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:''For other uses, see [[Toast (disambiguation)]].''
[[Image:PS Krøyer - Hip hip hurra! Kunstnerfest på Skagen 1888.jpg|thumb|333px|''[[Cheering|Hip hip horray]]! Artists celebrating at Skagen'' by Danish painter [[P.S. Krøyer]], 1888]]
A '''toast''' is someone or something in [[honor]] of which people usually have a drink, the drink or honor itself, or the act ([[pledge]]) of indicating that honor.
For example, a person could be "the toast of the evening", for whom someone "proposes a toast" to congratulate and for whom a third person "toasts" in agreement.
The toast as described here is rooted in [[Western culture]], but certain cultures outside that sphere have their own traditions in which consuming a drink is connected with ideas of celebration and honor.
The description that follows explains the process of the toast in detail, including toasts that are of the more formal variety. However, merely raising one's glass towards someone or something and then drinking is essentially a toast as well, the message being one of goodwill towards the person or thing indicated.
== History ==
The practice of toasting originated in [[Ancient Greece]], at a time when fear of poisoning was a significant concern. To put guests at ease, the host would pour the guests' wine from a common decanter, take the first drink to demonstrate its safety, then raise his cup to the guests and invite them to drink in good health.
The word 'toast' became associated with the custom through the [[Ancient Rome|Ancient Romans]]' practice of putting pieces of [[Toast|toasted bread]] in their wine, to reduce the acidity of their wine and make it more drinkable.
==External links==▼
==Components of toasting==
[[Image:Prost oktoberfest.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Toasting at [[Oktoberfest]]]]The act of toasting consists of three parts: The verbal toast, the agreement, and imbibing a drink.
===Verbalization===
*In the verbal part, one person states a reason for the toast. This can be as simple as "cheers!" or "here's to good friends" or as complex as a conveying an [[anecdote]] followed by a statement of goodwill such as "wishing both of you a marriage that lasts forever".
===Agreement===
*People joining in the toast signify their agreement by lifting their drinks into the air, often accompanied by shouted or murmured sounds of agreement, either repeating the toast word (e.g., "cheers!") or confirming the sentiment with terms such as "Hear! Hear!", and often followed by touching one's [[drinkware]] against those of everyone else within reach.
*The principal part of this agreement, that of raising glasses, actually precedes the verbal element in many cases. This is the case when someone announces "raise your glass for a toast" and people do so. The person contributing the verbal element may then wait until everyone is in position before making a statement.
*One instance which specifically precludes a verbal agreement element is in the case of the "Immortal Memory" toast, traditionally drunk on [[Trafalgar Day]] at the [[Royal Navy]] dinner aboard the [[HMS Victory]] to the memory of [[Admiral]] [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson|Lord Nelson]]. This toast is made standing in total silence. The words of the toast itself, "The Immortal Memory", are said following a "Nelsonian" anecdote.
*Other "silent toasts" may be solemnly made without verbal agreement or touching glasses. This is appropriate for honoring a recently departed friend or a fallen hero.
*In many cultures, [[etiquette]] suggests that when two people touch glasses while toasting they make [[eye contact]] at the same time. Not looking into another's eye during a toast may signify a lack of trust and is said to bring seven years of bad luck.{{Fact|date=July 2007}}
===Imbibing===
*Imbibing a drink "seals" the toast. This can be a quick sip or a long draught, with no particular emphasis indicated either way in most cultures. However, in some cases (such as toasting with small glasses of [[vodka]] in [[Russia]] or certain [[Scandinavia|Scandinavian]] countries) there is an expectation that one drains the glass. In Japan, Korea, and China traditional liquors like gaoliang and [[soju]] are consumed from small glasses and it is common to toast with "Kanpai" ([[Japan]]) or "Ganbei" ([[China]] and [[Taiwan]]) which literally means "dry glass," thus downing the entire drink is appropriate.
*Placing one's glass down without drinking or holding one's glass without drinking while becoming distracted by some other activity is impolite. If a person does this willfully, it demonstrates that they do ''not'' agree with the toast for some reason (e.g., it was inappropriately ribald or advocated a political cause with which the person strongly disagrees). This negates the agreement previously indicted by the having one's glass raised.
*Many consider it bad luck to toast with an empty glass.
==Beverage choice==
*Toasting traditionally involves [[alcoholic beverages]]. [[Champagne (wine)|Champagne]] (or at least some variety of [[sparkling wine]]) is regarded as especially festive and is widely associated with [[New Year's Eve]] and situations of a sudden, congratulatory nature (such as learning that one has gained a lucrative business contract).
*There is no requirement that beverages contain alcohol, but it isn't uncommon for a person who is not drinking alcohol on a given occasion (but who is not a [[Teetotalism|teetotaler]] either) to take just a sip of an alcoholic beverage in honor of the toast in preference to a [[soft drink]].
*Often, drinks are mixed among participants, such as when some people drink [[sparkling cider]] instead of champagne.
*It is a tradition in the [[United States Navy]] that a toast is never to be made with water, this being said to indicate that the person so honored will be doomed to a watery grave. In general, toasting with water is regarded as bad luck by some and as insufficiently festive by others.
==Situations==
[[Image:Tv ds9 kor.jpg|thumb|333px|Toasting in a [[fictional universe]]: ''reH nay'meylIjyIn Dujablu'jaj'', a [[Klingon]] toast translated as "May your dishes always be served alive!"]]
Examples of traditional places for toasts include the following:
*At a [[wedding reception]], the [[best man]] usually proposes a toast in the form of best wishes and congratulations to the newlyweds.
*In [[Christmas]] celebrations in the [[United Kingdom]] and closely connected cultures, drinking [[wassail]] involves giving a toast to the season and often floating a piece of toasted bread in one's cup (the term "toast" may come from this practice). The wassail toast is almost unknown in the United States.
==Worldwide==
In many cultures, toasting is common and to not do so may be a breach of etiquette. The most common toasts either have "good luck" or "good health" as the one-word theme. Examples include "Ya mas" ([[Greece]]), "Prost" ([[Germany]] and [[German language|German]]-speaking places), "Skål" ([[Denmark]], [[Norway]] and [[Sweden]]), "Santé" ([[France]] and [[Québec]]), "Sláinte" ([[Ireland]] and among speakers of [[Scots Gaelic]]), "Iechyd Da" ([[Wales]]) "L'Chaim" ([[Israel]] and [[Jewish]] communities worldwide), "Salute" and "Cin cin" ([[Italy]]) (or "Tin tin" in [[Brazil]]), "Saúde" ([[Portugal]] and [[Lusophone]] countries), "Salud" ([[Spain]] and [[Hispanic]] countries) and "Kanpai" ([[Japan]]).
===Canada and the United States===
Americans rarely toast before drinking, something that people from other cultures may find surprising or even rude. But where someone remembers, the following guidelines apply to toasting in Anglophone Canada and the United States:
*Most people will lightly touch glasses when giving a toast, often saying "toast", "cheers" or a short phrase such as "to us". In some groups toasting without touching glasses is increasingly popular and is regarded by some as a slightly more sophisticated mode of behavior. In other groups toasting without touching glasses is considered rude, as if you are not one of the group and have no desire to be. The notable exception to this is at large parties where touching everyone's glass is almost impossible.
*Except during formal occasions such as a wedding or an anniversary party for which a [[function hall]] has been rented, it is not very common to "propose a toast" in the more formal sense. However, when someone does make such a gesture, it is almost invariably met with approval regardless of the setting or the occasion.
*If someone wants to "propose a toast as well", this second toast should have a different focus than the first, such as acknowledging the impending college graduation of person in the room when the first toast congratulated someone regarding their birthday. Ideally, this toast is briefer than the first so as not upstage it. Subsequent toasts, if any, should even more succinct (e.g., "... and to Bill's new house").
*Americans and Anglophone Canadians typically toast only once per gathering, if at all. Even lifting one's glass and toasting each time a new drink is poured isn't in line with local etiquette and, while not impolite, may be seen as a bit tedious.
*At the [[Royal Military College of Canada]] the traditional toast is to ''absent comrades,'' meaning those who have fallen in combat or who had died.
===The Caucasus===
Among the peoples of [[Caucasus]], [[Georgian people|Georgians]] and [[Armenian people|Armenians]] in particular, toasts are a matter of elaborate traditions and rituals, with toasting speeches being an important type of the folk tradition. Usually a toast speech starts with a kind of [[parable]] or [[metaphor]] and concludes with a [[Punch line|punchline]] constituting the actual toast. The most artful toast is one in which the topic of the parable is apparently unrelated to the occasion of the moment but whose conclusion most unexpectedly fits the occasion. This is a short but typical example:
<blockquote>"A bird spotted a glittering necklace in the King's treasury and stole it away. Happy, it flew very high, higher than the highest mountains. Suddenly a gust of wind tore the necklace's string, and the precious gems scattered all over the world... It is a great luck that one of them landed by our table today. Cheers to Maria!"</blockquote>
==See also==
* [[Libation]]
* [[Toasts of the Royal Navy]]
▲==External links==
*[http://www.bier-lexikon.lauftext.de/prost-3.htm Make a toast in 50 other languages]
[[Category:
[[Category:Ceremonial food and drink]]
[[Category:Etiquette]]
[[
[[de:Prosit]]
[[es:Brindis]]
[[fr:Trinquer]]
[[it:Prosit]]
[[nl:Proosten]]
[[ja:乾杯]]
[[ru:Тост]]
[[sv:Skål (gest)]]
[[yi:לחיים]]
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