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'''Bacon's Rebellion''' or the '''Virginia Rebellion''' was an [[rebellion|uprising]] in 1676 in the [[Virginia Colony]], led by [[Nathaniel Bacon]]. It was the first rebellion in the [[Thirteen colonies|American colonies]] in which discontented frontiersmen took part; a similar uprising in [[Maryland]] occurred later that year.
{{Infobox Indian Jurisdiction
|native_name = Pune
|type = metropolitan city
|nickname = Oxford of the East
|latd = 18.53
|longd = 73.85
|locator_position = right
|state_name = Maharashtra
|district = [[Pune district|Pune]]
|taluk_names = [[Taluka|Haveli]]
|leader_title = Mayor
|leader_name = Rajlakshmi Bhosale
|altitude = 560
|population_as_of = 2005
|population_total = 4485000
|population_density = 6407
|area_magnitude = 8
|area_total = 700
|area_telephone = 91(20)
|postal_code = 411 0xx
|vehicle_code_range = MH 12 (Pune) MH 14 (PCMC)
|footnotes =
}}
'''Pune''' ([[Marathi]]: पुणे), is a city located in the western [[India]]n state of [[Maharashtra]]. Capital of [[Pune District]] and the [[List of most populous metropolitan areas in India|8th largest urban agglomeration in India]] with a population of 4.5 million, it is the second largest city in the state of Maharashtra. It is located roughly 150 kilometers east of [[Mumbai]] at an altitude of 560 meters above sea level. It is situated at the eastern edge of the [[Western ghats]] on the [[Deccan plateau]].
 
==Plot==
Pune is widely considered the [[#Culture|cultural capital]] of [[Marathi]]-speaking Maharashtrians.<ref>[http://www.med.harvard.edu/chge/course/driving/urban/mutatkar.pdf Cultural Capital][http://www.mapsofindia.com/stateprofiles/maharashtra/index.html][http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-46275/Maharashtra]</ref> Pune has a reputation for its several esteemed colleges and [[#Education|educational institutions]]<ref>[http://www.indiastudycenter.com/Univ/States/maharastra/Pune.asp Schools and colleges in pune][http://www.icrier.org/pdf/WP_179.pdf][http://www.sigma-solutions.com/about_pune.htm]</ref> — the reason why it is called the ''[[Oxford]] of the East'' (or 'Oxford of India').<ref>[http://www.indiaedu.com/pune/ Oxford of East]</ref> It has a very strong presence in the automobile sector and is on its way to consolidate its position as the 'Detroit of India'<ref>[http://pune.gov.in/geography/geo_urban.htm Pune nicknames]</ref><ref>[http://www.asiatravel.com/india/infoguide/pune.html Pune information]</ref> too. Once referred as a 'pensioner's paradise'<ref>[http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/30/stories/2002093001410100.htm pensioner's paradise lost]</ref> it is now home to many software and [[#Economy|IT]] companies. Its cosmopolitan population speaks several other languages like [[English language|English]] and [[Hindi]].
[[Image:Nathaniel Bacon.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Nathaniel Bacon.]]
By the end of the seventeenth century in the [[Chesapeake Bay|Chesapeake]], the elite farmers on the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] coast, called the "[[Tidewater region of Virginia|tidewater]] [[gentry]]" owned much of the best farmland in the area and exercised political power disproportionate to their numbers, to the discontent of the majority of the population who were small farmers, [[indentured servants]] and slaves. Small farmers, being unable to afford the best lands, were drawn to the backcountry lands that were vulnerable to attack by [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]]. Backcountry farmers also had difficulty moving their goods to markets. [[Tax]]es were high, especially on [[tobacco]] after 1660. The [[governor of Virginia|colonial governor]] of [[Virginia]], [[William Berkeley|Sir William Berkeley]] had levied a new tax for the construction of forts but there was widespread complaint about government corruption and the uselessness of the forts.
 
Bacon had broad support among the colonists and demanded a commission to raise a militia and fight the Indians. After much political haggling, Bacon was granted the commission and led a campaign against some of the Indians of the frontier. After returning to Jamestown, conflicts arose between Bacon and Berkeley and their followers. The so-called Baconites overpowered the Berkeley faction and the governor then fled to the [[Eastern Shore]]. Bacon's followers ravaged the capital for three months, destroying the symbols of the aristocratic gentry and seizing property. A volunteer army was raised, somewhat in the image of the [[New Model Army]] of the recent [[English Civil War]]. The Baconites plundered Tidewater estates whose owners refused to join them. Few Virginians were able to remain neutral.
==Name==
 
A revolutionary government was established, echoing the [[Commonwealth of England]], which had ended 16 years earlier. Bacon died on October 26, 1676, of the "bloody flux" or dysentery. The rebellion continued until several well-armed London-based merchant ships arrived in Virginia, loyal to Berkeley. These were trading ships whose captains were not aware of the rebellion until they arrived. A fleet of the Royal Navy set sail for Virginia upon hearing of the rebellion but would not arrive until several months after the merchant ships. With these merchant ships, cannon and crews, Berkeley was able to put down the rebellion. In the aftermath, before the arrival of the Royal Navy, Berkeley tried and executed many rebels in what began to resemble a reign of terror. When the Royal Navy and Royal Commissioners arrived, Berkeley's revenge campaign was halted and mass pardons were issued. A significant number of rebels fled to the [[Albemarle Settlements]] of North Carolina.
Pune derives its name from Punya Nagari, or the city of virtuous deeds. Pune started out as ''Punya-Vishaya'' or ''Poonak Vishaya'' — an agricultural settlement in AD 937.<ref>[http://www.punediary.com/html/historyevents.html Pune's Timeline]</ref> By the 11th century, it had come to be known as ''Kasbe Pune'' or ''Punavadi'' when under the Mughal rule. It was known alternatively as [[Poona]] by the [[British Raj|British]].
 
==HistoryCauses==
Nathaniel Bacon's Rebellion can be attributed to several causes. Economic problems such as declining tobacco prices, growing commercial competition from Maryland and the [[Carolinas]], an increasingly restricted English market and the rising price of English manufactured goods ([[mercantilism]]) caused problems for the Virginians. There were many problems caused by weather; several [[natural disaster]]s including [[hailstorm]]s, [[floods]], [[drought]] and [[hurricane]]s rocked the colony in one year. Virginia had also become a haven for [[Roundhead]]s and [[Cavalier]]s during the English Civil War. Bacon's Rebellion was partly an echo of the English Civil War. The revolutionary government established by the Baconites had ties to the republican Commonwealth of England.
[[Image:Nandi Stone Sculpture Pataleshwar Pune.JPG|thumb|left |A stone sculpture of Nandi at the Pataleshwar cave temple]]
[[Image:Pataleshwar cave complex Pune.jpg|thumb|The circular Nandi mandapa at the Pataleshwar cave temple]]
 
In July 1675, a raid by the Doeg group of American Indians on the [[plantation]] of [[Thomas Mathew]] in the [[Northern Neck]] section of Virginia near the [[Potomac River]] occurred. Several of the Doegs were killed in the raid, which began over a dispute over the nonpayment of items Mathews had apparently obtained from the tribe. Things got worse when the colonists launched a retaliatory attack but on the wrong tribe - the powerful [[Susquehannock]]s - which caused large Indian raids in reprisal.
[[Image:Pune ShaniwarWada DelhiGate.jpg|thumb|The Delhi Gate of Shaniwar Wada (fort)]]
===Medieval Times===
The original agricultural settlement had become known as ''Punnaka'' by the 8th century. The earliest evidence (copper plates dating 758 AD and 768 AD) reveals that this region was ruled by the [[Rashtrakuta]]s. It came under [[Mughal Empire|Mughal rule]] in the 17th century.
 
Berkeley ordered an investigation into the reasons for the attacks, during which he pleaded for restraint on all sides but many Virginians claimed that Berkeley had monopolized the Indian trade and was making large profits from the Indians so found his call for restraint insincere. Nathaniel Bacon, ignored the Governor's orders and seized some friendly [[Appomattox]] natives on a charge of stealing [[maize|corn]]. He was reprimanded and his fellow farmers were aggrieved at this seemingly one-sided action. In attempting to find a compromise, the Governor called what was known as the '''Long Assembly''' which declared war on all the "bad Indians" by setting up a defensive zone around the state. To do this taxes were levied, to the disgust of the frontiersmen, who were already overtaxed. There was an ill-feeling among the middle and lower classes that "favored traders" were allowed to trade with the Indians at the expense of regular traders who had dealt with the Indians for generations.
Until circa 1818, it continued to be ruled by various dynasties, especially the [[Mughals]] and the [[Marathas]]. During the mid 17th century, it became the temporary residence of Maratha King [[Shivaji]]. In 1749 A.D, it gained prominence as the capital of the Maratha kingdom under the Peshwa rule. It was during this period that the city expanded considerably.<ref>{{cite web
| last =Nalawade
| first =S.B.
| url =http://www.ranwa.org/punealive/pageog.htm
| title =Geography of Pune Urban Area
| publisher =Ranwa
| accessdate =2006-08-16
}}</ref>
 
Bacon came out as leader of those most in opposition to the policies being pursued by Berkeley and he became the elected "[[general]]" of a group of local volunteer Indian fighters, having promised to bear the cost of the campaigns. During the campaign against the Indians, the governor nonetheless declared Bacon a rebel.
Pune's medieval roots are also evident in the number of its [[temples]]. The oldest structure in the city is the rock-cut temple of [[Pataleshwar]], from the [[8th century]] AD. The cave-temple complex is also called Panchaleshvara cave. This cave, once situated outside the limits of the old town, is now squarely in the middle of the city off the Jungli Maharaj road.
 
==Bacon and the House of Burgesses==
Bacon and his men continued to attack the tribes. Since Bacon's forces outnumbered Berkeley's, the governor was forced into agreeing to issue a [[pardon]] if Bacon turned himself in, to be then sent to England for trial before King [[Charles II of England]]. Many of the members of the House of Burgesses were sympathetic to Bacon's cause, which led to him being elected a member of the House.
 
Bacon, by virtue of this election, attended the important [[Legislative Assembly]] of June 1676, where he was made to apologize for his previous actions. Berkeley immediately pardoned Bacon and allowed him to take his seat in the assembly. Bacon and his followers were pushing for more than defense against the Indians. They were demanding major reforms to the colonial government. Matters came to a head during a debate on the Indian situation when Bacon and his men surrounded the [[Virginia State Capitol|capitol building]] in [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]] and forced the Governor to give in to Bacon's demand for campaigns against the Indians without government interference. This concession was short-lived and when Berkeley reneged on the commission, the rebels took over Jamestown between July 30 (when Bacon issued his [[Declaration of the People of Virginia]]) and September 1676.
 
When Berkeley returned to recapture the town, aided by well-armed London-based merchant ships, Bacon burned it. For a short time Nathaniel Bacon was in charge of Virginia but his success quickly ended. On October 26th, 1676, Bacon died of the "Bloodie Flux" and "Lousey Disease" (body lice). It is thought that his soldiers burned his body because it was never found. Some of the rebels were executed or had their property confiscated. After the Royal Navy and Royal Commissioners arrived, the rebels were allowed to express their grievances and mass pardons were issued. The commissioners realized that the majority of Virginians had supported the rebellion. For the colony of Virginia to survive, compromises had to be made. Berkeley was relieved of the governorship by the Royal Commissioners. He died in England on [[July 9]], 1677.
===Maratha Empire===
Pune is inextricably linked to the life of the Maratha hero and king, [[Chhatrapati Shivaji]]. The era of Pune's fame began when Shri Chhatrapati Shivaji came to stay here with his mother [[Jijabai]] in 1635-36. They lived in a mansion known as "Lal Mahal," a replica of which still can be visited at its original ___location in the city. According to local lore, the [[Kasba Ganapati|Kasba Ganapati Mandir]], regarded as the presiding deity of the city (gramadevata), was built by Jijabai.<ref>[http://pune.gov.in/history/monuments1.htm Kasba Ganapati]</ref>
 
== Effects of the Rebellion ==
In the early [[18th century]], [[prime minister]] of Chhatrapati Shahu, [[Peshwe Baji Rao 1|Peshwe Baji Rao I]] wanted to make Pune his home, which was agreed to by the king. He built his palace on a slightly raised ground near the Mutha river which is now known as [[Shaniwar Peth]]. The fortified palace that came up is known as [[Shaniwar Wada]]. Shaniwar Wada is considered by many to be the focal point of the old city of Pune.It was during the Peshwa period that pune became virtually the Capital of India and center of peshwa rule that extended from Pune to Atak in Pakistan and pune soon rose to prominence.
Bacon's Rebellion also the Virginia Rebellion was the result of discontent among backcountry farmers who had taken the law into their own hands against government corruption and oppression. Many Virginians were debtors. Borrowing on the strength of paper money was stopped by the British Government, leading to more discontent against the merchant classes. Many of the supporters of the rebellion were indentured servants and slaves, who were a majority of Virginia's population.
 
Historian Helen Hill Miller has pointed out that one of the most important reforms made during Bacon's government was the recognition of the [[right to bear arms]], so that the common man could defend himself from hostile Indians but also to oppose a despotic regime. After Berkeley's resumption of power, this right was one of the first he repealed. Miller suggests it was Bacon's Rebellion that may have served as one of the motives for later colonists' insistence the right to bear arms. Historian Stephen Saunders Webb goes suggests that Bacon's Rebellion was a revolution, with roots in the English Civil War and with consequences including the [[American Revolutionary War]].
A historical [[fort]] at [[Kharda]] commemorates the Battle of Kharda fought between the [[Maratha Confederacy]] under the [[Peshwa]] at [[Poona]] and the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], in [[1795]].
 
It was largely the slaves, servants and poor farmers many of whom were former indentured servants who rebelled. Before the rebellion, African slaves were rare in Virginia, mainly due to their expense and the lack of slave traders bringing Africans to Virginia. Many Africans were brought as indentured servants, becoming free after serving their term of labor. While indentured servants from Europe continued to play a role in Virginia after the rebellion, African slave imports grew rapidly and new laws made slavery lifelong and passed on to one's children, creating a racially-based class system with Africans at the bottom and even the poorest European indentured servants above. This broke the common interest between the poor English and the Africans of Virginia which had existed during Bacon's Rebellion.
[[1817]] saw a war breaking out between the [[Marathas]] and the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]]. A [[Battle of Khadki|battle was fought in Kirkee]] (now "[[Khadki]]"), a town earlier outside the main Pune (though at present is considered to be well within the city limits). The [[Peshwas]] were defeated and the British forces took over the town. The British realized the importance of the city and built a large [[cantonment]] to the east of the city. Later, Pune was pronounced the Monsoon Capital of the [[Bombay Presidency]]. The city passed into British rule after the defeat of Marathas in the Battle of Ashti in 1818. Army bases established by the British on the outskirts of the city were later converted into cantonments of Pune and Khadki. The Pune Municipality was established in 1858. A number of esteemed [[#Education|educational institutes]] also came up here in the latter half of the 19th century, enhancing Pune's stature as an education hub.
 
The rebellion strengthened the ties between Virginia south of the James River and the [[Albemarle Settlements]] in present-day [[North Carolina]], while creating a long-lasting animosity between the two colonies' governments. The Albemarle region offered refuge for rebels in the aftermath. In the longer term, North Carolina offered an alternative to colonists disenchanted with Virginia.
===Struggle for Independence===
 
==In culture==
During the struggle for Indian independence, Pune took its place as an important center for social and religious reform movements that were sweeping the country. The presence of [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] and [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]] dominated the political scene for six decades during this period. It was the home to some reformers who were stalwarts of the national movement, like [[Mahadev Govind Ranade]], [[R.G Bhandarkar]], [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]], Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde and [[Jyotirao Phule]].
The book ''[[My Brother, My Enemy]]'' is a fictitious tale about Bacon's Rebellion.
 
The Book "A Different Mirror" by Ronald Takaki. Pages 62-67
===Post Independence===
After Indian independence ([[1947]]), Pune's reputation as an educational and research node grew with the establishment of the [[University of Pune]], the [[National Defence Academy (NDA)]] at [[Khadakwasla]], [[National Chemical Laboratory]] and other such premier institutes. However, certain schools and colleges, such as the [[College of Engineering, Pune]], [http://www.spcollegepune.com Sir Parashurambhau College(SP)]and [[Fergusson College]] have exceeded the reputation of the city's far-known educational status from the late 1800s.
 
==GeographySee also==
*[[Queen Anne (Pamunkey chief)]]
 
==References==
[[Image:View from Sinhagad Pune Darwaja.jpg|left|thumb|View from the "Pune Darwaja" of Sinhagad]]
* John B. Frantz, ''Bacon's Rebellion: Prologue to the Revolution?'' (1969), readings
Pune is located at 18° 31' 22.45" North 73° 52' 32.69" East (See [http://www.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=pune,+india&ie=UTF8&z=13&t=h&om=1 satellite view]), near the western margin of the [[Deccan Plateau]].
* Lovejoy, David S., "The Virginia Charter and Bacon's Rebellion," ''The Glorious Revolution in America'' (1972), 32-52.
* Edmund Sears Morgan, "Rebellion," in ''American Slavery, American Freedom:The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia'' (New York: Norton, 1975), 250-70.
* W. E. Washburn, ''The Governor and the Rebel'' (1957, repr. 1967).
* T. J. Wertenbaker, ''Torchbearer of the Revolution'' (1940, rpt. 1965)
* T. J. Wertenbaker ''Bacon's Rebellion, 1676'' (1957)
* Paul Johnson, "A History of the American People" (1997), 77-78
* Webb, Stephen Saunders, "1676 - The End of American Independence." (New York: 1984).
 
== Trivia ==
Outside Pune's [[General Post Office|General Post Office (GPO)]], next to a large banyan tree in front lies Pune's "Zero" [[Milestone]]. The GPO itself (constructed 1873-74) is a two-storeyed building -- Pune's only building in the [[Palladian]] architectural style.
 
In [[Surry County, Virginia|Surry County]], the Allen family's circa 1665 brick home became known as "[[Bacon's Castle]]" because it was occupied as a [[fort]] or "[[castle]]" in 1676 during Bacon's Rebellion. Contrary to popular folklore, Nathaniel Bacon never lived at Bacon's Castle nor is even known to have occupied it. Nathaniel Bacon was the proprietor of [[Curles Neck Plantation]] in [[Henrico County, Virginia|Henrico County]], about 30 miles upriver on the northern bank of the James River.
Pune lies on the leeward side of the [[Sahyadri]] ranges and [[Western Ghats]], 560 m (1837 ft) above the sea level, at the confluence of [[Mula River, India|Mula]] and [[Mutha]] rivers, which are tributaries of the [[Bhima river|Bhima]]. Two more rivers, Pavana and Indrayani traverse the Northwestern outskirts of the urban area. The Sinhagad-Katraj-Dive [[Ghats]] range is the Southern Boundary of the urban area. The highest point in the city is Vetal Hill (800 m or 2625 ft above sea level) whereas the highest point just outside the urban area is the [[Sinhagad Fort]] (1300 m or 4265 ft above sea level).
 
The tragedy, ''[[The Widow Ranter|The Widow Ranter; or, The History of Bacon in Virginia]]'', by [[Aphra Behn]] ([[1689]]) presents an extremely romanticized version of the story.
Pune lies in the seismically active zone of [[Koyna]] Region, which is about 100 km south of Pune. Pune has recently been upgraded to lie in the zone IV, which is the second most dangerous seismic zone in [[India]]. Pune has experienced some moderate-intensity and many low-intensity earthquakes. Although earthquakes were not known to have originated in Pune itself, an earthquake of magnitude 3.2 took place in the Katraj region near Pune on 17 May 2004.<ref>[http://asc-india.org/lib/20040517-pune.htm Pune Earthquake]</ref>
 
==ClimateExternal links==
 
*[http://www.greattradingpath.com/native-american-indian-history/index.htm Great Trading Path original source documents pertaining to Bacon's Rebellion]
Pune experiences three distinct seasons: [[summer]], [[monsoon]] and [[winter]]. Typical summer months are from March to May, with maximum temperatures ranging from 35 to 39°C (95 to 102°F). Contrary to most of the [[Deccan Plateau]] where May is the warmest month, the warmest month in Pune is April. The city often receives locally developed heavy [[thundershower]]s with sharp downpours in May. Though the temperatures plunge in this month, the summer heat accompanied by high humidity can be occasionally quite oppressive. Nevertheless, the nights in Pune are significantly cooler compared to most other parts in this region owing to its high altitude.
 
Monsoon winds blowing from the [[Arabian sea]] are a welcome relief in June, bringing with them heavy showers. Pune receives moderate rainfall. The city receives an annual rainfall of 722 mm, mainly between June and September as the result of southwest monsoon. July is the wettest month of the year. Though the rainfall is comparatively lower than in the adjoining [[Western ghats]], steady spells of heavy rain frequently disrupt normal life in the city. The spells of continuous rainfall may stretch to many days or even a few weeks. Pune has, on record, received rainfall for 29 consecutive days (Days when rainfall is greater than 2.5 mm). However, the weather is very pleasant in the city with temperature ranging from 20 to 28°C (68 to 82°F).
 
As the monsoon winds recede, the day temperatures rise again in October with cooler nights signalling the onset of winter. Pune experiences winter from November to February. This is the best season to visit Pune. Pleasant windy days, clear skies and cool nights make it the most enjoyable time of the year. The day temperature hovers around 29°C (84°F) while night temperature is below 10°C (50°F) for most of December and January, often dropping to 5 or 6°C (42°F). On particularly cold days, wind may appear to be very chilly due to the dryness of air. Rain is very rare in this season.
 
Temperature records: The highest temperature recorded was 110°F (43.3°C) on [[30 April]] [[1987]] and [[7 May]] [[1889]]. The lowest temperature recorded during 1881–1940 was 35°F (1.7°C) in [[17 January]] [[1935]]. More recently, Pune recorded a lowest temperature of 2.8°C on January 1991.<ref>{{cite web
| last =Pramanik
| first =S.K.
| url =http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/gazetteer.php?level=2&showFile=1&gazetteerSqlId=20020426123558&gazetteerMainId=&gazetteerFile2Id=20020427083252&distId=25&gazId=20020426074254&pubYear=&fileExists=1&headingSqlName=Physical+Features+And+Natural+Resources&chapter=
| title =Pune Climate
| publisher =Government of Maharashtra
| accessdate =2006-08-16
}}</ref>
 
==Biodiversity==
Biodiversity of a city depends largely on its geographical position. Pune city is situated in the transition zone between the Deccan plateau and moist mountains, the Western Ghats. 'Pune Urban Area' measuring about 700 km² , has radius of about 25 km from the city post office. It consists of Pune and Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporations besides cantonments at Pune, Khadki and Dehuroad. It also includes adjoining semi-urban area.
Biodiversity in Pune is characterised by:
*Higher habitat diversity within a relatively smaller area.
*Steep habitat gradient - Habitats change rapidly within short distance in towns and cities. Pune urban area has seven habitats within a distance of 25 km from the centre of the city. These habitats are: built-up area, rivers and lakes, well wooded compounds, hilltops and hill slopes’ parks and gardens, open places – grounds and shoulders of the roads and urban agriculture.
*Rapid changes in habitat and land use - new residential colonies are getting built on the agricultural land or grassland and scrubland. Old wadas (mansions) are rapidly getting replaced with tall residential – cum – commercial complexes, water bodies are reclaimed, filled to create land for construction. New water pools come up in city parks and gardens. All these changes have taken place within a very short period of time.
*Abundant food supply - Large garbage dumping grounds and local garbage dumps in urban areas provide a diversity of food to scavenger animals such as smaller cats, dogs, hyena, etc. Scavenger birds such as crow, myna, kite, etc. also abound such dumps.
*Higher proportion of exotic flora - City parks, gardens and compounds are always planted with ornamental plants and trees of exotic nature. In many city gardens more than half of the trees are exotic. Many hedge plants in urban areas are not native. For many decades a variety of exotic trees such as Eucalyptus, Glyricidia, and Australian acacia has been widely used for plantation. Many plants in terrace gardens are also exotic. Urban flora therefore is a mixture of native and exotic species.
 
==Economy==
[[Image:Pune infy.jpg|thumb|Infosys, Pune]]
Pune is a major industrial centre, growing rapidly every year. It is home to one of the world's largest two-wheeler manufacturers, [[Bajaj Auto]]. Other '''automobile majors''' are [[Tata Motors]], India's largest passenger car and commercial vehicle manufacturer, [[DaimlerChrysler]], it has an assembly line for its [[Mercedes-Benz]] brand, Kinetic Engineering, [[Force Motors Ltd]] (previously known as Bajaj Tempo). '''Engineering goods''' industries situated in pune are Bharat Forge Ltd, world's second largest forging company, [[Cummins|Cummins Engines Co Ltd]], has its Research & Technology India center, Thermax Limited a global player providing sustainable solutions in energy and environment, [[Alfa Laval]], Sandvik Asia, [[Thyssen Krupp]] (formerly Buckau Wolff), KSB Pumps, Finolex, Greaves India and Forbes Marshall, among others.
 
'''Electronic goods''' giants like [[Whirlpool Corporation|Whirlpool]] and [[LG Group|LG]] have appliance manufacturing plants. '''Food majors''' like [[Frito Lay]] and [[Coca Cola]] also have their food processing plants. Apart from this pune houses many mid and small industries. The international air connectivity had helped many volume produce growers in the surrounding districts to export their goods conveniently.
[[Image:pune.jpg|thumb|left|Infosys Office building, Phase 2 at Rajiv Gandhi IT park, Hinjewadi, Pune]]
Pune has a burgeoning '''software industry''', thanks to the presence of IT parks like Rajiv Gandhi IT Park at Hinjawadi, [[Magarpatta]] Cybercity, MIDC Software Technology Park at Talawade, Marisoft IT Park at Kalyaninagar, International Convention Center (ICC) , Weik Field IT Park etc. Many of India's major software players such as Calsoft,[[Cybage]], [[Sasken]], [[Infosys]],INFOTECH ENTERPRISE LTD,[[Tata Elxsi]], [[Fluent]], [[Xansa]], [[Tata Consultancy Services|TCS]], [[Deere & Company|John Deere Technology Center]], [[Tech Mahindra]], [[Wipro]], [[Patni]], [[Satyam]], [[Cybage]], [[KPIT Cummins]], Aztecsoft (Disha), [[Persistent Systems]], Geometric Software Solutions Limited, Neilsoft , Nihilent Technologies and [[kanbay|Kanbay Software]] have a major presence in Pune. Global majors like [[Accenture]], [[BMC Software]], [[NVIDIA]], [http://www.hsbcglt.com/ HSBC Global Technology], [[IBM]], [[DELL]], [[Red Hat]], [[Siemens AG|Siemens]], [[EDS]], UGS, [[i-flex Solutions|I-Flex]], [[Cognizant]], [[Symantec]], [[SunGard Data Systems]], Versant Inc., [[Zensar Technologies]], Syntel Limited, T-Systems and [[SAS Institute|SAS Research and Development India Pvt Ltd]] have a major presence in Pune. [[IPdrum]], which is a new entrant in the Voip business, has also established a branch office in Pune. Pune is also emerging as a prominent city for '''Business Process Outsourcing''' due to the availability of skilled English speaking manpower. [[BPO]] companies like [[Convergys]], WNS, [[Infosys BPO Ltd.|Infosys BPO]], EXL, [[Wipro BPO]], vCustomer and Mphasis have started operations in Pune.
 
Other than IT service business companies, Pune has been chosen by Dr Pravin Bhagwat for his India based tech startup. Started in 2002 at Pune, [http://www.airtightnetworks.net/ AirTight Networks] is now playing global with its five products in [[Wi-Fi]] planning and security market.
 
To meet the demands of this explosive economic growth in Pune, the state is planning a 1,000 MW [[Power station|power plant]] which will exclusively serve Pune. MIDC is the lead agency for the project.<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/05/12/stories/2006051202131900.htm New power plants]</ref>
 
==Civic Administration==
 
The city is administered by the [[Pune Municipal Corporation]] ([[PMC]]). The executive power of the corporation is vested in the [[Municipal Commissioner of Pune|Municipal Commissioner]], an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]] appointed by the [[Maharashtra|state government]]. The corporation consists of directly elected corporators headed by a titular [[Mayor of Pune|Mayor]]. The mayor has few executive powers. The PMC is in charge of the civic needs and infrastructure of the metropolis. Pune is divided into forty-eight [[Administrative divisions of Pune|municipal wards]], each overseen by an Assistant Municipal Commissioner for administrative purposes. The corporators of the administration are voted through a popular vote and almost all the state political parties field their candidates.
 
The city is inside the Haveli Taluka in [[Pune District]], [[Maharashtra]], and the district comes under the jurisdiction of the District Collector. The collectors are in charge of property records and revenue collection for the Central government. They also oversee the national elections held in the city.
 
Like other metropolises in India, the [[Pune Police]] is headed by a [[Police Commissioner of Pune|Police Commissioner]], an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer. The Pune Police comes under the state Home Ministry.
 
==Transport==
{{seealso|Roads of Pune}}
Pune is well-connected by road, rail, and air to most major cities in India such as [[Mumbai]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Bangalore]], [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata]], [[Ahmedabad]] and [[Chennai]]. [[Pune Airport]] previously had only domestic flights, but has become an international hub with flights connecting to [[Singapore]] and [[Dubai]].
 
A brand new International Airport for the Pune metropolitan region has been planned for a long time and the Govt of Maharashtra has entrusted responsibility for the Pune International Airport project to [[MIDC]]. The area between Chakan and Rajgurunagar, namely around the villages of Chandus and Shiroli, is currently under consideration as a site for the airport - both are situated 40 km from Pune along the Pune - Nashik National highway (NH-50). [[MIDC]] is conducting surveys and completing other formalities to get the permission needed to begin the project.
 
The city has two main railway stations, Pune Station and Shivajinagar; most long-distance trains halt at Pune Station. In addition, local/suburban trains connect Pune Railway Station to the industrial towns of [[Khadki]], [[Pimpri]] and [[Chinchwad]]. Local trains run from Pune up to [[Lonavala]] and from Mumbai up to [[Karjat]] and [[Khopoli]], the authorities are trying to connect Lonavala and Karjat by local rail so that travel between all the stations becomes seamless. A new broad gauge line between [[Karjat]] and [[Panvel]] has shortened the distance between Pune and Mumbai by 29 Kilometers. Road travel between Pune and Mumbai has improved significantly with the construction of the [[Mumbai-Pune Expressway]] and it now only takes approximately three hours to reach Mumbai. Inter-city luxury buses, both state owned and private ones, also connect Pune with other major cities such as [[Mumbai]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] and [[Bangalore]].
 
The Maharashtra state transport buses are most commonly used by people to travel to rural villages.
 
===Public Transport===
Public transport in Pune comes in 3 main forms: buses, [[autorickshaws]] and private cabs. [[Pune Municipal Transport]] and Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal transport (PCMT) ply bus routes throughout the city and its suburbs. Buses are often touted as the cheapest way to travel across the city, but their frequency and efficiency is limited. Pune is the first city in India to experiment with a [[Bus Rapid Transit]] system, and a [[Pune Bus Rapid Transit|pilot project]] with dedicated lanes is underway.
 
Pune has a proposed [[Light Rail]]/ SkyBus as a proposal for implementation on both Pune Municipal Corporation and MSRDC plans. Mass Rapid transit as Electric [[Trams]] or [[Light Rail]] has been demanded for a very long time, however no progress is reported on this front as of now.
 
Within the city, [[auto rickshaw]] is a common mode of transport. Pune does not have any Black-and-Yellow taxis with [[taxi meter]]s. Instead it is served by mostly private cabs, operated by private transport operators. Pune also has a rare category of cabs called the "Cool Cabs", coloured Blue-and-White. These are Air-conditioned taxis, operating mostly on pre-paid fare basis. These are likey to be found only at [[Pune Airport]] or at the Pune Railway Station.
 
===Private Transport===
With a rise in IT companies and rising working-class population, the public transport infrastructure is very strained. As a result, the number of personal vehicles (cars and 2-wheelers) travelling inside the city is staggering. As per one study in 2005, there were 200,000 cars and 1 million two-wheelers in 146 km² of area of Pune city. More than 100,000 new vehicles are added to the traffic levels in Pune every year. Suburbs like Kalyaninagar, Magarpatta Cybercity and Kondhwa are spreading and developing very fast, but the narrow roads in Pune are not able to support such rapid growth in number of vehicles. Like many other fast-growing cities in [[India]], local travel by car, motorbike or bicycle can be frustrating for most individuals because of traffic congestion and a general disregard to traffic rules. Finding parking for cars is an increasing problem, especially inside the city, where there is a dense and growing population.
 
==Demographics==
 
According to the [[2001]] census provisional counts, the urban agglomeration around Pune has a population of 4,485,000 in 2005. This figure includes the population of the city of [[Pimpri-Chinchwad]], which is the industrial twin of Pune. Of late, the city has witnessed a sizeable investment in the software and automobile sectors, resulting in an influx of skilled labor from all over India. Several suburbs are now completely cosmopolitan and real-estate prices have soared since 2003. Notably, even though Pune is the seventh largest city in India, it has the sixth largest metropolitan economy and the highest [[per capita income]] in India, with the least income disparity between the rich and poor.<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| url =http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=194461
| title =Per capita income of Pune
| publisher =Indian Express
| accessdate =2007-03-24
}}</ref>
 
Residents of Pune are referred to as Puneites, or as Punekars in the local language [[Marathi]]. Marathi is spoken extensively, while English is popular amidst the college-goers, white-collar professions and other cosmopolitan populace. Hindi is also widely spoken and understood.
 
==Culture==
 
Pune is Maharashtra's cultural capital and the form of [[Marathi]] spoken in Pune is considered to be the standard form of the language.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9050747/Marathi-language Standard form of Marathi]</ref> Pune is a vibrant cultural city and people from multiple religions and speaking different regional languages reside here. It also hosts various national festivals and cultural events throughout the year. People of Pune have wide interests in various Arts, Literature, Music, Spiritualism and Food. In recent years it has also been a leader in trance and techno movements, alongside [[Goa]] and [[Mumbai]].
 
=== Ganapati (Ganesha) Festival ===
It was in Pune in 1894 that Lokmanya Tilak initiated the concept of the "Sarvajanik Ganeshotsav" — the collective communal celebration of the festival of Lord [[Ganesha]]. During the month of August or September each year, the city celebrates the Hindu festival of [[Ganesh Chaturthi]]. Almost every neighborhood puts up a ''pandal'' with an idol of Lord Ganesha, often amidst a [[Hindu mythology|mythological]] setting, complete with decorative lights and festive music. The 10-day festival culminates in a carnival-like procession along the busy thoroughfares of the city, with every pandal leading the idol on a float to finally immerse (''visarjan'') it in the local rivers. This is one of the most important yearly events in the city.
 
During this time, the Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation organizes the month-long [[Pune Festival]] which hosts classical dance and music recitals, a film and drama festival, automobile rallies and some traditional sports.
 
=== Sawaai Gandharva Music Festival ===
In December Pune hosts the [[Sawai Gandharva Music Festival]]. It is dedicated to the classical forms of music — both [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani]] and [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]]. Many renowned artists perform through 3 consecutive nights creating a hype unique to this city. It is one of the most eagerly awaited festivals in the city, and it attracts music lovers from Pune and other parts of Maharashtra and India.
 
=== Theatre ===
Pune has given birth to or attracted a body of organization for the Marathi literati. Marathi Theatre (Drama नाटक — रंगभूमी ) is an integral part of Marathi culture. Both — Experimental (प्रायोगिक रंगभूमी) and Professional Theatre — receive whole-hearted patronage from the Marathi community. Tilak Smarak Mandir, Bala Gandharva Rangmandir, Bharat Natya Mandir, Yashwantrao Chavan Natyagriha and Su-darshan Rangmanch continue to serve these art forms.
 
One of the main theatre activity centers is the Su-darshan Rangamanch run by Maharashtra Cultural Center, a leading public charitable trust active in cultural activities. The trust has its own mini theatre as well as an art gallery where many amateur theatre groups perform their plays, music and dance programmes.
 
=== Entertainment ===
Pune has many multiplexes and cinema theatres, showing the latest [[Bollywood]] and Hollywood movies. These multiplexes are situated in various parts of the city. [[Marathi]] movies are screened at ''Prabhat'' and [[City Pride]]. Multiplexes include [[INOX]] near Pune station, [[E Square]] on University road near invitation corner, [[City Pride]] on Satara road, [[City Pride]] at Kothrud, [[Adlabs]] at Kalyaninagar and Fame Jai Ganesh at Pimpri-chinchwad. Other than the cinema there are various
other leisure facilities such as go-karting at Manas Resorts and the Pancard club.<ref>[http://www.panoramicworld.biz/pune-facilities.htm Go Karting at Pancard club]</ref> a bowling alley at 3D Destination<ref>[http://www.3ddestinationfun.com 3D Destination] </ref>
 
=== Religion and Spirituality ===
 
Religion in Pune is sometimes synonymous with the Ganapati utsav i.e. [[Ganesh Festival]]. The city is also famous for its Ganesh temples.
 
Chaturshrungi goddess is the reigning deity of the city of Pune. A temple dedicated to the goddess is situated on the slopes of a mountain in the northwest part of the city. The temple is in the midst of nature's scenic beauty. This ninety feet high and one hundred and twenty five feet wide temple is looked after by Chatushringi Devasthan (Temple) trustees, with full dedication. In the month of September there is a huge procession for the Navaratris and people flock in to visit and receive blessings of the Goddess.
 
Pune was also home to a considerable population of the Indian [[Jewish]] community, the [[Bene Israel]]. It is home to Asia's largest [[synagogue]] (outside [[Israel]]), The Ohel David Synagogue. Pune is also the birth place of [[Meher Baba]].
 
Close to Pune, near Malavali hills is the Vedanta Academy, founded by one of the world's best exponents of Vedanta, Swami A. Parthasarathy. [http://www.vedanta-edu.org The academy] offers free Vedantic Education to young seekers. Students come from all corners of the world to study the ancient knowledge and many go on to spread the message in various countries.
 
[[Osho]] resided and taught in Pune for much of the 1970s and 1980s. The lush green [http://www.osho.com/Main.cfm?Area=MedResort&Language=English Osho International Meditation Resort], one of the world's largest places dedicated to meditation and personal development, is located in the Koregaon Park area and attracts a large national and international audience to the city.<ref>[http://www.virtualpune.com/html/localguide/attractions/html/osho_international_resort.shtml Page on virtualpune.com]</ref>
 
Close to Pune City are the villages of [[Alandi]] and Dehu where [[Sant Dnyaneshwar]] and [[Tukaram|Sant Tukaram]] belong. Each year thousands of pilgrims from all over Maharashtra gather here and start 'Wari' which is the procession carrying '[[palkhi]]'s of Sant Dnyaneshwar and Sant Tukaram to [[Pandharpur]]. Pandharpur is the home to Lord [[Vitthal]] and is about 300 km from Pune. All pilgrims walk this distance to reach Pandharpur on the auspicious day of 'Aashadhi Ekadasshi' when the 'Wari' ends.
 
The backhills of Pune are becoming known for their immense spiritual value{{Fact|date=March 2007}}. People from other countries and other parts of India go to these schools to study the [[Vedas]] and other holy scriptures of Hinduism{{Fact|date=March 2007}}.
 
=== Food ===
 
Pune residents are known for their fondness of food. Among the plethora of food available are a large variety of sweets, spicy fried rolls called Baakarwadi (बाकरवडी). Notable places are Chitale Bandhu Mithaiwale and Kaka Halwai. Pune has its very own variety of Thick milk-shakes with ice-cream scoops topped with chopped dried fruits called Mastaani (मस्तानी). Notable places are Sujata Cold Drinks and Kavre Cold Drinks. Light snacks like fresh potato chips called wafers, a fried spicy snack called Chiwda (चिवडा) a fried potato pattie and bun sandwich called [[Vada pav]] are available everywhere. Another food item unique to Maharashtra, Misal - a mixture of sprouted cereals, puffed rice flakes, lots of spices & special Tarri (soup) with bread, is available in almost all restaurants. Besides this, Pune has many places serving [[Udupi cuisine|south indian]] food, notable place is Vaishali Restaurant at F.C. Road and Gujarati and Rajasthani food, notable places Rajdhani, Sukanta, Rutugandh. One can taste the Kolhapuri cuisine at restaurants in the Old city like Durga, Tiranaga, Trushna (Hong Kong Lane). Apart from Indian food, Western food like Pizza, Burgers, Italian, Mediterranian, Spanish is also easily available here. All popular food chains like Pizza Hut, McDonalds, Subway, KFC, Pizza Express, Smokin Joe's etc have their presence in Pune. The Camp area — [[Roads of Pune#Mahatma Gandhi Road|Main street/M.G. Road]] and East street, [[Roads of Pune#Jangli Maharaj Road (J. M. Road)|Jungli Maharaj Road]], and [[Roads of Pune#Fergusson College Road (F.C. Road)|Fergusson College Road]] are some of the more popular hangouts for food lovers.
 
Pune has many Dining Halls spread out across the city catering outstation students and office goers residing in city. These are modest sit-down eateries that serve all-you-can-eat meals at affordable prices. The stiff competition ensures that every place has something unique to offer, besides the good standard and rich menu list. Pune's young professionals routinely eat at these places during work hours, while spending their free time hanging out at parks and cafes feasting on street food such as kacchi dabeli (a kind of sandwich), bhel (a spicy mix), panipuri (puffy little fried crispy discs filled with watery soup) etc. Notable once are Kalyan Bhel in Bibwewadi, Lullanagr Chowk & Ganesh Bhel in Ganesh Nagar & Karvenagar. Kaathi Kabab at East street or near Kapila Hotel and Cafe Blue Nile and Cafe Goodluck for biryani are very popular amongst meat lovers. For 'Misal' Popular ones are Shree (Laxmi Road), Bedekar (Narayan Peth) & Shrikrishna (Tulashibaugh).
 
=== Peths ===
Peth is the general name for a locality in old Pune. Peths are an important part of Pune culture and were important ingredients of ancient city planning. Businesses in many of these localities used to be open for business only once a week. Hence these localities are named according to the day they were open for business: Raviwar (Sunday) Peth, Somwar (Monday) Peth, Mangalwar (Tuesday) Peth, [[Budhwar Peth]] (Wednesday), Guruwar (Thursday) Peth, Shukrawar (Friday) Peth, and Shaniwar (Saturday) Peth.
 
Some peths have been named after a major temple located within their boundaries, such as [[Kasba Peth]], Ganesh Peth, Bhawani Peth and Ganj Peth. Other peths have been named after certain notable [[Maratha]] and [[Peshwa]] rulers and generals, such as Sadashiv Peth for [[Third Battle of Panipat|Sadashivrao Bhau]], Nana Peth for Nanasaheb Peshwe, Narayan Peth for Narayanrao Peshwe, Ghorpade Peth for [[Santaji Ghorpade]] and Rasta Peth for [[Sardar Raste]]. The last peth is the Navi (New) Peth. After Navi Peth, the localities are named as "Nagar" such as Sahakarnagar, Shikshaknagar, Vimannagar, Lokmanyanagar and so on.
 
=== Sister/twin cities ===
 
As of 2006, there are three [[List of twin towns and sister cities#India|sister cities]] (aka twinned towns):<br />
* {{flagicon|Norway}} - [[Tromsø]], [[Norway]]
* {{flagicon|Germany}} - [[Bremen (city)|Bremen]], [[Germany]]<ref>[http://www.bremen.de/info/bremen-pune Interaction Bremen and Pune] </ref>
* {{flagicon|USA}} - [[San Jose, California|San Jose]], [[USA]]
 
==Neighborhoods==
 
''See [[Pune Neighborhoods]]''
 
==Media and Communication==
 
[[Marathi]] newspapers such as [[Sakal]], [[Loksatta]], [[Lokmat]], [[Kesari]] and [[Pudhari]] are popular. English dailies such as the [[Indian Express]], [[Sakal Herald]], [[The Times of India]] and fortnightly [[VivaWest]] have editions based out of Pune, with additional local supplements.
 
[[Zee Marathi]], Doordarshan Sahyadri and ETV Marathi are popular television channels. Many English, Hindi entertainment and news channels are watched as well.
Pune has few FM Radio services as well running for last few years. Though, Radio Mirchi (98.3&nbsp;MHz) tops the popularity rating, AIR FM (101. MHz) and Vidyavaani (Pune Universities' own FM Channel) have their presence felt.
 
There are plans to make Pune India’s first wireless city. Intel Technology Pvt Ltd, Pune Municipal Corp (PMC) and Microsense joined hands to commercially roll out the first phase of a 802.16d Wi-Fi and WiMax network in the city. The first phase of the ‘Unwire Pune’ project deployment would provide wireless connectivity in a 25 sq km expanse of the city. After the completion of the first phase, in around four months, Pune Municipal Corp is planning to make services commercially available to citizens at a cost of Rs 250 offering a speed of 256 kbps.
 
==Education==
[[Image:Pune_university_small.jpg|thumb|The main building of the University of Pune (formerly the University of Poona) ]]
 
''For the full article, see [[Education in Pune]]''. {{seealso|List of Pune Colleges|Education in India}}
 
Pune was called "The Oxford of the east" by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]],<ref>[http://www.indiaedu.com/pune/ Oxford of East]</ref> India's first Prime Minister, due to its popularity with students from all over the world. The temperate climate of the city is responsible for the green campuses of many colleges, and the prevalent academic mindset amongst Punekars helps nurture research and higher education.
 
=== Basic and Special Education ===
Schools in Pune are either run by the PMC, in which case they are called public schools, or privately by trusts and individuals. Private schools have been preferred{{Fact|date=February 2007}} by a majority of city residents because of better facilities and the use of [[English language]] as the medium of instruction. All private schools are affiliated either with the Maharashtra state [[Secondary School Certificate|SSC]] board or the all-India [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE)]] and [[CBSE]] boards.
 
Pune is the largest center for Japanese learning in India and the JLPT exams are held in Pune annually (December). The Japanese language training is provided by the University of Pune among others. Other languages like German (Max Muller Bhavan) and French (Alliance Francaise de Pune) are also popular amongst Punekars. Some high schools optionally train students in French, German and Russian from the 8th grade onwards.
 
=== University Education ===
[[image:FergussonCollegeMainBuilding.jpg|thumb|left|The main building of the Fergusson College.]]
All professional colleges in Pune are affiliated to the [[University of Pune]], one of the largest universities in the world in terms of matriculation. The University of Pune was established in 1948. Some prominent colleges include the Symbiosis College of Arts and Commerce, [[College of Engineering, Pune]](COEP), [[Fergusson College]], Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerece (BMCC), Abasaheb Garware College, Nowrosjee Wadia College, Ness Wadia College college of commerce and Sir Parshurambhau (SP)College, Modern College. These and many other colleges educate students in the arts, sciences and engineering disciplines. Engineering colleges in Pune graduate up to 10,000 engineers in various disciplines every year, especially serving the burgeoning software and IT industry. The COEP, established in 1854, is one of the oldest college in Asia.
 
The famous [[Film and Television Institute of India]] and [[National Film Archive of India|National Film Archives]] are also located in Pune on Law College road.
 
Established medical schools such as the Armed Forces Medical College (AFMC) and Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Medical College [http://www.bjmc.greatnow.com/ Pune BJMC]train students from all over Maharashtra and India.
The [http://www.ngnipune.com/ N.G. Naralkar Institute],
The Sinhgad Institute Of Management,[http://www.sims.edu/ Symbiosis Institute of Management Studies (SIMS)], [http://siib.ac.in/ Symbiosis Institute of International Business (SIIB)], [http://www.sibm.edu/ Symbiosis Institute of Business Management (SIBM)], [http://www.imdr.edu/ The Institute of Management Development and Research (IMDR)], [http://pumba.unipune.ernet.in/ The Department of Management Sciences, University of Pune (PUMBA)] and [http://www.niasom.edu.in National Insurance Academy School of Management (NIA SoM)] are some of the reputed management schools in the city, as is the ILS Law College of the Indian Law Society.
 
In addition to the statutory universities, Pune boasts of 5 Deemed Universities - [[Deccan College (Pune)|Deccan College]] (Archaeology and Linguistics), Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth (Sanskrit, Indology, Ayurveda and Social Sciences), [[Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics]], [http://www.bharatividyapeeth.edu/ Bharati Vidyapeeth] and [[Symbiosis_Society|Symbiosis International University]]
 
=== Engineering Colleges ===
Pune has several colleges offering bachelor and masters courses in engineering and technology. [[College of Engineering, Pune|College of Engineering,Pune]] commonly known as COEP, which is oldest and the best engineering college in [[University of Pune]].<ref>COEP [http://www.rediff.com/money/2005/jun/28spec.htm ranked 24th] throughout India and 2nd in western region</ref> Due this reputation of COEP, now this college is an Autonomous Institute affiliated to University of Pune. Admissions to COEP are via separate competitive examination. Other than COEP there are many other colleges which offer engineering course thus creating many engineering graduates every year. Availability of such a large talent pool is a primary reason of so many technology firm choosing Pune as their manufacturing hub.
 
''See also [[List of engineering colleges in Pune]]''
 
=== Research Institutes ===
In addition to the University of Pune, Pune is home to diverse research institutions of national importance that supplement higher education. Located adjacent to the university is the [[National Chemical Laboratory]] and the [http://cmet.gov.in Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology (C-MET)], while the university campus houses the [http://www.cdac.in/ Centre for Development of Advanced Computing(C-DAC)], [[Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics]], the [[National Centre for Radio Astrophysics]], Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute [BORI] and the [http://www.nccs.res.in/ National Centre for Cell Science].
 
One of the asia's pioneering institutes in Hydraulic Research [http://www.cwprs.gov.in/ Central Water and Power Research Station(CW & PRS)],(est.1916)is located in the scenic place of khadakwasla.<small>#inserted by kamalasekaran, Inst Div#</small>
 
The [[National Insurance Academy|(National Insurance Academy)]],National Institute Of Bank Management[NIBM], NIC [National Informatics Centre], the [http://www.tropmet.res.in/ Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology], the [http://www.aripune.org Agarkar Research Institute] and the [http://www.araiindia.com/ Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI)] are located in Pune and conduct fundamental research for the benefit of India's millions. The [http://www.nari-icmr.res.in/ National AIDS Research Institute] is in Bhosari, a suburb of Pune. The National Center for Cell Science, an institute for research in animal cell biology is situated in the [[University of Pune]].
 
=== Education Institutes Dedicated to the Defence Forces ===
Pune is host to several excellent educational institutes specifically dedicated to Defence forces. They include training institutes such as the well-known [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy (NDA)]], College of Military Engineering (CME) and Army Institute of Physical Training (AIPT). Medical students are trained at the [http://armedforces.nic.in/interservice/isafmc.htm Armed Forces Medical College (AFMC)] to serve the armed forces. The
[http://www.drdo.org/labs/arma/arde/index.shtml Armament Research and Development Establishment (ARDE)], [http://www.drdo.org/labs/hrd/iat/index.shtml Defence Institute of Armament Technology (DIAT)], Defence Research Development Organization [DRDO],HEMRL and [[Army Institute of Technology]] are also located in Pune.
 
==Sport and Recreation==
[[Cricket]] is the most popular sport in Pune, watched and played by many. City clubs affiliated to Maharashtra Cricket Association [MCA] have their own leagues and tournaments. [[Badminton]] is also fairly popular among Puneites. The first rules of the game were written in Pune by the British in 1873<ref>[http://www.badders.com/news/item/518/badminton-from-where-did-it-originate.html]The origin of Badminton.</ref> and these were not dissimilar to those in the modern version of the game. [[Field hockey|Hockey]], [[Soccer|football]], [[tennis]] and chess as well as Indian games such as [[kabaddi]] and [[kho-kho]] are also very popular with schoolgoers and adults alike. Pune annually hosts the [[Pune Marathon|Pune International Marathon]], which is often dominated by international athletes from Kenya, Ethiopia and Russia. Rowing enthusiasts, such as members of the [[Royal Connaught Boat Club]] take to the Mula-Mutha river.
 
The [http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/ground/58383.html Nehru Stadium], home of the Maharashtra Cricket Association, has hosted several [[One-Day International]] cricket matches, including one from the [[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996 World Cup]] where minnows [[Kenyan cricket team|Kenya]] upset the [[West Indian cricket team|West Indies]]. The [http://www.deccangymkhana.org Deccan Gymkhana] is another sporting institution with facilities for cricket, several tennis courts, basketball and swimming, having hosted [[Davis Cup]] matches on several occasions. The PYC Hindu Gymkhana located in the heart of the city is another famous place for nurturing sports. The Shiv Chattrapati Sports Complex at Balewadi hosted the National Games in 1994, and is slated to host the [[2008 Commonwealth Youth Games|Commonwealth Youth Games]] in 2008.
 
Prominent sportspersons hailing from Pune include the legendary cricketer [[D. B. Deodhar]], father-son cricketing duo [[Hemant Kanitkar|Hemant]] and [[Hrishikesh Kanitkar]] and tennis players Radhika Tulpule and Nitin Kirtane (tennis). Abhijeet Kunte and Pravin Thipse are national champion chess players. Local MP [[Suresh Kalmadi]] is also the president of the [[Indian Olympic Association]].
 
==Trivia==
Pune is one of the Indian cities which has a [[List of craters on Mars|Martian crater]] named after it. The other cities/towns are [[Amet]], [[Bhor]], [[Broach]], [[Kakori]], [[Rayadurg]], [[Sandila]] and Wer.
==See also==
 
{{Pune topics}}
 
==References==
 
<references/>
</div>
 
==External links==
{{commonscat|Pune}}
*[http://www.mh12.com/ All About Pune & Around]
*[http://www.pmtpune.org/ Pune Municipal Transportl]
*[http://www.punefestival.com Official Website of Pune Festival]
*[http://www.puneinternationalfilmfestival.com/ Official Website of Pune International Film Festival]
*[http://www.punemarathon.com Official Website of Pune International Marathon]
*[http://www.egovpmc.com/ Pune Municipal Corporation E-Governance]
*[http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/chi-0404050076apr05,1,1443780.story?coll=chi-site-nav&ctrack=1&cset=true 11/26/06 Chicago Tribune article on economic growth in Pune]
* {{wikitravel}}
 
[[Category:Rebellions in the United States]]
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