ref> This record is unlikely to be broken in the near future; Chelsea's current highest appearance-maker is [[Frank Lampard]] with 317.<ref name="current player">{{cite web |
url=http://www.soccerbase.com/ |
title=soccerbase.com |
work= |
accessdate=4 February|
accessyear=2007 }}</ref> The record for a Chelsea goalkeeper is held by Harris's contemporary, [[Peter Bonetti]], who made 729 appearances (1959-79). With 116 [[Cap (sport)|caps]] (67 while at the club), [[Marcel Desailly]] of [[France national football team|France]] is Chelsea's most capped international player.
 
[[Bobby Tambling]] is Chelsea's all-time top goalscorer, with 202 goals in 370 games (1959-70).<ref name="stats"/> Six other players have also scored over 100 goals for Chelsea: [[George Hilsdon]] (1906-12), [[George Mills (footballer)|George Mills]] (1929-39), [[Roy Bentley]] (1948-56), [[Jimmy Greaves]] (1957-61), [[Peter Osgood]] (1964-74 & 1978-79), and [[Kerry Dixon]] (1983-92), who is the only player in the club's recent history to have come close to matching Tambling's record, with 193 goals. Greaves holds the record for the most goals scored in one season (43 in [[1960-61 in English football|1960-61]]). Chelsea's current top-scorer is Frank Lampard with 89.<ref name="current player"/>
Other festivities include fireworks, recounting of [[ghost stories]], and playing children's games such as [[hide and seek]]. Apple tarts may be baked with a coin hidden inside, and nuts of all types are traditional Halloween fare. Bolder children may play a game called "thunder and lightning", which involves knocking (like thunder) on a neighbour's door, then running away (like lightning). This game is known as "knock-door-run", "knock-and-run", "knock-knock-zoom-zoom", "ding-dong-ditch", or "postman's knock" in other parts of the country, and is also played on [[Mischief Night]]{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
 
Officially, Chelsea's highest home attendance is 82,905 for a [[Football League First Division|First Division]] match against [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] on [[12 October]] [[1935]]. However, an estimated crowd of over 100,000 attended a [[friendly match]] against [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] team [[FC Dynamo Moscow|Dynamo Moscow]] on [[13 November]], [[1945]].<ref>The turnstiles for the Dynamo match were closed with 74,496 in the ground, but thousands continued to enter illegally. The attendance is invariably put at around 100,000. See {{cite web |
Tradition is slowly changing, however. The majority of children today will arrive at a door and intone "trick or treat" for money and sweets to be given out. In Northern Ireland bonfires are becoming less commonly lit for Halloween.
url=http://www.chelseafc.com/xxchelsea180706/index.html#/page/TeamHistory |
title= Team History |
work=chelseafc.com |
accessdate=29 December|
accessyear=2006 }}. </ref> The modernisation of Stamford Bridge during the 1990s and the introduction of all-seater stands mean that neither record will be broken for the foreseeable future. The current legal capacity of Stamford Bridge is 42,055.<ref name="capacity"/>
 
Chelsea hold numerous records in [[Football in England|English]] and European football. They hold the record for the highest points total for a league season (95), the fewest goals conceded during a league season (15), the most consecutive [[clean sheet]]s during a league season (10), the highest number of Premier League victories in a season (29), the highest number of clean sheets overall in a Premier League season (25) (all set during the [[FA Premier League 2004-05|2004-05]] season),<ref name="records"/> and the most consecutive clean sheets from the start of a league season (6) ([[FA Premier League 2005-06|2005-06]]). Their 21–0 [[Aggregate score|aggregate]] victory over [[Jeunesse Hautcharage]] in the [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 1971-72|UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1971]] remains a record in European competition.<ref>{{cite web |
There has been increasing concern about the potential for anti-social behaviour caused at Halloween, particularly as caused by older teens. Cases of houses being attacked by "egg-bombing" (especially when the occupants do not give children money or gifts) have been reported, and the [[BBC]] reports that for Halloween 2006 police forces have stepped up patrols to respond to such trouble making.<ref>{{cite news | title = Fines for Halloween troublemakers | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6093634.stm | publisher = BBC News|date = [[2006-11-28]] | accessdate = 2006-12-28}}</ref>
url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/cwc.html#rec |
title=Cup Winners' Cup Trivia |
work=RSSSF |
accessdate=26 September |
accessyear=2006 }}</ref> Chelsea may also hold the [[British football transfer record|British transfer record]], but the fee for [[Andriy Shevchenko]], estimated at around £30m, remains unconfirmed.<ref name="sheva">Shevchenko's transfer fee is undisclosed and estimates vary from £25m to £35m, although this does top the £24m paid for [[Michael Essien]] (The official Chelsea website states that it is close on £30m). See {{cite news |
date=[[2006-05-31]] |
url=http://home.skysports.com/list.aspx?hlid=391445&CPID=8&CLID=8&lid=&title=Shevchenko+moves+to+Chelsea&channel= |
title=Shevchenko moves to Chelsea |
publisher=Skysports.com |
accessdate=2006-12-29 |
author=}} and {{cite news |
date=[[2006-05-31]] |
url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/chelsea/5035604.stm |
title=Chelsea complete Shevchenko deal |
publisher=BBC |
accessdate=2006-12-29 |
author=}}</ref> [[Roberto Di Matteo]] holds the record for fastest goal in an FA Cup final at Wembley, which came 42 seconds into Chelsea's win over [[Middlesbrough F.C.|Middlesbrough]] in [[FA Cup Final 1997|1997]].<ref>{{cite web |
url=http://www.thefa.com/TheFACup/TheFACup/NewsAndFeatures/Postings/2003/05/48711.htm |
title=FA Cup Trivia |
work=thefa.com |
accessdate=1 July |
accessyear=2007 }}</ref>
 
Chelsea have recorded several "firsts" in English football. Along with Arsenal, they were the first club to play with shirt numbers on [[25 August]] [[1928]] in their match against [[Swansea Town F.C.|Swansea Town]].<ref>{{cite web |
===United States and Canada===
Halloween did not become a holiday in America until the 19th century, where lingering [[Puritan]] tradition meant even [[Christmas#The Reformation and modern times|Christmas]] was scarcely observed before the 1800s. American almanacs of the late 18th and early 19th centuries make no mention of Halloween in their lists of holidays.<ref>Rogers, p. 49.</ref> The transatlantic migration of nearly two million Irish following the [[Irish Potato Famine (1845–1849)]] brought the holiday and its customs to America. Scottish emigration from the [[British Isles]], primarily to Canada before 1870 and to the United States thereafter, brought that country's own version of the holiday to each country.
url=http://www.englandfootballonline.com/TeamUnif/UnifNosNames.html |
title=Shirt Numbers |
work=England Football Online |
accessdate=1 October |
accessyear=2006 }}</ref> Chelsea were the first English side to travel by [[Fixed-wing aircraft|aeroplane]] to a domestic away match, when they visited [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]] on [[19 April]] [[1957]],<ref>{{cite book | author=Glanvill | year=2006 | title=Chelsea FC: The Official Biography | pages=p. 96}}</ref> and the first [[Football League First Division|First Division]] side to play a match on a Sunday, when they faced [[Stoke City F.C.|Stoke City]] on [[27 January]] [[1974]]. On [[December 26]] [[1999]], Chelsea became the first British side to field an entirely foreign (non-[[United Kingdom|UK]]) starting line-up in a [[Premier League]] match against [[Southampton F.C.|Southampton]].<ref>{{cite news |
date=[[1999-12-27]] |
url=http://www.sportinglife.com/football/premiership/chelsea/reports/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=soccer/99/12/26/SOCCER_Southampton_Nightlead.html&TEAMHD=chelsea&DIV=prem&TEAM=CHELSEA&RH=Chelsea&PREV_SEASON=1998 |
title=Southampton 1 Chelsea 2 |
publisher=[[Sporting Life (newspaper)|Sporting Life]] |
accessdate=2007-01-27 |
author=Bradley, Mark}}</ref> On [[May 19]] [[2007]], they became the first team to win the FA Cup at the new [[Wembley Stadium]], having also been the last to win it at the old Wembley. <ref>{{cite news |
date=[[2007-05-20]] |
title=Something old, new and Blue|
url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/sport/story/0,,2083889,00.html |
publisher=[[The Observer]] |
accessdate=2007-05-20 |
author=Mitchell, Kevin}}</ref>
 
==In popular culture==
When the holiday was observed in 19th-century America, it was generally in three ways. [[Scottish American|Scottish-American]] and [[Irish American|Irish-American]] societies held dinners and balls that celebrated their heritages, with perhaps a recitation of [[Robert Burns]]' poem "Halloween" or a telling of Irish legends, much as [[Columbus Day]] celebrations were more about [[Italian American|Italian-American]] heritage than Columbus. Home parties would center around children's activities, such as [[bobbing for apples]] and various [[divination]] games, particularly about future romance. And finally, pranks and mischief were common on Halloween.
In [[1930 in film|1930]], Chelsea featured in one of the earliest football films, ''[[The Great Game (film)|The Great Game]]''.<ref>{{cite web |
url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0020936/ |
title=The Great Game |
work=[[IMDb]] |
accessdate=1 October |
accessyear=2006 }}</ref> One-time Chelsea centre forward, [[Jack Cock]], who by then was playing for [[Millwall F.C.|Millwall]], was the star of the film and several scenes were shot at [[Stamford Bridge (stadium)|Stamford Bridge]], including the pitch, the boardroom and the [[dressing room]]s. It included guest appearances by then-Chelsea players [[Andrew Nesbit Wilson|Andrew Wilson]], [[George Mills (footballer)|George Mills]] and [[Sam Millington]].<ref>{{cite book | author=Glanvill | year=2006 | title=Chelsea FC: The Official Biography | pages=pp. 120-121}}</ref> Owing to the notoriety of the [[Chelsea Headhunters]], a [[football firm]] associated with the club, Chelsea have also featured in films about football [[hooliganism]], most recently ''[[The Football Factory]]''.<ref>{{cite news |
date=[[2004-05-10]] |
url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/film/3687227.stm |
title=Football firms hit the film circuit |
publisher=BBC |
accessdate=2007-01-25 |
author=Steve Hawkes}}</ref> Chelsea also appear in the [[Hindi language|Hindi]] film, ''[[Jhoom Barabar Jhoom]]''.<ref>{{cite news |
date=[[2006-09-25]] |
url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1055099 |
title=Chelsea teams up with Yash Raj Films |
publisher=DNA India |
accessdate=2007-01-01 |
author=}}</ref>
 
Up until the 1950s, the club had a long-running association with the [[music hall]]s, with their underachievement often providing material for comedians such as [[George Robey]].<ref>{{cite news |
The commercialization of Halloween in America did not begin until the 20th century, beginning perhaps with Halloween postcards, which were most popular between 1905 and 1915, and featured hundreds of different designs.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.shaktiweb.com/postcards/ | title = Antique Halloween Postcards and E-cards | accessdate = 2006-09-14 | last = Anderson | first = Richard | year = 2000 | format = HTML | publisher = shaktiweb.com}}</ref> Dennison Manufacturing Company, which published its first Hallowe'en catalog in 1909, and the Beistle Company were pioneers in commercially made Halloween decorations, particularly die-cut paper items.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.spookshows.com/beistle/beistle.htm | title = Beistle: An American Halloween Giant | accessdate = 2006-09-14 | author = Dawn Kroma | coauthors = Lou Kroma | date = n.d. | format = HTML | work = | publisher = Spookshows.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.halloweencollector.com/history/ | title = A Brief History of Halloween Collectibles | accessdate = 2006-09-14 | last = Ledenbach | first = Mark B. | date = n.d. | format = HTML | publisher = halloweencollector.com}}</ref> German manufacturers specialised in Halloween figurines that were exported to America in the period between the two world wars.
date=[[2002-09-30]] |
url=http://football.guardian.co.uk/Match_Report/0,1527,-39862,00.html |
title=Di Canio has last laugh at Chelsea comedy store |
publisher=[[The Guardian]] |
accessdate=2007-01-01 |
author=Scott Murray}}</ref> It culminated in comedian Norman Long's release of a [[Novelty song|comic song]] in 1933, ironically titled "On The Day That Chelsea Went and Won The Cup", the lyrics of which described a series of bizarre and improbable occurrences on the hypothetical day when Chelsea finally won a trophy.<ref name="glanville"/>
 
The song "[[Blue is the Colour (Chelsea)|Blue is the Colour]]" was released as a single in the build-up to the 1972 [[Football League Cup|League Cup]] final, with all members of Chelsea's first team squad singing; it reached number five in the [[UK Singles Chart]].<ref>{{cite web |
[[Image:hallocan.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Halloween party at a Canadian law school: everybody tries to turn up in a costume. Here, there is 'Einstein', 'Medusa', and a construction worker whose skull has been pierced with a brick. Clearly pictured also is an image of a guest in Australian test cricket uniform - perhaps reflecting the repeated death of the career of [[Shane Warne]] due to scandal.]]
There is little [[primary source|primary documentation]] of masking or costuming on Halloween in America, or elsewhere, before 1900.<ref name = "Skal">{{cite book | first = David J. | last = Skal | title = Makes a Holiday: A Cultural History of Halloween | ___location = New York | publisher = Bloomsbury | year = 2002 | pages = 34 | id = ISBN 1-58234-230-X }}</ref> Mass-produced Halloween costumes did not appear in stores until the 1930s, and trick-or-treating did not become a fixture of the holiday until the 1950s.
url=http://www.chartstats.com/songinfo.php?id=5791 |
 
title=Blue Is The Colour |
In the United States, Halloween has become the sixth most profitable holiday (after Christmas, Mother's Day, Valentines Day, Easter, and Father's Day) for retailers.<ref name = "Mikkelson">{{cite news | first = Barbara and David P. | last = Mikkelson | author = | coauthors = | title = Halloween Loot. | url = http://www.snopes.com/holidays/halloween/spending.asp | format = | work = | publisher = | date = [[2006-10-29]]|accessdate = 2006-10-29}}</ref> In the 1990s many manufacturers began producing a larger variety of Halloween yard decorations; prior to this a majority of decorations were homemade. Some of the most popular yard decorations are [[jack-o'-lantern]]s, [[scarecrow]]s, witches, orange and purple string lights, inflatable decorations such as spiders, pumpkins, mummies, vampires and other monstrous creatures, and [[animatronic]] window and door decorations. Other popular decoration are foam [[tombstones]] and [[gargoyle]]s. The sale of candy and costumes are also extremely important during this time period. Halloween is marketed not just to children but also to adults. According to the National Retail Federation, the most popular Halloween costumes for adults are, in order: witch, pirate, vampire, cat, and clown.<ref>2006 Halloween Consumer Intentions and Actions Survey. Washington, DC: The National Retail Federation.</ref> On many college campuses, Halloween is a major celebration, with the Friday and Saturday nearest [[October 31]] hosting many costume parties.
work=Chart Stats|
 
accessdate=21 January |
The National Confectioners Association reported, in 2005, that 80 percent of adults planned to give out candy to trick-or-treaters,<ref name = "candyusa.org1">{{cite web | url = http://www.candyusa.org/Media/Seasonal/Halloween/pr_2005.asp | title = Trick-or-treaters can expect Mom or Dad’s favorites in their bags this year | accessdate = 2006-09-14 | year = 2005 | publisher = National Confectioners Association}}</ref> and that 93 percent of children planned to go trick-or-treating.<ref name=candyusa.org2>{{cite web|url= http://www.candyusa.org/Classroom/Facts/default.asp?Fact=Halloween|title= Fun Facts: Halloween|accessdate= 2006-09-14|year= 2005|publisher= National Confectioners Association}}</ref>
accessyear=2007 }}</ref> The song was later adapted to "White is the Colour" and adopted as an anthem by the [[Vancouver Whitecaps]].<ref>{{cite web |
url=http://www.vancourier.com/issues02/045202/sports.html |
title=Caps' 'Proclaim' season opener |
work=vancourier.com |
accessdate=21 January |
accessyear=2007 }}</ref> In the build-up to the [[FA Cup Final 1997|1997 FA Cup final]], the song "Blue Day", performed by [[Suggs (singer)|Suggs]] and members of Chelsea's squad, reached number 22 in the UK charts.<ref>{{cite web |
url=http://www.chartstats.com/songinfo.php?id=25206 |
[[Anoka, Minnesota]], the self-proclaimed "Halloween Capital of the World," celebrates with a large civic [[parade]] and several other city-wide events. [[Salem, Massachusetts]], also has laid claim to the "Halloween Capital" title, though Salem has tried to separate itself from its history of persecuting [[witchcraft]]. Despite that, the city does see a great deal of tourism surrounding the [[Salem witch trials]], especially around Halloween. In the 1990s, the city added an official "Haunted Happenings" celebration during the October tourist season.. Nearby [[Keene, New Hampshire]], hosts the annual [[Pumpkin Fest]] each October which previously held the record for most lit [[jack-o'-lantern]]s at one time and place ([[Boston, Massachusetts]] holds the record as of October 2006).
title=Blue Day |
work=Chart Stats|
accessdate=21 January |
accessyear=2007 }}</ref> [[Bryan Adams]], a fan of Chelsea, dedicated the song "We're Gonna Win" from the [[album]] [[18 Til I Die]] to the club.
 
==Players==
[[Rutland (city), Vermont|Rutland, Vermont]] has hosted the annual [[Rutland Halloween Parade]] since 1960. Tom Fagan, a local [[comic book]] fan, is credited with having a hand in the parade's early development and [[superhero]] theme. In the early 1970s, the Rutland Halloween Parade achieved a degree of fame when it was used as the setting of a number of [[superhero]] [[comic books]], including Batman #237, Justice League of America #103, Amazing Adventures #16 and The Mighty Thor #207.
''As of [[10 July]] [[2007]].''
[[Image:Ubu-monsters.jpg|thumb|230px|''Ubu Apocalypse'', a presentation of over-sized papier-mâché masks at the [[New York's Village Halloween Parade|Village Halloween Parade]] in [[New York City]].]]
[[New York City]] hosts the United States' largest Halloween celebration, The [[New York's Village Halloween Parade|Village Halloween Parade]]. Started by [[Greenwich Village]] mask maker [[Ralph Lee]] in 1973, the parade now attracts over two million spectators and participants as well as roughly four million television viewers each year. It is the largest participatory parade in the country if not the world, encouraging spectators to march in the parade as well. It is also the largest annual parade held at night.
 
===First-team squad===
In many towns and cities, trick-or-treaters are welcomed by lighted [[porch]] lights and jack-o'-lanterns. In some large or crime-ridden cities, however, trick-or-treating is discouraged, or refocused to staged trick-or-treating events within one or more of the cities' [[shopping mall]]s, in order to prevent potential acts of violence against trick-or-treaters. Even where crime is not an issue, many towns in the US have established specific hours for trick-or-treating, e.g. 5-7 pm or 5-8 pm, to discourage late-night trick-or-treating.
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=1|nat=Czech Republic|pos=GK|name=[[Petr Čech]]}}
{{Fs player|no=2|nat=England|pos=DF|name=[[Glen Johnson (footballer)|Glen Johnson]]}}
{{Fs player|no=3|nat=England|pos=DF|name= [[Ashley Cole]]}}
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=France|pos=MF|name=[[Claude Makélélé]]}}
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=Ghana|pos=MF|name=[[Michael Essien]]}}
{{Fs player|no=6|nat=Portugal|pos=DF|name=[[Ricardo Carvalho]]}}
{{Fs player|no=7|nat=Ukraine|pos=FW|name=[[Andriy Shevchenko]]}}
{{Fs player|no=8|nat=England|pos=MF|name=[[Frank Lampard]]|other=[[vice-captain (football)|vice-captain]]}}
{{Fs player|no=9|nat=England|pos=MF|name=[[Steve Sidwell]]}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=England|pos=MF|name=[[Joe Cole]]}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=Ivory Coast|pos=FW|name=[[Didier Drogba]]}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=Nigeria|pos=MF|name=[[John Obi Mikel]]}}
{{Fs player|no=13|nat=Germany |pos=MF|name=[[Michael Ballack]]}}
{{football squad mid}}
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=Netherlands|pos=MF|name=[[Arjen Robben]]}}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=England|pos=DF|name=[[Wayne Bridge]]}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=France|pos=MF|name=[[Lassana Diarra]]}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=Portugal|pos=DF|name=[[Paulo Ferreira]]}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=Ivory Coast|pos=FW|name=[[Salomon Kalou]]}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=Italy|pos=GK|name=[[Carlo Cudicini]]}}
{{Fs player|no=24|nat=England|pos=MF|name=[[Shaun Wright-Phillips]]}}
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=England|pos=DF|name=[[John Terry]]|other=[[captain (football)|captain]]}}
{{Fs player|no=40|nat=Portugal|pos=GK|name=[[Henrique Hilário]]}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Peru|pos=FW|name=[[Claudio Pizarro]]}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=France|pos=MF|name=[[Florent Malouda]]}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Netherlands|pos=DF|name=[[Khalid Boulahrouz]]}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Israel|pos=DF|name=[[Tal Ben Haim]]}}
<!--Alex has been added to this list at least twice before he has signed. Please do not add him again until he is eligible for the first team. Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, not a transfer gossip page, and should deal in facts, not rumours.-->
{{Fs end}}
 
===Players out on loan===
Those living in the [[countryside|country]] may hold Halloween parties, often with a bonfire or, in some years, the older Irish custom of building two bonfires, with the celebrants passing between them. These parties usually involve games (often traditional games like bobbing for apples, searching for candy in a similar manner to Easter egg hunting, or a [[snipe hunt]]), a [[haunted hayride]] (often accompanied by a scary story and one or more masked and costumed people hiding in the dark to jump out and scare the riders), and treats (usually a bag of candy and/or homemade treats). Scary movies may also be watched. Normally, the children are picked up by their parents at pre-determined times. However, it is not uncommon for these parties to include sleepovers.
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player | no=–– | nat=Argentina | pos=FW | name= [[Hernán Crespo]]| other=at [[F.C. Internazionale Milano|Internazionale]] until the end of his Chelsea contract, will not return to Chelsea}}
{{Fs player | no=—-| nat=Brazil | pos=DF | name= [[Alcides Araújo Alves|Alcides]]| other=at [[PSV Eindhoven]], until August 2008 <ref>{{cite news |
date=[[2007-01-10]] |
url=http://www.uefa.com/competitions/ucl/news/kind=1/newsid=495890.html |
title=Alcides makes PSV loan move |
publisher=UEFA |
accessdate=2007-01-10 |
author=}}</ref> }}
{{Fs player | no=–– | nat=Serbia | pos=DF | name= [[Slobodan Rajković]]| other=at [[PSV Eindhoven]], until August 2008 <ref>{{cite news |
date=[[2007-06-18]] |
url=http://home.skysports.com/list.aspx?hlid=472460 |
title=Blues starlet to join PSV |
publisher=Sky Sports |
accessdate=2007-06-19 |
author=Gerrit van Leeuwen}}</ref> }}
 
{{Fs blank column}}
Trick-or-treating may end early at night, but the nightlife thrives in many urban areas on Halloween. Halloween costume parties are also an opportunity for young adults to get together and share a keg and a good time. The local bars are also frequented by people wearing Halloween masks and risqué costumes. Many bars and restaurants hold Costume Contests to attract customers to their establishment.
{{Fs end}}
 
''For recent transfers, see [[List of English football transfers 2007-08]].''
In areas with a large [[Mexico|Mexican]] population, Halloween has often merged with celebrations of "Dia De Los Muertos", the [[Day of the Dead]].
 
===MexicoReserves===
Further south, in [[Mexico]], Halloween is primarily a 21st century phenomenon and also mostly confined to its largest urban areas. These celebrations have obviously been influenced by the American style and traditions which include children disguising themselves and visiting the houses of their neighbourhood in search primarily for candy. Though the "Trick or Treat" motif is also used, tricks are not generally played on those houses not giving away candy. Older crowds of teenagers and adults will sometimes organise Halloween themed parties though the observance of the Halloween party on the night of the 31st is sometimes changed for the nearest available weekend.
 
{{main|Chelsea F.C. Reserves}}
Halloween in [[Mexico]] also starts off three days of consecutive holidays, as it is followed by All Saint's Day and then the [[Day of the Dead]] or the "Día de los Muertos". This might explain why some of the first explanations given to children on the holiday followed a more traditional, Catholic & Mexican theme. The explanation (which is also sometimes used by groups opposed to Halloween to discredit the holiday) is that during [[October 31]] all of the evil spirits are welcomed into this world. Meanwhile, on [[November 1]] all of the "saintly" spirits make a visit to this world and then on [[November 2]] all of the spirits of those who have passed away. It is rare to find someone in Mexico that will be able to identify Halloween's primarily pagan roots.
 
===AustraliaPlayer andof Newthe Zealandyear (1967–2007)===
{{Seealso|List of Chelsea F.C. players}}
{|
|valign="top"|
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Winner
|-
|1967||{{flagicon|England}} [[Peter Bonetti]]
|-
|1968||{{flagicon|Scotland}} [[Charlie Cooke (footballer)|Charlie Cooke]]
|-
|1969||{{flagicon|England}} [[David Webb (footballer)|David Webb]]
|-
|1970||{{flagicon|England}} [[John Hollins]]
|-
|1971||{{flagicon|England}} [[John Hollins]]
|-
|1972||{{flagicon|England}} [[David Webb (footballer)|David Webb]]
|-
|1973||{{flagicon|England}} [[Peter Osgood]]
|-
|1974||{{flagicon|England}} [[Gary Locke (English footballer)|Gary Locke]]
|-
|1975||{{flagicon|Scotland}} [[Charlie Cooke (footballer)|Charlie Cooke]]
|-
|1976||{{flagicon|England}} [[Ray Wilkins]]
|-
|1977||{{flagicon|England}} [[Ray Wilkins]]
|-
|1978||{{flagicon|England}} [[Micky Droy]]
|-
|1979||{{flagicon|England}} [[Tommy Langley]]
|-
|1980||{{flagicon|England}} [[Clive Walker]]
|-
|1981||{{flagicon|Yugoslavia}} [[Petar Borota]]
|-
|1982||{{flagicon|England}} [[Mike Fillery]]
|-
|1983||{{flagicon|Wales}} [[Joey Jones]]
|-
|1984||{{flagicon|Scotland}} [[Pat Nevin]]
|-
|1985||{{flagicon|Scotland}} [[David Speedie]]
|-
|1986||{{flagicon|Wales}} [[Eddie Niedzwiecki]]
|-
|1987||{{flagicon|Scotland}} [[Pat Nevin]]
|}
 
|width="1"|&nbsp;
In the [[southern hemisphere]], spring is in full force at the end of October, and the days are rapidly growing longer and brighter. This does not mesh well with the traditional [[Celt]]ic spirit of Halloween, which relies on the atmosphere of the encroaching darkness of winter. <br>However, Halloween has recently gained a large amount of recognition in Australia and to an extent New Zealand, largely due to American cultural media influences. In 2006, costume shops reported a rise in sales on Halloween themed costumes, on October 31st, 2006. On Halloween night, horror films and horror themed episodes of certain TV series are aired for the tradition.
|valign="top"|
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Winner
|-
|1988||{{flagicon|England}} [[Tony Dorigo]]
|-
|1989||{{flagicon|England}} [[Graham Roberts (footballer)|Graham Roberts]]
|-
|1990||{{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Kenneth Monkou|Ken Monkou]]
|-
|1991||{{flagicon|Ireland}} [[Andy Townsend]]
|-
|1992||{{flagicon|England}} [[Paul Elliott (footballer)|Paul Elliott]]
|-
|1993||{{flagicon|Jamaica}} [[Frank Sinclair]]
|-
|1994||{{flagicon|Scotland}} [[Steve Clarke]]
|-
|1995||{{flagicon|Norway}} [[Erland Johnsen]]
|-
|1996||{{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Ruud Gullit]]
|-
|1997||{{flagicon|Wales}} [[Mark Hughes]]
|-
|1998||{{flagicon|England}} [[Dennis Wise]]
|-
|1999||{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Gianfranco Zola]]
|-
|2000||{{flagicon|England}} [[Dennis Wise]]
|-
|2001||{{flagicon|England}} [[John Terry]]
|-
|2002||{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Carlo Cudicini]]
|-
|2003||{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Gianfranco Zola]]
|-
|2004||{{flagicon|England}} [[Frank Lampard]]
|-
|2005||{{flagicon|England}} [[Frank Lampard]]
|-
|2006||{{flagicon|England}} [[John Terry]]
|-
|2007||{{flagicon|Ghana}} [[Michael Essien]]
|}
 
|}
A visitor from overseas expecting to enjoy an Australian or New Zealand Halloween would need to prepare in advance, since most events are private parties. [[Trick-or-treating|Trick-or-treaters]] usually are supervised by adults and stay in their own neighbourhoods for safety reasons to trick or treat. It is generally a practise carried out by pre-arrangement with nearby neighbours. "Tricks" are not played in Australia and "treats" of wrapped / sealed lollies (for safety and hygiene purposes) may be given usually only by known neighbours and friends. Giving of treats to children beyond this may be greeted with suspicion or even hostility by parents and is actively discouraged by Australian law enforcement.
 
If trick or treaters do go beyond these culturally accepted norms, it is mainly in the form of anti-social behaviours by small groups to cause mindless destruction, similar to issues in the US on Halloween, and recently in the United Kingdom. These destructive behaviours have little to do with community building Halloween practices associated with Europe and the USA. Such destruction perhaps reflects broader and more unpleasant societal issues such as unemployment, boredom or a lack of preparedness to accept social responsibility. In Australia, such anti-social actions, when associated with Halloween, are widely frowned upon and have led to a sense of hostility in some quarters to "trick or treating" as little more than an excuse for mindless aping of American customs with little relevance in Australian society.
 
Vandalism on Halloween has also been known to target school and community buildings, cemeteries or places of worship. Such actions have routinely lead to police investigation as little more than petty (often juvenile based) crimes.
 
Some residents of Australia that have not began celebrating Halloween, feel Halloween is a distinctly American custom and reflects a cultural [[neo-imperialism]] of the United States through the influence of highly popular media. Some emphasise that their hostility to Halloween reflects a wider refusal to have anything to do with what they feel is senseless or commercial Americanisms.<ref>http://members.ozemail.com.au/~natinfo@ozemail.com.au/american.htm</ref>
 
[[Image:Bonaire Holloween.jpg|thumb|right|The children of the largest town in [[Bonaire]] all gather together on Halloween day.]]
 
===The Caribbean===
Halloween is largely uncelebrated in the [[Caribbean]]. However, like Australia and New Zealand, the event is not unheard of in the Caribbean and is seeing some increase in popularity.
 
In some parts of the [[British West Indies]], there are celebrations in commemoration of [[Guy Fawkes Night]] that occur during and around the time of Halloween. These celebrations include using firecrackers, blowing [[bamboo joints]] and performing other fiery activities.
 
On the island of [[Bonaire]], all the children of a town gather together in a group, and unlike most places, instead of trick-or-treating at people's houses, they trick-or-treat for sweets in the town shops.
 
===Malta===
Halloween had never been celebrated in [[Malta]] until recently, with its popularity increasing thanks to dozens of costume parties being organized on Halloween night, mostly for teenagers and young adults. Trick-or-treating is still virtually unheard of.{{Facts|date=February 2007}}
 
===People's Republic of China===
{{Expand-section|date=March 2007}}
There is no Halloween in Chinese tradition, however, there is a similar holiday observed in China that is much more spiritual and is a much more serious in China than Halloween, see [[Ghost Festival]].
 
===Other regions===
In other regions, Halloween has become popular in the context of US- American pop culture. Both Catholic and Protestant Christians see the loss of the celebration of the [[All Hallows]] and [[Reformation Day]], respectively, or regional festivals at the same time ([[Martin of Tours|St Martin's Day]]; however, media and commerce try to boost some parts of the festival, like pumpkins, posters and costumes.
 
==Symbols==
[[Image:jackolantern.JPG|thumb|left|Jack-o'-lanterns are often carved into silly or scary faces.]]
 
The carved [[pumpkin]], lit by a candle inside, is one of Halloween's most prominent symbols. Although there is a tradition in the [[British Isles]] of carving a lantern from a [[rutabaga]], [[mangelwurzel]], or [[turnip]], the practice was first named and associated with Halloween in North America,<ref>Skal, David J. (2002). Death Makes a Holiday: A Cultural History of Halloween. New York: Bloomsbury, 34. ISBN 1-58234-230-X.</ref> where the [[pumpkin]] was available, and much larger and easier to carve. Many families that celebrate Halloween carve a pumpkin into a frightening or comical face and place it on their home's doorstep after dark.
 
The [[jack-o'-lantern]] can be traced back to the Irish story of [http://www.pumpkinnook.com/facts/jack.htm Stingy Jack], a greedy, gambling, hard drinking old farmer who tricked the devil into climbing a tree and trapped him by carving a cross into the trunk of the tree. In revenge, the devil places a curse on old Jack which dooms him to wander the earth at night for eternity. For centuries, this bed time parable was told by Irish parents to their children. At Halloween time, the children carved out turnips, placing a candle inside to symbolise Jack's curse.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}<!-- A pre-20th century source is needed for this claim. --> But in America the tradition of carving pumpkins is known to have preceded the [[Irish Potato Famine (1845–1849)|Great Famine]] period of Irish immigration,<ref>For example, the American poet [[John Greenleaf Whittier]], born in 1807, recalled carving pumpkins in his youth.</ref> and the tradition of carving vegetable lanterns may also have been brought over by the Scottish or English; documentation is unavailable to establish when or by whom. The carved pumpkin was associated generally with harvest time in America, and did not become specifically associated with Halloween until the mid to late 19th century.
 
The imagery surrounding Halloween is largely an amalgamation of the Halloween season itself, nearly a century of work from American [[filmmaker]]s and [[graphic artist]]s, and a rather commercialised take on the dark and mysterious. This art generally involves death, magic, or mythical [[monster]]s. Commonly-associated Hallowe'en characters include [[ghost]]s, [[ghoul]]s, [[witchcraft|witches]], [[vampire]]s, [[bat]]s, [[owl]]s, [[crow]]s, [[vulture]]s, [[haunted house]]s, pumpkinmen, [[black cat]]s, [[spider]]s, [[goblin]]s, [[zombie]]s, mummies, [[skeleton (undead)|skeleton]]s, [[werewolves]], and [[demon]]s. Particularly in America, symbolism is inspired by classic [[horror film]]s, which contain fictional figures like [[Dracula]], [[Frankenstein's monster]], [[The Wolf Man]], and [[The Mummy]]. Homes are often decorated with these symbols around Halloween.
 
[[Black]] and [[orange (colour)|orange]] are the traditional colors of Halloween. In modern Halloween images and products, [[purple]], [[green]], and [[red]] are also prominent.
 
The use of these colors is largely a result of advertising for the holiday that dates back for over a century. They tend to be associated with various parts of Halloween's imagery.
 
==Notable managers==
{{Details|List of Chelsea F.C. managers}}
The following managers have all won at least one trophy when in charge of Chelsea:
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
|+ COLOR ASSOCIATIONS
!Period
! Color
!Trophies
! Symbolism
|-
|{{flagicon|England}} [[Ted Drake]]
| Black
|1952–1961
| death, night, witches, black cats, bats, vampires
|[[Football League First Division|First Division Championship]], [[FA Community Shield|Charity Shield]]
|-
|{{flagicon|Scotland}} [[Tommy Docherty]]
| Orange
|1962–1967
| pumpkins, jack o' lanterns, Autumn, the turning leaves, fire
|[[Football League Cup|League Cup]]
|-
|{{flagicon|England}} [[Dave Sexton]]
| Purple
|1967–1974
| night, the supernatural, mysticism
|[[FA Cup]], [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]
|-
|{{flagicon|England}} [[John Neal (footballer)|John Neal]]
| Green
|1981–1985
| goblins, monsters
|[[Football League Second Division|Second Division Championship]]
|-
|{{flagicon|England}} [[Bobby Campbell (footballer born 1937)|Bobby Campbell]]
|1988–1991
|[[Football League Second Division|Second Division Championship]]
|-
|{{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Ruud Gullit]]
|1996–1998
|[[FA Cup]]
|-
|{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Gianluca Vialli]]
|1998–2000
|[[FA Cup]], [[Football League Cup|League Cup]], [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]], [[FA Community Shield|Charity Shield]], [[European Super Cup]]
|-
|{{flagicon|Portugal}} [[José Mourinho]]
|2004—present
|2 [[Premier League|Premier Leagues]], 2 [[Football League Cup|League Cups]], [[FA Cup]], [[FA Community Shield|Community Shield]]
|-
| Red
| blood, fire, [[demons]], [[Satan]]
|}
 
==Honours==
Elements of the [[autumn]] season, such as [[pumpkin]]s and [[scarecrow]]s, are also reflected in symbols of Halloween.
 
==Trick-or-treating and guising==
{{main | Trick-or-treating}}
[[Image:Trick or Treater.jpg|thumb|250px|right|A "trick-or-treater"]]
The main event of modern Halloween in the United States is [[trick-or-treating]], in which children dress up in [[Halloween costume|costume]] disguises and go door-to-door in their neighborhood, ringing each doorbell and yelling "trick or treat!" Although this resembles the older tradition of ''[[Trick-or-treating|guising]]'' in [[Ireland]] and [[Scotland]], ritual begging on Halloween does not appear in English-speaking America until the 20th century, and may have developed independently. The occupants of the house (who might themselves dress in a scary costume) will then hand out small [[candy|candies]], miniature [[chocolate bar]]s, and sometimes even [[soda pop]]. Some American homes will use [[sound effects]] and [[fog machine]]s to help set a spooky mood. Other house decoration themes (that are less scary) are used to entertain younger visitors. Children can often accumulate many treats on Halloween night, filling up entire pillow cases or shopping bags.
 
In [[Ireland]], great bonfires were lit throughout the land. Young children in their guises were gladly received by the neighbors with some "fruit, apples and nuts and of course sweets" for the "Halloween Party", whilst older male siblings played innocent pranks on bewildered victims.
 
In [[Scotland]], children or ''guisers'' are more likely to recite "The sky is blue, the grass is green, may we have our Halloween" instead of "trick or treat!". They visit neighbours in groups and must impress the members of the houses they visit with a song, poem, trick, joke or dance in order to earn their treats. Traditionally, nuts, oranges, apples and dried fruit were offered, though sometimes children would also earn a small amount of cash, usually a sixpence. Very small children often take part, for whom the experience of performing can be more terrifying than the ghosts outside.
 
In [[England]], trick or treating does take place, particularly in working class neighbourhoods. On the whole, however, it is frowned upon as at best a nuisance and at worst a menacing form of begging.<ref name = "BBC Outfits">{{cite news | title = Halloween outfits 'create fear' | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/manchester/5354030.stm | publisher = BBC News|date = [[2006-09-18]] | accessdate = 2006-10-31}}</ref> In some areas households have started to put decorations on the front door to indicate 'trick-or-treaters' are welcome, the idea being that 'trick-or-treaters' don't approach a house that isn't 'participating'.
Tricks play less of a role in modern Halloween, though Halloween night is often marked by vandalism such as soaping windows, [[egging]] houses or stringing toilet paper through trees. Before indoor plumbing was so widespread, tipping over or displacing [[outhouse]]s was a popular form of intimidation. Casting flour into the faces of feared neighbors was also done once upon a time.
 
===Domestic===
Typical Halloween costumes have traditionally been monsters such as [[vampire]]s, [[ghost]]s, [[witch]]es, and [[devil]]s. In recent years, it has become common for costumes to be based on themes other than traditional horror, such as dressing up as a character from a [[TV show]] or [[film|movie]], or choosing a recognizable face from the public sphere, such as a politician (in 2004, for example, [[George W. Bush]] and [[John Kerry]] were both popular costumes in America). In 2001, after the [[September 11 attacks]], for example, costumes of, [[firefighter]]s, [[police officer]]s, and United States [[military]] personnel became popular. In 2004, an estimated 2.15 million children in the United States were expected to dress up as [[Spider-Man]], the year's most popular costume.<ref name = "Tolley">{{cite news | first = Ellen | last = Tolley | coauthors = Krugman, Scott | title = Good Triumphs over Evil for Most Popular Halloween Costume | url = http://www.nrf.com/content/default.asp?folder=press/release2004&file=costumes1004.htm&bhcp=1 | publisher = National Retail Federation|date = [[2004-10-04]] | accessdate = 2006-09-14}}</ref>
====League====
 
*{{sport honours|[[Football League First Division|First Division]]/[[Premier League]]<ref>Until 1992, when the Premier League was formed, the top tier of [[Football in England|English football]] was known as the First Division</ref>|3|1954-55, [[FA Premier League 2004-05|2004-05]], [[Premier League 2005-06|2005-06]]}}
"'Trick-or-Treat for [[UNICEF]]" has become a common sight during Halloween in North America. Started as a local event in a [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]] suburb in 1950, and expanded nationally in 1952, the program involves the distribution of small boxes by schools to trick-or-treaters, in which they can solicit small change donations from the houses they visit. It is estimated that children have collected more than $119 million ([[United states dollar|US]]) for UNICEF since its inception. In 2006 UNICEF discontinued their Halloween collection boxes in parts of the world, citing safety and administrative concerns.<ref name = "ctv">{{cite news | first = Genevieve | last = Beauchemin | coauthors = CTV.ca News Staff | title = UNICEF to end Halloween 'orange box' program | url = http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060530/unicef_orange_060530?s_name=&no_ads= | publisher = CTV|date = [[2006-05-31]] | accessdate = 2006-10-29}}</ref>
*{{sport honours|[[Football League Second Division|Second Division]]/[[Football League Championship|Championship]]|2|1983-84, 1988-89}}
 
====Cups====
[[BIGresearch]] conducted a survey for the [[National Retail Federation]] in the USA and found that 53.3% of consumers planned to buy a costume for Halloween 2005, spending $38.11 on average (up 10 dollars from the year before). They were also expected to spend $4.96 billion in 2006, up significantly from just $3.29 billion the previous year.<ref>{{cite web | last = Grannis | first = Kathy | authorlink = | coauthors = Scott Krugman | title = As Halloween Shifts to Seasonal Celebration, Retailers Not Spooked by Surge in Spending | work = | publisher = National Retail Federation | date = 20 September 2006 | url = http://www.nrf.com/content/default.asp?folder=press/release2006&file=halloween06.htm | format = HTML | doi = | accessdaymonth = 31 October | accessyear=2006}}</ref>
*{{sport honours|[[FA Cup]]|4|[[FA Cup Final 1970|1970]], [[FA Cup Final 1997|1997]], [[FA Cup Final 2000|2000]], [[FA Cup Final 2007|2007]]}}
*{{sport honours|[[Football League Cup|League Cup]]|4|[[Football League Cup Final 1965|1965]], [[Football League Cup Final 1998|1998]], [[Football League Cup Final 2005|2005]], [[Football League Cup Final 2007|2007]]}}
*{{sport honours|FA Charity Shield/[[FA Community Shield|Community Shield]]<ref>The trophy was known as the Charity Shield until 2002, and as the Community Shield ever since.</ref>|3|1955, 2000, 2005}}
*{{sport honours|[[Full Members Cup]]|2|1986, 1990}}
 
===European===
A child usually "grows out of" trick-or-treating by his or her teenage years. Trick-or-treating by teenagers is accepted, but generally discouraged by those handing out candy. Teenagers and adults instead often celebrate Halloween with [[costume party|costume parties]], bonfire parties, staying home to give out candy, listening to [[List of Halloween songs|Halloween music]], watching [[horror movies]] or scaring people.
*{{sport honours|[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]|2|1971, [[1998 Cup Winners' Cup Final|1998]]}}
*{{sport honours|[[European Super Cup]]|1|1998}}
 
==Footnotes==
==Games and other activities==
<div style="height: 220px; overflow: auto; padding: 3px; border:1px solid #AAAAAA; reflist4" >
There are several games traditionally associated with Halloween parties. The most common is dooking or [[bobbing for apples]], in which [[apple (fruit)|apple]]s float in a tub or a large basin of [[water]]; the participants must use their [[tooth|teeth]] to remove an apple from the basin. A variant involves kneeling on a chair, holding a fork between the teeth and trying to drop the fork into an apple. Another common game involves hanging up [[treacle]] or [[syrup]]-coated [[scones]] by strings; these must be eaten without using hands while they remain attached to the string, an activity which inevitably leads to a very sticky face.
<references/>
</div>
 
==References==
Some games traditionally played at Halloween are forms of [[divination]]. In ''Puicíní'' (pronounced "poocheeny"), a game played in Ireland, a blindfolded person is seated in front of a table on which several saucers are placed. The saucers are shuffled and the seated person then chooses one by touch. The contents of the saucer determine the person's life for the following year. A saucer containing earth means someone known to the player will die during the next year, a saucer containing water foretells emigration, a ring shows marriage, a set of [[Rosary beads]] means the person will take [[Holy Orders]] (becoming a [[nun]] or a [[priest]]). a coin means new wealth, a bean means poverty, etc. In 19th-century [[Ireland]], young women placed slugs in saucers sprinkled with flour. The wriggling of the slugs and the patterns subsequently left behind on the saucers were believed to portray the faces of the women's future spouses.{{Fact|date=March 2007}} An Irish and Scottish form of divining one's future spouse is to carve an apple in one long strip, then toss the peel over one's shoulder. The peel is believed to land in the shape of the first letter of the future spouse's name. This tradition has also survived among Irish and Scottish immigrants in the rural United States.
*{{cite book | author=Batty, Clive | title=Kings of the King's Road: The Great Chelsea Team of the 60s and 70s| publisher=Vision Sports Publishing Ltd| year=2004| id=ISBN 0-9546428-1-3}}
 
*{{cite book | author=Batty, Clive | title=A Serious Case of the Blues: Chelsea in the 80s| publisher=Vision Sports Publishing Ltd| year=2005| id=ISBN 1-905326-02-5}}
In [[North America]], unmarried women were frequently told that if they sat in a darkened room and gazed into a mirror on Halloween night, the face of their future husband would appear in the mirror. However, if they were destined to die before they married, a [[symbols of death|skull]] would appear. The custom was widespread enough to be commemorated on [[greeting card]]s from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
*{{cite book | author=Glanvill, Rick | title=Chelsea FC: The Official Biography - The Definitive Story of the First 100 Years| publisher=Headline Book Publishing Ltd| year=2006| id=ISBN 0-7553-1466-2}}
 
*{{cite book | author=Hadgraft, Rob | title=Chelsea: Champions of England 1954-55| publisher=Desert Island Books Limited| year=2004| id=ISBN 1-874287-77-5}}
The telling of [[ghost stories]] and viewing of [[horror film]]s are common fixtures of Halloween parties. [[Television specials]] with a Halloween theme, usually aimed at children, are commonly aired on or before the holiday while new horror films are often released theatrically before the holiday to take advantage of the atmosphere.
*{{cite book | author=Harris, Harry | title=Chelsea's Century| publisher=Blake Publishing| year=2005| id=ISBN 1-84454-110-X}}
 
*{{cite book | author=Ingledew, John | title=And Now Are You Going to Believe Us: Twenty-five Years Behind the Scenes at Chelsea FC| publisher=John Blake Publishing Ltd| year=2006| id=ISBN 1-84454-247-5}}
Visiting a [[haunted house]] or a [[dark attraction]] are other Halloween practices. Notwithstanding the name, such events are not necessarily held in houses, nor are the edifices themselves necessarily regarded to possess actual ghosts. A variant of this is the "haunted trail", where the public encounters supernatural-themed characters or presentations of scenes from horror films while following a trail through a heavily wooded area or field. One of the largest Halloween attractions in the U.S.A. is [[Knott's Scary Farm]] in California, which features re-themed amusement park rides and a dozen different walkthrough mazes, plus hundreds of costumed roving performers. "Haunted [[hayride]]s" are another common Halloween activity in the northern and midwestern U.S.
*{{cite book | author=Matthews, Tony | title=Who's Who of Chelsea | publisher=Mainstream Publishing| year=2005| id=ISBN 1-84596-010-6}}
 
*{{cite book | author=Mears, Brian | title=Chelsea: A 100-year History | publisher=Mainstream Sport| year=2004| id=ISBN 1-84018-823-5}}
====Foods====
*{{cite book | author=Mears, Brian | title=Chelsea: Football Under the Blue Flag| publisher=Mainstream Sport| year=2002| id=ISBN 1-84018-658-5}}
[[Image:Candyapple.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Candy apple]]
Because the holiday comes in the wake of the annual apple harvest, [[candy apple]]s (also known as toffee, taffy or caramel apples) are a common treat at Halloween. They are made by rolling whole apples in a sticky sugar syrup, and sometimes then rolling them in nuts. At one time candy apples were a common treat given to children, but this practice rapidly waned after widespread rumors that some individuals were embedding items like pins and razor blades in the apples that they would pass out to children. While there is evidence of such incidents occurring,<ref>http://www.snopes.com/horrors/mayhem/needles.asp</ref> they are very rare and have never resulted in any serious injuries. Nonetheless, many parents were under the assumption that the practice was common. At the peak of this hysteria, some hospitals were offering to x-ray children's Halloween haul at no cost in order to look for such items. Almost all of the very few Halloween candy poisoning incidents on record involved parents who poisoned their own children's candy, while there are occasional reports of children sticking needles in their own candy (and that of other children) more in an effort to get attention than cause any harm.
A Halloween custom which has survived to this day in Ireland is the baking (or more often nowadays the purchase) of a [[barmbrack]] (Irish "báirín breac"). This is a light [[fruit cake]] into which a plain ring is placed before baking. It is said that whoever finds this ring will find his or her true love during the following year. ''See also [[king cake]].''
Other foods associated with the holiday:
* [[candy corn]]
* Báirín Breac (Ireland)
* [[Colcannon]] (Ireland)
* [[bonfire toffee]] (in the UK)
* [[Candy Apple|Toffee Apple]] (Australia when celebrated, England, Wales and Scotland, instead of "Candy Apples")
* hot [[apple cider]]
* [[donuts]]
* roasted [[sweetcorn]]
* [[popcorn]]
* roasted [[pumpkin]] seeds
* [[pumpkin pie]] and [[pumpkin bread]]
* "fun-sized" or individually wrapped pieces of small candy, typically in Halloween colors of orange, and brown/black.
* novelty candy shaped like skulls, pumpkins, bats, worms, etc.
 
==Cultural history==
{{main | History of Halloween}}
 
===Origin: Celtic observation of Samhain===
According to what can be reconstructed of the beliefs of the ancient Celts, the bright half of the year ended around [[November 1]] or on a Moon-phase near that date, or at the time of first frost. The day is referred to in modern Gaelic as [[Samhain]] ("Sow-in" or alternatively "Sa-ven", meaning: End of the Summer). After the adoption of the Roman calendar with its fixed months, the date began to be celebrated independently of the Moon's phases.
 
As October 31st is the last day of the bright half of the year, the next day also meant the beginning of Winter, which the Celts often associated with human death, and with the slaughter of livestock to provide meat for the coming Winter. The Celts also believed that on [[October 31]], the boundary separating the dead from the living became blurred. There is a rich and unusual myth system at work here; the spirit world, the residence of the "[[Sídhe]]," as well as of the dead, was accessible through burial mounds. These mounds opened at two times during the year, Samhain and [[Beltane]], making the beginning and end of Summer highly spiritually resonant.
 
The Celts' survival during the cold harsh winters depended on the prophecies of their priests and priestesses ([[druids]]), and the accurate prediction of how much food would be needed to sustain the people before the next harvest. They believed that the presence of spirits would aid in the ability to make accurate predictions about the coming year.
 
The exact customs observed in each Celtic region differ, but they generally involved the lighting of bonfires and the reinforcement of boundaries, across which malicious spirits might be prevented from crossing and threatening the community.
 
Like most observances around this season, warmth and comfort were emphasised, indulgence was not. Stores of preserved food were needed to last through the winter, not for parties.
 
====Samhain possibly mistaken as New Year====
Popular literature over the last century has given birth to the near universal assumption that Samhain/Hallowe'en was the "Celtic New Year". However, recent research by some historians has begun to scrutinise this assertion. Historian [[Ronald Hutton]], in his study of the folk calendar of the British Isles<ref name = "Hutton"/> writes that there are no references which attest to this usage earlier than the 18th century, neither in church nor civic records. Although it may be correct to refer to Samhain as "Summer's End", this point of descent into the year's darkness may require better proof for us to cite this "end" as also being a "beginning". Whether or not the ancient Celts considered Samhain to be the beginning of the new year, or just one point in the cycle of the seasons, the living traditions in the [[Celtic Nations|Celtic lands]] and the diaspora do regard it as the "Celtic New Year" and it continues to be celebrated as such. For instance, the calendars produced by the [[Celtic League (political organisation)|Celtic League]] begin and end at Samhain/Halloween.<ref name = Calendar>{{cite web | url = http://www.celticleague.org/calendar.html | title = The Celtic League Calendar | accessdate = 2006-11-22 | date = n.d. | format = HTML | publisher = The Celtic League}}</ref>
 
===Norse Elven Blót===
In the old [[Norse paganism|Norse religion]] an event believed to occur around the same time of the year as Halloween was the ''[[Blót#Elven blót|álfablót]]'' (elven ''[[blót]]''), which involved sacrifices to the [[Elf|elves]] and the blessing of food. The elves were powers connected to the ancestors, and it can be assumed that the blót related to a cult of the ancestors. The álfablót is also celebrated in the modern revival of Norse religion, [[Ásatrú]].
 
==Religious perspectives and controversies ==
 
==External links==
Christian attitudes towards Halloween are quite diverse. The fact that [[All Saints Day]] and Halloween are on two consecutive days has left some Christians uncertain of how they should react towards this holiday. In the [[Anglican Church]] some [[dioceses]] have chosen to focus more on the Christian traditions of [[All Saints Day]],<ref name = "www.manchester.anglican.org">{{cite web | url = http://www.manchester.anglican.org/News/news.asp?ID=352 | title = Bishop challenges supermarkets to lighten up Halloween | accessdate = 2006-10-22 | date = n.d. | format = HTML | publisher = www.manchester.anglican.org}}</ref><ref name = "newadvent.org">{{cite web | url = http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01315a.htm | title = Halloween and All Saints Day | accessdate = 2006-10-22 | date = n.d. | format = HTML | publisher = newadvent.org}}</ref> while some [[Protestantism|Protestants]] celebrate the holiday as [[Reformation Day]], a day of remembrance and prayers for unity.<ref name = "RefDay">{{cite web | url = http://www.gbod.org/worship/default.asp?act=reader&item_id=15084&loc_id=9,612,32,52 | title = Reformation Day: What, Why, and Resources for Worship | accessdate = 2006-10-22 | date = 2005-10-21 | format = HTML | publisher = The General Board of Discipleship of The United Methodist Church}}</ref> [[Celtic Christianity|Celtic Christian]]s may have Samhain services that focus on the cultural aspects of the holiday, in the belief that many ancient Celtic customs are "compatible with the new Christian religion. Christianity embraced the Celtic notions of family, community, the bond among all people, and respect for the dead. Throughout the centuries, pagan and Christian beliefs intertwine in a ''gallimaufry'' (hodgepodge) of celebrations from October 31st through November 5th, all of which appear both to challenge the ascendancy of the dark and to revel in its mystery."<ref name = "CelticChristians">{{cite web | url = http://allsaintsbrookline.org/celtic/samhain.html | title = Feast of Samhain/Celtic New Year/Celebration of All Celtic Saints November 1 | accessdate = 2006-11-22 | date = n.d. | format = HTML | publisher = All Saints Parish}}</ref>
{{Spoken Wikipedia|Chelsea_FC.ogg|2007-04-07}}
{{commons2|Chelsea F.C.}}
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*[http://www.chelseafc.com Official Club site]
{{BBC Football Info|BBClinkname=c/chelsea}}
*[http://www.premierleague.com/chelsea-fc.html Chelsea FC - Premier League site]
*[http://www.football-lineups.com/games/?t=Chelsea%20in%20FA%20Premier%20League%202006/2007&campaign=12.8 Chelsea Formations]
*[http://www.footballteamnews.co.uk/chelsea/ Chelsea FC News]
*[http://www.carling.com/football/chelsea-fc.html Chelsea FC Team News from Carling]
*[http://www.theleftback.co.uk/ChelseaBadges.html History of Chelsea badges]
 
{{fb start}}
Some Christian churches commonly offer a fall festival or harvest-themed alternative to Halloween. Most Christians ascribe no significance to Halloween, treating it as a purely secular entity devoted to celebrating "imaginary spooks" and handing out candy. Celebrating Halloween is common in [[Roman Catholic|Catholic]] parochial schools throughout North America, and in Ireland, the Catholic Church sees it as a "harmless ancient custom."{{Citequote}} Father Gabriele Amorth, a Vatican-appointed [[exorcist]] in Rome, has said, "[I]f English and American children like to dress up as witches and devils on one night of the year that is not a problem. If it is just a game, there is no harm in that."<ref>Gyles Brandreth, "[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/main.jhtml?xml=/health/2000/11/03/tldevl03.xml&page=1 The Devil is gaining ground]" ''The Sunday Telegraph'' (London), March 11, 2000.</ref> Most Christians hold the view that the tradition is far from being "satanic" in origin or practice and that it holds no threat to the spiritual lives of children: being taught about [[death]] and mortality, and the ways of the [[Celt]]ic ancestors actually being a valuable life lesson and a part of many of their parishioners' heritage.<ref name = "CelticChristians">
{{Chelsea F.C.}}
{{FA Premier League}}
{{Champions League 2007-08}}
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{{featured article}}
 
[[Category:English football clubs]]
Other Christians, primarily of the [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]] and [[Fundamentalist Christianity|Fundamentalist]] variety, are concerned about Halloween, and reject the holiday because they believe it trivialises (or celebrates) "the occult" and what they perceive as [[evil]].<ref>''Halloween: Satan's New Year'' (2006) by Billye Dymally, ''Halloween: Counterfeit Holy Day'' (2005) by Kele Gershom, and ''Halloween: What's a Christian to Do?'' (1998) by Steve Russo. An opposing viewpoint is found in ''The Magic Eightball Test: A Christian Defense of Halloween and All Things Spooky'' (2006) by Lint Hatcher.</ref>
[[Category:Chelsea F.C.| ]]
A response among some fundamentalists in recent years has been the use of ''[[Hell house]]s'' or themed pamphlets (such as those of [[Jack T. Chick]]) which attempt to make use of Halloween as an opportunity for evangelism.<ref name = "www.rcab.org">{{cite web | url = http://www.rcab.org/Pilot/2004/ps041105/saintfest.html | title = Salem ‘Saint Fest’ restores Christian message to Halloween | accessdate = 2006-10-22 | date = n.d. | format = HTML | publisher = www.rcab.org}}</ref> Some consider Halloween to be completely incompatible with the Christian faith, due to "its preoccupation with the occult in symbols, masks and costumes," its origin as a [[Paganism|Pagan]] "festival of the dead", and the fact that it is also observed, albeit in a non-traditional form, by [[Satanism|Satanists]]. In more recent years, The [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] Archdiocese of Boston has organised a "Saint Fest" on the holiday.<ref name = "www.rcab.org">{{cite web | url = http://www.rcab.org/Pilot/2004/ps041105/saintfest.html | title = Salem ‘Saint Fest’ restores Christian message to Halloween | accessdate = 2006-10-22 | date = n.d. | format = HTML | publisher = www.rcab.org}}</ref>
[[Category:Football (soccer) clubs established in 1905]]
 
[[Category:Sport in London]]
Many conservative [[Jew]]s and [[Muslim]]s have similar religious objections to Halloween.{{Fact|date=April 2007}}
[[Category:FA Premier League clubs]]
 
People of many diverse religions, or no religion at all, may be concerned about the vandalism and destructive behavior that can occur on the holiday. Halloween is a prime time for vandalism, sometimes targeting sites considered sacred such as places of worship or cemeteries.
 
Objections to celebrating Halloween are not always limited to those of the [[Abrahamic religion]]s. Some [[Wicca]]ns feel that the tradition is offensive to "real witches" for promoting a stereotypical caricature of a wicked witch.<ref name = "Reece">{{cite news | first = Kevin | last = Reece | title = School District Bans Halloween | url = http://www.komotv.com/news/story.asp?ID=33602 | format = | work = | publisher = KOMO News | date = 2004-10-24|accessdate = 2006-09-14}}</ref> Some [[Neopaganism|Neopagans]] and Wiccans also object to Halloween because they perceive it to be a "vulgarised, commercialised mockery" of the original Samhain rituals. However, other Neopagans, perhaps most of them, see it as a harmless holiday in which some of the old traditions are celebrated by the mainstream culture, albeit in a different way.
 
==Fiction==
[[Ray Bradbury]]'s ''[[The Halloween Tree]]'' and [[Washington Irving]]'s "[[The Legend of Sleepy Hollow]]"{{Fact|date=May 2007}} both feature the holiday prominently. Halloween is frequently mentioned as an important date in the ''[[Harry Potter]]'' book series by [[J.K. Rowling]], whose central themes are wizardry and magic.
Films in which Halloween plays a major role include the adaptations of the above works, plus the ''[[Halloween (1978 film)|Halloween]]'' film series and ''[[The Nightmare Before Christmas]]'', created by [[Tim Burton]].
 
==See also==
{{portalpar|Holidays|Jack-o-lantern.svg}}
{{commonscat|Halloween}}
*[[Costume party]]
*[[Fakelore]]
*[[Samhain]]
*[[Halloween (1978 film)|Halloween]] - a 1978 American independent horror film
 
==References==
<div class = "references-small"><references /></div>
 
==Books==
* Diane C. Arkins, ''Halloween: Romantic Art and Customs of Yesteryear'', Pelican Publishing Company (2000). 96 pages. ISBN 1-56554-712-8
* Diane C. Arkins, ''Halloween Merrymaking: An Illustrated Celebration Of Fun, Food, And Frolics From Halloweens Past'', Pelican Publishing Company (2004). 112 pages. ISBN 1-58980-113-X
* Phyllis Galembo, ''Dressed for Thrills: 100 Years of Halloween Costumes and Masquerade'', [[Harry N. Abrams, Inc.]] (2002). 128 pages. ISBN 0-8109-3291-1
* Hatcher, L. 2006. ''The Magic Eightball Test: A Christian Defense of Halloween and All Things Spooky''. ISBN 978-1847287564
* Ronald Hutton, ''Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain'', Oxford Paperbacks (2001). 560 pages. ISBN 0-19-285448-8
* Jean Markale, ''The Pagan Mysteries of Halloween: Celebrating the Dark Half of the Year'' (translation of ''Halloween, histoire et traditions''), Inner Traditions (2001). 160 pages. ISBN 0-89281-900-6
* Lisa Morton, ''The Halloween Encyclopedia'', McFarland & Company (2003). 240 pages. ISBN 0-7864-1524-X
* Nicholas Rogers, ''Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night'', Oxford University Press (2002). 198 pages. ISBN 0-19-514691-3
* Russo, R. 1998. ''Halloween: What's a Christian to Do?''
* Jack Santino (ed.), ''Halloween and Other Festivals of Death and Life'', University of Tennessee Press (1994). 280 pages. ISBN 0-87049-813-4
* David J. Skal, ''Death Makes A Holiday: A Cultural History of Halloween'', Bloomsbury USA (2003). 224 pages. ISBN 1-58234-305-5
* Ben Truwe, ''The Halloween Catalog Collection''. Portland, Oregon: Talky Tina Press (2003). ISBN 0-9703448-5-6.
 
==External links==
*[http://www.history.com/minisites/halloween The History Channel: The History of Halloween]
*[http://www.nrf.com/content/default.asp?folder=press/release2005&file=costumes0905.htm&bhcp=1 National Retail Foundation statistics on Halloween]
*[http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/facts_for_features_special_editions/005606.html U.S. Census data about Halloween in the United States]
*[http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/Halloween/ American Catholic: All Hallows Eve]
*[http://allsaintsbrookline.org/celtic/samhain.html Feast of Samhain/Celtic New Year/Celebration of All Celtic Saints] - Celtic Christianity
*[http://www.chabad.org/magazine/article.asp?AID=434671 Halloween and Judaism] from [[Chabad.org]]
*[http://www.imbas.org/articles/samhain.html Samhain: Season of Death and Renewal] - Celtic Studies, Gaelic culture and religion
[[Category:Halloween| ]]
[[Category:Christian festivals]]
[[Category:October observances]]
[[Category:Neopagan holidays]]
[[Category:Irish culture]]
 
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[[ithu:HalloweenChelsea F.C.]]
[[ms:Chelsea F.C.]]
[[he:ליל כל הקדושים]]
[[nl:Chelsea FC]]
[[la:Pervigilium Omnium Sanctorum]]
[[lbja:HalloweenチェルシーFC]]
[[jbono:xalo,uinChelsea FC]]
[[hunn:HalloweenChelsea F.C.]]
[[nlpl:HalloweenChelsea F.C.]]
[[pt:Chelsea Football Club]]
[[ja:ハロウィン]]
[[noro:HalloweenChelsea F.C.]]
[[ru:Челси (футбольный клуб)]]
[[nrm:Halloween]]
[[plsco:HalloweenChelsea FC]]
[[ptsimple:DiaChelsea das bruxasF.C.]]
[[rusk:ХеллоуинFC Chelsea]]
[[scosr:HallaeФК eenЧелси]]
[[simplefi:HalloweenChelsea FC]]
[[sksv:HalloweenChelsea FC]]
[[th:สโมสรฟุตบอลเชลซี]]
[[fi:Halloween]]
[[svvi:HalloweenChelsea F.C.]]
[[tr:Chelsea F.C.]]
[[th:วันฮาโลวีน]]
[[uk:Челсі (футбольний клуб)]]
[[vi:Halloween]]
[[trbat-smg:CadılarChelsea BayramıF.C.]]
[[zh:萬聖夜切尔西足球俱乐部]]