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==Need for team building==
A '''Warrant Officer''' ('''WO''') is a member of a military organization holding one of a specific group of [[military rank|ranks]]. In most countries they are effectively senior [[non-commissioned officer]]s, although technically in a class of their own between NCOs and [[commissioned officer]]s. In the [[Military of the United States|military of the United States]], however, officers at the Chief Warrant Officer level are in fact commissioned officers and are afforded the same privileges and courtesies, such as terms of address and salutes, as other commissioned officers.
Modern [[society]] and [[culture]] continues to become more fluid and dynamic. Factors contributing to this include the [[communication]]s revolution, the [[global market]] and the ever-increasing [[specialization]] and [[division of labor]]. The net effect is that individuals are now required to work with many different [[Group (sociology)|group]]s of people in their professional as well as personal lives. Joining a new [[Group (sociology)|group]] and immediately being expected to get along with them is somewhat unnatural. People have developed methods to help people adapt to the new requirements. All kinds of companies face the same difficulties. As yet there is no generally agreed solution to the problem - it may not even be possible given the thousands of years of [[cultural evolution]] that brought us to our present [[behavior]] patterns.
==Team building ingredients==
==Australia==
Ingredients seen as important to the successful set-up and launch of such team efforts include:
*Selection of participants
Warrant Officers in the [[Australian Defence Force]] are the senior non-commissioned ranks.
*Establishing goals
*Allocation of roles within the team
*Harmonizing personality types
*Training on how to work together
*Support within the team
*Making effective use of resources
*Communication between team members and leaders
There have been no empirical studies that have been tested in any of the assumptions made by the following group theorists.
===Royal Australian Navy===
===Selection of participants===
The [[Royal Australian Navy|RAN]] has two Warrant Officer ranks. The first is '''Warrant Officer''' (WO), and is equivalent to an Army Warrant Officer Class One (WO1). The insignia for a WO in the RAN is the Australian coat of arms. Beneath the rank of WO, and equivalent to the Army's WO2 is [[Chief Petty Officer]] (CPO).
The first important ingredient for team building is selecting of participants to be in the activity. The team leader usually looks for specific things in his or her members in order to ensure success in the project. It is very important to have members that have confidence and are able to build trust among the other participants. A participant must also break out of his or her shell and become a leader. Most importantly, the participant must have a positive attitude at all times (LaFasto 3). Sometimes it is helpful to have an assessment each member has to fill out at the end of a team building experience to help in selecting participants in the future. The authors of ''When Teams Work Best'' collected 15,000 assessments that team members had to fill out about their fellow teammates. In the assessment there were only two questions asked: (1) What strengths does this person bring to the team? (2) What might this individual do to contribute more effectively to the team’s success? (LaFasto 4) The assessment revealed six factors to help distinguish between the effective and ineffective team members. The factors fell into two groups: working knowledge and teamwork. “Working knowledge consists of two factors: experience and problem-solving ability. Teamwork consists of four factors: openness, supportiveness, action orientation, and personal style” (5). If each member has these qualities, the outcome of the team building activity will likely be successful.
The [[Royal Australian Navy|RAN]] also has the more senior rank of '''[[Warrant Officer of the Navy]]''' (WO-N). It is the most senior non-commissioned rank in the RAN and is also a singular rank. That is, it is only held by one person at any time.
Establishing goals within the team is essential in team building. It is important and easy for the team leader to establish goals early so the members understand their purpose for participating. If the goals are clarified, the participants are motivated to excel in the activities and develop trust among their leader (LaFasto 101). Goals give the team direction and provide a feeling of value and importance. It is very important for a leader to make sure the team knows how the work will be done and how they will accomplish their tasks (Scholtes 1-5). Without goals, the team has nothing to strive for, and many members may lose motivation. Keeping the goal simple and achievable will be very beneficial to the team in the end.
===Australian Army===
===Balancing skill sets===
The [[Australian Army]] has three Warrant Officer ranks. The most senior Warrant Officer rank is that of '''Warrant Officer ''' (WO), introduced in [[1991]]. This rank is held by the [[Regimental Sergeant Major]] of the Army (RSM-A). It is the most senior non-commissioned rank in the Australian Army and is only held by one person at a time.
When creating a team building activity, it is important to have balanced skill sets. One way to achieve this is by having experts in different fields. If some members provide their technical skills, and other members provide their theoretical skills, the outcome of the project will likely be successful. For example, individuals that are knowledgeable about the course materials are confused about the technology part of it. On the other hand, individuals may feel that the technical side of the problem is more comprehensible than the theoretical side of it. By combining both types’ strengths, the team can come up with a solution that benefits everyone. Balancing skill sets can be one of the most challenging things to achieve, but it is very important to do to ensure the success of ones’ team (Mallet 3).
A '''Warrant Officer Class One''' (WO1) can hold the position of [[Regimental Sergeant Major]] (RSM) or Battalion Sergeant Major (BSM) of a battalion or equivalent unit, RSM of a brigade or larger formation, or occasionally a training or administrative position, particularly [[Quartermaster]] of a smaller unit. '''Warrant Officer Class Two''' (WO2) can hold the position of [[Company Sergeant Major]], [[Squadron Sergeant Major]] or [[Battery Sergeant Major]], or a number of training or administrative positions.
===Allocation of roles within the team===
Army WO1s can be promoted to [[Captain]], given what is known as a [[Prescribed Service Commission]]. It is rare for an officer promoted from WO1 to rise past [[Major]], or to be given a command position.
Assigning roles to team members help them to know their place on the team. Each member should be assigned a role that is clearly defined and relates to his or her personality. Advantages of defining roles among team members are that it makes assignments more straightforward, helps to understand the decision-making process, and assures the task will be completed. In most undergraduate projects there are three roles: project leader, chief architect, and documentation leader. It is important to clarify each of these roles at the very first meeting so members know exactly what they have to do. Making a list of everyone’s skill sets, preference, work experience, courses taken, and interests would help in assigning the roles. From this list it should be determined who is best suited for what role. If there is conflict in the process, team members can always share the responsibilities. Otherwise the leader can perform a quick lottery to decide who gets what role. However, participants may not have an interest in the role that they were unwillingly assigned to. A serious problem that may occur is that a specific role may have too little or too much work, which may cause resentment between the members. Productivity may also be lost. A team must always be ready to adjust to their new roles and be prepared if assigned to a new one. Members must be willing to move beyond their roles and help others in order to practice good teamwork and to get the job done (Mallet 5).
The insignia of a WO2 is a crown. The insignia of a WO1 is the Australian coat of arms (changed from the royal coat of arms in [[1976]]). The insignia for the RSM-A is the Australian coat of arms surounded by a wreath. All these are worn on the sleeve on the upper arm.
===Harmonizing personality===
Warrant Officers in the Army are addressed by subordinates as "Sir" or "Ma'am". They can be addressed by commissioned officers according to their appointment (e.g. "CSM" or "RSM").
The personality of a team leader plays a big factor on how the team performs. A leader must understand the kind of personality they need to have in order to gain the respect from his or her members. Many studies have been made to see if personality affects working environments. For example, '''V.J. Bentz''' (1985) conducted a study of ineffective managers at the department store Sears. In his studies he found that almost all of the managers had a “personality defect” of some sort. '''Lesley and Van Velsor''' (1996) also conducted studies that ultimately found four personality traits of ineffective managers. The four traits were poor interpersonal skills (being insensitive, arrogant, cold, aloof, overly ambitious), unable to get work done (betraying trust, not following through, overly ambitious), unable to build a team, and unable to make the transition after promotion (10). The personality traits that these managers portrayed were proven to negatively affect the working environment. It is imperative for leaders to have a positive and effective personality to gain respect among their organization and members.
===Royal Australian Air Force===
===Training on how to work together===
The [[Royal Australian Air Force|RAAF]] has two Warrant Officer ranks. The first is '''Warrant Officer''' (WOFF) which is equivalent to an Army WO1. The equivalent to the Army's WO2 is '''[[Flight Sergeant]]''' (FSGT).
In day to day operations, however, a FSGT is more often associated with the rank of '''[[Sergeant]]''' (SGT) than WOFF.
A team must know how to work together in order to be productive and successful. If a team can work together, they will be able to raise and resolve issues that are standing in the way of accomplishing a goal (LaFasto 109). Working together may not come easy at first, but with proper training the team will be able to adapt quickly. The training may include the instruction on how to communicate better, manage conflict, or understand the skills and talents that everyone brings to the table. A full assessment of the team’s need is recommended before the training (Bubshait). To encourage team members to work together, many companies provide workshops in communication skills, meetings management, listening, assertiveness, conflict resolution, goal setting, and other topics that help in being an effective team player (Parker 137). If people are working together effectively rather than working by themselves, a lot more work will be accomplished.
The insignia of a WOFF is the Australian coat of arms.
===Support within the team===
The senior WO rank is '''Warrant Officer of the Air Force''' (WOFF-AF). It is the most senior non-commissioned rank in the RAAF and like the WO-N in the [[Royal Australian Navy|RAN]] and the [[Regimental Sergeant Major|RSM-A]] in the [[Australian Army|Army]], there is only one WOFF-AF in the [[Royal Australian Air Force|RAAF]].
Another important ingredient for team building is supportiveness. Supportiveness is the aspiration to help others succeed (LaFasto 14). “Someone who shows supportiveness is dedicated to the team’s success and wants what’s best for the team, works behind the scenes to aid the team, willing to pitch in whenever necessary, always willing to help out, willing to take on more responsibility, very easy to work with, and listens well to others’ ideas” (15). Recently, '''M. West''', author of ''Effective Teamwork'', introduced a comprehensive model of team support. In the model he concluded that team support is a multidimensional concept that includes four types. The four types are emotional support, informational support, instrumental support, and appraisal support. Someone who provides a shoulder to cry on, encouraging words, and is sympathetic of others’ pain is said to be a team emotional support. A person that provides team informational support exchanges necessary information about a certain thing to their peers. The person who is actually “doing the support” provides team instrumental support. The last type is appraisal support. This type is the help individual team members can provide to aid in making sense of a particular problem (Somech). Team building will be successful if the team members can cover each of these types of team support.
The insignia of the WOFF-AF is the Australian coat of arms surrounded by a wreath. The wreath denotes the singularity of the rank.
===Making effective use of resources===
==Canada==
Effectively using resources is essential in the success of team building. In the business-world companies are very serious on how they use their resources. Many companies use team techniques in systems development to effectively use their resources (Parker 9). “During group sessions, non-technical end users and information systems staff meet on a common ground to hammer out systems solutions that truly meet the needs of everyone---especially the needs of end-user management” (Leavitt, 1987, p. 78). To ensure system requirements are on target, companies like Cigna Company in Philadelphia, CNA Insurance Company in Dearborn, Michigan, and Chase Manhattan Bank in New York are all using group design techniques. All of these companies believe in the same thing: effective goal setting, listening, facilitation skills, consensus building, and a willingness to communicate. These team techniques in systems development not only make effective use of resources, but they also result in measurable benefits (Parker 9). Resources are essential to team building and they must be used wisely and efficiently.
In the [[Canadian Forces]], Warrant Officers are the senior [[non-commissioned member]] (NCM) ranks. There are three ranks in this group: in the [[Canadian Forces Land Force Command|Army]] and [[Canadian Forces Air Command|Air Force]], they are (in descending order):
* '''[[Chief Warrant Officer]]''' (CWO)
* '''[[Master Warrant Officer]]''' (MWO)
* '''[[Warrant Officer (rank)|Warrant Officer]]''' (WO)
Their [[Canadian Forces Maritime Command|Naval]] equivalents are, respectively:
* '''[[Chief Petty Officer 1st Class]]''' (CPO1)
* '''[[Chief Petty Officer 2nd Class]]''' (CPO2)
* '''[[Petty Officer 1st Class]]''' (PO1).
===Communication between team members and leaders===
Rank insignia is worn centred on the forearm of the service dress tunic; on other uniforms it is worn on slip-ons affixed to epaulets. An exception is for the Army dress shirt and sweater: miniature metal rank insignia are worn on the shirt collars, and the shirt and sweater slip-ons bear no rank.
''When Teams Work Best'', “the most important contribution a team leader can make is to ensure a climate that enables team members to speak up and address the real issues preventing the goal from being achieved.” A leader with good communication skills must be able to speak the truth and deal with problems openly. Their goal should be to promote listening, to understand different viewpoints, and to work toward a resolution (109). It is important for a team leader to make team members feel comfortable enough to express their needs and their wants. Members want to feel that they know what is going on at all time and are informed about things such as plans, priorities, and progress the group is making (185). Some ways to communicate is by email, online messengers, telephone, or face-to-face methods. The most important part of communication is not so much the tools you choose, but the dedication by each member of the team to use the chosen tools regularly.
A WO of the [[Canadian Grenadier Guards]] and the [[Governor General's Foot Guards]] is referred to and addressed as ''[[Colour Sergeant]]'' (CSgt). On ceremonial full dress and patrol dress uniforms, a Colour Sergeant wears a distinctive rank insignia, but on all other uniforms wears the WO's crown.
As [[team]] [[performance]] reflects on [[management]], [[managers]] -- and even [[coach (sport)|coach]]es -- sometimes feel the need to take part in constructing and fostering [[team]]s.
===Forms of address===
The etiquette of addressing Warrant Officers is as follows (assuming a member named Bloggins):
*Warrant Officer – initially as "Warrant Officer Bloggins" or "Warrant Bloggins", thereafter as "Warrant"; except in [[foot guards]] regiments, initially as "Colour Sergeant Bloggins", thereafter as "Colour Sergeant".
*Petty Officer 1st Class – initially as "Petty Officer Bloggins" or "PO Bloggins", thereafter as "PO".
*Chief Petty Officer 1st/2nd Class – initially as "Chief Petty Officer Bloggins" or "Chief Bloggins", thereafter as "Chief". The distinction between 1st and 2nd class (for both Chiefs and POs) is usually only made during formal awards, promotions or other presentations.
*Master Warrant Officer – initially as "Master Warrant Officer Bloggins", thereafter as "Sir" or "Ma'am" by subordinates, and as "Master Warrant Officer" by superiors. May also be addressed as "Sergeant-Major" if s/he holds that appointment.
*Chief Warrant Officer – initially as "Chief Warrant Officer Bloggins" by subordinates, thereafter as "Sir" or "Ma'am"; "Mr. Bloggins" by superiors; and, if s/he holds the title of Regimental Sergeant-Major, "RSM" by his/her Commanding Officer.
As with many activities, the methodology and effectiveness of team building programs can run a full gamut. For a notorious recent example of team building run amok, see the case of [[Kamp Staaldraad]] in [[South Africa]], [[2003]].
===Usage note===
The term "Warrant Officer" can be ambiguous; care must be taken to distinguish between Warrant Officers as a particular Army and Air Force rank, and Warrant Officers as a cadre, consisting of all ranks mentioned above (including Warrant Officer). Generally, whether one is referring to the rank or the cadre will be determined by context.
==Team building in organizational development==
==Republic of Singapore==
In the [[Singapore Armed Forces]], Warrant Officers are former non-commissioned officers (known as Specialists in Singapore) who have served for many years. Warrant Officers rank between specialists and commissioned officers, and can hold both specialist and officer positions. Thus one can see Warrant Officers serving as Regimental Sergeant Majors in certain units and [[Officer Commanding|Officers Commanding]] in other units.
The term 'team building' can refer generally to the selection and motivation of [[team]]s, or more specifically to group self-assessment in the theory and practice of [[organizational development]].
There are four grades of warrant officer:
When a [[team]] in an [[organizational development]] context embarks upon a [[process]] of [[self-assessment]] in order to gauge its own effectiveness and thereby improve performance, it can be argued that it is engaging in team building, although this may be considered a narrow definition.
*2nd Warrant Officer (2WO): insignia is a point up chevron, an arc below, and a Singapore coat of arms in the middle
*1st Warrant Officer (1WO): insignia is two point up chevrons, an arc below, and a Singapore coat of arms in the middle
*Master Warrant Officer (MWO): insignia is three point up chevrons, an arc below, and a Singapore coat of arms in the middle
*Senior Master Warrant Officer (SWO): insignia is four point up chevrons, an arc below, and a Singapore coat of arms in the middle
To assess itself, a team seeks [[feedback]] to find out both:
Although Warrant Officers in the Singapore Armed Forces have a similar status to Warrant Officers in other Commonwealth Armed Forces, they are, unusually, members of the Officers Mess rather than the Specialists (i.e. NCOs) Mess. Warrant Officers wear their insignia on their epaulettes, like officers, instead of on the sleeve like specialists and other soldiers. This signifies that Warrant Officers often have similar responsibilities to commissioned officers.
* its current strengths as a team
* its current weaknesses
To improve its current performance, a team uses the feedback from the team assessment in order to:
==United Kingdom==
* identify any gap between the desired state and the actual state
* design a gap-closure strategy
As teams grow larger, the skills and methods managers must use to create or maintain a spirit of teamwork change. The intimacy of a small group is lost, and the opportunity for misinformation and disruptive rumors grows. Managers find that communication methods that once worked well are impractical with so many people to lead. In particular, leaders encounter difficulties based on ''Daglow's Law of Team Dynamics'': "Small teams are informed. Big teams infer." [http://gamedev.acm.cs.rpi.edu/projects/wiki/OnlineCollaboration (1)]
In the British armed forces, a warrant officer is effectively a senior non-commissioned officer, although he or she holds the [[British monarchy|Queen]]'s (or [[British monarchy|King]]'s) warrant. Warrant officers are not saluted, but are usually addressed by their juniors as "Sir" or "Ma'am". Warrant officers have all been promoted from NCO rank.
===Royal Navy===
The warrant officer corps began in the 13th century in the nascent [[England|English]] [[Royal Navy]]. At that time, noblemen with military experience took command of the new Navy, adopting the military ranks of [[lieutenant]] and [[captain]]. These officers often had no knowledge of life on board a ship—let alone how to navigate such a vessel—and relied on the expertise of the ship's [[Master Mariner|Master]] and other seamen who tended to the technical aspects of running the ship. As cannon came into use, the officers also required gunnery experts.
These sailors became indispensable to the running of the ship and were rewarded with a royal warrant. The warrant was a special designation, designed to set them apart from other sailors, yet not violate the class system that was prevalent during the time.
Nevertheless, while the class distinctions embodied by the distinction between commission and warrant were important at Court and in society both at home and abroad, on board ship a person's status has always depended more on the practical importance of the job that he did rather than the formalities of commission or warrant. Admiralty commissions were therefore never accorded the unique status that the Queen's commission holds in the Army, and in the hierarchy of a Royal Navy ship important warrant officers such as the Master would outrank commissioned officers such as the [[Royal Marines|marine]] [[Lieutenant]]s.
Originally, warrant officers were as described at the top of this article: specialist professionals whose expertise and authority demanded formal recognition. They eventually developed into three categories:
* Wardroom warrant officers
* Standing warrant officers
* Lower-grade warrant officers
====Wardroom Warrant Officers====
Wardroom warrant officers, formerly called "Warrant Officers of Wardroom Rank", were accorded the same privileges as commissioned officers.
* The [[Master Mariner|Master]], like a master of a merchant ship, responsible for the navigation and general sea-handling of the ship.
* The [[Surgery|Surgeon]]
* The [[Chaplain]]
* The [[Purser]], responsible for the provisioning of the ship.
It may be noted that the positions listed above are equivalent to commissioned positions in the modern Royal Navy (i.e. navigating officer, surgeon, chaplain and supply officer).
====Standing Warrant Officers====
The standing warrant officers generally remained with the ship even when she was out of commission, and often were involved in the initial fit-out.
* The [[Boatswain]], (pronounced bo'sun) responsible, under the master, for the rigging, sails and anchors of the ship.
* The [[Carpenter]]
* The [[Gunner]], responsible for the maintenance of the guns, but not the actual firing of them.
The carpenter was rendered obsolete with the end of wooden sailing ships, but the roles of boatswain and the gunner in the Royal Navy are now carried out by commissioned officers.
====Lower-Grade Warrant Officers====
Below the standing warrant officers were various warrant officers, such as the [[Master-at-Arms]], the [[Sailmaker]] and the [[Armourer]], although in the hierarchy of the ship these warrant officers might be junior to others who did not hold formal warrants, such as the master's mates or the [[midshipman|midshipmen]].
====The demise of the Royal Naval warrants====
In 1843, the wardroom warrant officers were given commissioned status, while the lower-grade warrant officers were absorbed into the new rate of [[Chief Petty Officer]] in 1853.
Standing warrant officers were first given wardroom status in the late 19th century, and by the time of the [[World War II|Second World War]] these had been divided into two grades: Warrant Officers and Commissioned Warrant Officers (strictly not warrant officers, but "Commissioned Officers from Warrant Rank"). Until 1949, WOs and CWOs carried swords, were saluted by ratings, had wardroom privileges and ranked above [[midshipman|midshipmen]].
WOs and CWOs ceased to be appointed from 1949, with the CWOs being regraded as Sub-Lieutenants (Special Duties) from 1956.
====Warrant Officers today====
In 1973, warrant officers reappeared in the Royal Navy, but these appointments followed the Army model, with the new warrant officers being ratings rather than officers. They were initially known as '''[[Fleet Chief Petty Officer]]s''' (FCPOs), but were renamed Warrant Officers in the 1980s. They always ranked with Warrant Officers Class I in the British Army and Royal Marines and with Warrant Officers in the Royal Air Force.
In 2004, the RN renamed the top rate '''Warrant Officer Class 1''' and created the new rate of '''Warrant Officer Class 2''' immediately below it, to replace the appointment of [[Charge Chief Petty Officer]]. The latter was a senior [[Chief Petty Officer]], but not a substantive rank in its own right. Only those who held the specific appointment of Charge Chief Artificer (a CCPO in a skilled technical trade) gained partial recognition as NATO OR-8 equivalent, as with other WO2s.
Royal Navy warrant rates are thus now the same as those in the Army and Royal Marines, and wear the same rank insignia. Like RM WO2s (but unlike Army WO2s), all RN WO2s wear the crown-in-wreath variation of the rank insignia.
===Royal Marines===
The [[Royal Marines]] originally followed the pre-1949 Royal Navy system of warrant officers, but now has the same warrant ranks as the Army, '''Warrant Officer Class 1''' and '''Warrant Officer Class 2'''. The insignia are the same, but all RM WO2s wear the crown-in-wreath variation. As in the Army, all warrant officers have appointments by which they are known, referred to and addressed.
WO2 appointments are:
*[[Company Sergeant Major]]
*[[Regimental Quartermaster Sergeant]]
*[[Bandmaster]]
*[[Corps Drum Major]]
WO1 appointments are:
*[[Regimental Sergeant Major]]
*[[Bandmaster]]
*[[Corps Bandmaster]]
*[[Corps Bugle Major]]
The rank below WO2 is [[Colour Sergeant]], the RM equivalent of [[Staff Sergeant]].
===British Army===
In the [[British Army]], there are two warrant ranks, '''[[Warrant Officer Class 2]]''' (WO2) and '''[[Warrant Officer Class 1]]''' (WO1), which is the senior of the two. It used to be more common to refer to these ranks as WOII and WOI (using Roman instead of Arabic numerals). The rank immediately below WO2 is [[Staff Sergeant]].
Every warrant officer has an appointment, and is usually referred to by his appointment rather than by his rank.
Warrant officers were generally introduced throughout the British Army under Army Order 70 of 1915, although [[Regimental Sergeant Major]]s and a few other appointments (beginning in 1879, when [[Conductor (British Army)|Conductors]] of Stores and Supplies were warranted), had been warranted before that time. These earlier warranted appointments, and some others, became WOIs. The appointments that were designated WOIIs had previously been senior [[sergeant]]s.
[[Image:UK-Army-OR9.gif|right|60px|WO1 arm badge (British Army)]]
WO1s wear a royal coat of arms on the lower sleeve, which may be surrounded by a wreath depending on appointment. Appointments held by WO1s include:
[[Image:UK-Army-OR9.png|right|60px|WO1 variant arm badge (British Army)]]
* [[Academy Sergeant Major]] (AcSM)
* [[Accountant Sergeant Major]] (obsolete)
* [[Armament Sergeant Major]]
* [[Armourer Sergeant Major]]
* [[Artificer Sergeant Major ]] (ASM)
* [[Bandmaster|Bandmaster]] (BM)
* [[Bugle Major]]
* [[Clerk of Works|Clerk of Works Sergeant Major]]
* [[Conductor (British Army)|Conductor]] (Cdr)
* [[Draughtsman Sergeant Major]] (obsolete)
* [[Drum Major]]
* [[Farrier Corporal Major]]
* [[Farrier Sergeant Major]]
* [[Foreman of Signals]] (FofS)
* [[Foreman of Works Sergeant Major]] (obsolete)
* [[Garrison Sergeant Major]] (GSM)
* [[Lithographer Sergeant Major]] (obsolete)
* [[Master Gunner|Master Gunner 1st Class]]
* [[Master Gunner|Master Gunner 2nd Class]]
* [[Orderly Room Sergeant Major]] (ORSM)
* [[Pipe Major]]
* [[Regimental Sergeant Major|Regimental Corporal Major]] (RCM)
* [[Regimental Sergeant Major]] (RSM)
* [[Royal Artillery Sergeant Major]]
* [[Saddler Sergeant Major]]
* [[Schoolmaster 1st Class]] (obsolete)
* [[Sergeant Major]] (obsolete)
* [[Sergeant Major Instructor]] (SMI)
* [[Staff Sergeant Major]] (SSM)
* [[Staff Sergeant Major|Staff Sergeant Major 1st Class]] (obsolete)
* [[Supervisor (Information Systems)]] (Supvr (IS))
* [[Supervisor (Radio)]] (Supvr (R))
* [[Conductor (British Army)|Sub-Conductor]] (obsolete)
* [[Superintending Clerk]]
* [[Surveyor Sergeant Major]]
* [[Trumpet Major]]
* [[Yeoman of Signals]] (YofS)
[[Image:UK-Army-OR8a.gif|right|60px|WO2 arm badge (British Army)]]
WO2s wear a crown on the lower sleeve, surrounded by a wreath for Quartermaster Sergeants (for all WOIIs from 1938 to 1947). Appointments held by WO2s include:
[[Image:UK-Army-OR8b.gif|right|60px|WO2 (QMS) arm badge (British Army)]]
* [[Armament Quartermaster Sergeant]]
* [[Armourer Quartermaster Sergeant]]
* [[Artificer Quartermaster Sergeant]] (AQMS)
* [[Band Sergeant Major|Band Corporal Major]] (BCM)
* [[Band Sergeant Major]] (BSM)
* [[Battery Sergeant Major]] (BSM)
* [[Bugle Major]]
* [[Clerk of Works|Clerk of Works Quartermaster Sergeant]]
* [[Company Sergeant Major]] (CSM)
* [[Draughtsman Quartermaster Sergeant]]
* [[Drill Sergeant]]
* [[Drum Major]]
* [[Engineer Clerk Quartermaster Sergeant]]
* [[Farrier Quartermaster Sergeant]]
* [[Foreman of Signals]] (FofS)
* [[Foreman of Works Quartermaster Sergeant]] (obsolete)
* [[Garrison Quartermaster Sergeant]]
* [[Lithographer Quartermaster Sergeant]] (obsolete)
* [[Master Gunner|Master Gunner 3rd Class]]
* [[Orderly Room Quartermaster Sergeant]] (ORQMS)
* [[Pipe Major]]
* [[Quartermaster Sergeant Instructor]] (QMSI)
* [[Regimental Quartermaster Sergeant|Regimental Quartermaster Corporal]] (RQMC)
* [[Regimental Quartermaster Sergeant]] (RQMS)
* [[Saddler Quartermaster Sergeant]]
* [[Squadron Sergeant Major|Squadron Corporal Major]] (SCM)
* [[Squadron Sergeant Major]] (SSM)
* [[Staff Quartermaster Sergeant]]
* [[Supervisor (Information Systems)]] (Supvr (IS))
* [[Supervisor (Radio)]] (Supvr (R))
* [[Surveyor Quartermaster Sergeant]]
* [[Technical Quartermaster Sergeant]] (TQMS)
* [[Troop Sergeant Major]] (TSM)
* [[Trumpet Major]]
* [[Yeoman of Signals]] (YofS)
From 1938, there was also a rank of '''[[Warrant Officer Class III]]'''. The only appointments held by this rank were [[Platoon Sergeant Major]], [[Troop Sergeant Major]] and [[Section Sergeant Major]]. The WOIII wore a crown on his lower sleeve (which is why all WOIIs switched to a crown in a wreath during this period). The rank was placed in suspension in 1940 and no new appointments were made, but it was never officially abolished.
WOs are officially designated using their rank and appointment. For instance, WO2 (CSM) Smith or WO1 (BM) Jones. However, they would usually be referred to as "CSM Smith" and "Bandmaster Jones". WO2s holding Sergeant Major or Corporal Major appointments are often referred to as the "Sergeant Major" or the "Corporal Major", but WO1s are only ever referred to using their full appointment or its abbreviation (the "RSM" or the "Garrison Sergeant Major", for instance).
How warrant officers are addressed depends, as does much else in the British Army, on the traditions of their regiments or corps. However, there are some general rules of thumb:
* WO1s are usually addressed as "Mr [surname]" by officers and by their peers, and as "sir" or "Mr [surname], sir" by their subordinates (for female WO1s, "Mrs or Miss [surname]", "ma'am", and "Mrs or Miss [surname], ma'am", respectively);
* an RSM's Commanding Officer, and he alone, has the privilege of addressing him as "RSM"; all others use the normal form of address for WO1s;
* WO2s are commonly addressed as "Sergeant Major", "Corporal Major" or "Q" (for Quartermaster Sergeants) as appropriate (or as "sir" or "ma'am").
The four most senior warrant officer appointments in the British Army are generally considered to be, in descending order of seniority:
*[[Conductor (British Army)|Conductor]], [[Royal Logistic Corps]]
*[[Royal Artillery Sergeant Major]], [[Royal Artillery]]
*[[Academy Sergeant Major]], [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]]
*[[Garrison Sergeant Major]], London District
===Royal Air Force===
[[Image:RAFwo.jpg|right|60px|Warrant Officer's arm badge (Royal Air Force)]]
The [[Royal Air Force]] inherited the ranks of '''Warrant Officer Class I and II''' from the [[Royal Flying Corps]], part of the Army, in 1918. It also inherited the rank badges of the Royal Arms and a crown respectively. Until the 1930s, these ranks were often known as '''Sergeant Major 1st and 2nd Class'''. In 1939 the RAF abolished the rank of WOII and retained WOI as simple '''Warrant Officer''', which it remains to this day. The RAF has no equivalent to WO2 (NATO OR-8), WO being equivalent to WO1 (NATO OR-9) and wearing the Royal Arms. Warrant officers are addressed and referred to as "Mr", "Mrs" or "Miss" ("Mr Smith" etc), or as "sir" or "ma'am" by their juniors. They do not have appointments as in the Army or Royal Marines. They rank above [[Flight Sergeant]]s and below [[Pilot Officer]]s, the lowest commissioned rank.
[[Image:RAFMastAircrew.jpg|right|60px|Master Aircrew's arm badge (Royal Air Force)]]
In 1946, the RAF renamed its [[aircrew]] warrant officers '''[[Master Aircrew]]''', a designation which still survives. In 1950, it renamed warrant officers in technical trades '''Master Technicians''', a designation which only survived until 1964.
{{UK enlisted ranks}}
==United States==
In the [[United States military]], a warrant officer was originally, and strictly, a highly skilled, single-track specialty officer. But as many chief warrant officers assume positions as officer in charge or department head, along with the high number of bachelor's and master’s degrees held within the community, their contribution and expertise as a community is ever-increasing.
There are no "warrant officers" per se in the U.S. Navy, but rather the term "chief warrant officer" is correct. In the U.S. Navy, a sailor must be in one of the top three enlisted ranks to be eligible to become a chief warrant officer. In the U.S. Army, a person can progress to the warrant officer rank at a grade lower than E-7 thus having a longer career and greater opportunity to serve and grow. In the U.S. Marine Corps, after serving at least eight years of enlisted service, and reaching the grade of E-5 (sergeant), an enlisted Marine can apply for the Warrant Officer program.
Warrant officers in the U.S. Marines are sometimes informally referred to as "gunner," a term of respect similar to the informal "gunny" moniker frequently given to enlisted Gunnery Sergeants. The term is derived from one of the original functions of a warrant officer, that being the command of a gunnery or artillery detachment, although it is no longer technically accurate as warrant officers can and do hold a wide variety of billets. Although commonly used, "gunner" is traditionally reserved only for artillery and infantry weapons chief warrant officers.
Upon the initial appointment to WO1 a [[warrant (legal)|warrant]] is given by the secretary of the service, and upon promotion to chief warrant officer (CW2 and above) they are commissioned by the [[President of the United States]], take the same oath and receive the same [[commission]] and charges as [[commissioned officer]]s, thus deriving their authority from the same source.
Chief warrant officers can and do command [[Detachment (military)|detachments]], [[unit]]s, activities, and vessels as well as lead, coach, train, and counsel subordinates. As leaders and technical experts, they provide valuable skills, guidance, and expertise to commanders and organizations in their particular field.
Even when commissioned, they remain specialists, in contrast to commissioned officers who are generalists, though many chief warrant officers fill lieutenant and lieutenant commander billets throughout the US Navy.
In the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] and [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marines]], CWOs may fill positions normally held by more senior officers as well. The US Army has many pilots within the warrant officer community, which differs in philosophy from the other uniformed services. Often in a battalion sized unit, the military personnel technician (adjutant), medical technician, and maintenance technician are warrant officers.
Each branch of the military "runs" the "Chief Warrant Officer" program in slightly different ways. Little is known or published concerning the chief warrant officer, and consequently they are often misunderstood by the un-indoctrinated.
A chief warrant officer's benefits and privileges are the same as those of a commissioned officer depending on warrant officer grade. Warrant Officers are paid closely to commissioned officer pay grades but because they normally have more years in service, their pay is often higher. A WO1 is paid slightly higher than an O-1 (second lieutenant or ensign), a CW2 is paid roughly the same as an O-3/O-4 (captain/major), a CW3 is paid approximately the same salary as an O-4/O-5 (major/lieutenant colonel), and a CW4 is paid roughly the same as an O-5/O-6 (lieutenant colonel/colonel).
In the [[United States Navy]] and [[United States Coast Guard]] one must have been a senior enlisted (E7 through E-9) to gain the commission.
===Air Force===
[[Image:USAFWarrant.jpg|right|thumb|225px|Former USAF Warrant Officer insignia]]
The [[United States Air Force]] no longer employs warrant officers.
The USAF inherited warrant officer ranks from the U.S. Army at its inception in [[1947]], but their place in the Air Force structure was never made clear. When [[United States Congress|Congress]] authorized the creation of two new senior enlisted ranks in the late [[1950s]], Air Force officials privately concluded that these two new "supergrades" could fill all Air Force needs then performed at the warrant officer level, although this was not publicly acknowledged until years later. The Air Force stopped appointing warrant officers in [[1959]], the same year the first promotions were made to the new top enlisted grade, [[Chief Master Sergeant]]. Most of the existing Air Force warrant officers entered the commissioned officer ranks during the [[1960s]], but tiny numbers continued to exist for the next 21 years.
The last active duty Air Force warrant officer, CWO James H. Long, retired in [[1980]] and the last Air Force Reserve warrant officer, CWO Bob Barrow, retired in [[1992]]. Since that point, the U.S. Air Force rank of Warrant Officer has been considered obsolete.
Perhaps an unintended result, the absence of warrant officers in the U.S. Air Force has made its enlisted structure somewhat "top-heavy" and the lower non-commissioned officer ranks can find promotions difficult to achieve at times.
===Army===
The Army Warrant Officer program began with the warranted Headquarters Clerk in [[1896]]. Over the years since the inception of the Warrant Officer corps, there have been a number of changes. In the past, the Army Warrant Officer was described as the unit's technical expert. Warrant Officers had served in senior NCO billets and then had been selected, often as a direct appointment, to serve as a Warrant Officer due to a demonstrated level of technical excellence. As opposed to other officers, who are expected to be more generalists and managers, Warrant Officers were expected to serve in one field for a career in mostly an advisory capacity. As the corps has evolved, more Warrant Officers are taking over the more traditional roles of officers in that they can be found leading troops, detachments and other units.
Today, approximately half of Army Warrant Officers serve as helicopter pilots. The other half of the corps serve in what are known as technical billets. In fact there is a different promotion track for aviation and technical Warrant Officers - aviation W.O.s must wait six years after promotion to be considered in the primary zone for promotion to the next level, whereas W.O.s in technical fields such as ordnance, maintenance, intelligence, and even aviation repair, need only wait five years.
The Army's Warrant Officer Candidate School is currently colocated with the Warrant Officer Career Center on [[Fort Rucker, Alabama]].
Army Warrant Officers are officially addressed as either Mr. or Ms., although the informal and technically incorrect "Chief" is widely used.
===Marine Corps===
The [[U.S. Marine Corps]] has warranted officers since [[1916]] as technical specialists who perform duties that require extensive knowledge, training and experience with particular systems or equipment. Marine warrant officers are selected from the ranks of [[non-commissioned officers]] and given additional training in leadership and management. The duties Marine warrant officers typically fulfill are those that would normally call for the authority of a [[commissioned officer]], however, require an additional level of technical proficiency and practical experience that a commissioned officer would not have had the opportunity to achieve.
While Marine warrant officers may often be informally referred to as "gunner", this title is actually reserved for a special category of chief warrant officers known as the "Marine Gunner," or "[[Infantry]] Weapons Officer." These Marines serve as the senior weapons specialists in an infantry unit, advising the commanding officer and his staff on the proper use and deployment of the current Marine infantry weapon systems. The title "Gunner" is almost always used in lieu of a rank (i.e., "Gunner Smith" as opposed to "Chief Warrant Officer Smith"), and the rank insignia worn on the right collar or shoulder is replaced with a "bursting bomb", similar to the insignia inside the rank chevrons of a [[Master Gunnery Sergeant]].
===Navy===
In the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]], warrant officers are technical specialists whose skills and knowledge were an essential part of the proper operation of the ship. Based on the British model, the U.S. Navy has had warrant officers among its ranks, in some form or another, since [[December 23]], [[1775]], when John Berriman received a warrant to act as purser aboard the brig [[USS Andrea Doria|USS ''Andrea Doria'']]. That warrant was considered a patent of trust and honor but was not considered a commission to command.
===Coast Guard===
The Warrant Officers in the [[United States Coast Guard|U.S. Coast Guard]] are similar to those in the Navy, but may be found in command of smaller stations. They wear insignia of their Navy equivalents, but add a shield above the specialty mark, as do Coast Guard Officers on Navy uniforms. It should be noted that the Coast Guard does not fall under the Department of Defense, but rather the [[United States Department of Homeland Security|Department of Homeland Security]].
===Insignia===
<center>
{| border="1" cellpadding="5"
|-
! Abbreviation
! Paygrade and Rank
! Army
! Navy / [[U.S. Coast Guard|Coast Guard]]
! Marine Corps
|-
| WO1
| Warrant Officer 1
| [[image:USA WO 1.png|U.S. Army Warrant Officer 1 Rank Insignia]]
| [[Image:USNWarrant1.jpg|155px]] ''(Obsolete)''
| [[image:USMC WO 1.png|USMC Warrant Officer 1 Rank Insignia]]
|-
| CW2 / CWO2 (Marines)
| Chief Warrant Officer 2
| [[image:USA CWO 2.png|U.S. Army Chief Warrant Officer 2 Rank Insignia]]
| [[image:USN-CG CWO 2.png|U.S. Navy & U.S. Coast Guard Chief Warrant Officer 2 Rank Insignia]]
| [[image:USMC CWO 2.png|USMC Chief Warrant Officer 1 Rank Insignia]]
|-
| CW3 / CWO3 (Marines)
| Chief Warrant Officer 3
| [[image:USA CWO 3.png|U.S. Army Chief Warrant Officer 3 Rank Insignia]]
| [[image:USN-CG CWO 3.png|U.S. Navy & U.S. Coast Guard Chief Warrant Officer 3 Rank Insignia]]
| [[image:USMC CWO 3.png|USMC Chief Warrant Officer 3 Rank Insignia]]
|-
| CW4 / CWO4 (Marines)
| Chief Warrant Officer 4
| [[image:USA CWO 4.png|U.S. Army Chief Warrant Officer 4 Rank Insignia]]
| [[image:USN-CG CWO 4.png|U.S. Navy & U.S. Coast Guard Chief Warrant Officer 4 Rank Insignia]]
| [[image:USMC CWO 4.png|USMC Chief Warrant Officer 4 Rank Insignia]]
|-
| CW5 / CWO5 (Marines)
| Chief Warrant Officer 5
| [[Image:ModernUSAWarrant.jpg|U.S. Army Chief Warrant Officer 5 Rank Insignia]]
| [[image:W5-clr.gif|75px]] [[image:Wo5-sb.gif|115px]]
| [[Image:USMC CWO 5.png|USMC Chief Warrant Officer 5 Rank Insignia]]
|}
</center>
==See also==
*[[Collaboration]]
*[[Collaborative method]]
*[[Cross-functional team]]
*[[Group-dynamic game]]
*[[Forming-storming-norming-performing]]
*[[List of human resource management topics]]
*[[Organizational psychology]]
*[[Social psychology]]
*[[Team]]
*[[Teammate]]
*[[Teamwork]]
*[[Personal development]]
*[[Office politics]]
== References ==
*[[Comparative military ranks]]
* William G. Dyer, ''Team building: Current Issues and New Alternatives (3rd Edition)''. Pearson Education POD, 1995. ISBN 0-201-62882-1.
*[[British Army enlisted rank insignia]]
*Mallet, Daniel. Teamwork Handbook. Jan. 1999. 3 Dec. 2006 <http://www.cs.ualberta.ca/~hoover/cmput401-2004-2005-fall/info/references/TeamWorkPapers/Mallett.pdf>.
*[[RAF enlisted rank insignia]]
*Parker, Glenn M. Team Players and Teamwork. San Francisco: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1990. 9-149.
*Lafasto, Frank, and Carl Larson. When Teams Work Best. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, 2001. 3-185.
Unites States Congressional Budget Office study on Warrant and Limited Duty Officers
*Somech, Anit, and Anat Drach-Zahavy. Team Heterogeneity and Its Relationship with Team Support and Team Effectiveness. 2002. Journal of Educational Administration. 3 Dec. 2006 <http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet?Filename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0740400103.html>.
*R. Meredith Belbin, "Management Teams: why they succeed or fail". Butterworth Heinemann. ISBN 0- 7506-2676-3.
http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/32xx/doc3287/WarrantOfficer.pdf
http://www.cbo.gov/showdoc.cfm?index=3287&sequence=0&from=0#anchor
==References==
== External links ==
# DoD Almanac. [http://www.defenselink.mil/specials/insignias/officers.html The United States Military Officer Rank Insignia]. ''United States Department of Defense''.
{{cleanup-spam}}
# Australian Defence Force badges of rank. [http://www.defence.gov.au/badges_of_rank.cfm]
*[http://www.innovativeteambuilding.co.uk The Team Building Directory] An online resource for anyone interested in team building, training, motivation, corporate events, conferences and development.
* [http://www.imprology.com/games/viewallgames.html The Far Games] A list of games using theatrical improvisation to foster team spirit
* [http://www.managementhelp.org/grp_skll/teams/teams.htm Team Building] - free resources by Carter Macnamara
*[http://www.teampedia.net/ Teampedia.net] - a collaborative encyclopedia of team building activities and ice breakers.
* [http://www.wilderdom.com/teambuilding Team Building Resources, Methods, Activities, & Research] - Definitions, articles, methods, books, and research.
[[Category:MilitaryHuman ranksresource management]]
[[Category:Military ranks of Canada|*]]
[[Category:United States Marine Corps ranks]]
[[Category:Military ranks of the United Kingdom]]
[[decs:WarrantTeam Officerbuilding]]
[[da:Teambuilding]]
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