Armenian genocide and Magneto (Marvel Comics): Difference between pages

Revision as of 20:19, 30 April 2006

Revision as of 02:40, 12 July 2007

Line 1:

{{comics-in-universe}}

[[Image:Armeniangenocide deadpeople.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Armenian Genocide.]]

{{Superherobox

|image=[[Image:magslee.PNG|250px]]

|caption=Magneto, from the cover of ''X-Men'' (v2) #1.<br>Art by [[Jim Lee]].

|character_name=Magneto

|alter_ego=

|species=[[Mutant (Marvel comics)|Human Mutant]]

|publisher=[[Marvel Comics]]

|debut=''X-Men'' Vol. 1, #1 (September, 1963)

|creators=[[Stan Lee]]<br>[[Jack Kirby]]

|alliances=[[Brotherhood of Mutants]], [[X-Men]], [[Hellfire Club (comics)|Hellfire Club]], [[Acolytes (comics)|Acolytes]], [[Genosha]]n Government, Genoshan [[Excalibur (comics)|Excalibur]]

|aliases='''Erik Magnus<ref>Uncanny X-Men #161</ref> Lehnsherr<ref>Uncanny X-Men #304</ref><ref>X-Men vol. 2 #73 (proven as an alias)</ref>''', White King<ref>New Mutants vol. 1 #51</ref> (later Grey King<ref>New Mutants vol. 1 #75</ref>) of the Hellfire Club, Michael Xavier,<ref>New Mutants vol. 1 #35-75</ref> [[Erik the Red (comics)|Erik the Red]],<ref>Uncanny X-Men #350</ref><br>White Pilgrim.<br>The Master of Magnetism,<br>The Creator.

|powers=[[List of comic book superpowers#Magnetism manipulation|Magnetism manipulation]]<br> Master strategist<br> Skilled hand-to-hand combatant<br>Genius-level intellect<br>

|}}

'''Magneto''' ('''Eric Lensherr''') is a [[fictional character]] in the [[Marvel Comics]] [[Marvel universe|universe]]. Primarily associated with the superhero group The [[X-Men]], both as ally and enemy, he [[first appeared]] in ''[[Uncanny X-Men|X-Men]]'' #1 ([[1963#September|Sept. 1963]]), created by [[writer]] [[Stan Lee]] and [[artist]] [[Jack Kirby]]. Magneto has been the X-Men’s primary antagonist since his (and their) first appearance. He has led several teams against them, including the [[Brotherhood of Evil Mutants|Brotherhood of Mutants]] and the [[Acolytes (comics)|Acolytes]]. He is also the father of the superheroes [[Quicksilver (comics)|Quicksilver]], the [[Scarlet Witch]] and Polaris.

The '''Armenian Genocide''' (also known as the '''Armenian Holocaust''' or the '''Armenian Massacre''') is a term which refers to the forced mass evacuation and [[Ottoman Armenian casualties|related deaths]] of hundreds of thousands or over a million [[Armenians]], during the government of the [[Young Turks]] from [[1915]] to [[1917]] in the [[Ottoman Empire]]. Several facts in connection with the event are a matter of ongoing dispute between parts of the international community and [[Turkey]]. Although it is generally agreed that events said to comprise what is termed the Armenian Genocide did occur, the Turkish government rejects that it was [[genocide]], on the alleged basis that the deaths among the Armenians were not a result of a state-sponsored plan of mass extermination, but of inter-ethnic strife, disease and famine during the turmoil of [[World War I]].

Magneto is depicted as one of the most powerful [[Mutant (Marvel comics)|mutants]] in the Marvel Universe, possessing the ability to control [[magnetism]]. He is also one of the most morally complex characters in [[American comic book]]s. A [[Jew]]ish [[the Holocaust|Holocaust]] survivor, his actions are driven by the purpose of protecting the mutant race from suffering a similar fate. Characterizations of Magneto have varied through the years, from [[supervillain]] to [[anti-hero]] to even [[superhero|hero]], but he is most often shown as an uncompromising militant and has engaged in acts of [[terrorism]] when he felt it was for the benefit of mutantkind. This puts him at odds with his best friend [[Professor X|Charles Xavier]], whose X-Men seek peaceful coexistence with the rest of humanity.

While his militant actions have made him unpopular with some humans, many mutants have come to view him as a savior; at one point, when he was assumed to have died, he was portrayed as a [[martyr]], with the phrase "Magneto was right" becoming popular among the mutant community and his face becoming an icon in t-shirts and posters, similar to [[Che Guevara]].

Despite this thesis, most Armenian, Russian, Western, and an [[Armenian Genocide#Support|increasing number of Turkish scholars]] believe that the massacres were a case of genocide. For example, most Western sources point to the sheer scale of the [[Ottoman Armenian casualties|death toll]]. The event is also said to be the second-most studied case of genocide, and often draws comparison with [[the Holocaust]]. To date 21 <!--or 24?--> countries, as discussed below, have officially described it as genocide.

He has been featured in almost all X-Men [[animation|animated series]] and [[video game]]s and in the [[X-Men (film)|feature-film series]], in which he is portrayed by [[Ian McKellen|Sir Ian McKellen]].

==The situation of the Armenians in Anatolia==

{{main|Ottoman Armenian Population}}

In [[1914]], before [[World War I]], there were an estimated two million Armenians in the [[Ottoman Empire]], the vast majority of whom were of the [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Armenian Apostolic]] faith, with a small number of the [[Armenian Catholic]] and [[Protestant]] faiths. While the Armenian population in Eastern [[Anatolia]] (also called [[Western Armenia]]) was large and clustered, there were large numbers of Armenians in the western part of the Ottoman Empire. Many lived in the capital city of [[Istanbul]].

==Publication history==

Until the late [[19th century]], the Armenians were referred to as ''millet-i sadika'' (loyal nation) by the Ottomans. This meant that they were living in harmony with other ethnic groups and without any major conflict with the central authority. However, the Christian Armenians were subject to Islamic [[dhimmi]] laws, which gave them fewer legal rights than fellow Muslim citizens. The [[Tanzimat]] government gave more rights to the minorities in the middle of the 19th century. However, the long ruling [[Abdul Hamid II|Sultan Hamid]] suspended the constitution early in his reign and ruled as he saw fit. Despite pressure on the Sultan by the major European countries to treat the Christian minorities more gently, abuses only increased.

[[Image:Magnetodebut.png‎|right|215px|thumb|Magneto's debut in ''[[Uncanny X-Men|The X-Men]] '' #1.<br>Cover art by [[Jack Kirby]].]]

Magneto first appeared in the debut issue of ''X-Men'' in 1963, along with the titular team of the same name, where he attempts to take control of a missile base. Magneto later forms the [[Brotherhood of Evil Mutants]] in ''X-Men'' #4, which faces the X-Men regularly for the first few years of the title's existence.

Through the decades from the 1960s, Magneto has appeared in several issues of the original X-Men series, generally known as ''Uncanny X-Men'', as well as in such spin-offs as ''X-Men'', ''Astonishing X-Men'', ''[[Alpha Flight]]'', ''[[Cable (comics)|Cable]]'', ''[[Excalibur (comics)|Excalibur]]'' and ''[[The New Mutants]]''; many X-Men [[miniseries]], and several other Marvel titles. His first solo title was a [[one shot (comic)|one-shot]] special, ''Magneto: The Twisting of a Soul'' #0 (Sept. 1993), published when the character returned from a brief absence; it reprinted Magneto-based stories from ''Classic X-Men'' #12 & 19 (Aug. 1987 & March 1988), by writer [[Chris Claremont]] and artist [[John Bolton (comic book artist)|John Bolton]].

The single event that started the chain is most likely the Russian victory over the Ottoman Empire in the [[Russo-Turkish War, 1877-78|War of 1877-78]]. At the end of this war the Russians took control over a large part of Armenian territory (including the city of [[Kars]]). The Russians claimed they were the supporters of Christians within the Ottoman Empire and now they were clearly militarily superior to the Ottomans. The weakening control of the Ottoman government over its empire in the following 15 years led many Armenians to believe that they could regain independence from them.

Magneto's first original title was the four-issue miniseries ''Magneto'' (Nov. 1996 - Feb. 1997), by writers [[Peter Milligan]] & [[Jorge Gonzalez]], and penciler [[Kelley Jones]]. The miniseries took place during a period where it was believed Magneto had been de-aged and was suffering from amnesia, calling himself [[Joseph (comics)|Joseph]]; it was later revealed that Joseph was a younger clone of Magneto.

== Before the war ==

:''For more details on this topic, see [[Young Turks]], [[Young Turk Revolution]], [[Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire]], [[Hamidian massacres]].''

Later, Magneto became ruler of the nation [[Genosha]]. During this period he received two miniseries; ''Magneto Rex'' (written by Joe Pruett and drawn by Brandon Peterson) and ''Magneto: Dark Seduction'' (written by Fabian Nicieza and drawn by Roger Cruz).

A minor Armenian unrest in [[Bitlis Province]] was suppressed with brutality in [[1894]]. Armenian communities were then attacked for the next three years with no apparent direction from the government but equally without much protection offered either. According to most estimates, 80,000 to 300,000 Armenians were killed between 1894 and 1897.

==Fictional character biography==

Just five years before [[World War I]], the Ottoman Empire came under the control of the secular [[Young Turks]]. The old Sultan Hamid was deposed and his timid younger brother [[Mehmed V]] was installed as a figurehead ruler, with real power held by [[Ismail Enver]] (Enver Pasha). At first some Armenian [[Political party|political organizations]] supported the Young Turks, in hopes that there would be a significant change for the better. Some Armenians were elected to the newly restored Ottoman [[Parliament]], and some remained in the parliament

{{comics-in-universe}}

===Early life===

<!--Fiction is written about in present tense, flashback or not. See talk page and discuss before reverting.-->

During the 1940s, a young Magneto and his family are persecuted for being Jewish.<ref>''Classic X-Men'' #12</ref> They are shot at by the [[Nazism|Nazis]] and buried in a mass grave; Magneto manages to survive, only to be captured and sent to [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]]. There he is forced to work in the [[Sonderkommando]].

[[Image:magnetoholoc.png|210px|Magneto and Magda escape from the death camp; Magneto and Magda with their daughter Anya. Art by [[John Byrne]].|thumb|left]]

==World War I ==

While in Auschwitz, Magneto falls in love with a [[Roma people|gypsy]] named Magda. Together they escape the prison camp and marry, and Magda soon gives birth to their daughter, Anya. Anya is later killed in a fire, with a mob of people preventing Magneto from rescuing her.

{{Main articles|[[World War I]] and [[Caucasus Campaign]]}}

Enraged, Magneto's powers manifest uncontrollably, killing the mob and the surrounding townspeople. Terrified, Magda flees Magneto, discovering months later she is pregnant again. After giving birth to the mutant twins [[Quicksilver (comics)|Quicksilver]] and the [[Scarlet Witch]], Magda disappears.

===Execution of the Genocide===

[[Ismail Enver|Enver Pasha]]'s response to being decisively defeated by [[Russia]] at the [[Battle of Sarikamis]] (1914-15) was, in part, to blame the Armenians. He ordered that all Armenian recruits in the Ottoman forces be disarmed, demobilized and assigned to labor camps. Most of the Armenian recruits were either executed or turned into road laborers - few survived.

Hunted for the destruction of the town and attempting to search for Magda among her own people, it is revealed that Magneto pays a renowned forger named Georg Odekirk to create the cover identity of "Erik Lehnsherr the Sinte gypsy" for him.<ref>''X-Men'' vol. 2 #72</ref>

===Process and camps of deportations===

[[Image:Armeniangenocide starvedchildren.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Starved Armenian children]]

[[May 25]] [[1915]] - by orders from [[Talat Pasha]] (Minister of the Interior) for the forced evacuation of hundreds of thousands - possibly over a million - Armenians from across all of Anatolia (except parts of the western coast) to [[Mesopotamia]] and what is today [[Syria]]. Many went to the Syrian town of [[Dayr az Zawr]] and the surrounding desert. The fact that the Turkish government ordered the evacuation of ethnic Armenians at this time is not in dispute. It is claimed, based on a good deal of anecdotal evidence, that the Ottoman government did not provide any facilities to care for the Armenians during their evacuation, nor when they arrived. The Ottoman troops escorting the Armenians have been implicated in not only allowing others to rob, kill and rape the Armenians, but often participated in these activities themselves. In any event, the foreseeable consequence of the government's decision to move the Armenians led to a significant number of deaths.

It is believed that twenty-five major concentration camps existed,<ref>See, for example, ''Le Siècle des camps'' by Joël Kotek and Pierre Rigoulot, JC Lattes, 2000. Also, ''Ahmed Djémal pacha et le sort des déportés arméniens de Syrie-Palestine'' by Raymond H. Kévorkian, in ''Der Völkermord an den Armeniern und die Shoah'', Zürich: Chronos, 2002. by Hans-Lukas KIESER et Dominik J. SCHALLER (dir.), and from the same author: ''L’extermination des déportés arméniens ottomans dans les camps de concentration de Syrie-Mésopotamie (1915-1916), la deuxième phase du génocide'', in ''Revue d’Histoire arménienne contemporaine'' II (1998). Concentration camps map, in, J.M. Winter, professor at Yale, ''America and the Armenian Genocide of 1915'', Cambridge University Press (January, 2004).</ref> under the command of [[Sükrü Kaya|Şükrü Kaya]], one of the right hands of [[Talat Pasha]].

[[Image:Armeniangenocidemap.gif|thumb|right|350px|Major concentration camps]]

{|class="wikitable" align="center"

|-

| [[Dayr az-Zawr]]<br> {{coor dm|35|17|N|40|10|E}}

| Ra's Al Gul

| [[Pozanti|Bonzanti]]<br> {{coor dm|37|25|N|34|52|E|}}

| Mamoura

|-

| Intili,

| Islahiye,

| Radjo,

| Katma,

|-

| Karlik,

| Azaz,

| Akhterim,

| Mounboudji,

|-

| Bab,

| Tefridje,

| Lale,

| Meskene,

|-

| Sebil,

| Dipsi,

| Abouharar,

| Hamam,

|-

| Sebka,

| Marat,

| Souvar,

| Hama,

|-

| Homs

| Kahdem

|

|

|}

The majority of the camps were situated near what are now the Iraqi and Syrian frontiers, and some were only temporary transit camps.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Others are said to have been used only as temporary mass burial zones&mdash;such as Radjo, Katma, and Azaz&mdash;that were closed in Fall 1915.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Some authors also maintain that the camps Lale, Tefridje, Dipsi, Del-El, and Ra's al-'Ain were built specifically for those who had a life expectancy of a few days.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Like in the cases of the Jewish KAPOs in the concentration camps, the majority of the guards inside the camps were Armenians.<ref>Ibid.</ref>

Even though nearly all the camps, including all the major ones, were open air, the rest of the mass killings in other minor camps, was not limited to direct killings; but also to mass burning,<ref>Eitan Belkind was a [[Nili]] member, who infiltrated the Ottoman army as an official. He was assigned to the headquarters of Camal Pasha. He claims to have witnessed the burning of 5000 Armenians, quoted in Yair Auron, ''The Banality of Indifference: Zionism and the Armenian Genocide''. New Brunswick, N.J., 2000, pp. 181, 183. Lt. Hasan Maruf, of the Ottoman army, describes how a population of a village were taken all together, and then burned. See, British Foreign Office 371/2781/264888, Appendices B., p. 6). Also, the Commander of the Third Army, Vehib's 12 pages affidavit, which was dated December 5, 1918, presented in the Trabzon trial series (March 29, 1919) included in the Key Indictment(published in ''Takvimi Vekayi'', No. 3540, May 5, 1919), report such a mass burning of the population of an entire village near Mus. S. S. McClure write in his work, ''Obstacles to Peace,'' Houghton Mifflin Company, 1917. pp. 400-401, that in Bitlis, Mus and Sassoun, ''The shortest method for disposing of the women and children concentrated in tile various camps was to burn them.'' And also that, ''Turkish prisoners who had apparently witnessed some of these scenes were horrified and maddened at the remembering the sight. They told the Russians that the stench of the burning human flesh permeated the air for many days after.'' The Germans, Ottoman allies, also witnessed the way Armenians were burned according to the Israeli historian, Bat Ye’or, who writes: ''The Germans, allies of the Turks in the First World War, … saw how civil populations were shut up in churches and burned, or gathered en masse in camps, tortured to death, and reduced to ashes,…'' (See: B. Ye'or, ''The Dhimmi. The Jews and Christians under Islam,'' Trans. from the French by D. Maisel P. Fenton and D. Liftman, Cranbury, N.J.: Frairleigh Dickinson University, 1985. p. 95)</ref> poisoning<ref>During the Trabzon trial series, of the Martial court (from the sittings between March 26 and Mat 17, 1919), the Trabzons Health Services Inspector Dr. Ziya Fuad wrote in a report that Dr. Saib, caused the death of children with the injection of morphine, the information was allegedly provided by two physicians (Drs. Ragib and Vehib), both Dr. Saib colleagues at Trabzons Red Crescent hospital, where those atrocities were said to have been committed. (See: Vahakn N. Dadrian, ''The Turkish Military Tribunal’s Prosecution of the Authors of the Armenian Genocide: Four Major Court-Martial Series,'' Genocide Study Project, H. F. Guggenheim Foundation, published in ''The Holocaust and Genocide Studies,'' Volume 11, Number 1, Spring 1997). Dr. Ziya Fuad, and Dr. Adnan, public health services director of Trabzon, submitted affidavits, reporting a cases, in which, two school buildings were used to organize children and then sent them on the mezzanine, to kill them with a toxic gas equipment. This case was presented during the Session 3, p.m., 1 April 1919, also published in the Constantinople newspaper Renaissance, 27 April 1919 (for more information, see: Vahakn N. Dadrian, ''The Role of Turkish Physicians in the World War I Genocide of Ottoman Armenians,'' in ''The Holocaust and Genocide Studies'' 1, no. 2 (1986): 169-192). The Turkish surgeon, Dr. Haydar Cemal wrote in ''Türkce Istanbul,'' No. 45, 23 December 1918, also published in ''Renaissance,'' 26 December 1918, that ''on the order of the Chief Sanitation Office of the IIIrd Army in January 1916, when the spread of typhus was an acute problem, innocent Armenians slated for deportation at Erzican were inoculated with the blood of typhoid fever patients without rendering that blood ‘inactive’.'' Jeremy Hugh Baron writes : ''Individual doctors were directly involved in the massacres, having poisoned infants, killed children and issued false certificates of death from natural causes. Nazim's brother-in-law Dr. Tevfik Rushdu, Inspector-General of Health Services, organized the disposal of Armenian corpses with thousands of kilos of lime over six months; he became foreign secretary from 1925 to 1938.'' (See: Jeremy Hugh Baron, ''Genocidal Doctors,'' publish in ''Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine,'' November, 1999, 92, pp.590-593). The psychiatrist, Robert Jay Lifton, writes in a parenthesis when introducing the crimes of NAZI doctors in his book ''Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide,'' Basic Books, (1986) p. xii: ''(Perhaps Turkish doctors, in their participation in the genocide against the Armenians, come closest, as I shall later suggest).''</ref> and drowning.<ref>Oscar S. Heizer, the American consul at Trabzon, reports: ''This plan did not suit Nail Bey .... Many of the children were loaded into boats and taken out to sea and thrown overboard.'' (See: U.S. National Archives. R.G. 59. 867. 4016/411. April 11, 1919 report.) The Italian consul of Trabzon in 1915, Giacomo Gorrini, writes: ''I saw thousands of innocent women and children placed on boats which were capsized in the Black Sea.'' (See: ''Toronto Globe'', August 26, 1915) Hoffman Philip, the American Charge at Constantinople chargé d'affairs, writes: ''Boat loads sent from Zor down the river arrived at Ana, one thirty miles away, with three fifths of passengers missing.'' (Cipher telegram, July 12, 1916. U.S. National Archives, R.G. 59.867.48/356.) The Trabzon trials reported Armenians having been drown in the Black Sea. (''Takvimi Vekdyi'', No. 3616, August 6, 1919, p. 2.)</ref>

Xavier later remembers meeting Magneto, at the time using the alias "Magnus",<ref>''Uncanny X-Men'' #161</ref> while working at a psychiatric hospital near [[Haifa]]. There, the two hold lengthy debates on the consequences humanity faces with the rise of mutants, though neither reveals to the other that they are mutants.

===Results of Deportations===

[[Image:Armeniangenocide starved.JPG|thumb|right|200px|A photograph of a starving Armenian mother and child.]]

The Ottoman government ordered the evacuation or deportation of many Armenians living in Anatolia, Syria, and Mesopotamia. In the city of Edessa (modern [[Şanlıurfa]]) the local Armenian population, worried about their fate, revolted (early [[1916]]) against the Ottoman government and took control of the old city. Ottoman forces attacked the city and bombarded it with artillery but the Armenians resisted. The German General in command of the closest Ottoman army to the city, [[Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz|Baron von der Goltz]], arrived and negotiated a deal with the Armenians. In exchange for an Armenian surrender and disarmament, the Ottoman government agreed not to deport them. However, the Ottoman government broke the terms of the agreement and did deport the Armenians.

===Nature of deportations===

It is believed that over a million were deported. The word "deportation" could be considered as misleading (and some would prefer the word "relocation", as the former means banishment outside a country's borders; it is said that [[Japanese-American]]s, for example, were not "deported" during [[World War II]]). Many historians believe that the evacuations were, in practice, a method of mass execution which led to the deaths of many of the Armenian population by forcing them to march endlessly through desert, without food or water or enough protection from local Kurdish or Turkish bandits, and that the members of the special organization were charged to escort the convoys (which meant their destruction).

When the two friends reveal their powers to each other and face [[Baron Von Strucker]], Magneto leaves, realizing his and Xavier's views are incompatible.

While it is believed by many that the Armenian genocide was conducted following the declaration of war on late October 1914, according to some sources, on February 1914, during a Turkish-German meeting, a proposition to evacuate the Ottoman Armenians was already put on table. Other pre-war anti-Armenian measures are reported. Donald Bloxham writes for example that in the summer of 1914, Armenian settlements on the Ottoman borders were plundered by Ottoman forces, while [[Johannes Lepsius]] in his collection of German records includes reports of excess against the Armenian population in late December 1914, soon after the war began.

It was also this episode which provided for (at least) initial financing for Magneto's various enterprises, as he confiscated the [[Nazi gold]] Strucker was seeking. Sometime after his wife left him, Magneto worked as a hunter of Nazi war criminals for a mysterious agency, taking orders from a man known as Control. Control and his agency decide Magneto is taking too many liberties in his assignments, and they attempt to kill him, but Magneto seemingly kills them all.

In 1914, the Ottoman government passed a new law to support the war effort that required all adult males - up to the age of forty-five - to either be recruited in the Ottoman army or to pay special fees in order to be excluded from service. As a result of this law, most able-bodied men left their homes, leaving only the women, children, and elderly in the Armenian communities. Most of the Armenian recruits were later executed or forced into hard labor work gangs. In the cities of Marash and Zeytoon, Armenian men were conscripted regardless of whether they paid the military tax or not.

The Ottoman Empire entered into World War I on October 29, 1914. The Ottoman army, under their war minister [[Enver Pasha]], soon attacked the Russian forces around the city of [[Kars]], in what was then Russian territory. Early in 1915 the Turkish army was utterly defeated (at the [[Battle of Sarikamis]]) with massive loss of life. The Russian forces under General [[Nikolai Nikolaevich Yudenich|Yudenich]] counter-attacked into Turkish territory, where the Armenian and Muslim communities were interleaved.

====PoliticalRise round-ups=of Magneto===

[[Image:Xavmags.png|frame|Magneto and Xavier would eventually part ways because of the differences in their beliefs on how to help mutants. Art by [[Carlos Pacheco]].]]

On March 2, the Armenians of [[Dörtyol]] were evacuated by Ottoman authorities. With Russian forces approaching Lake Van, the regional administrator ordered the execution of five Armenian leaders, and a revolt resulted in [[Van, Turkey|Van]] on April 20,<ref>See, for example, Huseyin Chelik, ''The 1915 Armenian Revolt in Van: Eyewitness Testimony'', in ''The Armenians in the Late Ottoman Period'', The Turkish Historical Society For The Council Of Culture, Arts And Publications Of The Grand National Assembly Of Turkey, Ankara, 2001, pp. 87-108</ref> against the Ottoman government and in favor of the Russians (according to Turkish sources). On the other hand, it is said that the governor of Van, Jevdet, under the pretext of preventing an Armenian rebellion, justified the attack on the town by the Ottoman army.<ref>Ussher, Clarence D. and Grace Knapp, A''n American Physician in Turkey; A Narrative of Adventures in Peace and in War''. Boston and New York City: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1917. More particularly the chapters, XVII, XVIII and XIX (which is titled FUN FOR JEVDET BEY.)</ref> Nogales for example, reported a plan set by Jevdet to kill every Armenian male in Van. The Russians finally captured Van in late May of 1915. In August the Russian army left and the Turks re-occupied Van. Then in September the Russians forced the Ottoman army out of Van for the second time.<ref>Rafael de Nogales, ''Four Years Beneath the Crescent'' Published in London, 1926, end of chapter V and VI.</ref> By the end of the war, the town of Van was empty and in ruins.

Magneto's experience in the Auschwitz concentration camp shapes his outlook on the situation that mutants face in the [[Marvel Universe|world]]. Determined to keep such atrocities from ever being committed against mutant-kind, he is willing to use deadly force to protect mutants. He believes that mutants ("''Homo superior''") will become the dominant life form on the planet. However, he constantly wavers between wanting peaceful existence with ''homo sapiens'' and wanting to enforce his superiority over all humanity.

Magneto's first [[terrorism|terrorist]] act was attacking a United States military base. He is thwarted by Charles Xavier's mutant students, the [[X-Men]]. After forming the [[Brotherhood of Evil Mutants]], Magneto briefly conquers the fictional South American nation of San Marco in the hopes of establishing a mutant homeland there, but is once again foiled by the X-Men. He later creates [[Asteroid M]], an orbital base of operations in an asteroid he and his followers hollow out, but it is later destroyed in a battle with the X-Men.

[[Image:Armenian Intellectuals.png|thumb|right|200px|Armenian intellectuals]]

Four days after the beginning of the troubles in Van, on [[April 24]] [[1915]], the Young Turk government ([[Committee of Union and Progress]]) arrested several hundred - or, according to [[Ottoman Archives|Ottoman]] records, over two thousand<ref>More exactly, 2345, See: Uras E., Tarihte Ermenliler ve Ermeni Meselesi, 2nd ed., (Istanbul, 1976), p.612</ref>, 2345<ref>Gürün K., "Ermeni Dosyası", TTK Basımevi, Ankara 1983</ref> - Armenian intellectuals. It is believed that most of these were soon executed. It was said that Committee of Union and Progress had tried to stop [[Tashnak]] movement among the Armenians.

After several unsuccessful attempts at rallying more mutants to his cause, Magneto tries to force the allegiance of the [[Stranger (comics)|Stranger]]. A powerful alien being, the Stranger encases Magneto in a special cocoon and spirits him away to another planet where he remains for a long time. Magneto's Brotherhood splinters, and Quicksilver and Scarlet Witch desert him. Magneto eventually escapes and makes his way back to Earth where he attempts to reenlist them to his cause, but his plans are foiled by his former minion [[Toad (comics)|Toad]], who has grown tired of Magneto's cruel treatment.

Every year April 24th, the day political round-ups happened, is now known as [[Genocide Remembrance Day]], a [[Public holidays in Armenia|national holiday]] in Armenia to commemorate the tragedy.

Using ancient and advanced alien technology he finds near the core of the earth, Magneto creates an artificial humanoid he names "[[Alpha the Ultimate Mutant]]." Alpha rebels against his creator and reduces Magneto to infancy. Magneto is then placed in the care of Xavier's former love interest, Professor [[Moira MacTaggert]] at [[Muir Island]]. At Muir Island, MacTaggert tinkers with the infant Magneto's genetic code in an attempt to prevent him from becoming "evil" in adulthood. However, her genetic tampering loses its effect when Magneto activates his powers again. Magneto is eventually restored to adulthood when he is found at [[Muir Island]] by the alien [[Shi'ar]] agent [[Erik the Red (comics)|Erik the Red]].

===The Special Organization (Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa)===

===Redemption===

While there was an official 'special organization' founded in December [[1911]] by the Ottoman government, a second organization that participated in what led to the destruction of the Ottoman Armenian community was founded by the [[lttihad ve Terraki]]. This organization technically appeared in July [[1914]] and was supposed to differ from the one already existing in one important point; mostly according to the military court, it was meant to be a "government in a government" (needing no orders to act).

[[Image:uncanny200.png|thumb|Magneto goes on trial for his crimes in ''Uncanny X-Men'' #200. Art by [[John Romita Jr]].|left|220px]]

X-Men's 150th issue begins a serious recasting of Magneto's role in the X-Men series. Though he returns to his attempts at global conquest, but this time casts himself as the saviour of a self-destructive world - the world is on the brink of nuclear holocaust, and Magneto's solution is to make himself a kind of benevolent dictator, taking all the money spent on national defense the world over and using it to feed the hungry, build schools, etc. Nonetheless, he still intends to overthrow governments and rule the world, and thus is opposed by the X-Men.

When he discovers that [[Jean Grey]] has been killed, he tells Cyclops that he respected her, and all the X-Men, and grieves for her death. [[Cyclops]] throws this back in his face, and he responds in anger, revealing that all of his family has been killed, and he knows about grief.

Later in 1914, the Ottoman government decided to influence the direction the special organization was to take by releasing criminals from central prisons to be the central elements of this newly formed special organization. According to the Mazhar commissions attached to the tribunal as soon as November 1914, 124 criminals were released from Pimian prison. Many other releases followed; in Ankara a few months later, 49 criminals were released from its central prison. Little by little from the end of 1914 to the beginning of 1915, hundreds, then thousands of prisoners were freed to form the members of this organization. Later, they were charged to escort the convoys of Armenian deportees. Vehib, commander of the Ottoman third army, called those members of the special organization, the “butchers of the human species.”

As Storm stands over his sleeping figure, she has this to say: "For all his crimes, for all the grief and pain he has caused, Magneto is not, in his heart, an evil man. Given different circumstances, he could have been like us - or we like him."

The organization was led by the Central Committee Members [[Doctor Nazim]], [[Behaeddin Sakir]], [[Atif Riza]], and former Director of Public Security [[Aziz Bey]]. The headquarters of Behaeddin Sakir were in [[Erzurum (city)|Erzurum]], from where he directed the forces of the Eastern vilayets. Aziz, Atif and Nazim Beys operated in Istanbul, and their decisions were approved and implemented by [[Cevat Bey]], the Military Governor of Istanbul.

Though he has no qualms about sinking a [[Russia]]n submarine that attacks him and then raising a volcano in the city of Varykino as revenge, he does give time for a mass evacuation before lava sweeps over the city. Likewise, he is shocked when he physically strikes down the adolescent X-Man [[Shadowcat|Kitty Pryde]] in battle. Remorseful at almost killing such a young mutant, Magneto puts an end to his attempt at world conquest and retreats to rethink the path his life has taken.<ref> Uncanny X-Men #150</ref>

According to the same commissions and other records, the criminals were chosen by a process of selection. They had to be ruthless butchers to be selected as a member of the special organization. The Mazhar commission, during the military court, has provided some lists of those criminals. In one instance, of 65 criminals released, 50 were in prison for murder. Such a disproportionate ratio between those condemned for murder; and others imprisoned for minor crimes is reported to have been generalized. This selection process of criminals was, according to some researchers in the field of comparative genocide studies, who specialize in the Armenian cases, clearly indicative of the government's intention to commit mass murder of its Armenian population.

Magneto later discovers that former Brotherhood members the Scarlet Witch and Quicksilver are actually his children, but when he tries reaching out to them they push him away and refuse to forgive him.

===Military tribunal===

{{main|Executors of the Armenian Genocide}}

Magneto finds himself allied with Professor Xavier and the X-Men when a group of heroes and villains are abducted by the [[Beyonder]], a nearly omnipotent yet frustratingly short-sighted being, to an alien world to participate in the [[Secret Wars]]; the being placed the heroes and villains according to their desires, and so magneto was placed with the heroes as his desires were based on a wish to help mutants rather than the more selfish drives of the others. This surprises many of the other heroes, who still believe he is a villain, although they mostly come to accept him as an ally; [[Captain America]] even speaks in his defence on some occasions, and the [[Wasp (comics)|Wasp]] develops a certain affection for him.

====Domestic courts-martial====

Domestic Courts-Martials began 23 November 1918. These courts were designed by Sultan [[Mehmed VI]], which blamed [[Committee of Union and Progress]] for the destruction of the empire through pushing it into [[WWI]]. [[Armenian]] issue played as tool in these courts to punish Committee of Union and Progress leadership. Most of the documents generated in these courts later moved to international trials. By January 1919, a report to Sultan [[Mehmed VI]] find out 130 suspects, most of them were high officials. [[Mehmed Talat Pasha]] and [[Ismail Enver|Enver]] had left [[Istanbul]], before 1919, on the fact that Sultan [[Mehmed VI]] would not accept any verdict that does not include their life. The term [[Three Pashas]] were used explaining the prominent leadership that pushed the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] into [[WWI]].

After the Secret Wars are over, Magneto is transported back to his base, Asteroid M, where the alien [[Warlock (New Mutants)|Warlock]], travelling to Earth, collides into the asteroid, breaking it to pieces. Magneto is sent falling towards Earth and into the Atlantic Ocean, sustaining serious injuries. He is rescued by [[Lee Forrester]], the captain of a fishing trawler. Lee helps him recuperate from his injuries and the two share a small romance.

Courts-Martials disbanded the Committee of Union and Progress organization, which actively ruled the [[Ottoman Empire]] for ten years. All the assets of the organization moved into treasury. The assests of the people who have been found guilty moved to "teceddüt firkasi". According to given verdics, except the [[Three Pashas]] rest was transferred to jails in Bekiraga and then they were moved to Malta. [[Three Pashas]] were found guildy in absentia. Courts-Martials blamed the members of Ittihat Terakki pursuing the war that does not fit into the notion of [[Millet (Ottoman Empire)|Millet]].

After recuperating from his injuries, Magneto is asked to aid the X-Men in battling the returned Beyonder, and Magneto stays with the X-Men even after the Beyonder is defeated. His association with the team softens his views on humanity and Magneto surrenders himself to the law to stand trial for his crimes. A special tribunal is organized, and chooses to strike all charges against Magneto from prior to his "rebirth," deeming that this had constituted a figurative death of the old Magneto. However, the tribunal is interrupted by an attack from [[Fenris (comics)|Fenris]], the twin children of [[Baron Strucker|Baron Wolfgang von Strucker]]. Fenris is defeated but [[Professor X]] is brought to near-death due to the strain of the battle and previously sustained injuries. Xavier asks Magneto to take over his school and the X-Men, and tells him that doing so would make amends enough for his past crimes. Magneto agrees and chooses not to return to the courtroom. Instead he takes over Xavier's school under the assumed identity of Michael Xavier, Charles Xavier's cousin. Seeing him try to reform, the Scarlet Witch and Quicksilver begin accepting him as their father.

====International trials====

On 24 May 1915 the [[Triple Entente]] warned the [[Ottoman Empire]] that "In the view of these...crimes of Turkey against humanity and civilization ... the Allied governments announce publicly.. that they will hold personally responsible... all members of the Ottoman government and those of their agents who are implicated in such massacres.<ref name="nazi">William S. Allen, ''The Nazi Seizure of Power: The Experience of a Single German Town 1922-1945'', Franklin Watts; Revised edition (1984). Also see: William A. Schabas, ''Genocide in International Law: The Crimes of Crimes'', Cambridge University Press, 2000, pp. 16-17</ref>"

Though Magneto makes a substantial effort as the headmaster to the [[New Mutants]] and an ally to the X-Men, his tenure is disastrous. He is forced to deal with the death of all of the younger students, the New Mutants, and their traumatic return to life after being slain by the godlike [[Beyonder]]. He is manipulated by the [[Emma Frost|White Queen]], mutant headmaster of the rival school "The Massachusetts Academy" into battling sanctioned heroes the [[Avengers (comics)|Avengers]] and the [[Supreme Soviets]]. Magneto submits to a trial once again, but uses mind-control circuitry he salvages from the wreckage of Asteroid M to alter the opinions of the head justice in charge of the trial. As a result, he is finally absolved of his past crimes. Magneto does not make that decision lightly and wrestles with it afterwards. Feeling that desperate measures needed to be taken after the genocidal massacre in the Morlock Tunnels, Magneto and Storm join the [[Hellfire Club (comics)|Hellfire Club]] jointly as the White King. He is unable to prevent his students [[Sunspot (comics)|Roberto Da Costa]] and the alien Technarch [[Warlock (New Mutants)|Warlock]] from running away from the school, sees the death of the young mutant student [[Cypher (comics)|Douglas Ramsey]], and witnesses the apparent death of all of the senior X-Men on national television. Magneto ousts longtime co-chair [[Sebastian Shaw (comics)|Sebastian Shaw]] in order to establish himself as the head of the Hellfire Club, a move which alienates the New Mutants permanently. However, he appears to have quickly lost interest in the Club due to the endless intrigues among its members.

Following the [[Armistice of Mudros]] in January 1919, the preliminary Peace Conference in Paris ([[Paris Peace Conference, 1919]]) established "The Commission on Responsibilities and Sanctions" which was chaired by U.S. Secretary of State Lansing. Following the commission's work, several articles were added to the treaty, and the acting government of the [[Ottoman Empire]], Sultan [[Mehmed VI]] and [[Damat Adil Ferit Pasha]], were summoned to trial. The [[Treaty of Sèvres]] gave recognition of the [[First Republic of Armenia]] and developed a mechanism to bring to trial the criminals of "barbarous and illegitimate methods of warfare... [including] offenses against the laws and customs of war and the principles of humanity".<ref name="nazi" />

Seeing conditions for mutants grow progressively more perilous, Magneto begins seeking allies to protect mutants from humanity. He participates in the "[[Acts of Vengeance]]" alongside such established villains as [[Doctor Doom]], the [[Wizard (Marvel Comics)|Wizard]] and the [[Mandarin (comics)|Mandarin]], although he is defeated in a confrontation with [[Spider-Man]] (Albeit a Spider-Man temporarily empowered by the energies of the [[Captain Universe]] entity). He also confronts [[Red Skull]], an unrepentant Nazi war criminal, on whom Magneto takes revenge by entombing him alive. He works alongside the American intelligence agent [[Nick Fury]] as well as a number of Russian operatives in order to re-establish peace in the [[Savage Land]]. Tired of the constant state of strife, Magneto builds a second orbital base where he hopes to live a life of quiet seclusion. He is, by this point, a figurehead for the cause of mutanthood and is sought out by a group of new mutants calling themselves the [[Acolytes (comics)|Acolytes]].

Article 230 of the [[Treaty of Sèvres]] required the Ottoman Empire, “to hand over to the Allied Powers the persons whose surrender may be required by the latter as being responsible for the massacres committed during the continuance of the state of war on territory which formed part of the [[Ottoman Empire]] on August 1, 1914.“

===Avalon and Genosha===

At the [[Military Trials]] in Istanbul in 1919 many of those responsible for the genocide were sentenced to death in absentia, after having escaped trial in [[1918]]. It is believed that the accused succeeded in destroying the majority of the documents that could be used as evidence against them before they escaped. [[Admiral Calthorpe]], the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] [[High Commissioner]], described the destruction of documents: “Just before the Armistice, officials had been going to the archives department at night and making a clean sweep of most of the documents.” Aydemir, S.S., on the other hand, writes in his "Makedonyadan Ortaasyaya Enver Pasa.":

After this, Magneto sets his sights significantly lower than world conquest; he seeks only a haven for mutantkind. He first attempts to make the orbital base known as [[Asteroid M]] such a haven but is opposed by the governments of the world and the X-Men. The X-Men do not know whether or not Magneto is returning to his villainous ways, so they confront him. At the time the X-Men are divided into two teams, code named Blue Team and Gold Team.

Xavier sends in the Blue Team, led by [[Cyclops (comics)|Cyclops]]. Cyclops has never trusted Magneto, despite his reformation and Xavier trusting him enough to ask him to take care of the school in his absence. Without giving Magneto a chance to explain himself, Cyclops orders the team to attack. During the battle [[Wolverine (comics)|Wolverine]], who had been friends with Magneto when Magneto was on the team, attempts to kill him, much to Magneto's shock. With the exception of [[Rogue (comics)|Rogue]], none of the X-Men are any different. Feeling betrayed by his former allies, Magneto flees.

:“Before the flight of the top [[Committee of Union and Progress |CUP]] leaders, Talat Pasa stopped by at the waterfront residence of one of his friends on the shore of Arnavudköy, depositing there a suitcase of documents. It is said that the documents were burned in the basement's furnace. Indeed ... the documents and other papers of the [[Committee of Union and Progress|CUP]]'s Central Committee are nowhere to be found.”

Magneto later discovers how Moira had tampered with his mind when he had been de-aged. Enraged by this, he feels that his redemption has been a lie. Though it was later revealed that the genetic tampering had lost its effect when he had first used his powers after being re-aged, and thus his actions had never been influenced by Moira's tampering, the damage was done. Magneto once more becomes the X-Men's enemy. The [[United Nations Security Council]], in response to a resurgent Magneto, votes to activate the "Magneto Protocols" - a satellite network, in slightly lower orbit than Avalon, which skews the Earth's magnetic field enough to prevent Magneto from using his powers within, preventing him from returning to the planet's surface.

The [[martial court]] established the will of the [[Committee of Union and Progress|CUP]] to eliminate the Armenians physically, via its special organization.

In response, Magneto generates an [[electromagnetic pulse ]] not only destroying the satellites, but deactivating every electric device on Earth within minutes. The X-Men respond by hacking into [[Avalon (comics)|Avalon]]'s own computer systems to teleport a small team to the station with the aid of [[Colossus (comics)|Colossus]] (who had joined Magneto as one of Magneto's Acolytes). There the X-Men engage Magneto in battle.

The Court Martial, Istanbul, 1919 pronounced sentences as follows:

[[Image:Mindwipem.png|frame|Magneto is mindwiped by an enraged [[Professor X|Xavier]]. Art by [[Andy Kubert]].]] Finally, Wolverine launches a killing strike which leads Magneto to respond by ripping the [[Adamantium (comics)|adamantium]] from Wolverine's bones. This act of self-defense enrages Xavier to the point that he blanks his former friend's mind, leaving him in a coma. This action lead to the creation of [[Onslaught (comics)|Onslaught]]. Magneto remains comatose on Avalon worshipped by his Acolytes, under the leadership of [[Exodus (comics)|Exodus]], until Avalon itself is destroyed. During the destruction, [[Colossus (comics)|Colossus]] places Magneto in an escape pod sending him back to Earth. This pod is intercepted by [[Astra (comics)|Astra]], a former ally who now desires his death. She clones Magneto and when the clone is ready, she restores Magneto's mind since she feels there is no point in killing him unless he knows it is her doing.

After a pitched battle, Magneto triumphs over the clone sending him crashing into a South American barn. However, too weak to continue the battle, the real Magneto goes into hiding while the now-amnesiac clone becomes known as [[Joseph (comics)|Joseph]] (christened as such by the nun who discovered him) and eventually joins the X-Men. Since the world believes Joseph to be the real Magneto, Magneto takes his time to plan. He engages in a pair of brief diversions, first posing as "Erik the Red" and revealing [[Gambit (comics)|Gambit]]'s past crimes to the X-Men, resulting in Gambit's expulsion from the group. Then he kills Odekirk to prevent his true identity from being discovered by [[Sabra (comics)|Sabra]] and [[Gabrielle Haller]].

:"The Court Martial taking into consideration the above-named crimes declares, unanimously, the culpability as principal factors of these crimes the fugitives [[Talat Pasha]], former Grand Vizir, [[Enver Efendi]], former War Minister, struck off the register of the Imperial Army, [[Jemal Azmi|Cemal Efendi]], former Navy Minister, struck off too from the Imperial Army, and [[Dr. Nazim Efendi]], former Minister of Education, members of the General [[Committee of Union and Progress|Council of the Union & Progress]], representing the moral person of that party;... the Court Martial pronounces, in accordance with said stipulations of the Law the death penalty against Talat, Enver, Cemal, and Dr. Nazim."

Following this, Magneto constructs a machine to amplify his powers and blackmail the world into creating a mutant nation. The X-Men and Joseph, who has fallen under Astra's control again, oppose him. The X-Men defeat Magneto, leaving his powers severely depleted from over-strain, while Joseph sacrifices his life to restore the Earth to normal. The [[United Nations]], manipulated by its mutant affairs officer Alda Huxley, cedes to Magneto the island nation of [[Genosha]], which has no recognized government. Magneto rules that nation for some time with the aid of many who had previously opposed him, including Quicksilver, [[Polaris (comics)|Polaris]], and the founder of the Acolytes, [[Fabian Cortez]].

=== Casualties, 1914 to 1923 ===

{{main|Ottoman Armenian casualties}}

While there is no clear consensus as to how many Armenians lost their lives during what is called the Armenian genocide and what followed, there seems to be a consensus among Western scholars, with the exception of few dissident and Turkish national historians, as to the period between 1914 to 1923, over a million Armenians might have perished. The recent tendency seems to be, either presenting 1.2 million as a figure or even 1.5 million, while more moderately, "over a million" is presented, as the Turkish historian Fikret Adanir estimates, but this estimate excludes what followed 1917 - 1918.

Despite the UN's hopes that Genosha's civil war between humans and mutants would destroy or at least occupy him, Magneto crushes all opposition to his rule and rebuilds the nation by forming an army of mutants dedicated to his cause, including mutants coming from all over the world seeking sanctuary. Eventually, Magneto is able to use the [[Genegineer]]'s equipment to fully restore his power. Intending to declare war on humanity, he captures [[Professor X]] to use as a symbol with which to rally his troops. In the [[Eve of Destruction (comics)|Eve of Destruction]] storyline, [[Jean Grey]] recruits a new lineup of X-Men to help Cyclops and Wolverine rescue Xavier and defeat Magneto. Taking the opportunity for revenge, Wolverine attacks the defeated Magneto, leaving him with serious injuries and crippling him for a time.

==The Position of Turkey ==

===Xorn===

The [[Republic of Turkey]] does not accept that the deaths of [[Armenian]]s under "evacuation" or "[[deportation]]" (Turkey uses the word "[[relocation]]") of Armenians can be attributed to an intention to eliminate the Armenian people. Turkey also denies that any systematic campaign of ethnic cleansing took place during the time during which the [[Ottoman Empire]] was crumbling.

Soon after this, Genosha is decimated by [[Sentinel (comics)|Sentinels]] under the orders of [[Cassandra Nova|Cassandra Nova Xavier]], Charles Xavier's previously unknown dead twin sister, whom Xavier had killed in the womb. Magneto and 16 million mutants who were gathered at Genosha are reported deceased. Months after the event, a team of X-Men searching in the debris find what was apparently a recording of Magneto's last words. Mutant-supremacist ideas, attributed to him, become wide-spread in the mutant community with some holding him as a martyr of the mutant cause. Magneto has become a [[Che Guevara]]-like revolutionary figure in the mutant community. T-shirts and posters with Magneto's face and the phrase "Magneto Was Right" become popular items, even amongst certain students in the Xavier Institute.

Meanwhile, the mutant known as [[Xorn]] joins the X-Men after being rescued from captivity in [[China]]. Xorn is said to be a Chinese mutant with a "star for a brain" and wears a face-concealing metal helmet with a skull-like motif. He also possesses nebulous healing powers, although the only time he was shown to heal anyone is when he deactivates a number of microscopic [[Sentinel (comics)|Sentinels]] and simultaneously restores Professor Xavier's ability to walk.

Relations between [[Turkey]] and [[Armenia]] remain frozen. Turkey has closed its land [[border]]s with Armenia, citing Armenian military control of [[Nagorno-Karabagh]] and occupation of surrounding [[Azerbaijani]] territories. Armenia has repeatedly declared that it is ready for relations and an open border without preconditions. Turkey claims that opening its borders would show approval of the occupation of Nagorno-Karabagh.

In the [[Planet X (comics)|Planet X]] storyline, he eventually removes the helmet, revealing Magneto's face beneath. It is alleged that Xorn never existed and is simply an identity conceived wholly by Magneto. Having "exposed his deception", he then schemes to destroy the X-Men and reverse the polarity of the Earth's magnetic field, increasing his power with the use of a mutant drug called "[[List of fictional medicines and drugs|Kick]]". He recruits the Special Class and [[Stepford Cuckoos|Esme]] from the Xavier School to serve as his Brotherhood of Mutants, though most eventually turn against him. Before being decapitated by Wolverine, "Magneto" devastates much of New York City and kills [[Jean Grey]] using a lethal [[electromagnetic pulse]] that caused her to have a massive [[stroke]].

In [[March]] [[2005]], Turkish Prime Minister [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] invited Turkish, Armenian and international [[historian]]s to form a Commission to establish the events of 1915. The offer was accepted by Armenia but only under the condition Turkey accept the genocide claims first.

Some time later, the X-Men find another Xorn, who identifies himself as Shen Xorn and claims that the "Magneto" who devastated New York was Kuan-Yin Xorn, his brother. Marvel [[editor-in-chief]] [[Joe Quesada]] later elaborated on this,[http://www.newsarama.com/NewJoeFridays/NewJoeFridays03.html stating] that "Kuan-Yin Xorn came under the influence of as-yet-to-be-revealed entity that forced him to assume the identity of Magneto." This remains the official explanation of the Xorn character and its relationship to Magneto.

===The Position of Turkish authorities===

{{Further|[[Historical revisionism (negationism)#Turkey and the Armenian genocide|Denial of Armenian genocide]]}}

===House of M===

Turkish historians have been very slow in responding to Armenian claims, even though nearly a century has passed since the events.<ref>''The Ottoman Armenians: Victims of Great Power Diplomacy (Book Review)''. Mango, Andrew. Asian Affairs, Jun88, Vol. 19 Issue 2.</ref> In 1975, Sevket Sureyya Aydemir, Turkish historian and biographer, summarized the reasons for this delay. He said, "The best course, I believe, is not to dwell on this subject and allow both sides to forget (calm) this part of history." The same view was shared by the foreign ministry of Turkey at that time.

{{main|House of M}}

[[Image:Magneto-20051029024916677.jpg|left|thumbnail|275|Magneto in House of M]]

With the launch of a new [[Excalibur (comics)|''Excalibur'']] series, Xavier meets up with the real Magneto who is still alive.

Xavier brings with him the coffin supposedly containing the corpse of Xorn (but which is later shown to be filled with guns), and explains how the impostor has killed over 5,000 people including Jean Grey. Magneto is shocked and angry that people think he is capable of committing such an act. Xavier and Magneto put aside their differences to rebuild the island nation, rekindling their friendship in the process.

With [[Kamuran Gurun]] for first time a controversial period of the [[Ottoman Empire]] began to be questioned by the [[Republic of Turkey]]. Other Turkish institutions followed Kamuran Gurun. [[Zeki Kuneralp]], a former ambassador, has a different explanation regarding why it took so much time to publish the Ottoman records; he declared: ''The liabilities of not publishing the historical documents outweigh the advantages.''<ref>Cited by Pierre Caraman in ''L'ouverture des archives d'Istanbul'' in ''Nouvel Observateur'', January-February (1989) p. 145</ref> The thesis brought by Armenian and foreign historians were then answered by analyzing the casualties of deportations, and the alleged casualties of inter-ethnic fighting, etc. Initial studies were basically on aggregated data issues, through classifications and categorizations. These discussions have been moved to issues such as why the Armenian resistance force failed to support a sustainable Armenian state<ref>Salahi Ransdam, ''The Ottoman Armenians: Victims of great power diplomacy'' 1987.</ref> and Ottoman military problems under insurgency<ref>Erickson, Edward J. ''Bayonets on Musa Dagh: Ottoman Counterinsurgency Operations – 1915'' in the ''Journal of Strategic Studies'' Vol. 28 Issue 3. (June 2005)</ref>. Most of these activities aim to find out and analyze the relationships of the controversial issues surrounding [[State organisation of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman state]] of the time; intending to have a better understanding of “why the choices of the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] system had been shaped as they were”. These questions aim to bring the complexity of [[Ottoman history]] and dynamics of a blacked-out period beyond the current available arguments to surface so that the correct lessons in prevention of these activities can be taken.

Magneto's daughter [[Scarlet Witch|Wanda]] suffers a mental breakdown over the loss of her children and starts to warp reality in order to recreate them, inadvertently resulting in [[Avengers Disassembled|random attacks on the Avengers]], until [[Doctor Strange]] puts her into a coma to stop her. In Genosha, Magneto hears Wanda's psychic cry for help and, using a [[wormhole]], whisks her away before the Avengers can do anything.

====Political arguments====

Back in Genosha, Magneto tends to Wanda, becoming more withdrawn and angry, allowing only Xavier to visit, in the belief that Xavier can help Wanda. Xavier is angry to learn that Magneto revealed he was alive, in rescuing Wanda, but agrees to try and help. Months pass with no avail, and not even Dr. Strange's [[magic (paranormal)|magic]] helps. The X-Men and the Avengers meet to decide what should be done, and when some of the members suggest killing Wanda, [[Quicksilver (comics)|Quicksilver]] rushes to Magneto to inform him of this development.

*Turkish authorities hold the position that the deaths were the result of the turmoils of [[World War I]] and that the [[Ottoman Empire]] was fighting against Russian, who backed the [[Armenian militia]]. Claims based on non-existent Armenian unrest, or non-existent ethnic-religious conflicts, concluding everything as a state organized activity, are unconnected to historical facts. There was a political move toward creating a "[[First Republic of Armenia|Republic of Armenia]]". The dissolution of the [[Ottoman Empire]] and the [[Balkanization]] process were in the same period.

Magneto admits that he doesn't know what to do anymore and that the groups may be right, but Quicksilver convinces Wanda that she can undo her wrongs, prompting her to warp reality into the [[House of M]]. In the new reality, Magneto is attacked by Sentinels over Manhattan in 1979, and reveals an alleged international anti-mutant conspiracy involving [[Richard Nixon]]. This results in Magneto being granted sovereignty over Genosha as leader of the world's mutants.

* Turkish authorities hold the position that the [[Ottoman Empire]] did not hold as much control as the opposing parties claim. Turkey accepts that there are Armenian losts because of [[Ottoman Empire]] decisions. Turkey also maintains that [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] bureaucrats and military members who did not do their job in securing the life of Armenians have been put to trial.

A group of heroes have their memories of the "real world" restored by [[Layla Miller]], and they band together and attack Magneto in Genosha, believing him to be the one responsible. During the battle Layla is able to restore Magneto's memories as well, and he confronts his son, enraged that Quicksilver had done all of this in his name. Quicksilver reveals that Magneto would have let Wanda die, but Magneto replies that Quicksilver was only using Wanda and himself. Furious, Magneto kills Quicksilver by pummeling him with large pieces of steel and then crushing him with a Sentinel.

* The [[Forced Deportations]] by themselves can not be classified as acts of genocide of the state. Turkish authorities claims that in [[1915]] there was only one railway that connects west-east and that the path of what it considers relocation was not a conspiracy to exterminate Armenians. Turkish authorities strongly reject claims that the locations of the camps which are mentioned in some sources are a result of a conspiracy to bury Armenians in deserts. [[Dayr az-Zawr]] is a district along the Euphrates and one of the unique places far away from any military activity; thus, [[Dayr az-Zawr]]'s selection as a burying site in a deserted ___location is rejected. They attribute the graves in these areas to difficulties of traveling under very hard conditions. The conditions of these camps reflected the dire condition of the [[Ottoman Empire]]. The [[Ottoman Empire]] was facing [[Gallipoli]] at the west, and the [[Caucasus Campaign]] at the east. Turkish authorities recall that [[WWI]] precipitated the end of the empire financially and economically.

Sensing her brother's death, Wanda incapacitates Magneto and removes his mouth when he tries to talk to her. She revives Quicksilver, telling Magneto that Quicksilver had only wanted him to be happy, but even when she gave Magneto what he wanted he was still a horrible man, and mutants were freaks. With the phrase "Daddy - No more mutants," Wanda changes the world back to its original form and [[Decimation (comics)|causes ninety-eight percent of the mutant population to lose their powers]]. Magneto is one of the many mutants to lose their powers, and is left a broken man.

* Without opening the archives of [[Armenia]], the population moves can not be really constructed in both sides and the numbers that are presented would always be in error.

When Quicksilver comes to Genosha to restore the mutants' powers with the [[Inhumans]]' [[Terrigen Mists]], Magneto condemns his actions, pointing out the disastrous effects the Mists have on non-Inhumans. An angry Quicksilver attacks Magneto with his new powers from the Mists, savagely beating him until his own daughter [[Luna (comics)|Luna]] begs him to stop. When the Inhumans come looking for their Mists, Magneto tells them what has happened.

* Turkish authorities hold the position that historical conciliation would help political conciliation between the Turkish authorities and [[Armenia]], even if there are other issues between the states. Political conciliation before the historical conciliation or using the [[genocide]] terminology in every aspect of the communications seems to be unrealistic.

====Citations=The Collective===

[[image:Order to relocate Armenians.jpg|200px|thumb|Targets of movements from [[Ottoman Archives]]]]

As a scholarly study area, the field is highly divided, as the camps on both sides of this issue approach it very strongly.

[[Collective (comics)|The Collective]], a being comprised of energy from all the former mutants' powers, merges with an energy absorbing mutant named [[Michael Pointer (comics)|Michael Pointer]]. The Collective kills all of the most recent incarnation of [[Alpha Flight]] save for [[Sasquatch (comics)|Sasquatch]], and battles the [[New Avengers]] before landing in [[Genosha]]. There it repowers Magneto and reveals itself as [[Xorn]]. Xorn explains that he took the image of Magneto because he knew mutants would follow him, and that they needed the real Magneto again. Magneto, not in control of himself, begins attacking the New Avengers and [[S.H.I.E.L.D.]] agents while he pleads for them to kill him. He is taken down with a direct brain attack from mutant S.H.I.E.L.D. agent [[Daisy Johnson]]. [[Iron Man]], [[Carol Danvers|Ms. Marvel]] and [[Sentry (Robert Reynolds)|the Sentry]] combine their powers and send the Collective/Xorn into the sun. Michael is separated from the Collective. Magneto, unconscious, is loaded into a S.H.I.E.L.D. helicopter, but it explodes upon take-off; his body is not found among the rubble.<ref>'''''[[New Avengers (comic)|New Avengers]]''''' #20</ref>. However, as of the end of ''[[Civil War (comic book)|Civil War]]'', it's been revealed that Pointer, who was shown to retain some powers immediately after the separation, is coerced into joining the newly formed Omega Flight, using a suit designed to harness his powers as the new [[Guardian]]. As for Magneto, it's unknown if he retains the powers Xorn gave back to him.

* Turkish authorities constantly brought arguments related with single source (Ottoman or a Western) issues. They point out that without doing a triangulation, even if the facts were reported correctly, the conclusions drawn can be false. It is also possible to look at secondary sources in the [[Ottoman Archives]] of the period such as budget, allocations, decisions/reasons of requests. There are also personal records such as [[Mehmed Talat Pasha]]'s personal notes. They constantly point out the general attitude [[Sick man of Europe]] of the time and how it deforms perceptions. They claim the conclusions reached toward [[genocide]] are highly biased.

===Endangered Species===

* Some very "central" (most cited) sources are actively questioned on the basis that they do not include a single reference from the [[Ottoman Archives]]. Mainly occupying force's sources of the period (British, French) on the basis of their [[Intelligence (information gathering)]] issues. There are concerns that these sources may promote propaganda.

Recently, it has been confirmed that Magneto will have a role in the upcoming '[[Endangered Species (comics)|Endangered Species]]' storyline- focusing on Beast's attempts to find a 'cure' for M-Day and save the mutant race from extinction- and is being looked for by The U.S. Government, The Morlocks and the X-Men. Professor Xavier has mentioned that he has been unable to locate Magneto with Cerebra, in spite of the increase in power to his recently restored telepathy, suggesting either that his repowerment by the Collective was temporary or that he may somehow be masking his presence to avoid detection.

*[[Enver Zia Karal]] (Ankara University), [[Salahi Sonyel]] (British historian and public activist), [[Ismail Binark]] (Director of Ottoman archives, Ankara), [[Sinasi Orel]] (director of a much publicized project on declassifying documents on Ottoman Armenians), [[Kamuran Gurun]] (former diplomat), [[Mim Kemal Oke]], Justin McCarthy, and others have cited the "[[Blue Book]]" by [[James Bryce]] and [[Arnold Toynbee]] and have insisted that it lacks credibility.

==Powers and abilities==

* Reverse enginering of activities aimed to provide evidence without covering opposing reasoning, such as "Map of Genocide" which they claim contains factual problems. In this map, for the methodology behind "Centers of Massacre and Deportation" which was developed adding data from three different sources, (the data in these sources are also aggregate data), is questioned. Its use as a source of validation among Western scholars has been questioned.

[[Image:Magnetoripadamanitum.png‎|thumb|300px|Magneto ripping the [[Adamantium (comics)|Adamantium]] from Wolverine's bones.]]

Magneto is a mutant with the superhuman power to shape and manipulate magnetic fields that exist naturally or artificially.

As the Master of Magnetism, he can lift, move, and alter objects, sometimes weighing many thousands of tons, through magnetic force (e.g., he can lift a Russian Typhoon-class submarine from the ocean floor), project metal at an unparalleled velocity and place tremendous pressure on metallic substances to liquefy and reshape them, control ferrous particles in the atmosphere, alter the [[Earth's magnetic field]] which extends into space as the [[magnetosphere]], prodigiously increase his own strength to superhuman levels, erect electromagnetic force fields with a high degree of impenetrability, manipulate the iron-enriched blood-flow to one's brain (to induce aneurysms or unconsciousness, to alter thoughts and perceptions or blank a person's mind completely, etc.), levitate a person or control a person's actions by manipulating the iron in their bloodstream, remove the iron from the bloodstream entirely through a person's skin, and achieve a wide range of other effects.

* They bring up points on arguments that there was a secret arrangement which can be traced through mismatches on orders and distributions of the forced deportations. They say without considering (or not checking) periphery central transmissions on how to deal with emerging issues are actively questioned. There are many periphery central transmissions on how to deal with emerging issues, such as allocating more than 10% of the destination population and its consequances to the local economy.

Magneto has harnessed magnetism to stop armies, raise islands from ocean floors, and move mountains, even threatening to devastate the world with apocalyptic floods and earthquakes. Magneto once blanketed Earth with a self-generated [[electromagnetic pulse]] that caused widespread devastation.

====Casualties====

Turkish authorities also disagree over the number of '''[[casualties]]'''.

Magneto usually protects himself with a personal forcefield that he can quickly expand to protect large areas. His forcefield has withstood the effects of multiple nuclear weapons, volcanic eruption, the depths of space and attacks from multiple Avengers or X-Men, including Phoenix, Thor, and even [[Galactus]] (during the [[Secret Wars]]).

Turkey believes the number of deaths ranges from 200,000 to 600,000.

Magneto is also capable of flight for very long distances and at varying speeds. He can glide along the planet's natural magnetic lines of force, and can also create an anti-gravity field to propel himself.

Turkey states that according to demographic studies there were fewer than 1.5 million Armenians living in those areas, before the [[WWI]]. However, 1.5 million of Armenian population is not even the question, but the suggesting figures of over a million Armenian deaths affected by the deportations during the [[WWI]] is over inflated.

By concentrating, Magneto can perceive the world around himself as patterns of magnetic and electrical energy. He can perceive the natural magnetic auras surrounding living beings.

* If the sheer count of deaths is the way to decide on the situation, Turkey reminds that Muslims who perished during the same period is much higher then 1.5 million. Yusuf Halacoglu maintains that over 500,000 Turks were killed by Armenians. While the Turkish government now publicizes those figures of Turks allegedly being killed by Armenians.

Magneto can use his magnetic powers in more than one way simultaneously. He can completely assemble a complicated machine within seconds through his powers. Although Magneto often gestures when using his magnetic powers, he can utilize them fully even when standing totally still merely by concentrating.

* Turkish authorities accept the idea that the Armenian loss between the onset of [[WWI]] and the [[Armistice of Mudros]], which gave control of the Ottoman State to the [[Triple Entente]], is not limited to deportations. Those lost cannot be attributed to a statewise organized activity.

Although Magneto's primary power is magnetism, he has occasionally shown the ability to project or manipulate any form of energy that is related to the [[electromagnetic spectrum]]. He can fire and absorb bolts of electricity and magnetic force, reverse lasers and other forms of radiation or energy, create enough intense heat as infrared radiation to destroy a metal door, and become invisible by deflecting visible light around his body. (He has also dispersed a "flame cage" created by the [[Human Torch (Golden Age)|original Human Torch]], but whether he had simply expanded his personal force field or employed something else entirely is unclear.) In [[Excalibur (comics)|Excalibur]] (vol. 3), Magneto uses his powers to create a [[wormhole#traversable wormholes|traversable wormhole]] between two points in space. Uses of such powers are extremely rare, however.

Yusuf Halacoglu, the director of the Turkish history foundation, presented lower figures of Armenian casualties. He estimates that a total of 56,000 Armenians perished during the period due to war conditions, and less than 10 thousand were actually killed. This study is still absent from the Turkish foreign affairs publications.

His ability to wield his superhuman powers effectively is dependent upon his physical condition. When severely injured, his body is unable to withstand the strain of manipulating great amounts of magnetic forces. When his powers are not at their peak, he appears to have greater difficulty controlling forces other than magnetism.

Yusuf Halacoglu<ref name="yusuf_halacoglu">Interview with Yusuf Halacoglu on TAHA AKYOL's "Egrisiyle Doğrusuyla" at CNN TURK.</ref> through covering military records searched the "process of deportation". His time limitation was reported between 09/06/1915 and 08/02/1916 ("tacir law"). He claims that records are very ordered and that they can be verified using cross analysis. He says in his study the centers of "tachir" was in [[Adana]], [[Ankara]], [[Dörtyol]], [[Eskişehir]], [[Halep]], [[İzmit]], [[Karahisarı sahib]], [[Kayseri]], [[Mamuretülaziz]], [[Sivas]], [[Trabzon]], [[Yozgat]], [[Kütahya]] and [[Birecik]]. He states that numbers are originating from centers claims a total 391,040 Armenian were applied. His "personal" number is 438,758 through tracing through individual records. The grand totals which originated moving people from different localities and different times and they include double counts, they are around 458,000. The same number reported as half a million<ref>Peter Der Manuelian, Armenian Library and Museum of America.</ref>. When the Ottoman grand totals are compared to details, he says there is a discrepancy of 26,064 which he locates on the of Halep. However, he also claims that subtraction of this group can not be substantiated over the grand total, which could minimize the difference. He claims that differences are associated with tracing issues that are inherited to the analysis process. From desdination records, 356,084 Armenians were reported.

A long-running mystery throughout the history of the X-Men is to what extent Magneto is capable of manipulating the psionic spectrum. A definitive explanation has never been given, though Magneto has been depicted reading minds (stated as a "scan of surface thought") and proved fully capable of astral projection, a reasonably difficult psychic feat. He has been able to fight off telepathic intrusions and attacks from the likes of [[Psylocke]], [[Jean Grey]], and even [[Professor Xavier]] through sheer force of will. Magneto himself has been described as being the second most powerful mutant mind on earth, after only Professor Xavier himself, originally under the pen of his creator Stan Lee, then later under the stalwart, but controversial, pen of former X-Men artist John Byrne. Chris Claremont, long-time X-Men scribe and perhaps the definitive writer of Magneto, has claimed Magnus has no psychic talents at all, but instead is just of such an incredibly strong will, that he's able to resist psychic assaults, with varying degrees of difficulty. Later stories, such as during the Secret Wars, as portrayed by Jim Shooter, have claimed Magneto as a "latent" telepath rather than one fully aware and in control of his abilities (which seemed like an attempt to coincide with his original depiction, and Claremont's later take on the character).

Dr. Druid has claimed the only reason he could mentally enthrall Magneto was because he had taken him unaware, and claimed that it would only work for a limited amount of time, so formidable was Magnus' mind. A psychic screen that masked his presence from the other X-Men was quickly seen through by the Master of Magnetism, and Rogue, after absorbing Druid's power, mentioned the strength of Magneto's mental shields. Psylocke made a similar claim in ''X-Men'' Vol. 2 #2 when she attacked him with her psychic knife, which had been temporarily increased in power by [[Fabian Cortez]], one of Magneto's Acolytes. Although she was able to break through his mental defenses, she remarked that she only had an edge because she caught him off guard and likely would not have come close to even hurting him at her normal level of power. However, it must also be noted that Psylocke's telepathy was not at its peak then, either, due to the fact that it was split between herself and [[Revanche (comics)|Revanche]]; Psylocke was unaware of this at the time.

A mastermind, Magneto is a [[genius]] within various scientific fields. He is an expert on [[genetic engineering|genetic manipulation]] and [[engineering]], with knowledge far beyond that of contemporary science. He can mutate humans in order to give them superhuman powers, create adult clones of human beings, and then manipulate the genetic structures of these clones during their development. He has designed magnetically-powered skycraft and spacecraft, complex robots and computers, and magnetically-powered generators and created artificial living beings, space stations, and machines that nullify mutant powers within a radius of several miles.

* Yusuf Halacoglu<ref name="yusuf_halacoglu" /> also analyzed the military records on the reasons given for the lost during "Tacir". He claims that 500 of the emigrants (deportees) were lost on the path of Erzurum-Erzincan, 2000 were lost around [[Urfa]], 2000 were lost around [[Mardin]]. Yusuf Halacoglu <ref name="yusuf_halacoglu" /> also analyzed the military records on the non-Armenian casualties related with deportations. He states that Armenians were not treated as prisoners, which gave them chance to respond to local populations during the migrations (deportations). He claims that there is no record on the initiation of the local conflicts with Armenians, but just around 5-6 thousand in Dersim, and grand total of this category in all areas reaches to 9-10 thousand.

==Inspirations==

====Holocaust Similarities====

[[Film director|Director]] of ''[[X-Men (film)|X-Men]]'' [[Bryan Singer]] has stated that while Xavier is partially based on [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] and [[Gandhi]], the modern depiction of Magneto is in part a derivative of [[Malcolm X]] and [[Meir Kahane]]. Others have compared Xavier to both King and X, while suggesting Lehnsherr's beliefs are more in line, from a mutant perspective, with those of [[Louis Farrakhan]] or [[Nat Turner]].

Turkish authorities also deny similarities with the '''[[Holocaust]]'''

==Other versions==

* Unlike the Armenians, the [[Jewish]] population of [[Germany]] and Europe did not agitate for separation. Armenian scholars reply that Holocaust deniers make similar false claims, namely the Jews agitated to destroy Germany by allying with the [[Soviet Union]] to bring [[Bolshevism]] into Germany.

===Earth-27===

In the Exiles comics, an alternate good version of Magneto living on Earth-27 falls in love with [[Rogue (comics)|Rogue]]. Magneto uses his powers to alter Rogue's DNA so they can touch and kiss. They have a child together, a son whom they name [[Magnus (Marvel Comics)|Magnus]], who has both his magnetic powers and the white streak in his auburn hair. Magnus quickly shows the potential to be an even more powerful master of magnetism than his father. Unfortunately, during his teens, Magnus develops his [[Secondary mutation|second mutation]], which turns anyone touched by his skin into immobile steel, never dying. Like his mother he cannot touch anyone. Magnus lives a lonely life, and is eventually forced to join the Exiles, a group of alternate reality mutants forced to repair broken realities. The Exiles first mission involves a reality where all superpowered individuals have been either exterminated or imprisoned. They are instructed to save the one individual who can save this broken reality. They mistakenly release a totally evil and depraved version of Professor Xavier who uses his mental powers without remorse or mercy. Magnus dies on the team's mission after giving his life to stop a dangerous bomb set by the leader of high security prison. After the Exiles learn that Magnus' corpse is trapped inside the Crystal Palace, they free it and return it to his homeworld, where Magnus is buried by his parents.

===Earth-295 (Age of Apocalypse)===

* Arguments disputing the similarities to the Holocaust are as follows: (a) there is no record of (neither from origination archives nor from destination archives in Syria) an effort to develop a systematic process and efficient means of killing, (b) there are no lists or other methods for tracing the Armenian population to assemble and kill as many people as possible, (c) there was no resource allocation to exterminate Armenians (biological, chemical warefare allocations), and the use of [[morphine]] as a mass extermination agent is not accepted; in fact, there was a constant increase in food and support expenses and these efforts continued after the end of deportations, (d) there is no record of Armenians in forced deportations being treated as prisoners, (e) the claims regarding prisoners apply only to the leaders of the [[Armenian militia]], but did not extend to [[ethnic profiling]]; the size of the security force needed to develop these claims was beyond the power of the [[Ottoman Empire]] during 1915, (f) there is no record of prisons designed or built to match the claims of a [[Holocaust]], (g) there were no public speeches organized by the central government targeting Armenians

[[Image:AoAmagneto.png‎|left|thumbnail|Magneto in the [[Age of Apocalypse]]. Art by [[Chris Bachalo]].]]

In the reality of the [[Age of Apocalypse|Age of Apocalypse (Earth-295)]], Magneto founds this world's X-Men after the death of his friend Charles Xavier, at the hands of Xavier's own son [[Legion (Marvel Comics)|David]] who traveled back in time to kill Magneto hoping to fulfill his "father's greatest wish".

He and the X-Men fight against the forces of this world's [[Apocalypse (comics)|Apocalypse]] who, without the interference of Xavier, was able to take over North America. [[Holocaust (comics)|Holocaust]], [[Mister Sinister|Sinister]], [[Mikhail Rasputin]] and [[Abyss (comics)|Abyss]] are Apocalypse's horsemen, and while Magneto's team is composed not only of X-Men but also of standard "evil" mutants from traditional timelines, including mutants such as Sabretooth, other individuals who are "heroes" in Earth 616 serve Apocalypse in this timeline.

=== The position of Turkish intellectuals ===

====Opposition====

{{Further|[[Historical revisionism (negationism)#Turkey and the Armenian genocide|Denial of Armenian genocide]]}}

In this timeline, Magneto is married to his former protege Rogue, and being able to touch due to his magnetic mastery over his own bio-aura, are able to have a son together who they name Charles, in honor of Xavier. Magneto and Charles are later personally captured by Apocalypse himself, though they are rescued by Rogue and the other Xmen, including Nate Grey, who raid Apocalypse's citadel in a desperate final attempt to save all of reality from M'Kraan crystallization.

Almost all Turkish intellectuals, scientists and historians accept that many Armenians died during the conflict, but they do not necessarily classify these events as genocide. Some academics point to the disputed number of mostly [[Kurd]]ish casualties killed by Armenians during the period, and argue that Armenians were ordered to relocate to save the victimized Kurds and Turks.

As the X-Men use the M'Kraan Crystal to send Bishop back in time to return the timeline to its proper course, Magneto and Nate Grey square off in one last fight against Apocalypse and Holocaust. Nate Grey jams the original fragment of the M'Kraan Crystal into Holocaust, crystallizing them both, while the battle between Magneto and Apocalypse ends with Magneto using his control of magnetism to rip the techno-organic Apocalypse in half. Following this, Manhattan Island and most of North America are enveloped in nuclear bombs.

In Switzerland, Turkish historian [[Yusuf Halacoglu]] faced charges of violation of Swiss laws against [[holocaust denial]] as a result of a speech he made in [[Winterthur]] in [[2004]], but nothing came of it, and he was quickly released.

It is later revealed that the day was saved by Jean Grey, who manifested the Phoenix Force at the point of near-death.

====Support====

Some Turkish intellectuals support the genocide thesis despite opposition from Turkish nationalists; these include [[Ragip Zarakolu]], [[Ali Ertem]], [[Taner Akçam]] and [[Halil Berktay]].

However, nobody realizes this, and everyone assumes it is Magneto, who immediately becomes a reluctant hero to a grateful humanity. The X-men then help rebuild America in record time, and Magneto is made Federal Director of Mutant Affairs of the government of the newly-restored United States of America, with the X-men deputized as a mutant police force sanctioned to bring to justice the remaining survivors of Apocalypse's regime. Just as the burden of maintaining the deception eventually begins to take its toll on an extremely-stressed Magneto, he is secretly visited by Mister Sinister (who everyone has assumed to have been killed by [[X-Man]] ), who reveals to him just what really happened when the bombs fell. Sinister offers his silence in exchange for Magneto's promises not to go looking for him and to let him have the body of Jean Grey, who is actually still alive. Magneto is forced to accept for the sake of preserving the current fragile peace of global mutant-human relations, which had improved primarily due to the general public's mistaken assumption that he had personally saved the world by single-handedly stopping nuclear armaggeddon. A subsequent scheme of revenge orchestrated by an embittered former x-man later forces Magneto to confess the truth to the rest of the shocked team of X-men. He is nearly killed by an enraged Weapon X, but is saved by the intervention of his wife. The X-men then proceed to stop Sinister from conquering the world using his own version of the Sinister Six (which consisted of brain-washed mutants including this world's version of Dark Phoenix) in a violent confrontation filled with many deaths, including those of both Gambit and Quicksilver. Grief-stricken and guilt-ridden, Magneto then voluntarily goes into US government custody as penance for his deception. While in jail awaiting trial, Magneto appoints a restored Jean Grey as the new leader of the Xmen in his absence.

The reasons why some Turkish intellectuals accept theses of genocide are threefold.

===Earth-311 (1602)===

First, they cite the fact that the organization members were criminals, and that those criminals were specifically sent to escort the Armenians. This is regarded as sufficient evidence of the government's criminal intent. Second, the fact that Armenians living outside the war zone were also removed, contradicts the thesis of military necessity put forward by the Ottoman government. Thirdly, it is argued that the thesis of simple relocation is flawed, due to the government's lack of dispositions which a “resettlement” would require. This lack of dispositions has been emphasized as evidence of the government's intent to eliminate the displaced Armenians. Dr. [[Taner Akçam]], a Turkish specialist, writes on this point:

In the alternate history of [[Marvel 1602|1602]], Magneto is known as Enrique, or the Grand Inquisitor, His true agenda is a mystery. Born a Jew in the Venice Ghetto, he was taken in by a Christian priest and baptised. The Christians later refused to let him be returned to his Jewish family, saying that giving him back to the 'Christ-killers' would damn his soul to Hell. Being unable to be reunited with his family left him psychologically scarred. When he grew up he became the leader of the Spanish Inquisition, and oversaw the Inquisition from Domdaniel. He was ordered to execute the witchbreed, but hid those who could pass off as normal. Enrique's only known followers are his children Petros and Sister Wanda (Quicksilver and the Scarlet Witch, who are unaware of their parentage, although Enrique is, and chooses not to tell them), and his spy in the Vatican, Toad. Enrique uses his position to further his needs and curry favour with influential figures, including King James of Scotland. Towards this end, he has all 'witchbreed' killed. While Enrique is attempting to have [[Archangel (comics)|Angel]] killed, the witchbreed is rescued by [[Iceman (comics)|Iceman]] and [[Cyclops (comics)|Cyclops]]. This does not deter Enrique, who continues on his path until Toad is discovered to be a witchbreed by the Pope's men, and to save his own life he sells out Enrique, Petros and Wanda. The trio are set to be sacrificed, but Enrique escapes and pursues many of the other heroes to America. However, the New World is under the threat of impending doom, and [[Reed Richards|Richard Reed]] determines that to restore balance, Enrique has to co-operate. With the help of Nick Fury and [[Thor (Marvel Comics)|Thor]], Enrique participates in the restoring of the world. He then tells his enemy, Carlos Javier, to train Petros and Wanda.

:The fact that neither at the start of the deportations, nor ''en route'', and nor at the locations, which were declared to be their initial halting places, were there any single arrangement required for the organization of a people's migration, is sufficient proof of the existence of this plan of annihilation.

===Earth-811 (Days of Future Past)===

These Turkish intellectuals believe that at the very least 600,000 Armenians lost their lives during the events, and they mostly use the Ottoman statistics of 800,000 or more. Fikret Adanir suggested that over a million died.

{{main|Days of Future Past}}

In this possible future, when Sentinel robots rule North America, Magneto is in a wheelchair and, like the rest of the surviving X-Men save [[Wolverine (comics)|Wolverine]], held in a mutant concentration camp, his powers suppressed by an inhibitor collar. It is implied but never stated that he devised the X-Men's plan to escape from the camp and send Kate Pryde's spirit back through time. When [[Franklin Richards]] is able to disable the inhibitors and the other X-Men flee the camp, Magneto stays behind to cover their escape and is presumably killed by the Sentinels.

====Earth-982 Orhan Pamuk =(MC2)===

While he has yet to be seen in the [[MC2]] comics, Magneto has inspired a few possible successors:

During a February 2005 interview with ''[[Das Magazin]]'', [[Orhan Pamuk]], a famous Turkish [[novelist]], made statements implicating Turkey in massacres against Armenians and persecution of the Kurds, declaring: "Thirty thousand Kurds and a million Armenians were killed in these lands and nobody but me dares to talk about it". Subjected to a [[hate speech|hate campaign]], he left Turkey, before returning in [[2005]] in order to defend his right to [[freedom of speech]]: "What happened to the Ottoman Armenians in 1915 was a major thing that was hidden from the Turkish nation; it was a taboo. But we have to be able to talk about the past".<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4527318.stm BBC News - "Author's trial set to test Turkey" - 14 December 2005]</ref> The Turkish government then brought criminal charges against him. On January 23, 2006, however, the charges of "insulting Turkishness" were dropped, a move welcomed by the EU - that they had been brought at all was still a matter of contention for European politicians.

*[[Magneta]]- She is '''The Mistress of Magnetism'''. She made her first appearance in the comic J2 wanting help to start her own proactive superhero team. She would later take up crime as a new member of [[The Revengers]] in [[Last Planet Standing]].

== The position of the international community ==

{{see also|Post Armenian Genocide timeline}}

*Charlie Philip- He first appeared in [[Spider-Girl]] #44, where he wanted to become a crime fighter with magnetic power (With a device he created to wear). He wanted to become Magneto, but without the bad attitude. He came across Spider-Girl when he tried to steal a superhero costume. His second appearance was in Spider-Girl #92 where he tried to secure/steal funds to become a super hero, this time posing as Magneto. He is stopped by Spider-Girl and [[X-People]] member [[Push (comics)|Push]].

===Academic recognition===

There is a general agreement among Western historians that the Armenian Genocide did happen. The [[International Association of Genocide Scholars]] (the major body of scholars who study genocide in North America and Europe), for instance, formally recognize the event and consider it to be undeniable. Some consider denial to be a form of [[hate speech]] or/and [[historical revisionism (political)|historical revisionism]].

=== Earth-1612 (Ultimate Magneto)===

Many newspapers for a long time would not use the word ''genocide'' without disclaimers such as "alleged" and many continue to do so. A number of those policies have now been reversed so that even casting doubt on the term is against editorial policy, as is the case with the ''[[New York Times]]''.

[[Image:Magneto-12.jpg|left|thumbnail|300|Magneto on the cover of Ultimate X-Men]]

In the [[Ultimate Marvel]] comics, Magneto, a.k.a. Erik Lehnsherr's background differs greatly from his mainstream history. He has given contradictory accounts of his past; he once told Cylcops how his entire family had died in the Holocaust, but he also claimed to come from a rich family who he no longer spoke with. His wife's name was Isabelle, and is aware from the beginning of his familial relationship with Quicksilver and Scarlet Witch. It is also noted that he verbally mistreats them, hinting that he regards them as a living reminder of having an inter-species relationship. An arrogant fantasist who gradually sank deeper and deeper into his self-proclaimed role as Mutant Messiah, Eric Lensherr eventually reinvented himself as Magneto, the leader of the [[Brotherhood of Evil Mutants|Brotherhood of Mutants]] and a ruthless terrorist who is willing to kill hundreds in the name of mutant supremacy.<ref>Ultimate X-Men #1</ref> Additionally, he was the one to cripple [[Professor X#Ultimate Charles Xavier|Professor X]].

In addition, Magneto helped Xavier to create the [[Savage Land#ultimate savage land|Savage Land]], using his knowledge of technology and genetics. He created an artificial language called Epsilon-Omega, based on [[Esperanto]] and featuring its [[artificial script|own script]], for mutants to use in the Savage Land, as a rejection of human languages. They even have plays, poetry and songs in this language.

===Official recognition===

However, this academic recognition has not always been followed by governments and media. Many governments, including the [[United States]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Israel]], [[Ukraine]], and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], do not officially use the word genocide to describe these events, due in part to their strong [[Foreign relations of Turkey|political]] and commercial ties with Turkey (such as the [[Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline]]), although some individual government officials have used the term. For example, on [[March 20]], [[2006]], Georgian Ambassador to Armenia [[Revaz Gachechiladze]] stated, "We sympathize with the sister nation but taking decisions of the kind we should take into account the international situation. When the time comes Georgia will do everything within the limits of the possible for the recognition of the Armenian Genocide by the international community including Georgia."<ref>[http://www.panarmenian.net/news/eng/?nid=16958 PanARMENIAN.Net - "When Time Comes Georgia Will Do Its Best for Armenian Genocide Recognition" - 20 March 2006]</ref>

This version of Magneto is significantly darker and more cynical than the mainstream version, regarding all humans with utter and unwavering disdain and likening them to "insects". On several occasions he has attempted to implement unflinchingly genocidal plans for humanity. He commands a noticeably larger Brotherhood than his mainstream counterpart and has displayed enough power to defeat the Ultimates (including Thor). Magneto was imprisoned following the events of "Return of the King", the sixth arc in the series. Aside from a brief mention in the [[Ultimate Six]] arc of [[Ultimate Spider-Man]], he was then unseen until "Magnetic North", the 12th arc and the final run for writer Brian K. Vaughan. Magneto was found to have hatched a scheme to escape, utilizing the willing cooperation of [[Forge]] and [[Mystique]] as well as the unknowing but amicable aid of Longshot's mutation for luck.

Although there is no federal recognition of the Armenian Genocide, 39 of the 50 U.S. states including [[Alaska]], [[Arizona]], [[Arkansas]], [[California]], [[Colorado]], [[Connecticut]], [[Delaware]], [[Florida]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Idaho]], [[Illinois]], [[Kansas]], [[Louisiana]], [[Maryland]], [[Massachusetts]], [[Michigan]], [[Minnesota]], [[Missouri]], [[Montana]], [[Nebraska]], [[Nevada]], [[New Hampshire]], [[New Jersey]], [[New Mexico]], [[New York]], [[North Carolina]], [[Ohio]], [[Oklahoma]], [[Oregon]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Rhode Island]], [[South Carolina]], [[Tennessee]], [[Utah]], [[Vermont]], [[Virginia]], [[Washington]], and [[Wisconsin]] recognize the events of 1915 to 1917 as genocide.

Magneto escapes by the end of the arc, leaving Mystique in his cell to impersonate him. He and Longshot then exit the Triskelion unharassed and Magneto makes it clear to Longshot that he has something different planned than any of his more typical world-domination schemes.

In recent years, parliaments of a number of countries with citizens of Armenian descent, have officially recognized the event as genocide. Two recent examples are [[France]] and [[Switzerland]]. Turkish entry talks with the [[European Union]] were met with a number of calls to consider the event as [[genocide]], though it never became a precondition.

Most recently, Magneto has shown up in the "Aftermath", following the death of Charles Xavier. Magneto has apparently freed Forge from prison, and there are signs that he is building something. Exactly where he is hiding is still unknown, but with Charles Xavier's death he now believes it's time to speed up his plan. He takes pleasure knowing his former friend is dead (unaware that he is in fact alive and was simply transferred into the future).

[[Image:Armeniangenociderecongition.jpg|thumb|150ppx|European nations in gold, who have accepted the genocide]]

Countries officially recognizing the Armenian genocide include [[Argentina]], [[Armenia]], [[Austria]], [[Belgium]], [[Canada]], [[Cyprus]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Greece]], [[Italy]], [[Lebanon]], [[Lithuania]], [[Netherlands|The Netherlands]], [[Poland]], [[Russia]], [[Slovakia]], [[Sweden]], [[Switzerland]], [[Uruguay]], [[Vatican City]] and [[Venezuela]].

===Earth-2149 (Marvel Zombies)===

In September 2004, President [[Mohammad Khatami]] of [[Iran]] visited the Armenian Genocide Memorial at Tsitsernakaberd in Yerevan.<ref>[http://www.ourararat.com/eng/e_rec.htm OurArarat.com - "International Affirmation And Recognition Of The Armenian Genocide"]</ref>

In the reality of [[Marvel Zombies]], Magneto is one of a few survivors following a plague that caused an [[zombie|undead-like]] effect in "super-powered beings". It is revealed in [[Marvel Zombies: Dead Days]] that he made a deal with the [[Sentry]] to bring him to [[Multiverse (Marvel Comics)#Alternate universes|Earth 2149]], but hadn't counted on him to infect the planet so rapidly. With his [[Acolytes (comics)|Acolytes]] either dead or having retreated to [[Asteroid M]], Magneto hides out with a small group of human survivors, a female cop, a lone father and his daughter. Ultimate [[Mister Fantastic|Reed Richards]] meets them in their hideout, a subway station. Magneto acknowledes the irony of working with normal humans, but believing that "Beggars can't be choosers when you're down to the last few people alive". Magneto learns the zombiefied Fantastic Four of his reality had tricked Reed, in a plan to allow the zombies to cross to Reed's universe for more victims. Reed and Magneto work together, first getting diabetic medicine for the young girl, then taking the civilians back to the dimensional teleporter that Reed had emerged from, although they require the aid of the rest of the Ultimate Fantastic Four to do so (It is interesting to note that Magneto is the first person outside of the team to explicitly refer to the Ultimate FF as 'superheroes'). After Richards escapes with all three of the civilian survivors and his teammates, Magneto stays behind, not wanting to die but acknowledging that he is the only one capable of destroying Richards' dimensional transporter so that zombies won't infect Earth-1610.

Magneto destroys the device and flees from the zombies. He is contacted by the Acolytes in Asteroid M, who offer to send a shuttle down; Magneto, however, refuses to let them risk infection, and says that he will find a way up to them somehow. Magneto decapitates the zombie [[Hawkeye (comics)|Hawkeye]] and steals [[Captain America's shield|Colonel America's shield]]. He attempts to decapitate him also but only succeeds in slicing off the top half of Colonel America's brain. Zombie Cap becomes very annoyed at this, demanding double rations when Magneto is caught. Magneto is soon confronted by more zombie hordes and prepares for a fight. He drops many of them with a rain of metallic debris, but is swiftly bitten by the zombie [[Wasp (comics)|Wasp]]. Magneto is pounced upon and devoured before turning, his last words being "''I hope you choke on me''!"

International bodies that recognize the Armenian genocide include the [[European Parliament]], the [[Council of Europe]], the [[European Parliamentary Assembly]], and the [[United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities]], the [[International Center for Transitional Justice]], based on a report prepared for [[Turkish Armenian Reconciliation Commission|TARC]], the [[Association of Genocide Scholars]], the [[Union of American Hebrew Congregations]], the [[World Council of Churches]], the [[Turkish Human Rights Organization]], the [[League for Human Rights]] <ref>[http://www.ldh-france.org/index.cfm League for Human Rights homepage]</ref>, the self declared [[Parliament of Kurdistan in Exile]]<ref>[http://www.cilicia.com/armo10i_kurdistan.html Cilicia.com - "Kurdistan Recognizes the Armenian Genocide"]</ref>, and the [[Permanent Peoples' Tribunal]].

== Impact on culture ==

=== Memorial ===

[[Image:Tsitsernakaberd.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Genocide memorial at the Tsitsernakaberd hill, [[Yerevan]]]]

The idea for the memorial came in [[1965]], at the commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the genocide. Two years later the memorial (by [[architect]]s Kalashian and Mkrtchyan) was completed at the Tsitsernakaberd hill above the [[Hrazdan]] [[gorge]] in [[Yerevan]]. The 44 metre [[Stela|stele]] symbolizes the national rebirth of [[Armenians]]. 12 slabs are positioned in a circle, representing 12 lost provinces in present day [[Turkey]]. In the centre of the circle, in depth of 1.5 metres, there is an eternal flame. Along the park at the memorial there is a 100 metre wall with names of towns and villages where massacres are known to have taken place. In [[1995]] a small underground circular [[museum]] was opened at the other end of the park where one can learn basic information about the events in [[1915]]. Some photos taken by [[Germany|German]] [[photographer]]s (Turkish allies during [[World War I]]) including photos taken by [[Armin Wegner]] and some publications about the genocide are also displayed. Near the museum is a spot where foreign statesmen plant trees in memory of the genocide.

Each April 24th (Armenian Genocide Commemoration Holiday) hundreds of thousands of people walk to the genocide monument and lay flowers (usually red carnations or tulips) around the eternal flame. Armenians around the world mark the genocide in different ways, and many memorials have been built in Armenian Diaspora communities.

===Art===

The well-known [[metal (music)|metal]] band [[System of a Down]], four musicians all of Armenian descent but living in California, frequently promote awareness of the Armenian Genocide. Every year, the band puts on a ''Souls'' concert tour in support of the cause. The band wrote the song "[[P.L.U.C.K.]] (Politically Lying, Unholy, Cowardly Killers)" about this genocide in their [[System of a Down (album)|eponymous debut album]]. The booklet reads: ''"System Of A Down would like to dedicate this song to the memory of the 1.5 million victims of the Armenian Genocide, perpetrated by the Turkish Government in 1915."'' Other songs, including the hit single "[[Chop Suey!]]" (from the album ''[[Toxicity (album)|Toxicity]]'') and the songs "[[X (song)|X]]" (''[[Toxicity (album)|Toxicity]]'') and "[[Holy Mountains]]" (''[[Hypnotize (album)|Hypnotize]]''), are also sometimes believed to be about the Armenian genocide.

The Armenian Genocide is also a popular theme in Armenian works of literature, and is a major theme of [[Atom Egoyan]]'s film ''[[Ararat (film)|Ararat]]'' (2002).

===Earth-9997 See also(Earth X)===

In [[Earth X]], Magneto resides in Sentinel City, a city he constructed after drawing all the Sentinels to the [[Savage Land]] and using the extra forces there, destroying all the sentinels and turning them into a city. He rules there with [[Toad (comics)|Toad]].

{{Commons|Armenian Genocide}}

{{Wikiquote}}

{{Wikisourcecat|Armenian Genocide}}

* [[Post Armenian Genocide timeline]]

* ''[[The Forty Days of Musa Dagh]]'', a [[novel]] by [[Franz Werfel]]

* ''[[Ararat (film)|Ararat]]'', a [[film]] by [[Atom Egoyan]]

* [[First Republic of Armenia]]

* [[Armenian diaspora]]

* [[Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia]]

* [[Historical revisionism (negationism)#Turkey and the Armenian genocide|Denial of Armenian genocide]]

* [[Assyrian genocide]]

* [[Adana massacre]]

* [[Hamidian massacres]]

* [[Aftermath of World War I]]

* [[Turkish War of Independence]]

* [[Turkish National Movement]]

* [[Treaty of Kars]]

* [[Treaty of Sèvres]]

* [[Treaty of Lausanne]]

* [[Mark Lambert Bristol]], United States High Commissioner in Turkey (1919-27).

* [[Foreign relations of the Republic of Turkey]]

* [[Accession of Turkey to the European Union]]

* [[Armenian quote]]

* [[History of Ottoman Armenia]]

* [[Fall of the Ottoman Empire]]

* [[Turkish-Armenian War]]

After the [[Celestial (comics)|Celestial]] is removed from the Earth, the resulting shifts due to the removal of the [[vibranium]] within the Earth shifts the magnetic poles such that Magneto is depowered and Toad is given all of Magneto's powers. Toad forces Magneto to constantly dance and humiliates him at every opportunity by forcing him to become a [[court jester|Jester]]. When the vibranium is restored, Magneto's powers are restored as well. Magneto then joins the other heroes in the fight against [[Absorbing Man|Creel]].

{{History of Armenia}}

{{History of Turkey}}

===X-Men: NotesFairy Tales===

In the second issue of the ''[[Marvel Fairy Tales#X-Men Fairy Tales|X-Men: Fairy Tales]]'' limited series, based on the African story [[The Friendship of the Tortoise and the Eagle]], Magneto appears as the eagle, alongside [[Professor X]] as the tortoise. Magneto/eagle has witnessed his family's slaughter when he was young, and had to teach himself to fly and survive. He has many 'demons' of his past that continue to haunt him, although while he is with his friend, [[Professor X]]/tortoise, they fade. When they come back to haunt him, he no longer believes in the friendship, thinking himself a danger to those around him.

<div style="font-size: 85%">

<references />

</div>

==ReferencesIn other media==

===Movies===

<div style="font-size: 85%">

[[Image:Magnetox3.jpg|thumb|175px|Sir [[Ian McKellen]] as Magneto in ''[[X-Men: The Last Stand]]'']]

* Akcam, Taner, From Empire to Republic: Turkish Nationalism and the Armenian Genocide, Zed Books, 2004

*Magneto was played by two-time Academy Award-nominee Sir [[Ian McKellen]] in the movie ''[[X-Men (film)|X-Men]]'' and its sequels, ''[[X2 (film)|X2: X-Men United]]'' and ''[[X-Men: The Last Stand]]''. In the first and third film, he is the main villain. In all of these films, he wishes for mutant prosperity, but is not above battling the X-Men or killing innocents to do so. He attempts to mutate the world leaders in the first film, though he is unaware of its lethality. In the second film he escapes from prison and becomes more ruthless, manipulating Xavier into killing humans (just after foiling [[William Stryker]]'s plan of vice versa). At the end of the third film, after attempting to destroy a mutant cure facility, Magneto is injected with the "cure" that strips him of his powers, although the final scene indicates it is wearing off.

* Akcam, Taner, A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility, Metropolitan Books, 2006

* {{cite book | author=Balakian, Peter | title=The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response | publisher=HarperCollins | year=2003 | id=ISBN 0060198400}}

* Bartov, Omer, Mirrors of Destruction: War, Genocide and Modern Identity, Oxford Univ. Press, 2000

* Dadrian, Vahakn, N., The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus, Berghahn Books, 1995

* Dündar, Fuat, Ittihat ve Terakki'nin Müslümanlari Iskan Politikasi (1913-18), Iletisim, 2001

* [[Robert Fisk|Fisk, Robert]], The First Holocaust. In ''The Great War for Civilisation - The Conquest of the Middle East''; (October 2005) London. Fourth Estate, pp.388-436. ISBN 184115007X

* Gust, Wolfgang, Der Völkermord an den Armeniern, Zu Klampen, 2005

* Lepsius, Johannes, Deutschland und Armenien 1914-1918, Sammlung diplomatischer Aktenstücke, Donat & Temmen Verlag, 1986

* Lewy, Guenter, The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide, University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, 2005 (NEW PUBLICATION)

* {{cite book | author=McCarthy, Justin | title=Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821-1922 | publisher=Darwin Press, Incorporated | year=1996 | id=ISBN 0878500944}}

* Melson, Robert, Revolution and Genocide. On the Origins of the Armenian Genocide and the Holocaust, The University of Chicago Press, 1996

* Power, Samantha, "A Problem from Hell": America and the Age of Genocide, Harper 2003

* Wallimann, Isidor (ed.): Genocide and the Modern Age: Etiology and Case Studies of Mass Death, Syracuse Univ. Press, 2000

* {{cite web | title=The Armenian Genocide: A Bibliography | work=University of Michigan, Dearborn: Armenian Research Center | url=http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/armenian/facts/gen_bib1.html | accessdate=March 18 | accessyear=2005}}

* {{cite web | title=The Armenian Genocide: A Supplemental Bibliography, 1993-1996 | work=University of Michigan, Dearborn: Armenian Research Center | url=http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/armenian/facts/gen_bib2.html | accessdate=March 18 | accessyear=2005}}

</div>

==External links=Cartoons===

{{list to prose (section)}}

* http://www.armeniadiaspora.com/followup/organizations.html &mdash; General list of Armenian Organizations (world scope)<br>

Magneto appeared in several Marvel cartoons from 1967 to 1991. Strangely, it was some time before he actually appeared on a show with the X-Men.

===Websites supporting the genocide theses===

* [http://www.armenocide.am Armenian Genocide Institute-Museum (Yerevan)]

* [http://www.gomidas.org The Armenian Genocide documentation series and books from the Gomidas Institute.]

* [http://www.armenocide.de Documents from German state archives on the Armenian genocide during the World War I, in German and English.]

* [http://www.hr-action.org/armenia/index.html Human Rights Action. Includes some quotes, fact sheets and denial attempts.]

* [http://history1900s.about.com/msub112.htm?once=true Learn more about this genocide through the resources including bibliography, quotes, and more.]

* [http://ermeni.org/turkce/vkayutyunner.php?tp=ea&lng=eng Eyewitness Accounts of the Genocide]

* [http://www.armenian-genocide.org Armenian National Institute]

* [http://www.genocideeducation.org The Genocide Education Project - Nonprofit Educational Organization]

* [http://www.teachgenocide.org TeachGenocide.org – Teaching Resources on the Armenian Genocide]

* [http://www.imprescriptible.fr French site with works and debunking revisionists]

* [http://www.genocide1915.info History, articles, petition, pictures, quotations, forum, videos..]

* [http://www.theforgotten.org The Armenian Genocide in English, Spanish, French, German, Italian, Turkish, Russian]

* [http://www.twentyvoices.com Life stories of twenty survivors of Armenian Genocide]

* [http://www.armeniapedia.org/index.php?title=Armenian_Genocide_Photos Armenian Genocide photos]

* [http://www.armeniangenocide.com/photos/ Armenian Genocide Photos & Forum]

*In the 1967 ''[[Spider-Man (1967 TV series)|Spider-Man]]'' cartoon, Spider-Man battled a scientist named Dr. Magneto wielding a magnetic gun in "The Revenge of Magneto". The character was (very) loosely based on the Magneto character from the comics, and more closely resembled [[Albert Einstein]].

====Media====

* [http://www.abc.net.au/foreign/content/2006/s1576063.htm Turkey - Facing up to the Past] ''Australian Broadcasting Corporation''

* [http://www.thejournalnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20050417/NEWS03/504170302/1019/NEWS03 Armenians to mark genocide] ''Rockland Journal-News''

* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4092933.stm BBC News article ''Turkey must admit Armenia dead''']

* [http://panarmenian.net/news/eng/?nid=12820 Australian Ryde City Officially Recognized Armenian Genocide and Called on Commonwealth Government to Do the Same]

* [http://piquancy.blogspot.com/2005/04/collective-conscience.html Hindustan Times columnist condemns Armenian genocide]

* [http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=05/04/22/1339201&mode=thread&tid=25 ''The Armenian Genocide: 90 Years Later Turkey Continues to Deny the Extermination of a People'']. 22:15 minute Real Audio. Guests: Peter Balakian, Zanku Armenian. Interviewer: Amy Goodman. [[Democracy Now!]]. Friday, [[April 22]] [[2005]]. Retrieved [[May 12]] [[2005]].

* [http://www.straightdope.com/columns/050520.html The Straight Dope: Was there genocide in early 20th century Armenia?]

* [http://users.ids.net/~gregan/ethics.html Professional Ethics and the Denial of Armenian Genocide: ''Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Vol. 9, Number 1, Spring 1995, pages 1-22''], Roger W. Smith, Eric Markusen and Robert Jay Lifton.

* Obelus.org [http://www.obelus.org/index.php?artID=14 Remembering the Armenian Genocide]

* [http://www.jihadwatch.org/dhimmiwatch/archives/008594.php Vahakn Dadrian responds to Guenter Lewy] Guenter Lewy published an article in the ''Middle East Quarterly'' (Fall 2005) denying the Armenian Genocide.

* [http://www.time.com/time/europe/magazine/article/0,13005,901051017-1113684,00.html Time Europe Magazine apologizes for its dissemination of a denialist propaganda DVD] ''Time Europe Magazine'', Vol. 166, No. 16, October 17, 2005, Letters.

*In the 1978 [[Fantastic Four (1978 TV series)|''Fantastic Four'']] cartoon, Magneto briefly took control of the team in "The Menace Of Magneto".

===Websites opposing the genocide theses===

* [http://www.turkishweekly.net/articletype.php?id=2 Turkish Weekly]

* [http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/yayinlar/yayin1/armenian.htm Turkish Historical Society]

* [http://www.kultur.gov.tr/portal/default_en.asp?belgeno=3306 Armenian Issue / Allegation Facts by Turkish Ministry of Culture]

* [http://www.ataa.org/ataa/ref/arm_book/arm_book.html Armenians in Ottoman official documents]

* [http://www.devletarsivleri.gov.tr/kitap/ Turkey's official site that contains Ottoman archives regarding the issue.]

* [http://www.mfa.gov.tr/MFA/ForeignPolicy/MainIssues/ArmenianAllegations/ Turkish ministry of foreign affairs.]

*[http://www.ataa.org/ataa/ref/ref.html Armenian Issue Revisited] By the Assembly of Turkish American Associations (ATAA)

*The solo [[Spider-Man (1981 TV series)|''Spider-Man'']] cartoon from 1981 featured Magneto in the episode "When Magneto Speaks... People Listen".

====Media====

* [http://www.washingtontimes.com/commentary/20050502-094118-2216r.htm Faruk Logoglu's article on Washington Times:To reconcile Turks and Armenians ] O. Faruk Logoglu is the former ambassador of Turkey to the United States.

* [http://www.turkishweekly.net/editorial.php?id=12 Dr. Sedat Laciner's article on The Journal of Turkish Weekly:The Armenian Issue: Inventing a Past] Dr. Sedat Laciner is a member of Turkish Armenian Relations National Committee and International Strategic Research Organization.

* [http://www.ataa.org/ataa/ref/armenian/fein.html Bruce Fein's article: An Armenian and Muslim Tragedy? Yes! Genocide? No!] Bruce Fein is an attorney and a frequent The Washington Times contributor

* [http://www.turkisharmenians.faithweb.com/articles/GenocidesByTurkey's.htm Bruce Fein's article:Genocides by Turkey's Armenian Genocide Critics]

* [http://www.meforum.org/article/748 Revisiting Armenian Genocide by Guenter Lewy] Guenter Lewy is professor emeritus of political science, University of Massachusetts, and the author of The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide (University of Utah Press, 2005).

* [http://www.turkishembassy.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=560&Itemid=275 Statement by Turkish Ambassador Nabi Şensoy on the PBS Program "The Armenian Genocide"]

*Magneto returned in ''[[Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends]]'', attempting to free his fellow mutants from prison in "The Prison Plot".

===Independent studies===

* [http://www.american.edu/cgp/track2/home.htm Track Two Diplomacy Program in Turkey and the Caucasus] by Center for Global Studies, American University

*Magneto was the main villain in the animated X-Men pilot ''[[Pryde of the X-Men]]'' - his first actual animated appearance battling the X-Men.

::[http://www.american.edu/cgp/track2/data/ArmeniaTurkeyFinalReportTESEV.doc Mutual Perceptions Research (Armenia/Turkey)] (*.doc file) "The Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation (TESEV) and the Armenian Sociological Association (HASA) have organized a Mutual Perceptions Research Project. Each group is carrying out sociological research to identify key issues of cultural understanding between the neighboring countries, including the perception of Turks by Armenians and of Armenians by Turks. The study focuses on the perceptions of the majority populations in each country. The combined results will constitute study findings. Representatives from each team met in Yerevan and fieldwork was undertaken in both countries. The results of the research were presented at an international seminar jointly organized by TESEV and HASA in Tbilisi, Georgia."

[[Image:Magani.png‎|thumb|right|Magneto's first appearance in ''[[X-Men Animated Series]]''.]]

* [http://www.tarc.info/ictj.htm International Center Transitional Justice (ICTJ) report] Turkish Armenian Reconciliation Commission (TARC)

*Magneto's voice was provided by [[David Hemblen]] in the animated television series ''[[X-Men (TV series)|X-Men]]''. In the series, he first appears in the third and fourth episodes where he launches a missile but it is stopped by the X-Men. Then he attacks a factory to draw Professor X out, but is stopped by the Professor's telepathy. In the first season finale, he helps the X-Men defeat the Master Mold and the Sentinels. He appears in nearly every episode in the second season, in which he and Professor Xavier are powerless and travel throughout the Savage Land. At the end of that season, all of the X-Men save them from Mr. Sinister, and they regain their powers. In the fourth season, he helps defeat Apocalypse. Later, he lives on Asteroid M until it is destroyed. Disheartened by the destruction of his Asteroid M mutant sanctuary, he does not care about even the impending assimilation of mankind by the [[Phalanx (comics)|Phalanx]], until he receives news from the Beast, Forge, Mr. Sinister and Amelia Voght that his son, Quicksilver, has been kidnapped by the [[Phalanx (comics)|Phalanx]] in the second part of the two-part fifth season premiere. He teams up with them to defeat the [[Phalanx (comics)|Phalanx]] and save everyone they had captured or assimilated. By the end of the series, he has gathered up an entire army of rebellious mutants, but receives news from Wolverine, Cyclops and Jean Grey that Professor Xavier is dying. He has Xavier say his goodbyes to the X-Men before he dies. Lilandra Neramani then takes Xavier to her planet where there is a suggestion that he may be cured.

::[http://www.tarc.info/ICTJ%20Memorandum%20Feb.%2003.pdf Full report] (*.pdf file) Armenian and Turkish versions of the report are also available on the above mentioned website.

* [http://alfreddezayas.com/Law_history/armlegopi.shtml The Genocide against the Armenians 1915-1923 and the relevance of the 1948 Genocide Convention], professor Alfred De Zayas report. Professor De Zaya is an ex-secretary of the United Nations Human Rights Committee.

*Magneto's voice was provided by [[Christopher Judge]] in the animated television series ''[[X-Men: Evolution]]''. During the show's first season he is a shadowy, mysterious manipulator where the X-Men, except for Professor Xavier, do not know of his existence, until the first X-Man, Wolverine, figures it out, although Magneto becomes a more direct threat from the first season finale. In the first season he uses his agent [[Mystique (comics)|Mystique]] to assemble a team of mutants ([[Brotherhood of Mutants|The Brotherhood]]), and even recruits his own son Quicksilver to spy on them. In the first season finale, he pits the Brotherhood against the X-Men and brings the winners to [[Asteroid M]] in an attempt to convince them to join his cause. His decision to leave Mystique behind leads her to betray him (although flashbacks indicate that they have been at odds since Magneto separated Mystique from her newborn son Nightcrawler), and their vendetta lasts throughout the second season. In the second season, Magneto personally recruits a new team, the Acolytes, de-ages himself using the same technology that created [[Captain America]], and finally reveals the existence of mutants to the public after the X-Men and Brotherhood fight off a Sentinel which was meant to destroy every mutant known. In this time his daughter [[Scarlet Witch|Wanda]] is introduced, who hates Magneto for abandoning her as a child and leaving her in a mental asylum (when asked about what specific event led to Magneto institutionalizing Wanda, ''X-Men: Evolution'''s head writer [[Greg Johnson]] stated that "There was no specific event. It was just years of him trying to handle a hostile, out of control child whose powers were promising to be very destructive if he didn't get her put away." [http://x-men.toonzone.net/qagreg2.php]). She hunts him down relentlessly until he uses the mutant Mastermind to change her memories, painting him in a new light. In the third and fourth seasons of the show, Magneto dedicates himself to preventing the awakening of the mutant [[Apocalypse (comics)|Apocalypse]], although all his attempts fail and upon Apocalypse's awakening he is transformed into one of his Four Horsemen after he is thought to have been killed by Apocalypse. He is freed of this enslavement in the finale episode ''Ascension: Part Two'', and is last seen being helped by his two children. In the final moments of the episode, Charles Xavier reveals that he witnessed the future in the mind of Apocalypse, and among the visions he saw was Magneto becoming an ally of the X-Men and training the New Mutants, like he did in the comics.

===Video games===

[[Image:Magnetolegends.PNG|right|thumbnail|Magneto as a playable character in the video game ''X-Men Legends II'']]

*Magneto has also appeared in most of the X-Men video game spinoffs, usually as a [[Boss (video games)|boss]] and sometimes as a playable character. His most notable appearances are in ''[[X-Men: Children of the Atom (arcade game)|X-Men: Children of the Atom]]'' and ''[[X-Men Legends]]'' (and [[X-Men Legends II|its sequel]]) which has been released on various platforms. In X-Men: Children of the Atom he was the non-playable boss of the game whom the players must defeat at his [[space station]] [[Avalon (Marvel Comics)|Avalon]]. His abilities rendered him very difficult to defeat. In [[Marvel Super Heroes (arcade game)|Marvel Super Heroes]] and [[X-Men vs. Street Fighter]] he returns as a playable yet weaker character. He is also a very popular character in ''[[Marvel vs. Capcom 2]]'' due to his high mobility and speed. He is one of the best characters in the game placing him in the so-called "god tier", along with [[Storm (comics)|Storm]], [[Cable (comics)|Cable]] and [[Sentinel (comics)|Sentinel]]. In X-Men Legends Magneto is again the non-playable boss of the game whom the X-Men must defeat at [[Asteroid M]]. In X-Men Legends II he is playable and is considered one of the top 4 characters in the game.

*Originally, Magneto did not even make an appearance in ''[[Marvel: Ultimate Alliance]]'', but was said to have been among the heroes who were defeated by Doctor Doom. However the new [[Xbox 360]] downloadable content features him as a playable character.

*A capeless and non-helmeted version of Magneto was a playable character in the game, ''[[Marvel Nemesis: Rise of the Imperfects]]''. In story mode, he is the last playable Marvel character in the game's story mode and like many Marvel heroes and villains in the story, is taken down and (possibly) killed (a strange "swooshing" sound is heard as he faints/dies, indicating that he actually indeed dies. As a sequel to Marvel Nemesis is scheduled for release later in 2007, he may be in it if he did not die.) by the most powerful Imperfect, [[Paragon (comics)|Paragon]], after she refuses his offer of an alliance (She mistakes him for Niles Van Roekel, the man who kidnapped her, annihilated her village, froze her for several centuries and mutated her).

*In ''[[X-Men Legends]]'', Magneto is voiced by the late [[Tony Jay]]. Like the other characters in the game, he appears in his Ultimate costume, though his personality and his relationship with Xavier is more similar to his 616 incarnation.

*In ''[[X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse]]'', Magneto was made the main playable character as part of the game's Brotherhood, and is voiced by [[Richard Green (actor)|Richard Greene]]. He sided with the X-Men when Apocalypse kidnapped Quicksilver.

*In X-Men 2: Clone Wars, Magneto served both as a boss and, for the first time in X-men video game history, as a playable character. Upon defeating him in the third level aboard [[Asteroid M]], Magneto joins the X-Men when he discovers that his entire crew had been assimilated by the alien [[Phalanx (comics)|Phalanx]] invasion.

*Magneto was one of the main villains in X-Men: Madness in Murderworld.

*In the [[Quake]] conversion [[X-Men: The Ravages of Apocalypse]], the player played a cyborg created by and working for Magneto.

===References in music===

*The album ''[[Venus and Mars]]'' by [[Wings (band)|Wings]] includes a song about [[superhero]]es called "Magneto and Titanium Man". Paul McCartney was said in the [[Bullpen Bulletins]] to have toured the Marvel offices soon after the album came out, and it was claimed that he was a fan of Marvel Comics. The song references the names of two other Marvel villains ([[Titanium Man]] and the [[Crimson Dynamo]]). In the song, the three supervillains try to convince the singer/narrator that a woman police officer trying to halt a bank robbery (which he is apparently in love with) is in fact the bank robber herself.

*Another song to mention Magneto is the [[Tearjerkers]]' "Comic Book Heroes" from the various artists compilation ''[[Through the Back Door]]'', in which some of the lyrics are "[[Doctor Octopus|Doc Ock]], [[Doctor Doom|Von Doom]] and Magneto, don't wanna be like them."

*Magneto is a song by the post-hardcore band Brigade, fronted by [[Charlie Simpson]]'s brother, Will.

*In the song "Space Game" by MC Lars, Magneto is mentioned alongside a long list of other fictional characters who 'can't stop him'.

*In the song "Physical Stamina" off [[Jeru tha Damaja]]'s [[Wrath of the Math]], rapper [[Afu-Ra]] states that he is "strong like the Juggernaut, electric like Magneto."

*In the song "Secret Wars" by rapper/producer the Last Emperor, in which rappers fight marvel characters, Magneto battles [[Ras Kass]].

===Toys===

*Magneto has appeared in the [[Marvel Legends]] toy line in Series 3 and in the [[X-Men]] Legends box set.

*[[Toy Biz]] produced a Magneto figure for their X-Men toy line in 2006. This figure was strongly based on Magneto from the [[X-Men: The Last Stand]] movie.

==Bibliography==

{{main|Bibliography of Magneto}}

==Trivia==

{{Trivia|date=June 2007}}

*A [[Jack Kirby]] close up image of Magneto's face was used as source material for [[Roy Lichtenstein]]'s ''[[Image Duplicator]]'' (1963).

*While Magneto is Jewish, for a while he maintained a cover identity as a [[Sinti|Sinte Gypsy]] while searching for his wife Magda. This created confusion amongst some readers as to his heritage,<ref name="RA">[http://www.adherents.com/lit/comics/Magneto.html ''The Religious Affiliation of Comic Book Character Erik Magnus Lehnsherr &ndash; Magneto'']. URL last checked 2007-01-14.</ref> until it was authoritatively confirmed that he is Jewish.<ref name="Protocols">Meth, Clifford. [http://www.silverbulletcomicbooks.com/masters/113040741184291.htm ''Protocols of the Elders of Marvel'']. URL last checked 2007-01-14.</ref><ref name="Newsarama">Quesada, Joe. [http://www.newsarama.com/NewJoeFridays/NewJoeFridays28.html "New Joe Fridays Week 28"] URL last checked 2007-01-14. </ref> This confusion probably stems from a comic book published in the early 1990s which attempted to retcon Magneto into being a Sinte, possibly because Marvel was preparing to make Magneto a deadly villain again in the crossover called "Fatal Attractions" and they did not want to draw accusations of anti-Semitism by having one of their main villains be Jewish. This attempted [[retcon]] was corrected a few years later when it was revealed that the name "Erik Lehnsherr" and the Sinte ethnicity were part of a cover identity, as mentioned above.

*In the [[SpongeBob SquarePants]] episode, [[Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy]], Magneto is parodied as "Reflecto".

*Due to the number of times Magneto has "died" and been brought back the comic book community has coined a phrase, "The more certain the death, the more certain the resurrection."

==References==

<div class="references-small"><references /></div>

==External links==

* [http://www.marvel.com/universe/Magneto_%28Magnus%29 Marvel Comics official biography of Magneto]

*[http://marvel.com/universe/Magneto_%28Ultimate%29 Marvel Comics official biography of Ultimate Magneto]

* [http://xmenfilms.net/ ''XMenFilms.net''] Popular Fan-Site with News, Photos, and More!

* [http://www.uncannyxmen.net/db/characters/showquestion.asp?fldAuto=673 Magneto's bio at UncannyXmen.net]

* [http://metaphilm.com/philm.php?id=109_0_2_0 Metaphilm: The Dark Wisdom of Erik Lensherr]

* [http://www.alara.net/opeople/xbooks/magjew.html Magneto is Jewish FAQ]

[[Category:GenocidesCharacters introduced in 1963]]

[[Category:HistoryFictional of Armeniamurderers]]

[[Category:HistoryFictional of Turkeyorphans]]

[[Category:WorldFictional War IPoles]]

[[Category:Fictional scientists]]

[[Category:Fictional terrorists]]

[[Category:Film characters]]

[[Category:Jewish comic book characters]]

[[Category:Marvel Comics characters who can fly]]

[[Category:Marvel Comics mutants]]

[[Category:Marvel Comics supervillains]]

[[Category:Marvel Comics titles]]

[[Category:Video game bosses]]

[[cada:Genocidi armeniMagneto]]

[[es:Magneto (cómic)]]

[[de:Völkermord an den Armeniern]]

[[eofr:ArmenaMagneto genocido(comics)]]

[[esit:Genocidio armenioMagneto]]

[[he:מגנטו (קומיקס)]]

[[fa:نسل‌کشی ارمنی‌ها]]

[[nl:Magneto]]

[[fi:Armenialaisten kansanmurha]]

[[no:Magneto]]

[[fr:Génocide arménien]]

[[pt:Magneto (Marvel Comics)]]

[[he:שואת הארמנים]]

[[ru:Магнето (комикс)]]

[[hr:Armenski genocid]]

[[fi:Magneto]]

[[hu:Örmény holokauszt]]

[[idsv:Genosida ArmeniaMagneto]]

[[it:Genocidio armeno]]

[[ja:アルメニア人虐殺問題]]

[[lt:Armėnų genocidas]]

[[nl:Armeense genocide]]

[[no:Armenia-massakren]]

[[pl:Rzeź Ormian]]

[[ru:Армянский геноцид]]

[[sl:Armenski genocid]]

[[sr:Геноцид над Јерменима]]

[[sv:Armeniska folkmordet]]

[[tr:Ermeni soykırımı iddiaları]]

[[uk:Геноцид вірмен в Туреччині]]