Bill Carollo and Bacon's Rebellion: Difference between pages

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'''Bacon's Rebellion''' or the '''Virginia Rebellion''' was an [[rebellion|uprising]] in 1676 in the [[Virginia Colony]], led by [[Nathaniel Bacon]]. It was the first rebellion in the [[Thirteen colonies|American colonies]] in which discontented frontiersmen took part; a similar uprising in [[Maryland]] occurred later that year.

[[Image:BillCarollo.jpg|frame|Bill Carollo]]

'''William F. "Bill" Carollo''' is an [[American football official]] in the [[National Football League]] (NFL) since [[1989]], wearing the uniform number 63. Carollo has officiated in two [[Super Bowl]]s ([[1996]] and [[2003]]) and six conference championship games ([[1995]], [[1997]], [[1999]], [[2000]], [[2005]] and [[2007]])

==Plot==

Carollo is a native of [[Wisconsin]] and attended [[Brookfield Central High School]] in [[Brookfield, Wisconsin]] and later graduated from the [[University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee]] (UWM) in [[1974]] with a degree in [[industrial relations]]. At UWM, Carollo played [[quarterback]] from [[1970]] to [[1973]] before the football program was disbanded.

[[Image:Nathaniel Bacon.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Nathaniel Bacon.]]

By the end of the seventeenth century in the [[Chesapeake Bay|Chesapeake]], the elite farmers on the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] coast, called the "[[Tidewater region of Virginia|tidewater]] [[gentry]]" owned much of the best farmland in the area and exercised political power disproportionate to their numbers, to the discontent of the majority of the population who were small farmers, [[indentured servants]] and slaves. Small farmers, being unable to afford the best lands, were drawn to the backcountry lands that were vulnerable to attack by [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]]. Backcountry farmers also had difficulty moving their goods to markets. [[Tax]]es were high, especially on [[tobacco]] after 1660. The [[governor of Virginia|colonial governor]] of [[Virginia]], [[William Berkeley|Sir William Berkeley]] had levied a new tax for the construction of forts but there was widespread complaint about government corruption and the uselessness of the forts.

Bacon had broad support among the colonists and demanded a commission to raise a militia and fight the Indians. After much political haggling, Bacon was granted the commission and led a campaign against some of the Indians of the frontier. After returning to Jamestown, conflicts arose between Bacon and Berkeley and their followers. The so-called Baconites overpowered the Berkeley faction and the governor then fled to the [[Eastern Shore]]. Bacon's followers ravaged the capital for three months, destroying the symbols of the aristocratic gentry and seizing property. A volunteer army was raised, somewhat in the image of the [[New Model Army]] of the recent [[English Civil War]]. The Baconites plundered Tidewater estates whose owners refused to join them. Few Virginians were able to remain neutral.

Prior to joining the NFL, he officiated [[high school]] [[football (American)|football]], [[basketball]], and [[baseball]] in Wisconsin and later joined [[college football]]'s [[Big Ten Conference]], where he stayed for ten years and included a selection to work the [[1988]] [[Rose Bowl Game]]. For a period of time, Carollo also served as the [[Milwaukee Brewers]] Official Scorer for the [[American League]] during the late [[1970s]] and early [[1980s]].

A revolutionary government was established, echoing the [[Commonwealth of England]], which had ended 16 years earlier. Bacon died on October 26, 1676, of the "bloody flux" or dysentery. The rebellion continued until several well-armed London-based merchant ships arrived in Virginia, loyal to Berkeley. These were trading ships whose captains were not aware of the rebellion until they arrived. A fleet of the Royal Navy set sail for Virginia upon hearing of the rebellion but would not arrive until several months after the merchant ships. With these merchant ships, cannon and crews, Berkeley was able to put down the rebellion. In the aftermath, before the arrival of the Royal Navy, Berkeley tried and executed many rebels in what began to resemble a reign of terror. When the Royal Navy and Royal Commissioners arrived, Berkeley's revenge campaign was halted and mass pardons were issued. A significant number of rebels fled to the [[Albemarle Settlements]] of North Carolina.

Carollo started in the NFL as a side judge and officiated [[Super Bowl XXX]] in 1996, which was his final game at that position before being promoted to referee (crew chief) for the start of the [[1996 NFL season]]. Carollo was assigned to work his first post-season as referee during the [[NFL playoffs, 1998-99|1998-99 NFL playoffs]] and later made his second appearance in the Super Bowl at [[Super Bowl XXXVII]] in 2003.

==Causes==

Outside of his NFL officiating duties, Carollo worked as an international account executive for 30 years at [[IBM]] before becoming Vice President of Global Sales for [[Manpower Inc.]], and served as the director of the NFL Referees Association, the union representing NFL officials, from [[2000]] to [[March 1]], [[2006]]. He was the center of the negotiations that took place during the [[2001 NFL season]] where there was a [[work stoppage]] by game officials. The NFL and its game officials eventually agreed on [[September 19]], 2001 to a new six-year [[Collective Bargaining Agreement]] that ended a two-week lockout of the regular officials, who returned to work on [[September 23]], 2001.

Nathaniel Bacon's Rebellion can be attributed to several causes. Economic problems such as declining tobacco prices, growing commercial competition from Maryland and the [[Carolinas]], an increasingly restricted English market and the rising price of English manufactured goods ([[mercantilism]]) caused problems for the Virginians. There were many problems caused by weather; several [[natural disaster]]s including [[hailstorm]]s, [[floods]], [[drought]] and [[hurricane]]s rocked the colony in one year. Virginia had also become a haven for [[Roundhead]]s and [[Cavalier]]s during the English Civil War. Bacon's Rebellion was partly an echo of the English Civil War. The revolutionary government established by the Baconites had ties to the republican Commonwealth of England.

In July 1675, a raid by the Doeg group of American Indians on the [[plantation]] of [[Thomas Mathew]] in the [[Northern Neck]] section of Virginia near the [[Potomac River]] occurred. Several of the Doegs were killed in the raid, which began over a dispute over the nonpayment of items Mathews had apparently obtained from the tribe. Things got worse when the colonists launched a retaliatory attack but on the wrong tribe - the powerful [[Susquehannock]]s - which caused large Indian raids in reprisal.

Carollo currently resides in [[Shorewood, Wisconsin]] and is married and has four children. He devotes his free time to family and [[golf]].

Berkeley ordered an investigation into the reasons for the attacks, during which he pleaded for restraint on all sides but many Virginians claimed that Berkeley had monopolized the Indian trade and was making large profits from the Indians so found his call for restraint insincere. Nathaniel Bacon, ignored the Governor's orders and seized some friendly [[Appomattox]] natives on a charge of stealing [[maize|corn]]. He was reprimanded and his fellow farmers were aggrieved at this seemingly one-sided action. In attempting to find a compromise, the Governor called what was known as the '''Long Assembly''' which declared war on all the "bad Indians" by setting up a defensive zone around the state. To do this taxes were levied, to the disgust of the frontiersmen, who were already overtaxed. There was an ill-feeling among the middle and lower classes that "favored traders" were allowed to trade with the Indians at the expense of regular traders who had dealt with the Indians for generations.

Carollo's [[2006 NFL officiating crew]] consists of Bill Schuster, John Schleyer, [[Byron Boston]], Eddy Powers, James Coleman, and Bob Waggoner.

Bacon came out as leader of those most in opposition to the policies being pursued by Berkeley and he became the elected "[[general]]" of a group of local volunteer Indian fighters, having promised to bear the cost of the campaigns. During the campaign against the Indians, the governor nonetheless declared Bacon a rebel.

==Bacon and the House of Burgesses==

Bacon and his men continued to attack the tribes. Since Bacon's forces outnumbered Berkeley's, the governor was forced into agreeing to issue a [[pardon]] if Bacon turned himself in, to be then sent to England for trial before King [[Charles II of England]]. Many of the members of the House of Burgesses were sympathetic to Bacon's cause, which led to him being elected a member of the House.

Bacon, by virtue of this election, attended the important [[Legislative Assembly]] of June 1676, where he was made to apologize for his previous actions. Berkeley immediately pardoned Bacon and allowed him to take his seat in the assembly. Bacon and his followers were pushing for more than defense against the Indians. They were demanding major reforms to the colonial government. Matters came to a head during a debate on the Indian situation when Bacon and his men surrounded the [[Virginia State Capitol|capitol building]] in [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]] and forced the Governor to give in to Bacon's demand for campaigns against the Indians without government interference. This concession was short-lived and when Berkeley reneged on the commission, the rebels took over Jamestown between July 30 (when Bacon issued his [[Declaration of the People of Virginia]]) and September 1676.

When Berkeley returned to recapture the town, aided by well-armed London-based merchant ships, Bacon burned it. For a short time Nathaniel Bacon was in charge of Virginia but his success quickly ended. On October 26th, 1676, Bacon died of the "Bloodie Flux" and "Lousey Disease" (body lice). It is thought that his soldiers burned his body because it was never found. Some of the rebels were executed or had their property confiscated. After the Royal Navy and Royal Commissioners arrived, the rebels were allowed to express their grievances and mass pardons were issued. The commissioners realized that the majority of Virginians had supported the rebellion. For the colony of Virginia to survive, compromises had to be made. Berkeley was relieved of the governorship by the Royal Commissioners. He died in England on [[July 9]], 1677.

== Effects of the Rebellion ==

Bacon's Rebellion also the Virginia Rebellion was the result of discontent among backcountry farmers who had taken the law into their own hands against government corruption and oppression. Many Virginians were debtors. Borrowing on the strength of paper money was stopped by the British Government, leading to more discontent against the merchant classes. Many of the supporters of the rebellion were indentured servants and slaves, who were a majority of Virginia's population.

Historian Helen Hill Miller has pointed out that one of the most important reforms made during Bacon's government was the recognition of the [[right to bear arms]], so that the common man could defend himself from hostile Indians but also to oppose a despotic regime. After Berkeley's resumption of power, this right was one of the first he repealed. Miller suggests it was Bacon's Rebellion that may have served as one of the motives for later colonists' insistence the right to bear arms. Historian Stephen Saunders Webb goes suggests that Bacon's Rebellion was a revolution, with roots in the English Civil War and with consequences including the [[American Revolutionary War]].

It was largely the slaves, servants and poor farmers many of whom were former indentured servants who rebelled. Before the rebellion, African slaves were rare in Virginia, mainly due to their expense and the lack of slave traders bringing Africans to Virginia. Many Africans were brought as indentured servants, becoming free after serving their term of labor. While indentured servants from Europe continued to play a role in Virginia after the rebellion, African slave imports grew rapidly and new laws made slavery lifelong and passed on to one's children, creating a racially-based class system with Africans at the bottom and even the poorest European indentured servants above. This broke the common interest between the poor English and the Africans of Virginia which had existed during Bacon's Rebellion.

The rebellion strengthened the ties between Virginia south of the James River and the [[Albemarle Settlements]] in present-day [[North Carolina]], while creating a long-lasting animosity between the two colonies' governments. The Albemarle region offered refuge for rebels in the aftermath. In the longer term, North Carolina offered an alternative to colonists disenchanted with Virginia.

==In culture==

The book ''[[My Brother, My Enemy]]'' is a fictitious tale about Bacon's Rebellion.

The Book "A Different Mirror" by Ronald Takaki. Pages 62-67

==See also==

*[[Queen Anne (Pamunkey chief)]]

==References==

* John B. Frantz, ''Bacon's Rebellion: Prologue to the Revolution?'' (1969), readings

* Lovejoy, David S., "The Virginia Charter and Bacon's Rebellion," ''The Glorious Revolution in America'' (1972), 32-52.

* Edmund Sears Morgan, "Rebellion," in ''American Slavery, American Freedom:The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia'' (New York: Norton, 1975), 250-70.

* W. E. Washburn, ''The Governor and the Rebel'' (1957, repr. 1967).

* T. J. Wertenbaker, ''Torchbearer of the Revolution'' (1940, rpt. 1965)

* T. J. Wertenbaker ''Bacon's Rebellion, 1676'' (1957)

* Paul Johnson, "A History of the American People" (1997), 77-78

* Webb, Stephen Saunders, "1676 - The End of American Independence." (New York: 1984).

== Trivia ==

In [[Surry County, Virginia|Surry County]], the Allen family's circa 1665 brick home became known as "[[Bacon's Castle]]" because it was occupied as a [[fort]] or "[[castle]]" in 1676 during Bacon's Rebellion. Contrary to popular folklore, Nathaniel Bacon never lived at Bacon's Castle nor is even known to have occupied it. Nathaniel Bacon was the proprietor of [[Curles Neck Plantation]] in [[Henrico County, Virginia|Henrico County]], about 30 miles upriver on the northern bank of the James River.

The tragedy, ''[[The Widow Ranter|The Widow Ranter; or, The History of Bacon in Virginia]]'', by [[Aphra Behn]] ([[1689]]) presents an extremely romanticized version of the story.

==External links==

*[http://www.uwsp.edu/admin/stuaffairs/MelvinLaird/Carollo.htm Bill Carollo -- NFL Referee]

*[http://www.wisgolfer.com/cms/content/view/15/7/ WSGA MEMBER PROFILES]

*[http://www.eofficials.com/controlpages/ESOCrew/crewbio.aspx?CrewID=18 Excel Sports Officiating - Bill Carollo]

*[http://www.greattradingpath.com/native-american-indian-history/index.htm Great Trading Path original source documents pertaining to Bacon's Rebellion]

[[Category:American football officials|Carollo, Bill]]

[[Category:Living people|Carollo, Bill]]

[[Category:PeopleRebellions fromin Wisconsin|Carollo,the BillUnited States]]

[[Category:UniversityColonial of Wisconsin-Milwaukee alumni|Carollo, BillVirginia]]

[[Category:IBMHistory employees|Carollo,of Billthe Thirteen Colonies]]

[[de:Bacon’s Rebellion]]

[[fr:Révolte de Nathaniel Bacon]]

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