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This is a list of prominent people from the Eastern Caribbean, the Guianas, and the Bahamas. It does not include [[List of Cubans|Cubans]], [[List of Dominicans|Dominicans (from the Dominican Republic)]], [[List of Puerto Ricans|Puerto Ricans]], [[List of Jamaicans|Jamaicans]] or [[List of Haitians|Haitians]]. Because of the close proximity of these countries, some people are listed under more than one heading.
[[Image:Brigate Rosse.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Banner of the Red Brigades]]
The '''Red Brigades''' (''Brigate Rosse'' in Italian, often abbreviated as ''BR'') were a [[militant]] [[leftism|leftist]] group located in [[Italy]] and active mostly during the "[[years of lead]]". Formed in [[1970]], the [[Marxist-Leninist]] Red Brigades sought to create a [[revolution]]ary state through [[armed struggle]] and to separate Italy from the [[Western Alliance]] (NATO). In [[1978]], the second groups of the BR, headed by [[Mario Moretti]], kidnapped Christian Democrat [[Prime Minister of Italy |Prime Minister]] [[Aldo Moro]] on the day the [[historic compromise]] including the [[Italian Communist Party]] (PCI) into the government was supposed to come into effect. Aldo Moro was assassinated three months later, under obscure circumstances involving the state's refusal to negotiate with the BR. After 1984's scission and the arrest or exile of the majority of BR members, the Red Brigades managed with difficulty to survive the official end of the [[Cold War]] in 1989, even though it is now a fragile group with no original members. Throughout the 1970s the Red Brigades were credited with 14,000 acts of violence {{fact}}.
==[[Antigua and Barbuda]]==
== 1970 foundation: the first BR generation ==
===Writers and intellectuals===
The Red Brigades were founded by [[Renato Curcio]], a student at the [[University of Trento]], his girlfriend Margherita "Mara" Cagol, and Alberto Franceschini in [[August 1970]] in Sheepfold, after the December 1969 [[Piazza Fontana bombing]] carried out by neofascists terrorists. Franceschini described in his 2005 book how he met with Renato Curcio and Corrado Simioni, nicknamed "The English" because of his eccentricity and "international connections". In the beginning the Red Brigades were active mainly in [[Reggio Emilia]], then in [[Milan]] and [[Turin]], where they supported [[labor union]]s against the far right. Members sabotaged factory equipment and broke into factory offices and trade union headquarters. In 1972 they carried out their first kidnapping, a factory foreman who was held for some time but later released <ref name="Franceschini"> See [[Giovanni Fasanella]] and Alberto Franceschini (with a postface from judge Rosario Priore, who investigated on Aldo Moro's death), ''Che cosa sono le BR'' [http://www.miserabili.com/2004/06/23/franceschinifasanella_che_cosa.html] ( "BRIGADES ROUGES. L'Histoire secrète des Red Brigades racontée par leur fondateur, Alberto Franceschini. Entretien avec Giovanni Fasanella." Editions Panama, 2005 [http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3260,36-715503,0.html a review by] ''[[Le Monde]]'' and [http://www.humanite.fr/journal/2005-10-07/2005-10-07-815509 another review by] ''[[L'Humanite]]'' </ref>. On the other hand, the 1972 Peteano attack, killing three policemen by a car-bomb, was blamed for a long time on the BR, but it was later found that neo-fascist activist [[Vincenzo Vinciguerra]] was the true culprit. After this bombing, Vincigerra escaped to [[Franquist Spain]] where he continued to organize terrorist attacks, in the frame of the [[strategy of tension]].
*[[Marie-Elena John]]
*[[Leonard Tim Hector]]
*[[Jamaica Kincaid]]
*[[Gregson Davis]]
*[[Basil Hill]] -
===Political leaders===
Approximately at this point in time, the Red Brigades started differing from other extreme left political groups, such as [[Lotta Continua]] or [[Potere Operaio]], closer to the [[Autonomist]] movement, in having a much more determined political agenda and centralized organisation. In June 1974, the Red Brigade made its first lethal attack, against two members of the Italian neo-fascist party, ''[[Movimento Sociale Italiano]]'' (MSI). After this it abandoned its political activities among workers.
*[[Vere Cornwall Bird]]
*[[Lester Bird]]
*[[James Carlisle]]
*[[Robert Hall]]
*[[Tim Hector]]
*[[Wilfred Jacobs]]
*[[Baldwin Spencer]]
*[[Reginald St. Clair Stevens]]
*[[Sydney Walling]]
*[[George Walter]]
===Religious leaders===
== 1974 arrest of BR founders and Corrado Simioni's "superclan" ==
*[[George McGuire]]
===Actors and Comedians===
In September [[1974]], Red Brigades founders Renato Curcio and Alberto Franceschini were arrested by General [[Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa]], and sentenced to 18 years in prison. They were released based on the 1987 law on "dissociation". According to him, the death of editor Giangiacomo Feltrinelli, on March 15th, 1972, left them like "orphans”, and sparked the more violent nature of the RB’s acts post 1972 <ref name="Franceschini"/>. Franceschini also commented about a bombing against the US Embassy made against the [[Greek military junta of 1967-1974|Greek military junta]], which Corrado Simioni confessed to having organized. Simioni, to whom the Red Brigades turned after Feltrinelli's death, set up a secret group inside the Red Brigades, a sort of "superclan", which included Mara. Corrado Simioni's trail points toward international connections: thirty years later, Franceschini is aware of having been part of a much greater plan, with international ramifications, of which he was not aware. In his 2005 book, he alleged that Simioni was working on behalf of NATO in a [[false flag]] operation, citing Simioni's insistent proposal to assassinate [[Junio Valerio Borghese]] in [[November 1970]] or another unattended request to murder to NATO agents <ref name="Franceschini"/>.
*[[Bert Williams]]
*[[Anna Maria Horsford]] - Actress (of Antiguan descent)
*[[Conrad Roberts]]
===Artists===
== Expansion and radicalization of the BR ==
* [[Shermain Jeremy]]
* [[Gregory Abbott]] - Singer
* [[King Short Shirt]] - Calypsonian
* [[Swallow (Calypsonian)]] - Calypsonian
* [[King Obstinate]] - Calypsonian
* [[Burning Flames]] - Soca Band, (Official Web site [http://www.onyanandburningflames.com])
* [[Claudette "CP" Peters]] - Soca Artist
*[[Marie-Elena John]] - Author
===Athletes===
After 1974, the Red Brigade expanded into [[Rome]], [[Genoa]], and [[Venice]], and began to kidnap prominent figures. Its manifesto in 1975 claimed that its goal was a "concentrated strike against the heart of the State, because the state is an imperialist collection of multinational corporations". It switched its attacks to police and security forces and especially the Italian ruling party, [[Democrazia Cristiana]].
* [[Vivian Richards|Sir Issac Vivian Richards]] - Cricketer
* [[Curtly Ambrose]] - Cricketer
* [[Richie Richardson]] - Cricketer
* [[Andy Roberts]] - Cricketer
* [[Ledley King]] - Footballer
* [[Speedy Claxton|Craig Speedy Claxton]] - Basketball player (of Antiguan descent)
* [[Maurice Hope]] - Boxer
* [[Emile Heskey]] - Football player (of Antiguan descent)
* [[Colin Kazim-Richards]] - Football Player (of Antiguan descent)
==[[The Bahamas]]==
In 1976 Italian police arrested a number of its members and killed one. The following year in April, the Red Brigade announced that they had set up a Communist Combatant Party to "guide the working class." Terrorist activities, especially against [[carabinieri]] and [[magistrate]]s, increased considerably to pressure juries to dismiss cases against the imprisoned leaders of the organization. Membership switched from workers to the dominance of students.
===Athletes===
*[[Christine Amertil]]
*[[Christopher Brown]]
*[[Tonique Williams]]
===Political leaders===
=== Aldo Moro's assassination, 1978 ===
*[[Janet Bostwick]]
[[Image:Moro br 1.jpg|thumb|Moro, photographed during his detention by the Red Brigades]]
*Sir [[Milo Butler]]
{{main|Aldo Moro}}
*[[Perry Christie]]
In 1978, the Second BR, headed by [[Mario Moretti]], kidnapped and murdered Christian Democrat Prime Minister [[Aldo Moro]], who was trying to conclude an [[Historic Compromise]] ''("compromesso storico")'' between [[Italian Communist Party]] and ''[[Democrazia Cristiana]]''. A team of Red Brigades members, using stolen Italian Air Force uniforms, ambushed Moro, killed five of Moro’s bodyguards and took him captive. After holding Moro for 56 days, they placed him in a car and told him to cover himself with a blanket, After Moro was covered, Mario Moretti shot him ten times in the chest, Moro's body was left in the trunk of a car in Via Caetani, a site midway between the Christian Democratic Party and the Communist Party headquarters, as a last symbolic challenge to the police, who were keeping the entire nation, and Rome in particular, under strict and severe surveillance. Moretti wrote in ''Brigate Rosse: una storia Italiana'' that the murder of Moro was the ultimate expression of Marxist-Leninist revolutionary action. On the other hand, original founder of the BR Alberto Franceschini wrote that at the time (himself was in prison), the BR imprisonned members did not understand why Moro had been chosen as a target.
*Dame [[Ivy Dumont]]
*[[Hubert Ingraham]]
*[[Fred Mitchell (Bahamas)|Fred Mitchell]]
*Sir [[Lynden Pindling]]
*[[Cynthia Pratt]]
*Sir [[Stafford Sands]]
*[[Brent Symonette]]
*Sir [[Roland Symonette]]
*Sir [[Orville Turnquest]]
*[[Tommy Turnquest]]
===Actors===
As after the 1969 [[Piazza Fontana bombing]] initially blamed on anarchists, and which became the pretext for a large-scaled repression of left-wing movements, Aldo Moro's assassination began an all-out assault against the Brigade by the Italian law enforcement and security forces. The murder of a popular political figure also drew condemnation from the Italian left-wing radicals and even the imprisoned ex-leaders of the Brigade. The Brigade lost most of their social support and the public opinion turned strongly against them. Italian police made a large amount of arrests in 1980: 12,000 far-left activists were detained, while 300 [[political asylum|exiled]] themselves in France and 200 others in South America, on a total of 600 people who escaped away<ref> {{fr}} [http://sebastien.schifres.free.fr/italie.htm On the Autonomist movement], Mémoire de maîtrise ([[Master's degree]], now M1), [[University of Paris X: Nanterre]], 2004 </ref>.
*[[Calvin Lockhart]]
*[[Earl Maynard]]
*[[Sidney Poitier]]
*[[Roxie Roker]]
==[[Barbados]]==
Aldo Moro's assassination continues to haunt today's Italy, and remains one of the most important mystery of the Cold War. Parliamentary reports and juridical investigations have lead to the suspicion of more important forces behind the BR, whom would have been opposed to the implementation of the historic compromise between the DC and the PCI. Both Washington and Moscow were opposed to such [[Eurocommunism]] attempts.
===Athletes===
*[[Andrea Blackett]]
*[[Anson Carter]]
*[[Joel Garner]]
*[[Gordon Greenidge]]
*[[Conrad Hunte|Sir Conrad Hunte]]
*[[Malcolm Marshall]]
*[[Earl Maynard]]
*[[Garfield Sobers|Sir Garfield Sobers]]
*[[Obadele Thompson]]
*[[Clyde Walcott|Sir Clyde Walcott]]
*[[Everton Weekes|Sir Everton Weekes]]
*[[Kevin Weekes]]
*[[Anson Carter]]
*[[Frank Worrell|Sir Frank Worrell]]
*[[Pierre Browne]]
===Mariners===
After Aldo Moro's assassination, investigative journalist [[Mino Pecorelli]] (and member of [[Propaganda Due]] masonesque-lodge) published some confidential documents, mainly Moro's letters to his family. In a cryptic article published in May 1978, wrote ''[[The Guardian]]'' in May 2003, Pecorelli drew a connection between [[Gladio]], NATO's stay-behind anti-communist organisation (which existence was publicly acknowledged by Prime Minister [[Giulio Andreotti]] in October 1990) and Moro's death. During his interrogation, Aldo Moro had referred to "NATO's anti-guerrilla activities." According to Pecorelli (who was assassinated in March 1979), Aldo Moro's kidnapping had been organised by a "lucid superpower" and was inspired by the "[[Yalta Conference|logic of Yalta]]" <ref name="Guardian"> [http://www.guardian.co.uk/print/0,,4665179-105806,00.html Moro's ghost haunts political life], Philip Willan in ''[[The Guardian]]'', May 9, 2003 </ref>.
*[[William Shorey]]
===Musicians===
=== April 1979 arrests in the Autonomist movement ===
*[[Grandmaster Flash]]
*[[Anderson Armstrong]]
*[[Arturo Tappin]]
*[[Terry Arthur]]
*[[Adrian Clark]]
*[[Rupee (musician)|Rupert Clarke]]
*[[Rayvon]]
*[[Terencia Coward]] (TC)
*[[Mighty Gabby]]
*[[Grynner]]
*[[Alison Hinds]]
*[[Lil Rick]]
*[[Mac Fingall]]
*[[Jackie Opel]]
*[[Red Plastic Bag]]
*[[Zeeteah Massiah]]
*[[Rihanna]]
*[[Shontelle]]
*[[Edwin Yearwood]]
*[[Contone]]
*[[Pong]]
*[[Peter "Ram" Wiggins]]
*[[Richard Stoute]]
*[[Karl "Agany" Payne]]
*Natalie Burke
*Doug E. Fresh
===Political leaders===
Left-wing thinkers and philosophers [[Antonio Negri]], [[Oreste Scalzone]], E. Vesce, A. Del Re, L. Ferrari Bravo, [[Franco Piperno]] and others leaders of ''[[Autonomia Operaia]]'' were arrested on April 7, 1979, accused by attorney Pietro Calogero (close to the PCI) of being the mastermind behind left-wing "terrorism" in Italy. Negri was charged with a number of offences including leadership of the BR, masterminding the 1978 kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro and plotting to overthrow the government. At the time, Negri was a political science professor at the University of Padua, visiting lecturer at Paris' ''[[École Normale Supérieure]]'' (ENS).
*Sir [[Grantley Adams]]
*Sir [[Courtney Blackman]]
*[[J.M.G. Adams]]
*[[Owen Arthur]]
*[[Errol Barrow]]
*[[Bussa]]
*[[Anne C. Cools]]
*Sir [[Clifford Husbands]]
*[[Clyde Mascoll]]
*Dame [[Billie Miller]]
*[[Richard B. Moore]]
*[[Charles O'Neale]]
*[[Clement Payne]]
*[[Erskine Sandiford]]
===Writers and intellectuals===
A year later, Negri was exonerated from Aldo Moro's kidnapping. No link was ever established between Negri and the Red Brigades and almost all of the charges against him (including 17 murders) were dropped within months of his arrest due to lack of evidence. Those who support the hypothesis of the [[Gladio]] organization being behind Aldo Moro's death see his arrest as an attempt to cover its hidden responsibilities. Negri was convicted of crimes of association and insurrection against the state (a charge that was later dropped) and, in 1984, sentenced to 30 years in jail. Two years later was sentenced to an additional four and a half years on the basis that he was morally responsible for acts of violence between activists and the police during the 1960s and 1970s largely due to his writing and association with revolutionary causes and groups. [[Amnesty International]] drew attention to the "serious legal irregularities" in the handling of the Negri case. French philosopher [[Michel Foucault]] later commented, "Isn't he in jail simply for being an intellectual?" <ref>[[Michel Foucault]], "Le philosophe masqué" (in ''Dits et écrits,'' volume 4, Paris, Gallimard, 1994, p. 105)</ref>.
*[[Edward Brathwaite]]
*[[Austin Clarke]]
*[[Geoffrey Drayton]]
*[[Alan Emtage]]
*[[George Lamming]]
*[[Glenville Lovell]]
==[[Dominica]]==
After being elected, while in prison, as deputy under the colors of [[Marco Pannella]]'s non-violent [[Italian Radical Party|Radical Party]], he managed to escape to France where he remained for 14 years.
===Writers and intellectuals===
*[[Irving Andre]]
*[[Lennox Honychurch]]
*[[Jean Rhys]]
===Political leaders===
===1981 Kidnapping of James Dozier ===
*[[Phyllis Shand Allfrey]]
*Dame [[Eugenia Charles]]
*[[Pierre Charles]]
*[[Rosie Douglas]]
*[[Edison James]]
*[[Patrick R. John]]
*[[Edward Oliver LeBlanc]]
*[[Nicholas Liverpool]]
*Sir [[Clarence Seignoret]]
*[[Oliver Seraphine]]
*[[Vernon Shaw]]
*[[Roosevelt Skerrit]]
*[[Crispin Sorhaindo]]
===Religious Leaders===
In 1981, the Red Brigade kidnapped US Army Brigadier General [[James Dozier]], who was later rescued in a police operation. Italian police arrested a number of members, many of whom gave information about other members, which subsequently led to further arrests.
*[[Kelvin Felix]]
==[[French Guiana]]==
== The BR in the 1980s ==
===Writers and intellectuals===
*[[Léon Damas]]
*[[René Jadfard]]
===Political leaders===
After the [[Abbé Pierre]]'s January 2007 death, Italian magistrate Carlo Mastelloni recalled in the ''[[Corriere della Sera]]'' that the Abbé Pierre had "spontaneously testified" in the 1980s in favor of the group of Italians refugees in Paris revolving around the Hyperion langage school, directed by Vanni Mulinaris. The Hyperion School was accused by the Italian justice of being the "masterminds" of the BR, before all members being innocented.
*[[Justin Catayée]]
*[[Constant Chlore]]
*[[Félix Éboué]]
*[[Gaston Monnerville]]
*[[Victor Schoelcher]]
==[[Grenada]]==
After Vanni Mulinari's travel to [[Udine]] and subsequent arrest by the Italian justice, the Abbé Pierre went to talk in 1983 with Italian President [[Sandro Pertini]] to plead the cause of Vanni Mulinaris, emprisonned on charge of assistance to the BR, and even observed eight days of [[hunger strike]] from May 26, 1984 to June 3 in the [[Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist (Turin)|Cathedral of Turin]] to protest against detention conditions of "Brigadists" in Italian prisons and the imprisonment without trial of Vanni Mulinaris, who was recognized innocent sometimes afterwards, which was according to the Abbé a "violation of [[human rights]]" <ref> [http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3382,36-857943,0.html L'abbé Pierre, fondateur d'Emmaüs, est mort], necrology in ''[[Le Monde]]'' of the [[Abbé Pierre]], January 22, 2007 {{fr icon}} </ref> <ref> [http://www.archivesnationales.culture.gouv.fr/camt/fr/inventaires2000/2000050-2.html CAMT. Répertoire papiers Abbé Pierre/Emmaus], on the website of the French ''[[Archives Nationales]]'' (National Archives) {{fr icon}} </ref>. Magistrate Mastelloni recalled that a niece of the Abbé was secretary at Hyperion and married to one of the Italians then wanted by the Italian justice. Italian press agency [[ANSA]] evoqued after the Abbé Pierre's death his intervention in favor of one of his physicians, Michele d'Auria, former member of ''[[Prima Linea]]'' far-left group, accused of having participated to hold-ups in 1990 and who had exiled himself to France, as many others activists during the "[[years of lead]]." ''[[La Repubblica]]'' specified that Italian justice has recognized the innocence of all people close to the Hyperion School <ref> [[AFP]] news cable: "ROME, 23 jan 2007 (AFP) - L'Abbé Pierre et les Brigades rouges italiennes : un épisode méconnu" (23/01/2007 16:25), published on ''[[La Croix]]'s website [http://www.la-croix.com/afp.static/pages/070123152331.3hduui9h.htm here] {{fr icon}} </ref>.
===Athletes===
*[[Alleyne Francique]]
===Political leaders===
Others opponents to the Italian [[anti-terrorism legislation]] and repression against the globality of the left-wing movement under the pretext of [[counter-terrorism]] included French philosophers [[Félix Guattari]] and [[Gilles Deleuze]].
*[[Jean Augustine]]
*[[Maurice Bishop]]
*[[Nicholas Brathwaite]]
*[[Tubal Uriah Butler]]
*[[Bernard Coard]]
*[[Henri Christophe]]
*[[Julien Fédon]]
*[[Eric Gairy]]
*[[T.A. Marryshow]]
*[[David Pitt, Baron Pitt of Hampstead]]
*[[L.C.J Thomas]]
===Musicians===
=== Red Brigades-PCC and Red Brigades-UCC 1984 split ===
*[[Mighty Sparrow]]
In [[1984]], the Red Brigade had split into two factions: the majority faction of the ''Communist Combatant Party'' (Red Brigades-PCC) and the minority of the ''Union of Combatant Communists'' (Red Brigades-UCC). The same year, four imprisoned leaders, Curcio, Moretti, Ianelli and Bertolucci, rejected the armed struggle as pointless.
==[[Guadeloupe]]==
Also in 1984, the Red Brigade claimed responsibility for the murder of [[Leamon Hunt]], [[United States|US]] chief of the [[Sinai peninsula|Sinai]] Multinational Force and Observer Group.
===Writers and intellectuals===
*[[Jean Louis Baghio'o]]
*[[Maryse Condé]]
*[[Daniel Maximin]]
*[[Paul Niger]]
*[[Saint-John Perse]]
*[[Simone Schwartz-Bart]]
===Political Exile in France leaders===
*[[Gerty Archimède]]
*[[Louis Delgrès]]
*[[Victor Hugues]]
*[[Joseph Ignace]]
*[[Hégésippe Légitimus]]
*[[Patrick Reason]]
===Religious leaders===
In 1985 some Italian members living in France returned to Italy. The same year, French president [[François Mitterrand]] would guarantee amnesty to RB's members in exile who had cut with their past and start a new life, and refuse to extradite them to Italy. Before that, many neofascist activists, such as [[Vincenzo Vinciguerra]] or [[Stefano Delle Chiaie]], had already escaped to [[Franquist Spain]], while others fled to Argentina (in particular Augusto Canchi, wanted by Italian justice for his role in the 1980 [[Bologna massacre]] <ref> [http://www.telam.com.ar/vernota.php?tipo=N&idPub=48460&id=123482&dis=1&sec=1 Denuncian que Almirón también participó en la ultraderecha española], ''[[Telam]]'' Argentine news agency, January 6, 2007 {{es icon}} </ref>). Vincenzo Vinciguerra fled Italy after the 1972 Peteano attack, in which three policemen were killed by a car bomb. He is currently serving life sentence in Italy for this bombing, that the BR were for a long time suspected of having carried out.
*[[Jean Baptiste Labat]]
===Filmmakers===
In 2002, Paris extradited [[Paolo Persichetti]], an ex-member of the Red Brigades who had turned to teaching sociology at university, breaking for the first time with [[François Mitterrand|Mitterrand]]'s word. However, in 1998, [[Bordeaux]]'s [[appeal court]] had judged that [[Sergio Tornaghi]] could not be extradited to Italy, on the grounds that Italian procedure would not let [[Sergio Tornaghi]] be judged again, after a controversial trial during his absence ([[European Court of Human Rights]] uphold such a right to a new judgment).
*[[Sarah Maldoror]]
==[[Guyana]]==
== New assassinations by new BR generation ==
===Writers and intellectuals===
*[[Jan Carew]]
*[[Martin Carter]]
*[[Wilson Harris]]
*[[Edgar Mittelholzer]]
*[[Walter Rodney]]
*[[A.J. Seymour]]
*[[Clive Thomas]]
*[[Eric D. Walrond|Eric Walrond]]
===Political leaders===
In the mid-eighties, arrests increased in Italy. In February 1986, the Red Brigades-PCC killed the ex-mayor of Florence Lando Conti and tried to kill Prime Minister's advisor [[Bettino Craxi]]. In March 1987, Red Brigades-UCC killed General [[Licio Giorgieri]] in Rome. On [[April 16]] [[1988]], in [[Forlì]], Red Brigades-PCC killed Italian senator [[Roberto Ruffilli]], an advisor of Italian [[Prime Minister of Italy|Prime Minister]] [[Ciriaco de Mita]]. After that the group activities all but ended after massive arrests of its leadership, while the fall of the [[Berlin Wall]] in 1989 put an official end to the [[Cold War]]. With limited resources and followers to carry out major terrorist acts, the group is mostly inoperative.
*[[Brindley Benn]]
*[[Forbes Burnham]]
*[[Arthur Chung]]
*[[Hubert Nathaniel Critchlow]]
*[[Cuffy (person)|Cuffy]]
*[[Jack Gladstone]]
*[[Bernie Grant]]
*[[Sam Hinds]]
*[[Desmond Hoyte]]
*[[Cheddi Jagan]]
*[[Janet Jagan]]
*[[Bharrat Jagdeo]]
*[[Eusi Kwayana]]
*Sir [[Shridath Ramphal]]
*[[Clement Rohee]]
*[[Rupert Roopnaraine]]
===Musicians===
The latest known actions of the Red Brigades-PCC (as of February 2004) are the 1999 murder of Massimo D'Antona, an advisor to the cabinet of near-left Prime Minister [[Massimo D'Alema]]. In [[March 20]], [[2002]] the same gun that was used to kill D'Antona was used to kill professor [[Marco Biagi]], an economic advisor to Italian [[Prime Minister of Italy|Prime Minister]] [[Silvio Berlusconi]]. The Red Brigades-PCC again claimed responsibility. On 3 March 2003 two followers, Mario Galesi and Nadia Desdemona Lioce, started a firefight with a patrol of police on a train at Terontola Station. Galesi and Emanuele Petri (one of the policemen) were killed, Lioce was arrested. In October 23 2003, Italian police arrested six members of the Red Brigade in early-dawn raids in Florence, [[Sardinia]], Rome and [[Pisa]] in connection with the murder of Massimo D'Antona. On June 1st, 2005, four members of the Red Brigades-PCC were condemned to life-sentence in Bologna for the murder of [[Marco Biagi]]: Nadia Desdemona Lioce, Roberto Morandi, Marco Mezzasalma and Diana Blefari Melazi.
*[[Eddy Grant]]
*[[Dave Martin (musician)|Dave Martin]]
*[[Shaya (singer)|Shaya]]
*
===Athletes===
Several figures from the 1970s, including philosopher [[Antonio Negri]] who was wrongly accused of being the "mastermind" of the BR, have called for a new, honest analysis of the events which happened during the "years of lead" in Italy. Negri voluntarilly returned to Italy in 1997, from his 14 years-old exile in France, and was henceforth emprisonned for some times, in the hope that this act would raise awareness of the situation of hundreds of exiles and prisoners (including [[Adriano Sofri]] from ''Lotta continua'') involved in radical left political activities in Italy during the 1960s and 1970s. Negri was freed in the spring of 2003, having served his full sentence of 17 years. "I am taking up my political work again starting from the ground up, from prison," said Negri, who wrote ''The Savage Anomaly. The Power of [[Spinoza]]'s Metaphysics and Politics'' and ''Empire'' in his captivity time. "With my return, I would like to give a push to the generation that was marginalized by the anti-terrorist laws of the 1970s so that they will leave their internal or foreign exile and again take part in public and democratic life."
*[[Clive Lloyd]]
*[[Lance Gibbs]]
*[[Ramnaresh Ronnie Sarwan]]
*[[Shivnarine Chanderpaul]]
*[[Rohan Bholalall Kanhai]]
*[[Carl Hooper]]
==[[Martinique]]==
On the other hand, BR founder Alberto Franceschni declared after his release from an 18 years-old prison term that "The BR continue to exist because we never proceeded to their funeral," calling for truth from every involved parties in order to be able to turn the page <ref> Giovanni Fasanella and Alberto Franceschini, ''Che cosa sono le BR'' (See [http://www.lemonde.fr/cgi-bin/ACHATS/acheter.cgi?offre=ARCHIVES&type_item=ART_ARCH_30J&objet_id=924911 Paris, capitale des « années de plomb »], review of the book in ''[[Le Monde]]'', November 30, 2005 {{fr icon}}) </ref>.
===Writers and intellectuals===
*[[Mayotte Capécia]]
*[[Aimé Césaire]]
*[[Patrick Chamoiseau]]
*[[Raphaël Confiant]]
*[[Frantz Fanon]]
*[[Édouard Glissant]]
*[[Gilbert Gratiant]]
*[[Étienne Léro]]
*[[René Maran]]
*[[Joseph Zobel]]
===Political Trivia leaders===
*[[Joséphine de Beauharnais]]
Singer [[Joe Strummer]] of British [[Punk rock|punk]] band, [[The Clash]], attracted some controversy after wearing a Brigate Rosse T-shirt to a 1978 [[Rock Against Racism]] event.
*[[Alfred Marie-Jeanne]]
== References =Filmmakers===
*[[Euzhan Palcy]]
{{reflist}}
==[[Netherlands Antilles]], [[Aruba]] now a Protectorate of the Netherlands, [[Bonaire]], [[Curaçao]], [[St.Maarten]], [[St.Eustacius]], and [[Saba]]==
==Bibliography==
===Political leaders===
*Giovanni Fasanella and Alberto Franceschini (with a postface from judge Rosario Priore, who investigated on Aldo Moro's death), ''Che cosa sono le BR'' [http://www.miserabili.com/2004/06/23/franceschinifasanella_che_cosa.html] ( "BRIGADES ROUGES. L'Histoire secrète des Red Brigades racontée par leur fondateur, Alberto Franceschini. Entretien avec Giovanni Fasanella." Editions Panama, 2005 [http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3260,36-715503,0.html a review by] ''[[Le Monde]]'' and [http://www.humanite.fr/journal/2005-10-07/2005-10-07-815509 another review by] ''[[L'Humanite]]''
*[[Betico Croes]]
*[http://www.libreriauniversitaria.it/goto/author_Fasanella+Giovanni/shelf_BIT/Fasanella_Giovanni.html A Giovanni Fasanella's bibliography]
*[[Daniel De Leon]]
* Ganser, Daniele: NATO's Secret Armies. Operation Gladio and Terrorism in Western Europe. (London: Frank Cass, 2005). ISBN 0-7146-8500-3.
*[[Wilson Godett]]
*Terrorist Group Profiles, Dudley Knox Library, Naval Postgraduate School.''
*[[Moises Frumencio da Costa Gomez]]
*[[Ben Komproe]]
*[[Maria Liberia-Peters]]
*[[Claude Wathey]]
==See also=Athletes===
* [[BlackSidney BrigadesPonson]]
* [[Gladio inAndruw ItalyJones]]
* [[CIA]] and [[NATO]] "[[stay-behind]]" [[Operation Gladio]]
* [[False flag]] and [[strategy of tension]]
*[[Aldo Moro]]'s 1978 assassination
==[[Saint Kitts and Nevis]]==
==External links==
===Writers / Intellectuals / Filmmakers / Artists===
* [http://www.emilianet.it/database/emilianet/emilianet2.nsf/0/987E0CFF502B42E9C1256D350035C2D1?OpenDocument Interview with Alberto Franceschini]
*[[R.C.O. Benjamin]]
* [http://www.kersplebedeb.com/mystuff/italy/strike_one.html Strike One to Educate One Hundred: the rise of the Red Brigade in Italy in the 1960s and 1970s] - this page includes links to several scanned-in chapters of the book "Strike One to Educate One Hundred", a sympathetic appraisal of the Red Brigade. Lots of political context about both Italy and the Italian revolutionary left.
*[[Christene Browne]]
*[[Caryl Phillips]]
*[[Pogus Caesar]]
*[[Burt Caesar]]
===Political leaders===
[[Category:Irregular military]]
*[[Clement Arrindell]]
[[Category:Cold War]]
*[[Robert Bradshaw]]
[[Category:Communism]]
*[[Denzil Douglas]]
[[Category:Terrorism in Italy]]
*[[Alexander Hamilton]]
[[Category:Former designated terrorist organizations]]
*[[Rawlins Lowndes]]
*[[Lee Moore]]
*[[Cuthbert Sebastian]]
*[[Kennedy Simmonds]]
*[[Paul Southwell]]
===Athletes===
[[br:Brigadennoù Ruz]]
*[[ca:BrigadesKim RogesCollins]]
[[da:Røde Brigader]]
==[[de:RoteSaint BrigadenLucia]]==
===Writers and intellectuals===
[[es:Brigadas Rojas]]
*[[fr:BrigadesDerek rougesWalcott]]
*[[John Robert Lee]]
[[it:Brigate Rosse]]
*[[Roderick Walcott]]
[[he:הבריגדות האדומות]]
[[nl:Rode Brigades]]
===Political leaders===
[[ja:赤い旅団]]
*[[Kenny Anthony]]
[[no:De røde brigader]]
*[[pl:CzerwoneWinston BrygadyCenac]]
*[[George Charles]]
[[pt:Brigadas Vermelhas]]
*Sir [[John Compton]]
[[ru:Красные Бригады]]
*[[scn:BrigatiJulian RussiHunte]]
*Sir [[Allen Lewis]]
[[sr:Црвене бригаде]]
*[[Vaughan Lewis]]
[[fi:Punaiset prikaatit]]
*Sir [[Allan Louisy]]
[[sv:Röda brigaderna]]
*Dame [[Pearlette Louisy]]
*[[George Odlum]]
===Economists===
* Sir [[Arthur Lewis (economist)|Arthur Lewis]]
===Artists===
*[[Dunstan St. Omer]]
*[[Cedric George]]
*[[C. Eudovic]]
===Actors===
*[[Joseph Marcell]]
===Musicians===
*[[Ronald "Boo" Hinkson]]
*[[Nicole David]]
*[[Gregory'Shining'Emmanuel]]
===Athletes===
*[[Darren Sammy]]
*[[Dominic Johnson]]
==[[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]==
===Political leaders===
*Sir [[Charles Antrobus]]
*Sir [[Frederick Ballantyne]]
*[[Milton Cato]]
*[[Joseph Chatoyer]]
*[[Arnhim Eustace]]
*[[Ralph Gonsalves]]
*Sir [[David Jack]]
*[[Ebenezer Joshua]]
*Sir [[James F. Mitchell]]
*Sir [[Louis Straker]]
===Musicians===
* [[Kevin Lyttle]]
* [[Mattafix]]
* [[Jamsie P]]
===Athletes===
* [[Keneke Alexander]]
* [[Pamenous Ballentyne]]
* [[Adonal Foyle]]
* [[Sancho Lyttle]]
* [[Madonna Hickson]]
* [[Sophia Young]]
* [[Gailene Gordon]]
* [[John Gardiner]]
* [[Tenicia Gittens]]
* [[Shanna Brown]]
* [[Delroy Burke]]
* [[Isha Sam]]
* [[Orande Quammie]]
==[[Suriname]]==
===Writers and intellectuals===
*[[Aphra Behn]]
*[[Anton de Kom]]
===Political leaders===
*[[Jules Ajodhia]]
*[[Henck Arron]]
*[[Bram Behr]]
*[[Dési Bouterse]]
*[[Ronnie Brunswijk]]
*[[Fred Derby]]
*[[Johan Ferrier]]
*[[Otto Huiswood]]
*[[Harry Kisoensingh]]
*[[Jagernath Lachmon]]
*[[Johan Adolf Pengel]]
*[[Pretaapnarian Radhakishun]]
*[[Ram Sardjoe]]
*[[Ronald Venetiaan]]
*[[Jules Wijdenbosch]]
===Inventors===
*[[Jan Earnst Matzeliger]]
==[[Trinidad and Tobago]]==
===Writers and intellectuals===
*[[Valerie Belgrave]]
*[[Lloyd Best]]
*[[Rafael de Boissiere]]
*[[Dionne Brand]]
*[[Rosa Guy]]
*[[Merle Hodge]]
*[[C. L. R. James]]
*[[Earl Lovelace]]
*[[Mustapha Matura]]
*[[Alfred Mendes]]
*Inga "[[Foxy Brown]]" Marchand
*[[Shiva Naipaul]]
*[[V.S. Naipaul]]
*[[Charles Petioni]]
*[[Marlene Philip]]
*[[Michel Philip|Michel Maxwell Philip]]
*[[Kenneth Ramchand]]
*[[Lall Sawh]]
*[[Leslie Scotland]]
*[[Samuel Selvon]]
*[[Eric Williams]]
*[[Dharmesh Michael Persad]]
*[[Aleth Bruce]]
*[[Stokely Carmichael]]
===Athletes===
*[[Inshan Ali]]
*[[Stephen Ames]]
*[[Marvin Andrews]]
*[[Ian Bishop]]
*[[Marlon Black]]
*[[Ato Boldon]]
*[[Darel Brown]]
*[[George Bovell|George Bovell III]]
*[[Marc Burns]]
*[[Learie Constantine]]
*[[Hasely Crawford]]
*[[Rajindra Dhanraj]]
*[[Mervyn Dillon]]
*[[Ansil Elcock]]
*[[Daren Ganga]]
*[[Gerry Gomez|Gerald "Gerry" Gomez]]
*[[Anthony Gray]]
*[[Shaka Hislop]]
*[[Clayton Ince]]
*[[Stern John]]
*[[Brian Lara]]
*[[Russell Latapy]]
*[[Leonson Lewis]]
*[[Gus Logie|Augustine "Gus" Logie]]
*[[Clint Marcelle]]
*[[Deryck Murray]]
*[[David Nahkid]]
*[[Jerren Nixon]]
*[[Sonny Ramadhin]]
*[[Manny Ramjohn]]
*[[Dinanath Ramnarine]]
*[[Anthony Rougier]]
*[[Phil Simmons]]
*[[Jeffrey Stollmeyer]]
*[[Victor Stollmeyer]]
*[[Evans Wise]]
*[[Dwight Yorke]]
===Political leaders===
*[[David Abdullah]]
*[[Yasin Abu Bakr]]
*[[Tubal Uriah Butler]]
*[[Rudranath Capildeo]]
*[[Simbhoonath Capildeo]]
*[[Stokely Carmichael]] a.k.a. [[Kwame Ture]]
*[[George Chambers]]
*[[Carson Charles]]
*[[Arthur Andrew Cipriani]] (A.A. Cipriani)
*[[Ellis Clarke]]
*[[Winston Dookeran]]
*[[Knowlson Gift]]
*[[Albert Gomes]]
*[[Geddes Granger]] (Makandal Daaga)
*[[Noor Hassanali]]
*[[Karl Hudson-Phillips]]
*[[A.P.T. James]]
*[[Roy Joseph]]
*[[Franklin Khan]]
*[[Fuad Khan]]
*[[Gillian Lucky]]
*[[Errol Mahabir]]
*[[Ramesh Maharaj]]
*[[Patrick Manning]]
*[[Bhadase Maraj|Bhadase Sagan Maraj]]
*[[Ralph Maraj]]
*[[Errol McLeod]]
*[[Kamaludeen Mohammed]]
*[[Roodal Moonilal]]
*[[Wendell Mottley]]
*[[George Padmore]]
*[[Basdeo Panday]]
*[[Kamla Persad-Bissessar]]
*[[David Pitt, Baron Pitt of Hampstead]]
*[[George Richards|George Maxwell Richards]]
*[[A. N. R. Robinson|A.N.R. Robinson]]
*[[Keith Rowley]]
*[[Adrian Cola Rienzi]] (born [[Krishna Deonarine]])
*[[Eric Williams]]
*[[Eric A. Williams]]
*[[Gerald Yetming]]
===Musicians===
*[[André Tanker]]
*[[Attila the Hun (calypsonian)|Atilla the Hun]] ([[Raymond Quevado]])
*[[Winifred Atwell]]
*Inga "[[Foxy Brown]]" Marchand
*[[Anil Bheem]]
*[[Pat Bishop]]
*[[Nisha Bissambhar]]
*[[Chalkdust]] ([[Hollis Liverpool]])
*[[Rasika Dindial]]
*[[Devanand Gattoo]]
*[[Haddaway]]
*[[Ray Holman|Raymond Holman]]
*[[Lord Invader]]
*[[Lord Kitchener (calypsonian)|Lord Kitchener]] ([[Alwyn Roberts]])
*[[Lord Melody]]
*[[Lennox Mohammed|Lennox "Bobby" Mohammed]]
*[[Machel Montano]]
*[[Billy Ocean]]
*[[Ken Philmore|Ken "Professor" Philmore]]
*[[Sundar Popo]]
*[[Richard Ramnarine]]
*[[David Rudder]]
*[[Adesh Samaroo]]
*[[Jit Samaroo]]
*[[Hazel Scott]]
*[[Lennox Sharpe|Len "Boogsie" Sharpe]]
*[[Lord Shorty]]/[[Ras Shorty I]] ([[Garfield Blackman]])
*[[Mighty Sparrow]] ([[Slinger Francisco]])
*[[Mighty Spoiler]]
*[[Black Stalin]] ([[Leroy Calliste]])
*[[Anand Yankaran]]
*[[Rakesh Yankaran]]
*[[Destra Garcia]]
*[[Heather Headley]]
*[[Denise Plummer]]
*[[Denise "Saucy Wow" Belfon]]
*[[Maximus Dan]]
*[[KMC]]
*[[Bunji Garlin]]
===Dancers===
*[[Satnarine Balkaransingh]]
*[[Mondira Balkaransingh]]
*[[Percival Borde]]
*[[Eugene Joseph]]
*[[Torrance Mohammed]]
*[[Pearl Primus]]
*[[Susan Mohip]]
*[[Sandra Sookdeo]]
===Artists===
*[[Isaiah Boodhoo|Isaiah James Boodhoo]]
*[[Michel-Jean Cazabon]]
*[[LeRoy Clarke]]
*[[Willie Chen]]
*[[Jackie Hinkson]]
*[[Shastri Maharaj]]
*[[Edwin Hing Wan]]
*[[Geoffrey Holder]]
*[[Sonnylal Rambissoon]]
*[[Noel Vaucrosson]]
*[[Alfred Codallo]]
===Aviators===
*[[Mikey Cipriani]]
*[[Herbert Julian]]
==[[United States Virgin Islands]] and [[British Virgin Islands]]==
===Writers and intellectuals===
*[[Barbara Christian]]
*[[Geraldo Guirty]]
*[[Ariel Melchior|Ariel Melchior, Sr.]]
*[[Arthur Schomburg]]
===Doctors and Scientists===
*[[John Lettsome|Dr. John C. Lettsome]]
===Political leaders===
*[[Judah Philip Benjamin]]
*[[Edward Blyden]]
*[[Frank Rudolph Crosswaith]]
*[[Rothschild Francis]]
*[[Hubert Henry Harrison]]
*[[Elizabeth Anna Hendrickson]]
*[[Casper Holstein]]
*[[Roy Innis]]
*[[D. Hamilton Jackson]]
*[[J. Raymond Jones]]
*[[William Alexander Leidesdorff]]
*[[T. McCants Stewart]]
*[[Terence Todman]]
*[[Ashley Totten]]
*[[Denmark Vesey]]
===Artists and Architects===
*[[Austin Hansen]]
*[[Camille Pissarro]]
*[[William Thornton|Dr. William Thornton]]
===Actors===
*[[Kelsey Grammer]]
*[[Lawrence Hilton-Jacobs]]
===Athletes===
*[[Raja Bell]]
*[[Tim Duncan]]
*[[Julian Jackson]]
*[[Calvin Pickering]]
[[Category:Caribbean people| Eastern Caribbean]]
[[Category:Lists of people by ancestry|Eastern Caribbean]]
==External Links ==
*[http://www.calypsonians.com Calypsonians.com who sung what, when and won]
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