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<div style="border:1px solid; background-color:#ffdead;"> <div style="background-color:#000000; font color:#ffffff; margin-right:40px; margin-left:40px; line-height:1.5;"> <font color="#ffffff"> <big> For anyone wondering when I'll turn this page into something deserving the title "Wikipedia User Page", the answer is when I get the time. </big> </font> </div>
:''This article refers to [[public transport]] vehicles running on [[Tramway track|rails]]. For other meanings of tram, see [[Tram (disambiguation)]]. For other uses of trolley see [[Trolley (disambiguation)]]. For other uses of streetcar, see [[Streetcar (disambiguation)]]. See also [[Light rail]] and [[Trolleybus]]'' {{train topics}}
[[Image:Dundas-streetcar-and-ago-as-seen-from-near-deconism.jpg|thumb|right|A CLRV Streetcar in the City of [[Toronto]]. Toronto's [[Toronto Transit Commission|TTC]] maintains the most extensive system in The Americas (in terms of total track length, number of cars, and ridership).]]
[[Image:San Diego Green Line SDSU.jpg|thumb|[[San Diego Trolley]] (light rail) at [[San Diego State University]] Transit Center in [[San Diego]], [[California]].]]
[[Image:2001-03-31.H-TW2000-Vahrenwalder-Platz.jpg|thumb|right|[[TW2000]] car in [[Hanover]]]]
[[Image:VW-Cargotram-Dresden.jpg|thumb|right|[[Volkswagen]] Cargo-Tram in [[Dresden]] on a section of [[grassed track]]. It delivers parts to the [[Transparent Factory]]]]
[[Image:Kt8d5.jpg|thumb|right|[[KT8D5]] tram with [[low floor]] middle part in [[Košice]]]]
A '''tram''', or '''tramcar''', is a [[railroad car|railborne]] vehicle, lighter than a [[train]], designed for the transport of passengers (and/or, very occasionally, freight) within, close to, or between villages, towns and/or cities. In North America, a tram is known as a '''trolley''', '''trolley car''', or '''streetcar'''.
A tram differs from other forms of rail-based transport in that the tracks are partly or wholly laid in streets, which are shared to a greater or lesser extent with other road traffic. Many tram systems lack platforms, which enables virtually complete integration with other forms of transport and pedestrians making simultaneous use of the streets.
<div style="background-color:#ffa500; margin-right:60px; margin-left:60px; margin-top:20px;"> <font color="blue"> <center> <big> [[Special:Contributions/E%3DMC%5E2|My Contributions]] – [[User talk:E=MC^2|My talk]] – [[Special:Emailuser/E%3DMC%5E2|E-mail me]] – [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:E%3DMC%5E2&action=edit§ion=new Leave me a message] – [http://kohl.wikimedia.org/~kate/cgi-bin/count_edits.cgi?user=E%3DMC%5E2&dbname=enwiki My total number of edits]
Tram systems were common throughout the industrialized world in the early 20th century. Although they disappeared from many cities in mid-century, in recent years they have made a comeback. Many newer [[light rail]] systems share features with trams, although a distinction is usually drawn between them, especially if the line has significant off-street running.
Current Projects I am involved with:
<font color="blue"> <center> <big> [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Judaism|WikiProject Judaism]] – [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub Sorting|WikiProject Stub Sorting]]
== Etymology ==
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The terms "tram" and "tramway" were originally [[:sco:Tramcar|Scots]] and [[Northern English]] words for the type of truck used in [[coal mining|coal mines]] and the tracks on which they ran — probably derived from a North Sea Germanic word of unknown origin meaning the "beam or shaft of a barrow or sledge", also "a barrow" or container body.
Although "tram" and "tramway" have been adopted by many languages, they are not used universally in English, North Americans preferring "trolley", "trolley car" or "streetcar". The term "streetcar" is first recorded in 1860, and is a North American usage, as is "trolley," which is believed to derive from the "troller," a four wheeled device that was dragged along dual overhead wires by a cable that connected the troller to the top of the car and collected electrical power from the [[overhead wire]], sometimes simply strung, sometimes on a [[catenary (railways)|catenary]]. The trolley pole, which supplanted the troller early-on, is fitted to the top of the car and is spring-loaded in order to keep the trolley wheel, at the upper of the pole, firmly in contact with the overhead wire. The terms trolley pole and trolley wheel both derive from the troller.
<div style="margin-right:5px;"> {{wstress3d|1|235|<big> <center> My current stress level </center> </big>}} </div>
Modern trolleys often do not use a trolley wheel: either they have a metal shoe with a carbon insert or they dispense with the trolley pole completely and have instead a [[pantograph (rail)|pantograph]]. Other streetcars are sometimes called trolleys, even though strictly this may be incorrect: cable cars, for example, or [[conduit car]]s that draw power from an underground supply.
<Hello. I am user [[wikibooks:User:E=MC^2|E=MC^2]] on [[wikibooks:Main Page|Wikibooks]] , and [[m:User:E=MC^2|E=MC^2]] on [[m:Main Page|meta]]. <s> I have decided to quit before I get into any major conflicts and end my involvement with Wikipedia. </s> I can't bring myself to leave forever, I'm too addicted!
==Wiki-Philosophies==
[[Tourist]] [[bus]]es made to look like streetcars are also sometimes called trolleys; see [[tourist trolley]]. Likewise, open, low-speed segmented vehicles on rubber tires, generally used to ferry tourists short distances, can be called trams, particularly in the U.S.; a famous example is the tram on the [[Universal Studios Backlot Tour|Universal Studios tour]].
*I am an [[inclusionist]]. Every book by an important author and all books considered important deserve their own [[Wikipedia]] article. Would you like it if someone grouped you up with others, not giving you individual attention or ignored you like [[m:mergist|mergists]] or [[m:deletionists|deletionists]] want to do?
*I believe that [[WP:RFA|admin status]] is fine just the way it is. We do not need stricter or more lenient criteria at this time. (However, with more and more users becoming long term contributors, we may need more stringent rules.)
==Existence is…==
[[Electric]] buses, which still overwhelmingly use twin trolley poles (one for live current, one for return) are called '''[[trolleybus]]es''', '''trackless trolleys''' (particularly in the USA), or sometimes also '''trolleys'''.
*[[The Answer to Life, the Universe, and Everything]]:
*"6 by 9."
*"42."
*"That's it. That's all there is."
==Things Historyto do==
*Expand:
[[Image:Gdansk tramwaj konny.jpg|thumb|left|A horse tramway in [[Gdańsk]], [[Poland]] (late 19th century)]]
**[[Exodus (novel)|Exodus]]
Appearing in the first half of the 19th century, trams were at first pulled by horses.
*Create:
**[[My name is Asher Lev]]
The first trams, known as streetcars or [[horsecar]]s in North America, were built in the [[United States]] and developed from city [[stagecoach]] lines and [[bus|omnibus]] lines that picked up and dropped off passengers on a regular route and without the need to be pre-hired. The first streetcar ran along Bowery Street in [[New York City]], and began service in the year 1832. It was followed in 1835 by [[New Orleans, Louisiana]]<ref > {{cite web
**[[In the Beginning (book)|In the Beginning]]
| last = Bellis
**[[The Promise]]
| first = Mary
{{DualLicenseWithCC-BySA-Dual}}
| title = History of Streetcars and Cable Cars
{{MultiLicenseMinorPD}}
| url = http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blstreetcars.htm
</div>
| accessdate = 2007-01-10 }}</ref> . At first the [[Rail tracks#Railway rail|rails]] protruded above street level, causing accidents and major trouble for pedestrians. They were supplanted in 1852 by [[Tramway track#Grooved rail|grooved rails]] or [[Tramway track#Grooved rail|girder rails]], invented by [[Alphonse Loubat]]. The first tram in France was inaugurated in 1853 for the upcoming [[Exposition Universelle (1855)|World's Fair]], where a test line was presented along the [[Cours de la Reine]], in the [[VIIIe arrondissement|8th arrondissement]].
These trams were an [[animal railway]], usually using [[horse]]s and sometimes [[mule]]s to haul the cars, usually two as a team. Rarely other animals were tried, including humans in emergencies.
[[Image:Halle ad Saale Strassenbahn.jpg|thumb|left|A historic German tram]]
One of the advantages over earlier forms of transit was the low [[rolling resistance]] of metal wheels on [[steel]] rails, allowing the animals to haul a greater load for a given effort. Problems included the fact that any given animal could only work so many hours on a given day, had to be housed, groomed, fed and cared for day in and day out, and produced prodigious amounts of [[manure]], which the streetcar company was charged with disposing of. Since a typical horse pulled a car for perhaps a dozen miles a day and worked for four or five hours, many systems needed ten or more horses in stable for each horsecar. Electric trams largely replaced animal power in the late 19th and early 20th century. New York City had closed its last horsecar line in [[1917]]. The last regular mule drawn streetcar in the U.S.A., in [[Sulphur Rock, Arkansas]] closed in 1926. However during [[World War II]] some old horse cars were temporarily returned to service to help conserve fuel. A mule-powered line in [[Celaya]], [[Mexico]] operated until 1956. Horse-drawn trams still operate in [[Douglas, Isle of Man|Douglas]], [[Isle of Man]]. There is also a small line operated on Main Street at DisneyWorld, outside of Orlando Florida. A small horse-drawn service operates every 40 minutes at Victor Harbour, South Australia daily with 20 minute services during tourist seasons. This service runs between the mainland and Granite Island across a causeway.[http://www.victor.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=321]
The tram developed after that in numerous cities of Europe ([[London]], [[Berlin]], [[Paris]], etc.). Faster and more comfortable than the omnibus, trams had a high cost of operation because they were pulled by horses. That is why mechanical drives were rapidly developed, with [[steam power]] in 1873, and [[electrical]] after 1881, when [[Siemens AG]] presented the electric drive at the [[International Electricity Exhibition]] in Paris.
The convenience and economy of electricity resulted in its rapid adoption once the technical problems of production and transmission of electricity were solved.
The first prototype of the electric tram was developed by Russian engineer [[Fyodor Pirotsky]]. He modified a Horse tramway car to be powered by electricity instead of horses. The invention was tested in 1880 in [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]].
The world's first electric tram line opened in Lichterfelde near [[Berlin]], [[Germany]], in [[1881]]. It was built by [[Werner von Siemens]]. (see [[Berlin Straßenbahn]]).
==Steam trams==
[[Image:RockhamptonSteamTrams1923.jpg|thumb|right|Steam trams in [[Rockhampton, Queensland]] - note the small boiler at the front of the leading tram.]]
The first form of mechanical trams were operated using mobile steam engines. Generally, there were two types of steam trams. The first and most common had a small steam locomotive at the head of a line of one or more carriages, similar to a small train. Systems with such steam trams included [[Christchurch]], [[New Zealand]], [[Sydney]], [[Australia]] and other provincial city systems in [[New South Wales]].
The other style of steam tram had the steam engine mounted in the body of the tram. The most notable system to adopt such trams was in [[Paris]]. French designed steam trams also operated in [[Rockhampton, Queensland|Rockhampton]], in the [[Australia]]n state of [[Queensland]] between [[1909]] and [[1939]]. [[Stockholm]] also had a steam tramline at the island of [[Södermalm]] between [[1887]] and [[1901]]. A major drawback on this style of tram was the limited space for the engine, meaning these trams were usually underpowered.
==Cable pulled cars==
{{main|Cable car (railway)}}
[[Image:Tramdenhaag.JPG|thumb|right|Tram in The Hague]]
The next type of tram was the cable car, which sought to reduce labor costs and the hardship on animals. Cable cars are pulled along a [[rail track]] by a continuously moving cable running at a constant speed on which individual cars stop and start by releasing and gripping this cable as required. The power to move the cable is provided at a site away from the actual operation. The first cable car line in the United States was tested in [[San Francisco, California]] in [[1873]]. The second city to operate cable trams was [[Dunedin]] in New Zealand in 1881. Dunedin's cable trams ceased operation in 1957.
Cable cars suffered from high infrastructure costs, since a vast and expensive system of [[cable]]s, [[pulley]]s, [[stationary engine]]s and vault structures between the rails had to be provided. They also require strength and skill to operate, to avoid obstructions and other cable cars. The cable had to be dropped at particular locations and the cars coast, for example when crossing another cable line. Breaks and frays in the cable, which occurred frequently, required the complete cessation of services over a cable route, while the cable was repaired. After the development of electrically-powered trams, the more costly cable car systems declined rapidly.
Cable cars were especially useful in hilly cities, partially explaining their survival in [[San Francisco]], though the most extensive cable system in the U.S. was in [[Chicago]], a much flatter city. The largest cable system in the world which operated in the flat city of [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], Australia had, at its peak, 592 trams running on 74 kilometres of track.
The [[San Francisco cable car system|San Francisco cable cars]], though significantly reduced in number, continue to perform a regular transportation function, in addition to being a tourist attraction. Single lines also survive on hilly parts of [[Wellington]], New Zealand and Hong Kong.
==Other power sources==
[[Image:Bensinmotorvagn. Trafikerade linjen 19, Karlaplan - Frihamnen 1924 - 1929.JPG|right|thumb|180px|Petrol driven tram in Stockholm]]
In some parts of the [[United Kingdom]], other forms of power were used to power the tram. [[Hastings]] and some other small tramways, for example [[Stockholm]] in [[Sweden]], used Petrol driven trams and Lytham St Annes used gas powered trams. Paris successfully operated trams that were powered by compressed air.
==Electric trams (trolley cars)==
[[Image:Post245.jpg|right|thumb|A historic postcard showing electric-powered trolley streetcars in [[Richmond, Virginia]], where [[Frank J. Sprague]] successfully demonstrated his new system on the hills in 1888]]
[[Image:Piter ice tram.jpg|right|thumb|Tramways on ice of [[Neva|the River Neva]] in [[Saint Petersburg]]]]
Multiple functioning experimental electric trams were exhibited at the 1884 [[World Cotton Centennial]] World's Fair in [[New Orleans, Louisiana]]; however they were deemed as not yet adequately perfected to replace the [[Emile Lamm|Lamm]] fireless engines then propelling the [[St. Charles Avenue Streetcar]] in that city.
Electric-powered trams ([[trolley]] cars, so called for the [[trolley pole]] used to gather power from an unshielded overhead wire), were first successfully tested in service in [[Richmond, Virginia]] in 1888, in an installation by [[Frank J. Sprague]]. There were earlier commercial installations of electric streetcars, including one in Berlin, as early as 1881 by [[Ernst Werner von Siemens|Werner von Siemens]] and the company that still bears his name, and also one in [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]], invented and tested by Fiodor A. Pirotskiy in 1880. Another was by John Joseph Wright, brother of the famous mining entrepreneur [[Whitaker Wright]], in Toronto in 1883. The earlier installations, however, proved difficult and/or unreliable. Siemens' line, for example, provided power through a live rail and a return rail, like a [[model train]] setup, limiting the [[voltage]] that could be used, and providing unwanted excitement to people and animals crossing the tracks. Siemens later designed his own method of current collection, this time from an overhead wire, called the [[bow collector]]. Once this had been developed his cars became equal to, if not better than, any of Sprague's cars. The first electric [[interurban]] line connecting [[St. Catharines, Ontario|St. Catharines]] and [[Thorold, Ontario|Thorold]], [[Ontario]] was deployed in 1887, and was considered quite successful at the time. While this line proved quite versatile as one of the earliest fully functional electric streetcar installations, it still required horse-drawn support while climbing the [[Niagara Escarpment]] and for two months of the winter when [[hydroelectricity]] was not available. This line continued service in its original form well into the 1950s.
Since Sprague's installation was the first to prove successful in all conditions, he is credited with being the [[inventor]] of the trolley car. He later developed [[Multiple unit]] control, first demonstrated in Chicago in 1897, allowing multiple cars to be coupled together and operated by a single motorman. This gave birth to the modern subway train.
[[Image:OldTram 700.jpg|thumb|left|A 1925 [[vintage car|vintage]] British tram, a common sight until the 1950s]]
Two rare but significant alternatives were [[conduit current collection]], which was widely used in [[London]], [[Washington, D.C.]] and [[New York]], and the Surface Contact Collection method, used in [[Wolverhampton]] (The Lorain System) and [[Hastings]] (The Dolter Stud System), UK.
Attempts to use on-board batteries as a source of electrical power were made in the [[1880s]] and [[1890s]], with unsuccessful trials conducted in (among other places) [[Bendigo]] and [[Adelaide]] in [[Australia]].
A very famous Welsh example of a tram system was usually known as the Mumbles Train, or more formally as the [[Swansea and Mumbles Railway]]. Originally built as the Oystermouth Railway in 1804, on [[March 25]] [[1807]] it became the first passenger-carrying railway in the world. Converted to an overhead cable-supplied system it operated electric cars from [[March 2]], [[1929]] until its closure on [[January 5]], [[1960]]. These were the largest tram cars built for use in Britain and could each seat 106 passengers.
Another early tram system operated from 1886 until 1930 in [[Appleton, Wisconsin]], and is notable for being powered by the world's first [[hydroelectric power station]], which began operating on September 30, 1882 as the [[Appleton Edison Electric Company]].
===Golden Age===
Trams experienced a rapid expansion at the start of the 20th century until the period between the two world wars. There was a rapid increase in the number of lines and increase in the number of riders: indeed, it became the primary mode of urban transportation. Horse-drawn transport virtually disappeared in all European, American and [[India]]n cities by 1910. Buses were still in a development phase at this time, gaining in mechanical reliability, but remaining behind compared to the benefits offered by trams; the [[automobile]] was still reserved for the well-to-do.
===Disappearance from many cities===
The advent of personal motor vehicles and the improvements in motorized buses caused the rapid disappearance of the tram from most western and Asian countries by the end of the 1950s. Continuing technical improvements in buses made them more reliable, and a serious competitor to trams because they did not require the construction of costly infrastructure. [http://www.lava.net/cslater/TQOrigin.pdf]
In many cases postwar buses were cited as providing a smoother ride and a faster journey than the older, prewar trams. For example, the tram network survived in Budapest but for a considerable period of time bus fares were higher to recognize the superior quality of the buses. However, many riders protested against the replacement of streetcars arguing that buses weren't as smooth, efficient and polluted the air. In the United States, there have been allegations that the [[General Motors streetcar conspiracy]] was responsible for the replacement of trains with buses, but critics of this theory point to evidence that larger economic forces were driving conversion before General Motors' actions and outside of its reach.
Governments thus put investment principally into bus networks. Indeed, infrastructure for roads and highways meant for the automobile were perceived as a mark of progress. The priority given to roads is illustrated in the proposal of French president [[Georges Pompidou]] who declared in 1971 that "the city must adapt to the car".
Tram networks were no longer maintained or modernized, a state of affairs that served to discredit them in the eyes of the public. Old lines, considered archaic, were then bit by bit replaced by buses.
Tram networks disappeared almost completely from [[North America]], [[Brazil]], [[Argentina]], [[France]], the [[United Kingdom|UK]], [[India]], and altogether from [[Ireland]], [[Turkey]], [[Spain]] and [[South Africa]]. On the other hand, they were generally retained or modernized in most [[communism|communist]] countries, as well as [[Switzerland]], [[Germany]], [[Austria]], [[Italy]], [[Belgium]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Scandinavia]], and [[Japan]]. In France and the UK, only the networks in [[Lille]], [[Saint-Etienne]], [[Marseille]], and [[Blackpool]] survive from this period, but they are each reduced to a single line. Most [[Trams in Australasia|Australian tram network]]s disappeared by 1973, with the exception of the extensive system in Melbourne and [[Glenelg Tram|the Glenelg line]] in [[Adelaide]]. There are also many tourist Tram lines in operations across the [[Trams in Australasia|Australasia region]] including [[Bendigo, Victoria|Bendigo]] and [[Ballarat, Victoria|Ballarat]].
===Return to grace===
{{POV-section}}
[[Image:Tram_Amsterdam.jpg|thumb|right|A Siemens "Combino" tram in [[Amsterdam]]]]
[[Image:M32tram.jpg|thumb|right|A new [[Italy|Italian]] produced [[Sirio]] tram in [[Gothenburg]]]]
[[Image:Strasbourg-tram.jpg|thumb|right|tram in [[Strasbourg]], 2004.]]
The priority given to personal vehicles and notably to the automobile led to a loss in quality of life, particularly in large cities where [[smog]], [[traffic congestion]], [[sound pollution]] and [[parking]] became problematic. Acknowledging this, some authorities saw fit to redefine their transport policies. The bus had shown its limits on account of its low capacity and its difficult coexistence with automobile traffic, which made it slow both on the road and commercially. [[Rapid transit]] required a heavy investment and presented problems in terms of subterranean spaces that required constant security. For rapid transit, the investment was mainly in underground construction, which made it impossible in some cities (with underground water reserves, archaeological remains, etc.). Metro construction thus was not a universal panacea.
The advantages of the tram thus became more visible. At the end of the 1970s, some governments studied, and then built new tram lines. In France, [[Nantes]] and [[Grenoble]] lead the way in terms of the modern tram, and new systems were inaugurated in 1985 and 1988. The first UK modern light rail system opened in [[Manchester]] in [[1992]] with [[Italian]] built vehicles. In 1994 [[Strasbourg]] opened a system with novel British-built trams, specified by the city, with the goal of breaking with the archaic conceptual image that was held by the public.
The public, who realized with each installation of tram lines their benefits in urban flexibility and redistribution and the reduction in downtown automobile traffic, encouraged numerous city governments to so equip their streets. Many cities already equipped with trams have extended their lines and built new ones.
A great example of this shift in ideology is the city of [[Munich]], which began replacing its tram network with a [[metro]] a few years before the [[1972 Summer Olympics]]. When the metro network was finished in the 1990s the city began to tear out the tram network (which had become rather old and decrepit), but now faced opposition from many citizens who enjoyed the enhanced mobility of the mixed network -- the metro lines deviate from the tram lines to a significant degree. New [[rolling stock]] was purchased and the system was modernized, and a new line was proposed in 2003.
In [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]], the already extensive tramway system continues to be extended. In 2004 the Mount Albert line was extended several kilometres to Box Hill, whilst in 2005 the Burwood East line was extended several kilometres to South Vermont.
== Technical developments ==
[[Image:2200_2_ar.jpg|thumb|right|A new [[CROTRAM]] tram in [[Zagreb]]]]
Later, [[cable car (railway)|cable car]]s were attached to a moving cable underneath the road. The cable would be pulled by a steam engine at a powerhouse. The Monongahela and Duquesne Inclines in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]], USA, have some of the appearance of trams, but are more accurately [[funicular]]s. Modern trams generally use overhead electric cables, from which they draw current through a [[pantograph (rail)|pantograph]], a [[bow collector]] (less commonly) or the now-rare [[trolley pole]] (the former is most common and used on most new tram designs). The first operational electric street railway was started in [[Scranton, Pennsylvania]], but the first large-scale electric street railway system was built in [[Richmond, Virginia]] in January 1888. By 1890 over 100 such systems had been begun or were planned.
There are other methods of powering electric trams, sometimes preferred for aesthetic reasons since poles and overhead wires are not required. The old tram systems in [[London]], [[Manhattan]] (New York City), and [[Washington D.C.]] used live rails, like those on third-rail electrified railways, but in a conduit underneath the road, from which they drew power through a [[plough]]. It was called [[Conduit current collection]]. Washington's was the last of these to close, in 1962. Today, no commercial tramway uses this system. More recently, a modern equivalent to the old stud systems has been developed which allows for the safe installation of a [[third rail]] on city streets, which is known as surface current collection or [[ground-level power supply]]; the main example of this is the new tramway in [[Bordeaux]].
In narrow situations double-track tram lines sometimes reduce to single track, or, to avoid [[railroad switch|switches]], have the tracks interlaced, e.g. in the Leidsestraat in [[Amsterdam]] on three short stretches (see [http://adres.asp4all.nl/asp/get.asp?map_width=474&map_height=396&view=&laag=AmsterdamLite_Alleen_Kaart.mwf&xdl=Stadsplattegrond&xsl=Layout&straat=DAM&huisnummer=1&postcode_n=1012&postcode_a=JS&x_coord=121399&y_coord=487379&panning=true&point=&minx=120658.02971199994&maxx=120741.37028799993&miny=486378.4868480003&maxy=486448.11315200035&zoom=333 map detail]); this is known as interlaced or [[Gantlet track|gauntlet track]].
<gallery>
Image:Straßenbahn Hannover.jpg|A [[Hanover]] tram in an underground station
Image:Bordeaux-tram-aps-near-Roustaing.jpg|Bordeaux tram using [[Alimentation par Sol|APS]] power collection on route B near the Roustaing tramstop.
Image:viennaulf.jpg|[[Ultra low floor]] tram in Vienna
Image:Tram interior edit1.jpg|Interior of a 1960s tram in [[Vienna]]
Image:combinobp.jpg|Combino Supra Budapest NF12B and UV trams in [[Budapest]]
Image:SD Trolley@America Plaza.jpg|[[San Diego Trolley]] at America Plaza
Image:Tram of Dresden 2006.jpg|DVB Tram of [[Dresden]] in [[Saxony]]
Image:Electrico1 (Porto).JPG|Interior of a fully operating tram in [[Porto]]
</gallery>
Traditionally trams had high floors, requiring passengers to climb several steps in order to board, but since the 1990s this design has been largely replaced by [[low floor|low-floor]] trams, or occasionally by high-floor trams with level boarding platforms, as in [[Manchester Metrolink|Manchester's Metrolink]] and some parts of [[Cologne]]'s network, which allow passengers in [[wheelchair]]s or with [[perambulator]]s to access vehicles more easily. In some [[jurisdiction]]s this has even been made mandatory since the [[1990s]], for example by the [[HMRI]] in [[Britain]] and the [[Disability discrimination act]] in the [[United Kingdom]] and other [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries.
===Tram-train===
[[Tram-train]] operation uses vehicles such as the [[Flexity Link]] and Regio-[[Citadis]] which are suited for use on urban tram lines, but also meet the necessary indication, power, and resistance requirements to be certified for operation on main line railways. This allows passengers to travel from suburban areas into city-centre destinations without having to change from a train to a tram when they arrive at the central station.
It has been primarily developed in Germanic countries, in particular Germany and Switzerland. [[Karlsruhe]] is a notable pioneer of the tram-train. This system may have been brought into service in the Paris area in 2005.
===Cargo trams===
Goods have been carried on rail vehicles through the streets, particularly near docks and steelworks, since the 19th century, and some Belgian ''vicinale'' routes were used to haul timber. At the turn of the 21st century, a new interest has arisen in using urban tramway systems to transport goods. The motivation now is to reduce air pollution, traffic congestion and damage to road surfaces in city centres. [[Dresden]] has a regular ''CarGoTram'' service, run by the world's longest tram trainsets (59.4 m), carrying car parts across the city centre to its [[Volkswagen]] factory. [[Vienna]] and [[Zürich]] use trams as mobile recycling depots. [[Amsterdam]] commissioned a feasibility study into goods trams in November 2005. [[Kislovodsk]] had a freight-only tram system comprising one line which was used exclusively to deliver bottled Narzan mineral water to the railway station.
==Pros and cons of tram systems==
[[Image:NET-tram tracks warning.jpg|thumb|right|Tram tracks can be hazardous to cyclists]]
===Advantages===
All transit service involves a tradeoff between speed and frequency of stops. Services that stop frequently have lower overall speed, and are therefore less attractive for longer trips. Metros, [[light rail]], [[monorail]], and [[Bus Rapid Transit]] are all forms of [[rapid transit]] — which generally signifies high speed and widely-spaced stops. Trams are a form of local transit, making frequent stops. Thus, the most meaningful comparison of advantages and disadvantages is with other forms of local transit, primarily the local bus.
* The greatest advantage of modern trams is social rather than technical. In most countries, trams don't suffer from the image problem that plagues buses. On the contrary — most people associate trams with a positive image. Unlike buses, trams tend to be popular with a wider spectrum of the public, including better-off people who often shun buses. This high level of customer acceptance means higher ridership and bigger public support for investment in new tram infrastructure.
* Multiple entrances means trams are faster to load than buses, which tend to have a single entrance. This, combined with swifter acceleration and braking, means that trams can maintain higher overall speeds than buses (assuming there is no traffic congestion.)
* Trams can adapt to the number of passengers by adding additional cars during rush hour (as well as removing excess cars during off-peak hours). No additional driver is then required for the trip in comparison to buses.
* In general, trams provide a higher capacity service than buses.
* Unlike buses, but like [[trolleybus]]es, (electric) trams give off no exhaust emissions at point of use. Compared to motorbuses the [[noise]] pollution emitted by trams is generally perceived to be less disturbing.
* Rights-of-way for trams are narrower than for buses. This saves valuable space in cities with high population densities and/or narrow streets.
* Because they are rail-bound, trams command more respect from other road users than buses do, when operating on-road. In heavy traffic conditions, rogue drivers are less likely to hold up trams, for example by blocking intersections or parking on the road. This often leads to fewer delays. As a rule, especially in European cities and Melbourne, trams '''always''' have priority.
* Passenger comfort is normally superior to buses because of controlled acceleration and braking and curve easement. Rail transport such as used by trams provides a smoother ride than road use by buses.
===Disadvantages===
[[Image:Tram_accident.jpg|thumb|right|Tram accident in [[Amsterdam]]]]
* The initial cost is higher than for buses, hence the usual preference for the latter in smaller cities
* When operated in mixed traffic, trams are more likely to be delayed by disruptions in their lane. Buses, by contrast, can easily maneuver around obstacles. Opinions differ about whether deference that drivers show to trams — a cultural issue that varies by country — is sufficient to counteract this disadvantage.
* Tram tracks can be dangerous for cyclists. This and problems with parked cars are avoided by building tracks and platforms in the middle of the road. Cyclists can avoid this by '''always''' riding across and never along tramways, as bikes, particularly those with narrow tyres, may get their wheels caught in the track grooves. It is also possible to close the grooves of the tracks on critical sections by rubber profiles. Those profiles are pressed down by the wheelflanges of the passing tram but cannot be lowered by the weight of a cyclist.
* Tram infrastructure occupies urban space above ground and requires modifications to traffic flow. <!--please remove this commented note-->
* Steel wheel trams can be noisier than rubber-wheeled trolleybuses, especially when cornering.<!--please add more details-->
*Tram drivers can control the switches ahead of them. This caused a major derailment in [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]]. [[n:Tram derails in Geneva|A Wikinews article on the derailment]]
== Regional variations ==
===Europe===
{{main|Trams in Europe}}
[[Image:Stuttgart gt4.jpg|thumb|224px|Tram in [[Stuttgart]], [[Germany]]]]
In many European cities, as in other parts of the world, tramway infrastructure was lost in the mid-20th century, though not always on the same scale as in other cities (in America, for example). Much of Eastern Europe lost less tramway infrastructure but some cities are now reconsidering their transport priorities, while some Western European cities are rehabilitating, upgrading and even reconstructing their old tramway lines.
====Western Europe====
[[Europe]], particularly [[Germany]], [[Finland]], [[Austria]], [[Switzerland]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Sweden]] and [[Belgium]], has an extensive number of [[tram|tramway]] networks. Some of these networks have been upgraded to [[light rail]] standards, called '''[[Stadtbahn]]''' in [[Germany]] and [[Pre-metro]]s in [[Belgium]].
====Central and Eastern Europe====
[[Image:KatowiceSilesianInterurbans.jpg|225px|right|thumb|Tramway in [[Metropolis Katowice|Katowice]], [[Poland]] ]]
All countries of the former [[Soviet Bloc]], excluding [[Lithuania]] and [[Moldova]], have extensive tram infrastructure. Industrial freight use of city tram lines was a widespread practice until 1960s but has since mostly disappeared. Another factor is an increasing replacement of trams with trolleybuses as cities face a rapid increase in traffic and such replacement often allows to increase road size. One of the exceptions is [[Warsaw]], [[Poland]], where the last trolleybus line was closed in the year 1995 due to high maintenance costs, and replaced with more efficient trams. Czech [[CKD Tatra|ČKD Tatra]] and the Hungarian [[Ganz]] factories were notable manufacturers of trams.
===North America===
''Note that in North America, especially the United States, trams are generally known as streetcars or trolleys, while the term tram is more likely to be understood as a [[tourist trolley]], an [[aerial tramway]], or a [[people-mover]].''
{{main|Streetcars in North America}}
{{See also|Light rail in North America}}
The '''streetcar''' often referred to as [[Tram]]s outside the North America where largely torn down in the mid-20th century with the exception of some cities including [[New Orleans' streetcars]] and [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]] which still have operating streetcar systems. Since then there has been the invention of the [[Light Rail]] system which many cities in North American now opting to install theses system often along the same corridor as the old streetcars. Some cities have even restore their old streetcars and run them as a heritage line for tourists like the [[Vancouver Downtown Historic Railway]].
<gallery>
Image:PCC car in San Francisco.jpg|PCC car in [[San Francisco]]
Image:SD Trolley@America Plaza.jpg|[[Siemens-Duewag U2]] in [[San Diego]]
</gallery>
===South America===
====Argentina====
[[Image:LINEA A MR.jpg|thumb|224px|Buenos Aires Vintage Subte line A.]]
[[Image:Trendelacosta.JPG|thumb|The Tren de la Costa, Buenos Aires|224px]]
The '''Anglo-Argentine Tramways Company''' opened Latin America's first "'''underground tramway'''" system, (Subte line A) on 1 December 1913. The original route was partially underground and on street level until 1926, for this reason these "pantograph" cars built by La Brugeoise in Belgium had both low doors at the ends for boarding from the street and high doors in the middle for loading from platforms in the tunnel, therefore, "Subte" line A might also be considered one of the continent's first light rail trams.
These vintage beautifully maintained carriages (sans end doors) are still in operation.
'''[[Buenos Aires]]''' street tramway networks where one of the most extensive in the world with over 857 km (535 mi) of track, most of it dismantled during the 1960s in favor or bus transportation.
Now it's on a comeback, a 2 km light rail tram is being built in the Puerto Madero district, and an extension to Retiro station and La Boca is in the planning stages.
A "Pre-Metro" Tram system has also been operating for the last few years on the outskirts of Buenos Aires.
There is a suburban modern tramway line between Olivos to the village of [[Tigre, Buenos Aires|Tigre]], it stands out as being sort of a linal shopping centre. [http://www.trendelacosta.com.ar/site/ Tren de la Costa] website.
===Asia===
[[Image:Hong_kong_tram.jpg|thumb|[[Hong Kong]] [[Double decker Tram]]]]
Asia has had relatively few tram systems, with the notable exception of [[Japan]].
'''Japan'''
<!-- Need para on Japanese tramways here -->
Many [[Japan]]ese cities have tram systems. Among them are [[Sapporo, Hokkaido|Sapporo]] and [[Hakodate, Hokkaido|Hakodate]] in [[Hokkaidō]]; [[Tokyo]], [[Kamakura, Kanagawa|Kamakura]], [[Kyoto, Kyoto|Kyoto]], [[Osaka, Osaka|Osaka]], and [[Hiroshima, Hiroshima|Hiroshima]] on [[Honshū]]; [[Matsuyama, Ehime|Matsuyama]] and [[Kochi, Kochi|Kochi]] on [[Shikoku]]; and [[Nagasaki, Nagasaki|Nagasaki]], [[Kumamoto, Kumamoto|Kumamoto]], and [[Kagoshima, Kagoshima|Kagoshima]] on [[Kyūshū]]. Some extend into neighboring communities.
'''Hong Kong'''
[[Hong Kong]] still possesses the [[Hong Kong Tramways|Hong Kong Tramway]], a traditional British Isles-style [[double-decker]] tramway with street running, along the north shore of [[Hong Kong Island]]. More recently the [[Light Rail (KCRC)|KCRC Light Rail system]] has opened in the north west [[New Territories]]. Despite its name, the [[Peak Tram]] is actually a [[funicular railway]].
'''China'''
The only cities in mainland [[China]] with a tram network are the seaside resort of [[Dalian]] in [[Liaoning]] province, which as of 2003 had three working lines, [[Anshan]] in Liaoning and [[Changchun]] in [[Jilin]] province. The last trams ran in [[Shanghai]] in the mid-1960s.
'''Philippines'''
The [[Philippines]] once had a tram network in Manila, but it was destroyed during [[World War II]]. The system has been replaced with the [[Manila Light Rail Transit System|LRT]] and [[Manila Metro Rail Transit System|MRT]].
'''India'''
In [[India]], [[Kolkata]] (Calcutta) has a [[Calcutta Tramways Company|tram network]]. [[Chennai|Chennai (Madras)]], [[Kanpur]] and [[Mumbai]] (Bombay) were the other three which had a network but were dismantled.
'''Korea'''
[[Seoul]], [[Korea]] had trams up into the 1960s. Some of their cars were acquired second-hand from the Los Angeles system.
[[Pyongyang]], [[North Korea]] has an extensive tram system that first opened in 1991. It is now 50km in length running mainly ČKD/Tatra vehicles with some other trams originally from [[Zürich]].
'''Vietnam'''
In [[Vietnam]], tram networks were once running in [[Hanoi]] and [[Saigon]] until [[1954]]. [[Bangkok]] trams were also dismantled after WW2.
'''Malaysia'''
In [[Malaysia]], trams were introduced in [[Penang]] in 1906. Thirty years later, in 1936, trams were replaced by bus and the tram lines were dismantled.
=== Australasia===
[[Image:JettyRd Glenelg.jpg|thumb|right|A heritage H-Class model (foreground) and modern Flexity tram (background) in Glenelg, Adelaide]]
{{mainarticle|Trams in Australasia}}
In [[Australasia]], trams are used extensively only in [[Melbourne]], and to a lesser extent, [[Adelaide]], all other major cities having largely dismantled their networks by the 1970s. [[Christchurch]] has subsequently opened a new tourist tramway in the centre of the city.
A distinctive feature of many Australasian trams was the early use of a lowered central section between [[bogies]] (wheel-sets). This was intended to make passenger access easier, by reducing the number of steps required to reach the inside of the vehicle. It is believed that the design first originated in Christchurch, as early as the first decade of the 20th century. Cars with this design feature were frequently referred to as "drop-centres".
List of major Australian Tram Systems
* [[Trams in Brisbane]] (closed)
* [[Trams in Melbourne]]
* [[Glenelg Tram|Adelaide Tram]]
* [[Trams in Perth]] (closed)
* [[Trams in Sydney]] (closed)
Other cities which have had trams include [[Bendigo, Victoria|Bendigo]] and [[Ballarat, Victoria|Ballarat]]. In [[Tasmania]], [[Launceston, Tasmania|Launceston]] operates a lesser known tramway museum.
[[list of transport museums|Tram museum]]s also operated in many cities following the closure of their networks. Major museums include the [[Brisbane Tramway Museum]] and the [[Sydney Tramway Museum]].
List of major New Zealand Tram Systems
* [[Wellington tramway system]] (closed)
* [[Dunedin cable tramway system]] (closed)
Other cities in New Zealand include [[Auckland]] and [[Christchurch]] have operating heritage lines and museums.
=== Africa===
Trams are used frequently in Tunis, Tunisia, and has a very large Tram system which has been running for many years.
====Egypt====
In [[Egypt]] both [[Cairo]] and [[Alexandria]] have historic and still existent tram systems. [[Tunis]] has a modern tram system.
In Cairo, the urban tramway network is now defunct, but the express tramway linking it with [[Heliopolis (Cairo Suburb)|Heliopolis]] is still in operation, as is the relatively new tram system in the satellite town of [[Helwan]] 25km to the south.
In Alexandria, both the urban tramway network and the express tramway system serving the eastern suburbs are still in operation. The urban system operates yellow cars, including some acquired second-hand from [[Copenhagen]], on largely street track. The express tramway operates 3-car trains of blue cars, including some double-deck cars, on largely reserved track. There are also trams that serve on the urban tram lines and the express tram lines at the same time.
<gallery>
Image:Egypt.Alexandria.Tram.01.jpg|Former Copenhagen articulated car in service on [[Alexandria]]'s urban tramway
Image:Egypt.Cairo.Tram.01.jpg|A tram from Heliopolis terminates at [[Cairo]]'s Ramses Station
</gallery>
====South Africa====
Public transport in South Africa commenced for the first time in Cape Town in May [[1801]] when a weekly wagon service from [[Cape Town]] to [[Simon's Town]] was announced. Round about [[1838]] the Cape's first horse-drawn [[omnibus]], based on [[George Shilbeer]]'s omnibus, was introduced. In September [[1862]] the [[Cape Town and Green Point Tramway Company]] was formed and on 1 April [[1863]] it began operating.
Both single-deck and double-deck horse drawn trams were used. In [[1896]] the power station at [[Toll Gate]] [[Cape Town]], with two stacks supplied by [[Milliken]] Brothers of [[New York]], was completed and the old horse sheds were remodelled. Cape Town's electric tram system initially consisted of ten cars made in [[Philadelphia]], [[United States|USA]]. On 6 August [[1896]] Lady Sivewright, wife of Sir [[James Sivewright]] opened the new system. At Queen Victoria's Jubilee in [[1897]] there were thirty-two electric trams on Cape Town's roads serving the city and its suburbs over about twenty-three miles of track. The new power station at Toll Gate was proving inadequate to meet demands and additions were called for.
Tram services also existed in [[Johannesburg]] (where the suburban railway to Boksburg, opened in 1890, was also called the [[Rand Tram]]), [[Pretoria]] and [[Durban]] but were replaced by petrol, diesel and trolley bus systems by the early 1960s.
== Model Trams ==
Models of trams are popular in [[HO scale]] and sometimes in [[1:50 scale]]. They typically are powered and will accept plastic figures inside. Common manufacturers are [[Roco]] and [[Lima (models)]] with many custom models being made as well. The German firm [http://www.hoedl-linie8.de/ Hödl] specializes in trams in 1:87 scale.
A number of [[OO scale]] 1:76 scale tram models, especially kits, are made in the UK.
There are some Russian tram models available in [[1:48 scale]]
<gallery>
Image:Trolleys_buses_HO.jpg|German models of trams (Düwag and Siemens) and a bus in [[HO scale]]
Image:Sheffield 510.jpg|UK model of a Sheffield Roberts Car 510
</gallery>
==Trams in literature==
One of the earliest literary references to trams occurs on the second page of [[Henry James]]'s novel '''''[[The Europeans]]''''': </br>
:''From time to time a strange vehicle drew near to the place where they stood - such a vehicle as the lady at the window, in spite of a considerable acquaintance with human inventions, had never seen before: a huge, low, [[omnibus]], painted in brilliant colours, and decorated apparently with jingling bells, attached to a species of [[groove]] in the [[pavement]], through which it was dragged, with a great deal of rumbling, bouncing, and scratching, by a couple of remarkably small [[horse]]s.''</br>
Published in 1878, the novel is set in the 1840s, though horse trams were not in fact introduced in [[Boston]] till the 1850s. Note how the tram's efficiency surprises the "European" visitor; how two "remarkably small" horses sufficed to draw the "huge" tramcar.
[[Gdansk]] trams figure extensively in the early stages of [[Günter Grass]]'s '''''Die Blechtrommel''''' ([[The Tin Drum]]). Then in its last chapter, the novel's hero [[Oskar Matzerath]], along with his friend Gottfried von Vittlar, steal a tram late at night from outside the Unterath depot on the northern edge of [[Düsseldorf]].
It is a [[surreal]] journey. Gottfried von Vittlar drives the tram through the night, south to Flingern and Haniel and then east to the suburb of [[Düsseldorf-Gerresheim|Gerresheim]]. Meanwhile, inside, Oskar tries to rescue the half-blind Victor Weluhn, a character who had escaped from the [[siege]] of the [[Polish Post Office|Defense of Polish Post Office in Danzig]] in [[Gdansk]] at the beginning of the book and the war, from his two green-hatted would-be [[executioner]]s. Oskar deposits his [[briefcase]], which contains Sister Dorotea's severed [[ring finger]] in a [[Kilner jar|preserving jar]], on the dashboard "where professional motorman put their [[lunchbox]]es". They leave the tram at the [[terminus]], and the executioners tie Weluhn to a tree in Vittlar's mother's garden and prepare to [[machine-gun]] him. But Oskar drums, Victor sings, and together they conjure up the Polish [[cavalry]], who spirit both victim and executioners away. Oskar askes Vittlar to take his briefcase in the tram to the police HQ in the Fürstenwall, which he does.
The latter part of this route is today served by tram no. 703 terminating at Gerresheim [[Stadtbahn]] station ("by the [[glassworks]]" as Grass notes).
[Reference: The chapter ''Die letzte Straßenbahn oder Anbetung eines Weckglases'' (The last tram or Adoration of a Preserving Jar). See page 584 of the 1959 Büchergilde Gutenberg German edition and page 571 of the 1961 Secker & Warburg edition, translated into English by Ralph Manheim]
==References==
<div class="references-small"><references/></div>
==Trams in Popular Culture==
* The [[Rev W Awdry]] made a small Y6 tram called [[Toby the Tram Engine]] which starred in a series of books called [[The Railway Series]] along with his faithful coach, [[Henrietta]].
* [[A Streetcar Named Desire (play)]]
* [[A Streetcar Named Desire (film)]]
* "The Trolley Song" in [[Meet Me in St. Louis]] (film) received an Academy Award.
* The [[1944 World Series]] was also known as the "Streetcar Series".
* [[Malcolm (film)]] - an Australian film about a tram enthusiast who uses his inventions to pull of a bank heist.
* In [[Akira Kurosawa|Akira Kurosawa's]] film [[Dodesukaden]] a mentally ill boy pretends to be a tram conductor.
{{col-begin}}
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== See also ==
* [[EuskoTran]]
* [[Ground level power supply]]
* [[General Motors streetcar conspiracy]]
* [[List of light-rail transit systems]]
* [[List of town tramway (urban tramway, streetcar) systems]]
* [[List of transport museums]]
* [[Guided bus#Rubber-tyred "trams"|Rubber-tyred trams]]
* Soviet Tramcars [[LM-49]] and [[MTV-82]]
* [[Streetcar suburb]]
* [[Tram controls]]
* [[Tram spotter]]
* [[Tram stop]]
* [[Tramway track]]
* [[Tram traffic light]] ([[:cs:Signály pro tramvaje]])
* [[Tourist trolley]]
* [[Underground railway]]
* [[Air brake (rail)]]
* [[Hay Tor tramway]]
* [[Oslotrikken|The Oslo tram]]
===Types of trams===
* [[Birney]]
* [[Citadis]]
* [[Combino]]
* [[Double decker tram]]
* [[Eurotram]]
* [[Horsecar]]
* [[Peter Witt streetcar]]
* [[Presidents' Conference Committee|PCC]]
* [[Sirio]]
* [[Tatra T3]]
* [[Ultra Low Floor]]
* [[ZET 2200]]
* [[Tramway Français Standard]]
{{col-2}}
== External links ==
{{commonscat|Tram}}
* [http://hastingstramwaysclub.tripod.com/ Hastings Tramways Club] (GB)
* [http://www.lrta.org/ Light Rail Transit Association] (GB)
* [http://lightrail.com/ Light Rail Central] (US/CA)
* [http://www.lightrailnow.org/ Light Rail Now advocacy] (US)
* [http://www.lightrail.nl/ Light Rail Netherlands] (NL)
* [http://www.lostnewyorkcity.com/buildingphotos/Plate-51-b.html The Cable Building] Broadway
* [http://www.victor.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=321] (AU)
Cable car line (US/NY)
* [http://www.motat.org.nz Museum of Transport and Technology] Auckland (NZ)
* [http://www.streetcar.org Market Street Railway] (US/CA)
* [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Tramway "Tramway" article of 1911 Britannica]
* [http://www.tramway.co.uk/ British National Tramway Museum](GB)
* [http://www.tramways.freeserve.co.uk/ Tramway Information] Including TLRS and Festival of Model Tramways
* [http://mysite.wanadoo-members.co.uk/tramways/Articles/Compair.htm Compressed Air Trams]
* [http://www.apta.com/research/info/online/weyrich.cfm#wia What is a streetcar?] at American Public Transit Association
*[http://members.optushome.com.au/cotma/ Council of tramway museums Australasia]
*[http://subarquitectura.com TRAM station in Alicante (SPAIN)]
*[http://www.muzeum-cieszyn.ox.pl/tramwaje/indexen.html Trams in Cieszyn (Poland) 1911-1921]
* [http://museu-carro-electrico.stcp.pt/ Tramway Museum] Porto (Portugal)
*[http://kzsoci.fw.hu Pictures about trams in Hungary, Slovakia, Germany and Czech Republik]
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[[Category:Passenger equipment]]
[[Category:Street railways]]
[[Category:Tram transport| ]]
[[Category:Light rail]]
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