|
'''Nick Tyler''' is
{{Otheruses4|the actor John Wayne|other uses of "John Wayne" and related names|John Wayne (disambiguation)}}
<!-- FAIR USE of US_postal_service_john_wayne.jpg: see image description page at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:US_postal_service_john_wayne.jpg for rationale -->
{{Infobox actor
| name = John Wayne
| image =US_postal_service_john_wayne.jpg|
| imagesize = 200px|
| caption = Official U.S. stamp of John Wayne from 2004|
| birthdate = [[26 May]], [[1907]]|
| ___location = [[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|25px]] [[Winterset, Iowa]], [[United States|USA]]|
| height = 6-Feet, 4-Inches|
| deathdate = [[11 June]], [[1979]]|
| birthname = Marion Robert Morrison|
| othername = Marion Michael Morrison|
| homepage = [http://www.wayneenterprises.com/ Wayne Enterprises]|
| notable role = '''Thomas Dunson''' in<br>''[[Red River]]'' <br> '''Ethan Edwards''' in<br>''[[The Searchers (film)|The Searchers]]'' <br> '''Rooster Cogburn''' in<br>''[[True Grit]]'' <br> '''John Bernard Books''' in<br>''[[The Shootist]]''}}
'''John Wayne''' ([[May 26]], [[1907]] – [[June 11]], [[1979]]), popularly known as "The Duke," <ref>''[http://www.hawkwalk.com/macrobio1.html A Macro Bio]''</ref> was an [[Academy Award]] winning, [[United States|American]] film [[actor]] whose career began in silent movies in the 1920s. He was a major star from the 1940s to the 1970s. He is most famous for his [[Western (genre)|Westerns]] and [[World War II]] epics, but he also made a wide range of films from various Genres, biographies, romantic comedies, police dramas, and more. He epitomized a certain kind of rugged individualistic masculinity, and has become an enduring American icon.
==Early life and college==
[[Image:John wayne challenge of ideas screenshot 3.jpg|right|250px]]
[[Image:JohnWayneWinterset890927.JPG|thumb|right|250px|John Wayne's birthplace in Winterset, Iowa]]
John Wayne was born '''Marion Robert Morrison''' in [[Winterset, Iowa]] in 1907, but his name was changed to '''Marion Michael Morrison''' when his parents decided to name their next son Robert. His family was [[Presbyterian]]; father Clyde Leonard Morrison was of [[Irish people|Irish]] and [[Scottish people|Scottish]] descent and the son of an [[American Civil War]] veteran while mother Mary Alberta Brown was of Irish descent. Wayne's family moved to [[Glendale, California]] in 1911; it was neighbors in Glendale who started calling him "Big Duke" because he never went anywhere without his [[Airedale Terrier]] dog, who was Little Duke. He preferred "Duke" to "Marion", and the name stuck for the rest of his life.<ref>[http://www.jwayne.com/biography.shtml jwayne.com]</ref>
Duke Morrison's early life was marked by poverty; his father was a man who did not manage money well. Duke was a good and popular student. Tall from an early age, he was a star football player for [[Glendale High School (Glendale, California)|Glendale High School]] and was recruited by the [[University of Southern California]].<ref>[http://www.jwayne.com/biography.shtml jwayne.com]</ref> As a teen, Wayne also worked in an ice cream shop for an individual who shoed horses for local Hollywood studios. He was also active as a member of the Order of DeMolay, a masonic youth organization run by the Freemasons, the latter which he would also join.<br>
Wayne applied to the [[United States Naval Academy|U.S. Naval Academy]], but was not accepted. He instead attended the [[University of Southern California]], where he was a member of the [[Trojan Knights]] and joined the [[Sigma Chi]] Fraternity. Wayne also played on the [[University of Southern California|USC]] [[American football|football]] team under legendary coach [[Howard Jones (football coach)|Howard Jones]]. An injury while supposedly swimming at the beach curtailed his athletic career, however; Wayne would later note that he was too terrified of Jones' reaction to reveal the actual cause of his injury. He lost his athletic scholarship and with no funds was unable to continue at USC.<ref>[http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/Guild/7634/wayne.html geocities site]. See also [http://www.jwayne.com/biography.shtml jwayne.com]</ref>
While at the university, Wayne began working around the local film studios. [[Western movie|Western]] star [[Tom Mix]] got him a summer job in the prop department in exchange for football tickets, and Wayne soon moved on to bit parts, establishing a long friendship with director [[John Ford]]. During this period, Wayne appeared with his USC teammates as one of the featured football players in [[Columbia Pictures]]' ''Maker of Men'' (filmed in 1930 and released in 1931), which starred [[Richard Cromwell (actor)|Richard Cromwell]] and [[Jack Holt]]. In the film, Wayne was billed with his given name of Marion Morrison.<ref>[http://library.thinkquest.org/21065/past/wayne/index.htm libary.thinkquest.org article]</ref>
==Acting career, production company==
[[Image:The searchers Ford Trailer screenshot (13).jpg|thumb|right|200px|John Wayne in The Searchers]]
After two years working as a prop man at the [[Fox Entertainment Group|William Fox Studios]] for $35 a week, his first starring role was in the 1930 movie ''[[The Big Trail]]''; the director of that movie, [[Raoul Walsh]], (who "discovered" Wayne) gave him the stage name "John Wayne", after [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]] general [[Anthony Wayne|"Mad Anthony" Wayne]]. His pay was raised to $75 a week. He was tutored by the studio's stuntmen in riding and other western skills.<ref> [http://library.thinkquest.org/21065/past/wayne/index.htm thinkquest.org article]</ref>
''The Big Trail'', the first "western" epic sound motion picture, established his screen credentials, although it was a commercial failure. Nine years later, his performance in the 1939 film ''[[Stagecoach (film)|Stagecoach]]'' made him a star. In between, he made westerns, most notably at [[Monogram Pictures]], and serials for [[Mascot Studios]], where he played the role of [[d'Artagnan]] in ''[[The Three Musketeers (1933 serial)|The Three Musketeers]]'', set in modern North Africa, with co-stars Ray Corrigan and Max Terhune. In this same year (1933), Wayne had a small part in [[Alfred E. Green]]'s succes de scandale ''[[Baby Face (film)|Baby Face]]''.<ref> [http://www.biography.com/search/article.do?id=9525664 biography.com article]. See also [http://www.jwayne.com/biography.shtml jwayne.com article]</ref>
Beginning in 1928, Wayne appeared in more than twenty of [[John Ford]]'s films over the next 35 years, including ''[[Stagecoach (film)|Stagecoach]]'' (1939), ''[[She Wore a Yellow Ribbon]]'' (1949), ''[[The Quiet Man]]'' (1952), ''[[The Searchers (movie)|The Searchers]]'' (1956), ''[[The Wings of Eagles]]'' (1957), and ''[[The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance]]'' (1962).
According to the [[Internet Movie Database]], Wayne played the male lead in 142 of his film appearances. One of Wayne's most praised roles was in ''[[The High and the Mighty (film)|The High and the Mighty]]'' (1954), directed by [[William Wellman]] and based on a novel by [[Ernest K. Gann]]. His portrayal of a heroic airman won widespread acclaim. [[Island in the Sky (1953 film)|Island in the Sky]] (1953) is related to it, and both films were made one year apart with the same producers, director, writer, cinematographer, editor, and distributor.
In 1949 [[Robert Rossen]], the director of [[All the King's Men]], offered the starring role to Wayne. Wayne indignantly refused, finding the script of the projected film to be un-American in many ways. [[Broderick Crawford]], who eventually took the role, won the 1950 Oscar for best male actor, beating out Wayne, who had been nominated for his role in ''The Sands of Iwo Jima''.
John Wayne won an [[Academy Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] [[Academy Awards|Oscar]] in ''[[True Grit]]'' (1969). Wayne was also nominated for Best Actor in ''[[Sands of Iwo Jima]]'', and as the producer of [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]] nominee ''[[The Alamo (1960 film)|The Alamo]]'', one of two films he directed. The other was ''[[The Green Berets (film)|The Green Berets]]'' (1968), the only film made during the [[Vietnam War]] to support the conflict.<ref>[http://www.jwayne.com/biography.shtml jwayne.com]</ref>
''The Searchers'' continues to be widely regarded as perhaps Wayne's finest and most complex performance. In 2006 ''Premiere Magazine'' ran an industry poll in which his portrayal of Ethan Edwards was rated the 87th greatest performance in film history.
Wayne was known for his conservative ideals. He took part in creating the [[Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals]], and was the president of that organization at one time. He was an ardent [[anti-communist]], and was a vocal supporter of [[HUAC]] and the [[blacklisting]] of actors and actresses that were accused of being sympathetic to [[communist]] ideals.<ref>Scott Wise ''The Film 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential People in the History of the Movies'', Citadel Press Book/Carol Publishing Group: Secaucus, New Jersey (1998)</ref>
In a controversial interview to the Playboy magazine in 1971, Wayne was asked about the subject of black people making strides towards equality in the U.S. He stated that he believed in "[[white supremacy]]" until blacks were educated enough to take a more prominent role in American society.<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000078/bio IMDB]</ref>
[[Batjac Productions|Batjac]], the production company co-founded by Wayne, was named after the fictional shipping company in ''The Wake of the Red Witch''.
In 1964 Wayne was diagnosed with [[lung cancer]], and underwent surgery to remove his entire left lung and two ribs. Despite rumors that the cancer was caused by filming ''The Conqueror'' in [[Utah]] where the US government had tested [[nuclear weapons]], Wayne himself believed his three pack a day cigarette habit was the cause. It has actually been stated that he in fact had a 6 pack a day habit. This was aired on a bio segment portraying his life.After the operation he smoked cigars.
Perhaps due to his sheer popularity, or his status as the most famous [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] star in Hollywood, the Republican Party asked Wayne to run for President in 1968. He declined because he did not believe the public would seriously consider an actor in the [[White House]]. He did support his friend [[Ronald Reagan]]'s runs for Governor of California in 1966 and 1970, however. In 1968 Wayne was also asked to be conservative Democratic governor [[George Wallace]]'s running mate in the presidential election, however, this too did not come to pass.<ref>[http://www.jwayne.com/biography.shtml jwayne.com]</ref>
John Wayne died of [[stomach cancer]] on [[June 11]], [[1979]], and was interred in the Pacific View Memorial Park cemetery in [[Corona del Mar]]. Rumours regarding Duke's death bed conversions to Catholicism circulated for a brief while following his death. However, many close to John Wayne including Dave Grayson and Duke's daughter Aissa have dismissed these allegations stating that Duke was not conscious when the alleged conversion actually took place. Although Wayne was a Freemason, his family did not request a Masonic funeral.
Wayne was married three times, always to Spanish-speaking brides; to [[Josephine Alicia Saenz]], [[Esperanza Baur]], and [[Pilar Palette]]. He had four children with Josephine and three with Pilar, most notably actor [[Patrick Wayne]] and [[Aissa Wayne]], who wrote a memoir of her life as the daughter of John Wayne.
His romance with Josie Saenz began when he was a college student and continued for seven years before their marriage. Miss Saenz was 15 or 16 at their first meeting at a beach party at Balboa. The daughter of a successful Spanish businessman, Josie resisted considerable opposition from her family to maintain her relationship with Duke. In the years prior to his death, Wayne was happily involved with his former secretary Pat Stacy.<ref> [http://www.jwayne.com/biography.shtml jwayne.com] </ref>
At the time of his death, John Wayne resided in a bayfront house in [[Newport Beach]], [[California]]. The site of his last residence remains a point of interest in Newport Harbor. After his death, his house was torn down and replaced by the new owners.
Various things have been named [[in memoriam]] of John Wayne. They include [[John Wayne Airport]], in [[Orange County, California]], and the 100-plus mile trail named the "John Wayne Pioneer Trail" in Washington state's [[Iron Horse State Park]].
== Iconic status ==
[[Image:TheGreenBerets.jpg|right|300px]]
In his own lifetime, John Wayne rose far beyond recognition as a famous actor to that of an enduring American icon. Wayne sought to maintain his idealized image off screen by what he did on screen. In his last film ''[[The Shootist]]'' (1976), Wayne refused to allow his character to shoot a man in the back as was scripted, since this countered his lifetime's work of film portrayals as a more honorable hero.[http://imdb.com/title/tt0075213/trivia] This contrasts with other famous actors including [[Clint Eastwood]] and [[Humphrey Bogart]] who willingly played hero and anti-hero roles.
Wayne's rise to a quintessential icon of a patriotic war hero began to take shape five years after World War II when ''[[Sands of Iwo Jima]]'' (1949) was released and for which Wayne got a Best Actor nomination. His status grew so large and legendary that when Japanese [[Emperor Hirohito]] visited the United States in 1975 he asked to meet John Wayne. However, Wayne never actually served in the military and in 1941 was given a deferral rating of 3-A for family dependency (Wayne was 34 and had 4 children at the time), and this was later changed in 1944 to 2-A deferral based on national interest. This decision was unlike many famous Hollywood actors who did enlist including [[Henry Fonda]], [[Jimmy Stewart]] (the only actor to see [[active duty]]), [[Clark Gable]] (who was forced to make war documentaries), and [[Tyrone Power]], as well as many less established actors including [[Eddie Albert]] (who was not an actor at the time), [[Lee Marvin]] (who was not an actor at the time but was wounded by enemy fire in the Pacific) and [[John Agar]] (not an actor at the time). John Wayne however was held in great respect by many servicemen as he was one of the few stars to support troops throughout his life.[http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a5_004.html] <ref>William Manchester, "The Bloodiest battle of All", New York Times Magazine, June 14, 1987, pg 84</ref>[http://www.virtuousempire.com/paper.html]
John Wayne's iconic status as a war hero served in rallying support during the Vietnam War where he contributed his acting and co-direction to the popular box-office hit ''[[The Green Berets]]'' (1968), although the film was critically panned for its highly idealized, fictionalized depiction of war. [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0063035/amazon]
In an interview, [[Oliver Stone]] credited his own gung-ho patriotic enlistment to fight in the Vietnam War to being inspired by the "John Wayne image of America". However, while Stone returned from the war as a decorated veteran he had become an embittered anarchist, eventually creating ''[[Platoon]]'', a movie that starkly counters the heroic and patriotic images idealized by the John Wayne icon and the ''[[The Green Berets]]''. [http://marccooper.com/oliver-stone-d/][http://www.virtuousempire.com/paper.html]
==[[Filmography]]==
[[Image:John Wayne The searchers Ford Trailer screenshot (29).jpg|right|250px]]
===1920s===
*''[[Brown of Harvard]]'' (1926)
*''[[Bardelys the Magnificent]]'' (1926)
*''[[The Great K & A Train Robbery]]'' (1926)
*''[[Annie Laurie (film)|Annie Laurie]]'' (1927)
*''[[The Drop Kick]]'' (1927)
*''[[Mother Machree]]'' (1928)
*''[[Four Sons]]'' (1928)
*''[[Hangman's House]]'' (1928)
*''[[Speakeasy (film 1929)|Speakeasy]]'' (1929)
*''[[The Black Watch (film)|The Black Watch]]'' (1929)
*''[[Noah's Ark (film)|Noah's Ark]]'' (1929)
*''[[Words and Music (1929 film)|Words and Music]]'' (1929)
*''[[Salute (film)|Salute]]'' (1929)
*''[[The Forward Pass]]'' (1929)
===1930s===
*''[[Men Without Women (film)|Men Without Women]]'' (1930)
*''[[Born Reckless]]'' (1930)
*''[[Rough Romance]]'' (1930)
*''[[Cheer Up and Smile]]'' (1930)
*''[[The Big Trail]]'' (1930)
*''[[Girls Demand Excitement]]'' (1931)
*''[[Three Girls Lost]]'' (1931)
*''[[Arizona (film)|Arizona]]'' (1931)
*''[[The Deceiver (film)|The Deceiver]]'' (1931)
*''[[Range Feud]]'' (1931)
*''[[Maker of Men]]'' (1931)
*''[[The Voice of Hollywood No. 13]]'' (1932) (short subject)
*''[[Running Hollywood]]'' (1932) (short subject)
*''[[The Shadow of the Eagle]]'' (1932)
*''[[Texas Cyclone (film)|Texas Cyclone]]'' (1932)
*''[[Two-Fisted Law]]'' (1932)
*''[[Lady and Gent]]'' (1932)
*''[[The Hurricane Express]]'' (1932)
*''[[The Hollywood Handicap]]'' (1932) (short subject)
*''[[Ride Him, Cowboy]]'' (1932)
*''[[That's My Boy (1932)|That's My Boy]]'' (1932)
*''[[The Big Stampede]]'' (1932)
*''[[Haunted Gold]]'' (1932)
*''[[The Telegraph Trail]]'' (1933)
*''[[The Three Musketeers (1933 serial)|The Three Musketeers]]'' (1933)
*''[[Central Airport]]'' (1933)
*''[[Somewhere in Sonora]]'' (1933)
*''[[His Private Secretary]]'' (1933)
*''[[The Life of Jimmy Dolan]]'' (1933)
*''[[Baby Face (film)|Baby Face]]'' (1933)
*''[[The Man From Monterey]]'' (1933)
*''[[Riders of Destiny]]'' (1933)
*''[[College Coach]]'' (1933)
*''[[Sagebrush Trail]]'' (1933)
*''[[The Lucky Texan]]'' (1934)
*''[[West of the Divide]]'' (1934)
*''[[Blue Steel (film)|Blue Steel]]'' (1934)
*''[[The Lawless Frontier]]'' (1934)
*''[[Helltown]]'' (1934)
*''[[The Man from Utah]]'' (1934)
*''[[Randy Rides Alone]]'' (1934)
*''[[The Star Packer]]'' (1934)
*''[[The Trail Beyond]]'' (1934)
*''[[The Lawless Beyond]]'' (1934)
*''[['Neath the Arizona Skies]]'' (1934)
*''[[Texas Terror (film)|Texas Terror]]'' (1935)
*''[[Rainbow Valley (film)|Rainbow Valley]]'' (1935)
*''[[The Desert Trail]]'' (1935)
*''[[The Dawn Rider]]'' (1935)
*''[[Paradise Canyon]]'' (1935)
*''[[Westward Ho (film)]]'' (1935)
*''[[The New Frontier (Film)|The New Frontier]]'' (1935)
*''[[Lawless Range]]'' (1935)
*''[[The Oregon Trail (1936 film)|The Oregon Trail]]'' (1936)
*''[[The Lawless Nineties]]'' (1936)
*''[[King of the Pecos]]'' (1936)
*''[[The Lonely Trail]]'' (1936)
*''[[Winds of the Wasteland]]'' (1936)
*''[[Sea Spoilers]]'' (1936)
*''[[Conflict (1936 film)|Conflict]]'' (1936)
*''[[California Straight Ahead!]]'' (1937)
*''[[I Cover the War]]'' (1937)
*''[[Idol of the Crowds]]'' (1937)
*''[[Adventure's End]]'' (1937)
*''[[Born to the West]]'' (1937)
*''[[Pals of the Saddle]]'' (1938)
*''[[Overland Stage Raiders]]'' (1938)
*''[[Santa Fe Stampede]]'' (1938)
*''[[Red River Range]]'' (1938)
*''[[Stagecoach (film)|Stagecoach]]'' (1939)
*''[[The Night Riders]]'' (1939)
*''[[Three Texas Steers]]'' (1939)
*''[[Wyoming Outlaw]]'' (1939)
*''[[New Frontier (film)]]'' (1939)
*''[[Allegheny Uprising]]'' (1939)
===1940s===
*''[[Meet the Stars: Cowboy Jubilee]]'' (1940) (short subject)
*''[[Three Faces West]]'' (1940)
*''[[The Long Voyage Home]]'' (1940)
*''[[Seven Sinners]]'' (1940)
*''[[A Man Betrayed]]'' (1941)
*''[[Lady from Louisiana]]'' (1941)
*''[[The Shepherd of the Hills]]'' (1941)
*''[[Meet the Stars: Past and Present]]'' (1941) (short subject)
*''[[Lady for a Night]]'' (1942)
*''[[Reap the Wild Wind]]'' (1942)
*''[[The Spoilers (film)|The Spoilers]]'' (1942)
*''[[In Old California (1942 film)|In Old California]]'' (1942)
*''[[Flying Tigers (film)|Flying Tigers]]'' (1942)
*''[[Pittsburgh (film)|Pittsburgh]]'' (1942)
*''[[Reunion in France]]'' (1942)
*''[[A Lady Takes a Chance]]'' (1943)
*''[[In Old Oklahoma]]'' (1943)
*''[[The Fighting Seabees]]'' (1944)
*''[[Tall in the Saddle]]'' (1944)
*''[[Flame of Barbary Coast]]'' (1945)
*''[[Back to Bataan]]'' (1945)
*''[[They Were Expendable]]'' (1945)
*''[[Dakota (film)|Dakota]]'' (1945)
*''[[Without Reservations]]'' (1946)
*''[[Angel and the Badman]]'' (1947) (also producer)
*''[[Tycoon (film)|Tycoon]]'' (1947)
*''[[Red River (film)|Red River]]'' (1948)
*''[[Fort Apache (film)|Fort Apache]]'' (1948)
*''[[Three Godfathers]]'' (1948)
*''[[Wake of the Red Witch]]'' (1948)
*''[[The Fighting Kentuckian]]'' (1949) (also producer)
*''[[She Wore a Yellow Ribbon]]'' (1949)
*''[[Screen Snapshots: Hollywood Rodeo]]'' (1949) (short subject)
*''[[Sands of Iwo Jima]]'' (1949)
*''[[Dark Command]]'' (1940)
===1950s===
*''[[Rio Grande (movie)|Rio Grande]]'' (1950)
*''[[Screen Snapshots: Reno's Silver Spur Awards]]'' (1951) (short subjects)
*''[[Operation Pacific]]'' (1951)
*''[[The Screen Director]]'' (1951) (short subject)
*''[[Screen Snapshots: Hollywood Awards]]'' (1951) (short subject)
*''[[Flying Leathernecks]]'' (1951)
*''[[Miracle in Motion]]'' (1952) (short subject) (narrator)
*''[[The Quiet Man]]'' (1952)
*''[[Big Jim McLain]]'' (1952) (also producer)
*''[[Trouble Along the Way]]'' (1953)
*''[[Island in the Sky]]'' (1953) (also producer)
*''[[Hondo (film)|Hondo]]'' (1953) (also producer)
*''[[The High and the Mighty (film)|The High and the Mighty]]'' (1954) (also producer)
*''[[The Sea Chase]]'' (1955)
*''[[Screen Snapshots: The Great Al Jolson]]'' (1955) (short subject)
*''[[Blood Alley]]'' (1955) (also director and producer)
*''[[The Conqueror]]'' (1956)
*''[[The Searchers (film)|The Searchers]]'' (1956)
*''[[The Wings of Eagles]]'' (1957)
*''[[Jet Pilot (film)|Jet Pilot]]'' (1957)
*''[[Legend of the Lost]]'' (1957)
*''[[I Married a Woman]]'' (1958) (Cameo)
*''[[The Barbarian and the Geisha]]'' (1958)
*''[[Rio Bravo (film)|Rio Bravo]]'' (1959)
*''[[The Horse Soldiers]]'' (1959)
===1960s===
*''[[The Alamo (1960 film)|The Alamo]]'' (1960) (also director and producer)
*''[[North to Alaska]]'' (1960)
*''[[The Challenge of Ideas]]'' (1961) (short subject) (narrator)
*''[[The Comancheros]]'' (1961) (also director)
*''[[The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance]]'' (1962)
*''[[Hatari!]]'' (1962)
*''[[The Longest Day (film)|The Longest Day]]'' (1962)
*''[[How the West Was Won (film)|How the West Was Won]]'' (1962)
*''[[McLintock!]]'' (1963)
*''[[Donovan's Reef]]'' (1963)
*''[[Circus World (film)|Circus World]]'' (1964)
*''[[The Greatest Story Ever Told]]'' (1965)
*''[[In Harm's Way]]'' (1965)
*''[[The Sons of Katie Elder]]'' (1965)
*''[[Cast a Giant Shadow]]'' (1966)
*''[[El Dorado (film)|El Dorado]]'' (1966)
*''[[A Nation Builds Under Fire]]'' (1967) (short subject) (narrator)
*''[[The War Wagon]]'' (1967)
*''[[The Green Berets (film)|The Green Berets]]'' (1968) (also director)
*''[[Hellfighters (film)|Hellfighters]]'' (1968)
*''[[True Grit]]'' (1969)
*''[[The Undefeated]]'' (1969)
===1970s===
*''[[No Substitute for Victory]]'' (1970) (documentary)
*''[[Chisum]]'' (1970)
*''[[Rio Lobo]]'' (1970)
*''[[Big Jake (film)|Big Jake]]'' (1971) (also co-director)
*''[[Directed by John Ford]]'' (1971) (documentary)
*''[[The Cowboys]]'' (1972)
*''[[Cancel My Reservation]]'' (1972) (Cameo)
*''[[The Train Robbers]]'' (1973)
*''[[Cahill U.S. Marshall]]'' (1973)
*''[[McQ]]'' (1974)
*''[[Brannigan (film)|Brannigan]]'' (1975)
*''[[Rooster Cogburn]]'' (1975)
*''[[Chesty: Tribute to a Legend]]'' (1976) (documentary) (narrator)
*''[[The Shootist]]'' (1976)
{{start box}}
{{succession box
| title=[[Academy Award for Best Actor]]
| years=1969<br>'''for ''[[True Grit]]'' '''
| before=[[Cliff Robertson]]<br>for ''[[Charly]]''
| after=[[George C. Scott]]<br>for ''[[Patton (film)|Patton]]''
}}
{{end box}}
==John Wayne in pop culture==
===Movies and television===
Characters in numerous other movies and television shows have made imitations of John Wayne. They have easily imitated his signature swaggered walk, and especially his use of the word "pilgrim" and his famous lines like "Fill your hands you son-of-a-bitch."[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0065126/quotes]
* In the 1994 film, ''[[Léon (film)|The Professional]]'', [[Jean Reno]]'s character Leon does an impersonation of John Wayne in a game of charades. Wayne is one of the few American icons whom his detached character in the film knows of aside from [[Gene Kelly]], as he fails to recognize obvious impersonations of [[Charlie Chaplin]], [[Marilyn Monroe]] and [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]].
* In the 1996 film ''[[The Birdcage]]'', Robin Williams encourages [[Nathan Lane]] to become more "manly" by walking like Wayne. When Lane does a rather limp impression of the Duke's characteristic stride, Williams comments, "I didn't know John Wayne walked like that."
* In the 1985 [[John Hughes (film director)|John Hughes]] film ''[[Weird Science]]'', Lisa taunts the boys who are hiding in the closet from the party crashers with, "John Wayne wouldn't be hiding in the closet? Gary, played by [[Anthony Michael Hall]], replies, "The man's dead"!
* In the comic ''[[Preacher (comics)|Preacher]]'', the main character speaks to the ghost of John Wayne. During a flashback to Vietnam, John Wayne is featured speaking to the troops. Jesse has a lighter that was presented to his father (and other troops) by "The Duke".
* In the 2006 film, Running Scared, Anzor Yugorsky is a very devoted John Wayne fan, lashing out at anyone who would bash Wayne. Anzor was working with the mob, but turns on them after refusing to kill his stepson. He removes his shirt and turns around, revealing a tattoo of John Wayne's face on his back. One of the mobsters kills Anzor by shooting him twice in the back, the bullets going through the eyes of the tattoo.
*Incendiary comedian [[Richard Pryor]] paid a tribute of sorts to Wayne during the concert film ''[[Richard Pryor: Live in Concert]]''. During a monologue about [[death]], Pryor noted that John Wayne "kicked Death's ass ''twice''! Motherfucker had cancer, kicked Death's ass, open heart surgery...John Wayne just said, ''(impersonating Wayne)'' 'Get the fuck outta here, Death!'"
Many comedians have imitated Wayne. [[Jonathan Winters]] did so on several occasions; [[Robin Williams]] has even imitated Winters imitating Wayne (including in the film ''[[Good Morning Vietnam]]''). Impressionist [[Rich Little]]'s take on Wayne appeared in his 1978 TV special ''[[Christmas Carol]]'' and 1982 special ''[[Robin Hood]]'', with Wayne as Little John. [[Ryan Stiles]] impersonates Wayne on the improv comedy series ''[[Whose Line is it Anyway]]'' on a regular basis.
In an episode of ''[[Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In]]'', [[Tiny Tim (musician)|Tiny Tim]] claimed that the reason he chose his stage name was because another performer was already using his "real name" – John Wayne! (Tiny Tim's name was actually Herbert Khaury.)
The movie ''[[Gas-s-s-s]]'' begins with a cartoon of an Army general announcing a "weapons test", which turns out to spell disaster for everyone on Earth over twenty-five; the general's voice was an imitation of Wayne's.
[[Gary Burghoff]] sometimes mimicked John Wayne's voice and mannerisms in episodes of ''[[M*A*S*H (TV series)|M*A*S*H]]'', as his character [[Radar O'Reilly]].
In an episode of [[I Love Lucy]], Lucy and Ethel steal the cement block with John Wayne's footprints from the forecourt of [[Grauman's Chinese Theater]]. They then attempt to have him replace it in the next episode.
Clyde Kusatsu played eccentric Honolulu Detective Gordon Katsumoto on two episodes of ''[[Magnum P.I.]]'' titled "This Island Isn't Big Enough...." and "A.A.P.I." (both 1986), in which he imitated John Wayne throughout the show. The imitation went so far as that he had a bronze bust of Wayne and a white cavalry hat (like the one Wayne wore in movies ''Rio Grande'', ''Fort Apache'', and ''She Wore a Yellow Ribbon'') in his office.
''[[Full Metal Jacket]]'', the [[Stanley Kubrick]] 1987 effort, has [[Matthew Modine]] doing his Wayne imitations. [[Holly Hunter]] and [[Brad Johnson]] both attempted, although poorly, to imitate "The Duke" in the movie ''[[Always (movie)|Always]]'' (1989).
[[Kurt Russell]] does a John Wayne impersonation throughout the entirety of [[John Carpenter]]'s ''[[Big Trouble in Little China]]'' (1986).
Various characters have been named after Wayne, including a [[security guard]] in ''[[North of Pittsburgh]]'' (1992), a character in an intergalactic zoo for ''[[Earth Minus Zero]]'' (1996), cowboy John Wayne Hart in ''[[Harts of the West]]'' (1993), the lead in French film ''[[Les Folles années du twist]]'' (1986), and in Spanish television series ''[[Marina]]'' (1980). In ''[[Shanghai Knights]]'' (2003), [[Jackie Chan]] plays Chon Wang (simplified pronunciation "John Wayne"); when he and [[Owen Wilson]]'s character Roy O'Bannon consider going into the silent film industry, O'Bannon comments that the name "could work".
Wayne even parodied himself occasionally, with appearances in ''[[I Married a Woman]]'' (1958), ''[[Cancel My Reservation]]'' (1972), and episodes of the television series ''[[Gunsmoke]]'' (1955), ''[[I Love Lucy]]'' (1955), ''[[The Jack Benny Program]]'' (1960), ''[[The Dean Martin Show]]'' (1965, 1966), ''[[The Lucy Show]]'' (1966), ''[[The Beverly Hillbillies]]'' (1967), ''[[Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In]]'' (1972, 1973), and ''[[Maude (TV series)|Maude]]'' (1974). This was in addition to his appearances on talk shows, game shows, variety shows, award shows, and tribute shows.
===Song lyrics===
* The [[punk rock]] band, [[MDC (band)|MDC]] released a song called ''John Wayne Was a Nazi'' which celebrated Wayne's "long and painful death".<ref> [http://www.lyricsondemand.com/m/mdclyrics/johnwaynewasanazilyrics.html lyricsondemand.com site]</ref>
* [[Tom Lehrer]]’s [[1965 in music|1965]] song “Send the Marines” (from ''[[That Was the Year That Was]]''), includes the lyric, “We’ll send them all we’ve got / John Wayne and [[Randolph Scott]] / Remember those exciting fighting scenes?” satirically conflating Wayne’s war movies with the reality of military action, especially in popular consciousness.[http://members.aol.com/quentncree/lehrer/marines.htm]
* [[Gil Scott-Heron]]'s 1981 track "B-Movie" compares newly-elected [[Ronald Reagan]] to Wayne, specifically making the point that America would have rather elected the Duke.
* In 1985, a novelty rap record by Shawn Brown entitled "Rappin' Duke" enjoyed popularity with an impression of John Wayne rapping the lyrics.
* Wayne is mentioned in the [[Paula Cole]] song "Where Have All the Cowboys Gone?" <ref>[http://www.musicfanclubs.org/paulacole/lyrics.html lyrics musicfanclubs.org site]</ref> from the [[1996 in music|1996]] album ''This Fire''.
* In 1989, [[Ray Stevens]] released the album ''Beside Myself'', in which the song "Marion Michael Morrison" is dedicated to John Wayne. The lyrics contained the quote "Here's to you, Marion Michael Morrison. Here's to you, for all of our battles that you fought and won."
* Wayne appeared in a very uncomplimentary light in the [[Public Enemy]] song "Fight the Power," from the 1990 album "Fear of a Black Planet". Wayne has frequently come under fire for racist remarks he made about black people and Native American Indians in his infamous Playboy magazine interview from May 1971. He was also criticized for supporting Senator [[Barry Goldwater]] in the 1964 presidential election, after Goldwater had voted against the [[Civil Rights Act]], and for supporting the segregationist Governor of Alabama [[George Wallace]] in 1968.
* [[Jimmy Buffett]] mentions John Wayne prominently in his song "Incommunicado" ([http://www.margaritaville.com/discography/cocotel.htm#INCOMMUNICADO lyrics]) on the ''[[Coconut Telegraph]]'' album of [[1981 in music|1981]]. Jimmy is lamenting his loss and remembering such films as ''Red River'' and ''(The Man Who Shot) Liberty Valence''.
* Country duo [[Big & Rich]] mention Wayne in "Save a Horse, Ride a Cowboy" from their 2004 album ''Horse of a Different Color''.
* In Garth Brooks' song, "Against the Grain" from the Album "Ropin' the Wind", there is a message about being yourself with the lyric "Go bustin' in like old John Wayne"
* Queen's song "Bicycle Race" contains the lyrics "you say John, I say Wayne".
* The song ''John Wayne is Big Leggy'', a whimsical prodding into Wayne's personal life, was the ninth track on British [[New Wave music|new wave]] group [[Haysi Fantayzee]]'s 1983 record ''[[Battle Hymns for Children Singing]]''.
* The chorus to the 1994 [[Bruce Dickinson]] song ''[[Balls to Picasso|Sacred Cowboy]]'' goes "Where is our John Wayne, where's our sacred cowboy now? Where are the indians on the hill? There's no injuns left to kill."
* [[Warren Zevon]] mentions John Wayne in his song "My Ride's Here" not only as John Wayne but later on as Marion, his birth name.
* [[The Rolling Stones]] mention him in the lyrics of "Star Star"
* John Wayne is the title of a song by the mainstay [[go go|gogo]] group, the [[Junkyard Band]].
* Wayne was also mentioned on a [[G-Unit]] song called "Gangsta Shit". Young Buck said " I keep a holster on my shoulder like I'm John Wayne "
* John Wayne is included in the lyrics of a [[Charlie Daniels Band]] Song "A Few More Rednecks"; ''"And it’s a shame ole John Wayne Didn’t live to run for president"''
* [[Denis Leary|Denis Leary's]] most recognisable song, ''Asshole'', talks about John Wayne in the rant near the end, in Leary's traditional sarcastic style: "John Wayne's not dead - he's frozen! And when we find a cure for cancer, we're gonna thaw out the Duke and he's gonna be pretty pissed off. You wanna know why? Have you ever taken a cold shower? Well, multiply that by 15 million times - that's how pissed off the Duke's gonna be."
* [[Drive-By Truckers]] has a song entitled "The Sands of Iwo Jima" on its album [[The Dirty South]]. It is sung from the perspective of a young boy who loves John Wayne movies. He asked his great-uncle, a World War II veteran, if Wayne's movie [[Sands of Iwo Jima|The Sands of Iwo Jima]] represented the war properly; the old man smiled, shook his head and responsed "I never saw John Wayne on the sands of Iwo Jima".
*[[Terry Scott Taylor]] of [[Daniel Amos]], [[The Swirling Eddies]] fame has a solo album entitled "John Wayne", which talks about, among other thing, life in Orange County, CA. The title track has a line: "hey John Wayne, it's good to see you when I get off the plane, your bronze skin's turned pale, and he says "pilgrim tell me how did I fail""
===Other===
*[[Jesse Custer]], the protagonist of the comic book series [[Preacher (comics)|Preacher]], often takes advice from a visage of John Wayne; it is unclear if this is Wayne's ghost or a figment of Custer's imagination.
===Accolades===
* Wayne was inducted into the [[Hall of Great Western Performers of the National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum]] in 1974.
* Wayne was Unanimously awarded the U.S. Congressional Gold Medal, "John Wayne-American", shortly before his death in 1979.
===Other relationships===
* For over 40 years, John Wayne and [[Maureen O'Hara]], who starred together in [[McLintock!]] and [[The Quiet Man]], were best friends.
* Along with [[Bob Hope]], Wayne was one of Hollywood's vocal [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] supporters.
* On Sunday evenings the "good ol' boys club" met at the [[John Ford]] Ranch in the [[San Fernando Valley]]. John Ford and John Wayne would be at the Ranch, and some others; [[Ben Johnson (actor)|Ben Johnson]], [[Chill Wills]], [[Ward Bond]], [[Grant Withers]], [[Harry Carey, Jr.]] and many of the other supporting actors that were usually in all of Wayne's pictures. Sometimes, [[Lee Marvin]] would show up. They were sometimes known as The John Ford Stock Company.
===Business ventures===
* Owned the [[Culver Hotel]] for several years before donating it to the [[YMCA]].
===Physical size===
In his prime Wayne's height was 6'4&1/2", he wieghted 220 lbs. and wore size 11 boots.
===Politics===
* In [[1978]], Wayne uncharacteristically sided with the Democrats and President Jimmy Carter against his fellow conservative Republicans over the issue of the Panama Canal, which Wayne believed belonged to the people of Panama and not the United States of America.
* Had a life-long friendship and professional collaboration with [[John Ford]], which spanned 50 years, despite their political differences.
===Missed roles===
* Wayne was approached by [[Mel Brooks]] to play the part of Mr. Taggert in the film ''[[Blazing Saddles]]''. After reading the script he said "I can't be in this picture, it's too dirty...but I'll be the first in line to see it!" The part eventually went to another cowboy actor, [[Slim Pickens]]. One can only speculate just how it would have looked with Wayne playing what could have been the biggest parody of himself in film history.<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/discussion/2006/05/10/DI2006051001080.html washingtonpost.com]</ref>
===Character deaths===
{{spoiler}}
* Contrary to popular belief, Wayne's character did die in seven of his films. His death is seen in the following films:
# ''[[The Shootist]]'' — After winning a seemingly hopeless gunfight with three opponents simultaneously, he is shot by the bartender and is then avenged by [[Ron Howard (director)|Ron Howard]]'s character.
# ''[[The Cowboys]]'' — He is killed by [[Bruce Dern]]'s character.
# ''[[The Alamo (1960 film)|The Alamo]]'' — Playing [[Davy Crockett]], he's stabbed with a lance, then staggers into the ammunition room with a lit torch and blows it up.
#''[[Sands of Iwo Jima]]'' — He is killed at the end of the film by a bullet fired by a Japanese sniper who was hiding in a concealed hole.
#''[[Wake of the Red Witch]]'' — He drowns when the sunken ship he is trying to salvage shifts and drops further into the ocean, carrying him with it.
#''[[The Fighting Seabees]]'' — He is shot by a sniper as he attempts to egress from a bulldozer loaded with TNT aimed at a fuel depot.
#''[[Reap the Wild Wind]]'' — He is trapped inside the wreck of a sunken ship after a fight with a giant squid and drowns.
* His character death is not shown in the following:
#''[[The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance]]'' — His character is dead at the beginning of the film and the story is told in flashback by [[James Stewart (actor)|James Stewart]], who is attending his funeral.
#''[[The Sea Chase]]'' — [[Lana Turner]] and Wayne are on a ship when it sinks, but the possibility that the characters survived is left open.
#''The Deceiver'' — Ian Keith's character died, but the corpse was played by John Wayne.
#''[[Central Airport]]'' — John Wayne has a very minor role as the co-pilot of an aircraft that crashes into the ocean.
{{endspoilers}}
==See also==
* [[Notable figures in Western films|Other notable figures in Western films]]
* [[List of film collaborations]]
==Footnotes==
<references />
==Further reading==
* Campbell, James T. "Print the Legend: John Wayne and Postwar American Culture". ''Reviews in American History'', Volume 28, Number 3, September 2000, pp. 465-477
* Shepherd, Donald, and Robert Slatzer, with Dave Grayson. ''Duke: The Life and Times of John Wayne''. New York: Doubleday, 1985 ISBN 0-385-17893-X
* Carey, Harry Jr. ''A Company of Heroes: My Life as an Actor in the John Ford Stock Company''. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 1994 ISBN 0-8108-2865-0
* Clark, Donald & Christopher Anderson. ''John Wayne's The Alamo: The Making of the Epic Film''. New York: Carol Publishing Group, 1995 ISBN 0-8065-1625-9 (pbk.)
* Eyman, Scott. ''Print the Legend: The Life and Times of John Ford''. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999 ISBN 0-684-81161-8
* McCarthy, Todd. ''Howard Hawks: The Grey Fox of Hollywood''. New York: Grove Press, 1997 ISBN 0-8021-1598-5
* Zolotow, Maurice., ''Shooting Star: A Biography of John Wayne''. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1974 ISBN 671-80211-9 {{Please check ISBN|671-80211-9}}
==Notes==
<div class="references-small">
<references/>
</div>
==External links==
{{commons|John Wayne}}
{{wikiquote}}
*[http://www.johnwayne.com/ The Official Website of John Wayne]
* {{imdb name|id=0000078|name=John Wayne}}
*[http://www.dukewayne.com JWMB - DukeWayne.com - Largest Online Fan Community]
*[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=1079 Find A Grave Entry]
* [http://www.jwcf.org/ John Wayne Cancer Foundation]
* [http://www.jwci.org/ John Wayne Cancer Institute]
* [http://www.wayneenterprises.com/ Wayne Enterprises], the sole and exclusive licensor of the John Wayne name, image, and [[Wiktionary:likeness|likeness]]
* [http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a2_016.html Did John Wayne die of cancer caused by a radioactive movie set?] (from ''[[The Straight Dope]]'')
* [http://www.adherents.com/people/pw/John_Wayne.html The Religious Affiliation of John Wayne]
* [http://www.aeonity.com/ab/soundboards/celebrity/john-wayne.php John Wayne Celebrity Soundboards]
* [http://www.usclegends.org/john-wayne.php John Wayne] Profile at USC Legends
* [http://sagebrushpatriot.com/america.htm John Wayne's Narration on America]
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