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[[image:Hemmings_blowup.jpg|thumb|right|200px|David Hemmings in ''[[Blowup]]'']]
{{Infobox musical artist
'''David Hemmings''' ([[18 November]], [[1941]] – [[3 December]], [[2003]]) was an [[England|English]] [[film|movie]] [[actor]] and [[film director|director]], whose most famous role was the [[photographer]] in [[Michelangelo Antonioni]]'s ''[[Blowup]]'' in 1966 (opposite [[Vanessa Redgrave]]), one of the films that best represented the spirit of the 1960s. Although initially an attractive leading man, he was increasingly cast as a villain in the latter stages of his career, when his waistline expanded and his looks deteriorated.
|Name = Sofia Gubaidulina
|Img = Gubaidulina©photoDSmirnov81.jpg
|Img_capt = Sofia Gubaidulina in Sortavala, 1981
|Img_size = 200px
|Background = non_performing_personnel
|Birth_name = Sofia Asgatovna Gubaidulina
|Alias =
|Born = [[October 24]] [[1931]]
|Origin = [[Chistopol]], [[Tatarstan]]
|Died =
|Instrument =
|Genre =
|Occupation = [[Composer]]
|Years_active =
|Label =
|Associated_acts =
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|Notable_instruments =
}}
'''Sofia Asgatovna Gubaidulina''', ([[Russian language|Russian]] '''София Асгатовна Губайдулина''') (born [[October 24]], [[1931]]) is a [[Russia]]n-[[Tatar]] [[composer]].
==Career==
===Early performances===
Born in [[Guildford]], [[Surrey]], he started his career as a boy [[soprano]], appearing in several works by [[Benjamin Britten]], who formed a close friendship with him at this time. Most notably, he created the role of Miles in the opera ''[[The Turn of the Screw (opera)|Turn of the Screw]]''. Hemmings' intimate, yet innocent, relationship with Britten is described in John Bridcut's ''[[Britten's Children]]''.
===Film and television work===
Gubaidulina was born in [[Chistopol]], in the [[Tatarstan|Tatar Republic]]. In her youth she would spend much time praying in the fields near her home that she may one day become a composer. She studied composition and piano at the [[Kazan]] Conservatory, graduating in 1954. In [[Moscow]] she undertook further studies at the Conservatory with [[Nikolay Peyko]] until 1959, and then with [[Shebalin]] until 1963.
Hemmings then moved on to an [[acting]] and directing career in the [[film|cinema]]. He made his first film appearance in 1954, but it was in the mid-sixties that he first became well known as a pin-up and film star. [[Antonioni]], who detested the "Method" way of acting, sought to find a fresh young face for the lead in his next production. It was then that he found Hemmings, at the time acting in small stage theatre in London. Following ''Blowup'', Hemmings appeared in a string of major British films, including ''[[Camelot (musical)|Camelot]]'' (1967), ''[[The Charge of the Light Brigade (1968 film)|The Charge of the Light Brigade]]'' (1968) and ''Alfred the Great'' (1969) (in which he played the title role). In keeping with his standing as a 1960s icon, he also appeared in ''[[Barbarella (film)|Barbarella]]''.
During her studies in [[Soviet]] Russia, her music was labeled "irresponsible" for its exploration of alternative [[musical tuning|tunings]]. She was supported, however, by [[Dmitri Shostakovich]], who in evaluating her final examination encouraged her to continue down her "mistaken path".
During this time, however, she was allow to express her modernism in various scores she composed for documentary films, including the 1968 production, ''On Submarine Scooters'', a 70mm film shot in the unique [[Kinopanorama]] widescreen format.
In the mid-1970s Gubaidulina founded Astreja, a folk-instrument improvisation group with fellow composers [[Viktor Suslin]] and [[Vyacheslav Artyomov]]. In [[1979]] she was blacklisted as one of the "[[Khrennikov's Seven]]" at the Sixth Congress of the [[Union of Soviet Composers]] for unapproved participation in some festivals of Soviet music in the West.
In the early 1980s Gubaidulina became better known abroad through [[Gidon Kremer]]'s championing of her violin concerto ''[[Offertorium (Gubaidulina)|Offertorium]]''. She later composed a homage to [[T. S. Eliot]], using the text from the poet's spiritual masterpiece ''[[Four Quartets]]''.
In 2000 Sofia Gubaidulina, along with [[Tan Dun]], [[Osvaldo Golijov]], and [[Wolfgang Rihm]], was commissioned by the Internationale Bachakademie Stuttgart project to write a piece for the Passion 2000 project in commemoration of [[Johann Sebastian Bach]]. Her contribution was the ''[[Johannes-Passion (Gubaidulina)|Johannes-Passion]]''. In 2002 she followed this by the ''[[Johannes-Ostern (Gubaidulina)|Johannes-Ostern]]'' ("Easter according to John"), commissioned by Hannover Rundfunk. The two works together form a "diptych" on the death and resurrection of Christ, her largest work to date.
She was thrilled that her work ''[[The Light at the End]]'' preceded Beethoven's [[Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)|Symphony No. 9]] in the 2005 proms.
== Music ==
Gubaidulina's music is marked by the use of unusual instrumental combinations. In ''In Erwartung'', she combines percussion and saxophone quartet. She has written pieces for Japanese [[Koto (musical instrument)|koto]] and Western orchestra.
=== Numerical mysticism ===
In the early 1980s, she began to use the [[Fibonacci sequence]] as a way of structuring the form of the work. The sequence was especially appealing because it provides a basis for composition while still allowing the form to "breathe". It plays a prominent role in such pieces as ''Perception'', ''Im Anfang war der Rhythmus'', ''Quasi hoketus'' and the symphony ''[[Stimmen Verstummen|Stimmen... Verstummen...]]'').
Later the Lucas and Evangelist series, sequences derived from that of Fibonacci, were added to her repertoire.
Ca. 1967 Hemmings was also briefly considered for the role of Alex in a planned film version of Anthony Burgess' controversial novel ''[[A Clockwork Orange]]'' which was to be based on a screen treatment by satirist [[Terry Southern]] and British photographer [[Michael Cooper]]. Cooper and The Rolling Stones were reportedly upset by the move and it was decided to return to the original plan in which [[Mick Jagger]] would play Alex, with the rest of [[The Rolling Stones]] as his [[droog]] gang, but the production was shelved after Britain's chief censor, the [[Lord Chamberlain]], indicated that he would not permit it to be made. <ref>Lee Hill - ''A Grand Guy: The Lief and Art of Terry Southern'' (Bloomosbury, 2002), p.149</ref> Another (Italian) cult movie in which Hemmings was a pianista involved in a serial killer story is the 1975 thriller ''[[Profondo Rosso]]'' (also known as <i>Deep Red</i> or <i>The Hatchet Murders</i>) directed by [[Dario Argento]].
== Awards and recognition ==
In 1978 Hemmings directed [[David Bowie]] and [[Marlene Dietrich]] in ''[[Schöner Gigolo, armer Gigolo]]'' (also known as ''Just a Gigolo''). The film was poorly received, Bowie describing it as "my 32 [[Elvis Presley]] movies rolled into one".<ref name="The Future Isn't What It Used to Be">Angus MacKinnon (1980). "The Future Isn't What It Used to Be". ''[[NME]] ([[13 September]] [[1980]])'': pp.32-37</ref> Hemmings directed a film version of [[James Herbert]]'s novel ''The Survivor'', starring [[Robert Powell]] and [[Jenny Agutter]], in 1981. Throughout the 1980s he also worked extensively as a director on television programmes including ''[[Magnum, p.i.]]'' (in which he also played characters in several episodes), ''[[The A-Team]]'' and ''[[Airwolf]]'', in which he also played the role of [[Dr. Charles Henry Moffett]], Airwolf's twisted creator, in the Pilot and the fan favourite second season episode 'Moffett's Ghost'. He once joked, "People thought I was dead. But I wasn't. I was just directing The A-Team." In 1984 he directed the puzzle contest video ''[[Money Hunt: The Mystery of the Missing Link]]''.
Gubaidulina has received the Prix de Monaco (1987), the Premio Franco Abbiato (1991), the Heidelberger Künstlerinnenpreis (1991), the Russian State Prize (1992), the SpohrPreis (1995), the Praemium Imperiale in Japan (1998), the Sonning Prize in Denmark (1999), the [[Polar Music Prize]] in Sweden (2002), the Great Distinguished Service Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (2002) and the Living Composer Prize of the Cannes Classical Awards in 2003.
In 1992 he returned to the voyeuristic preoccupations of his ''Blowup'' character with a plum part as the [[Big Brother]]-esque villain in the season three opener for ''[[Tales From the Crypt]]''. In more recent years he had a role in the hit [[Russell Crowe]] film, ''[[Gladiator (film)|Gladiator]]'', in 2000. His last major role was in the movie ''[[Last Orders (film)|Last Orders]]'', the following year.
In 2004, she was elected as a foreign honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters.
Hemmings died of a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]], aged 62, in [[Romania]], on the film set of ''Blessed'', (working title ''Samantha's Child'') after playing his scenes for the day.
== Quotations ==
===Music===
* "I am a religious person...and by 'religion' I mean re-ligio, the re-tying of a bond...restoring the legato of life. Life divides man into many pieces...There is no weightier occupation than the recomposition of spiritual integrity through the composition of music."
In 1967 Hemmings recorded a pop single ("Back Street Mirror", written by [[Gene Clark]]) and an album, ''[[David Hemmings Happens]]'', in [[Los Angeles]]. The album featured instrumental backing by several members of [[the Byrds]], and was produced by Byrds mentor [[Jim Dickinson]]. Hemmings also later provided the narration for [[Rick Wakeman]]'s [[prog rock]] adaptation of [[Jules Verne]]'s ''[[Journey to the Centre of the Earth (album)|Journey to the Centre of the Earth]]''. In 1975 he starred as Bertie Wooster in the short-lived [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]] musical, ''[[Jeeves (musical)|Jeeves]]''. Hemmings also managed the career of Canadian rocker [[Pat Travers]] during the latter half of the 1970's.
==Personal Works life==
Living up to his glamorous image, Hemmings married four times, the most famous of his wives being the [[Fort Worth, Texas]]-born actress and long-term British resident, [[Gayle Hunnicutt]], mother of his son, [[Nolan Hemmings]].
* Quintet for piano, two violins, viola, and violoncello (1957)
* Piano Sonata (1965)
*''Night in Memphis'' cantata (1968)
*''Musical Toys'' fourteen piano pieces for children (1969)
*''Vivente - Non Vivente'' for electronics (1970)
*''Concordanza'' for chamber ensemble (1971)
*String Quartet No. 1 (1971)
*''Ten Preludes'' for solo cello (1974)
*''Rumore e silenzio'' for percussion and harpsichord (1974)
*''Hour of the Soul'' poem by Marina Tsvetaeva for large wind orchestra and mezzo-soprano/contralto (1974), for percussion, mezzo-soprano, and large orchestra (1976)
*Sonata for double bass and piano (1975)
*Concerto for bassoon and low strings (1975)
*''Hell und Dunkel'' for organ (1976)
*''Two Ballads'' for two trumpets and piano (1976)
*Trio for three trumpets (1976)
*''Lied ohne Worte'' for trumpet and piano (1977)
*Duo sonata for two bassoons (1977)
*''Lamento'' for tuba and piano (1977)
*''Misterioso'' for 7 percussionists (1977)
*''Introitus'' concerto for piano and chamber orchestra (1978)
*''In Croce'' for cello and organ (1979), for bayan and cello (1991)
*''Jubilatio'' for 4 percussionists (1979)
*''Offertorium (Жертвоприношение)'' (1980, rev. 1982, 1986)
*''Garten von freuden und traurigkeiten'' for flute, viola, harp and narrator (1980)
*''Perception'' for soprano, baritone (speaking voices) and 7 string instruments (1981, rev. 1983, 1986)
*''Descensio'' for 3 trombones, 3 percussionists, harp, harpsichord and piano (1981)
*''Sieben Worte'' for cello, bayan, and strings (1982)
*''Quasi hoquetus'' for viola, bassoon, and piano (1984)
*''Hommage à T.S. Eliot''
*''Hommage à Marina Tsvetayeva'' for a capella choir
*''[[Stimmen Verstummen|Stimmen... Verstummen...]]'' symphony in twelve movements (1986)
*''Rejoice!'' (Sonata for violin and cello)
*String Trio (1988)
*''Jauchzt vor Gott'' for mixed choir and organ (1989)
*''The Unasked Answer (Antwort ohne Frage)'' collage for three orchestras (1989)
*''Alleluja'' for mixed chorus, boy soprano, organ and large orchestra (1990)
*''Hörst Du uns, Luigi? Schau mal, welchen Tanz eine einfache Holzrassel für Dich vollführt (Слышишь ты нас, Луиджи? Вот танец, который танцует для тебя обыкновенная деревянная трещотка)'' for six percussionists (1991)
*''Aus dem Studenbuch'' on a text of Rainer Maria Rilke for cello, orchestra, male choir, and a woman speaker (1991)
*''Gerade und ungerade (Чет и нечет)'' for seven percussionists, including cymbalom (1991)
*''Silenzio'' for bayan, violin, and cello (1991)
*''Lauda'' for alto, tenor, baritone, narrator, mixed choir, and large orchestra (1991)
*''Stufen'' for orchestra (1992)
*''Tartarische Tanz'' for bayan and two contrabass (1992)
*''Dancer on a Tightrope (Der Seiltänzer)'' for violin and [[string piano]] (1993)
*''Jetzt immer Schnee (Теперь всегда снега)'' on verses of Gennadi Aigi for chamber ensemble and chamber choir (1993)
*''Meditation über den Bach-Choral "Vor deinen Thron tret' ich hiermit" for cymbalom, two violins, viola, cello, and contrabass (1993)
*''Рано утром перед пробуждением'' for three 17-string Japanese bass kotos and four 13-string Japanese kotos (1993)
*''Allegro Rustico: Klänge des Waldes'' for flute and piano (1993)
*''And: The Feast is in Full Procession (И: Празднество в разгаре)'' for viola and orchestra (1993)
*String Quartet No. 4 with tape (1993)
*''In Erwartung (В ожидании)'' for saxophone quartet and six percussionists (1994)
*''Ein Engel'' for alto and double bass (1994)
*''Figures of Time (Фигуры времени)'' for large orchestra (1994)
*''Aus der Visionen der Hildegard von Bingen'' for alto (1994)
*''Music for flute, strings, and percussion'' (1994)
*''Impromptu'' for flute (flute and alto flute), violin, and strings (1996)
*''Quaternion'' for cello quartet (1996)
*''Galgenlieder à 3'' fifteen pieces for mezzo-soprano, percussion, and contrabass (1996)
*''Galgenlieder à 5'' fourteen pieces for mezzo-soprano, flute, percussion, bayan, and contrabass (1996)
*Concerto for viola and orchestra (1996)
*''Ritorno perpetuo'' for cymbalom (1997)
*''The Canticle of the Sun of St Francis of Assisi'' for cello, chamber choir, and orcestra (1997)
*''Im Schatten des Baumes (В тени под деревом)'' for koto, bass koto, zheng, and orchestra (1998)
*''Two Paths: A Dedication to Mary and Martha'' for two viola solo and orchestra (1998)
*''Johannes-Passion'' for soprano, tenor, baritone, bass, two mixed choirs, organ, and large orchestra (2000)
*''Risonanza'' for three trumpets, four trombones, organ, and six strings (2001)
*''Johannes-Ostern'' for soprano, tenor, baritone, bass, two mixed choirs, organ, and large orchestra (2001)
*''The Rider on the White Horse'' for large orchestra and organ (2002)
*''Reflections on the theme B-A-C-H'' for string quartet (2002)
*''Mirage: The Dancing Sun'' for eight violoncelli (2002)
*''On the Edge of Abyss'' for seven violoncelli and two [[waterphone]]s (2002)
*''The Light of the End (Свет конца)'' for large orchestra (2003)
*''Under the Sign of Scorpio'' variants on six hexachords for [[Bayan (accordion)|bayan]] and large orchestra (2003)
*''Verwandlung (Transformation)'' for trombone, saxophone quartet, violoncello, double bass, and tam-tam (2004)
*''...The Deceitful Face of Hope and Despair'' for flute and orchestra (2005)
*''Feast During a Plague'' for large orchestra (2006)
*''The Lyre of Orpheus'' for violin, percussion, and strings (2006)
==Appearances in popular culture==
== Discography ==
He was mentioned twice in the ''[[Monty Python's Flying Circus]]'' TV show (series 1, episode 8 - "Full Frontal Nudity"). The first time was at the beginning of the episode with the caption "In this performance the part of David Hemmings will be played by a piece of wood", the second time being at the end of the episode with the voice over "David Hemmings appeared by permission of the National Forestry Commission."
==Further reading==
*''[[The Canticle of the Sun]]'' (1997) and ''[[Music for Flute, Strings, and Percussion]]'' (1994). The first performed by cellist and conductor [[Mstislav Rostropovich]] and [[London Voices]] conducted by [[Ryusuke Numajiri]], the second by flutist [[Emmanuel Pahud]] and the [[London Symphony Orchestra]] conducted by Rostropovich. Gubaidulina attended the recording of both pieces.
[[Image:Hemmings.Autobiography.jpg|right|150px|thumb|David Hemmings' autobiography ''Blow Up... and Other Exaggerations'']]
*''[[St. John Passion]]'' (2000). Performed by [[Natalia Korneva]], Soprano; [[Viktor Lutsiuk]], Tenor; [[Fedor Mozhaev]], Baritone; [[Genady Bezzubenkov]], Bass; [[St. Petersburg Chamber Choir]] (dir. Nikolai Kornev); [[Choir of the Mariinsky Theatre St. Petersburg]] (dir. Andrei Petrenko); [[Orchestra of the Mariinsky Theatre St. Petersburg]] conducted by [[Valery Gergiev]]. World premiere recorded live at the European Music Festival in Stuttgart, 01.09.2000.
David Hemmings (2004). ''Blow Up... and Other Exaggerations: The Autobiography of David Hemmings''. ISBN 1-86105-789-X.
==Notes==
== External links ==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*[http://www.classical.net/music/comp.lst/gubaidulina.html Classical.net: Sofia Gubaidulina]
* {{imdb name|id=0376101|name=David Hemmings}}
*[http://www.schirmer.com/composers/gubaidulina_bio.html Schirmer: Sofia Gubaidulina]
* [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=8168108 David Hemmings at Find-A-Grave]
*[http://web.ukonline.co.uk/fay.neary/gubaidulina/ Structural Symbolism in the Music of Sofia Gubaidulina] Fay Neary
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/obituaries/story/0,3604,1100256,00.html#article_continue Obituary by Tim Pulleine (5 December 2005). ''The Guardian'']
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20040405061319/www.hqheadquarters.com/blowup/blowup.htm A collection of pictures taken on the set of ''Blowup'']
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