Pierre André de Suffren and List of sister cities in Florida: Difference between pages

Revision as of 12:56, 13 October 2006

Revision as of 08:16, 13 July 2007

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This is a '''list of sister states, regions, and cities in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Florida]]'''. [[Town twinning|Sister cities]], known in Europe as town twins, are cities which partner with each other to promote human contact and cultural links, although this partnering is not limited to cities and often includes counties, regions, states and other sub-national entities.

[[Image:Suffren.jpg|thumb|Statue of Suffren - Museum of the Navy, Toulon.]]

[[Image:Suffrensculpture.JPG|thumb|A sculpture depicting Admiral de Suffren that adorned a 19th century French naval vessel]]

'''Pierre André de Suffren de Saint Tropez''' ([[July 17]] [[1729]] - [[December 8]] [[1788]]) - [[France|French]] [[admiral]]; was the third son of the marquis de Saint Tropez, head of a family of nobles of Provence which claimed to have emigrated from [[Lucca]] in the [[14th century]]. He was born in the Château de Saint Canat, near [[Aix-en-Provence]] in the present ''[[département in France|département]]'' of [[Bouches-du-Rhône]]. He was most famous for his campaign in the [[Indian Ocean]], in which he successfully contended for supremacy against the established British power there, led by Vice-Admiral Sir [[Edward Hughes (admiral)|Edward Hughes]].

Many Florida jurisdictions partner with foreign cities through [[Sister Cities International]], an organization whose goal is to, "Promote peace through mutual respect, understanding, and cooperation."<ref>{{cite web | title =Mission and Goals | publisher =Sister Cities International | url =http://www.sister-cities.org/sci/aboutsci/mission | accessdate =2007-06-26}}</ref> Sister cities interact with each other across a broad range of activities, from health care and education to business and the arts.<ref>{{cite web | title =Frequently Asked Questions | publisher =Sister Cities International | url =http://www.sister-cities.org/sci/aboutsci/faqs | accessdate =2007-06-26}}</ref>

==Early Naval Career==

The [[French Navy|French navy]] and the [[Knights Hospitaller|Order of Malta]] (where he received the title '''Bailli de Suffren''') offered the usual careers for the younger sons of noble families of the south of France who did not elect to go into the Church. The connection between the Order and the old French royal navy was close. Pierre André de Suffren was destined by his parents to belong to both. He entered the close and aristocratic corps of French naval officers as a "garde de la marine"--cadet or midshipman, in October [[1743]], in the ''Solide'', one of the line of battleships which took part in the confused engagement off [[Toulon]] in [[1744]]. He was then in the ''Pauline'' in the squadron of M. Macnémara on a cruise in the [[West Indies]].

The list below was compiled from the official Sister Cities International website<ref>

In [[1746]] he went through the duc D'Anville's disastrous expedition to retake [[Cape Breton Island|Cape Breton]], which was ruined by shipwreck and plague. Next year ([[1747]]) he was taken prisoner by [[Edward Hawke, 1st Baron Hawke|Hawke]] in the action with the French convoy in the [[Bay of Biscay]]. His biographer Cunat assures us that he found the British arrogance offensive. When peace was made in [[1748]] he went to [[Malta]] to perform the cruises with the galleys of the Order technically called "caravans," a reminiscence of the days when the knights protected the pilgrims going from [[Saint John d'Acre]] to [[Jerusalem]]. In Suffren's time this service rarely went beyond a peaceful tour among the Greek islands, but it also involved piracy suppression operations against the wily [[Barbary states]] of North Africa.

{{cite web|url=http://www.sister-cities.org/icrc/directory/usa/FL|title=Online Directory: Florida, USA|publisher=Sister Cities International, Inc.|accessdate=2007-07-12}}</ref>, corrected on orthography and region listed. The regions the cities are part of are the closest equivalent of an [[U.S. state]] administrative division, respecting the characteristics of each specific region.

==SevenSisters Years'of WarFlorida cities and Afterwardcounties==

During the [[Seven Years' War]] he had the unwonted good fortune to be present as lieutenant in the ''Orphée'' in the action with [[John Byng|Admiral Byng]], which, if not strictly speaking a victory, was at least not a defeat for the French, and was followed by the surrender of the English garrison of [[Minorca]]. But in [[1757]] he was again taken prisoner, when his ship, ''Ocean'', was captured by [[Edward Boscawen|Boscawen]] off [[Battle of Lagos (1759)|Lagos]]. On the return of peace in [[1763]] he intended again to do the service in the caravans which was required to qualify him to hold the high and lucrative posts of the Order. He was, however, named to the command of the ''Caméléon'', a xebec--a vessel of mixed square and lateen rig peculiar to the [[Mediterranean]]--in which he cruised against the [[Barbary pirates]].

[[Image:Confuciustempleapricotplatform.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Qufu]], [[China]] is a sister city to Boynton Beach and a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]] ]]

Between [[1767]] and [[1771]] he performed his caravans, and was promoted from knight to commander of the Order. From that time till the beginning of the [[War of American Independence]] he commanded vessels in the squadron of evolution which the French government had established for the purpose of giving practice to its officers. His nerve and skill in handling his ship were highly commended by his chiefs; he has been called the best French naval commander of the 18h Century.

[[Image:ZenkojiWP.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Zenkō-ji]] temple in [[Nagano, Nagano|Nagano]], sister to Clearwater]]

[[Image:Antiguachurch.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Antigua Guatemala]] is one of seven sisters to Coral Gables]]

[[Image:AcrePalestine.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Acre, Israel]], mentioned in the [[Amarna letters]], is sister to Deerfield Beach]]

[[Image:Tegucigalpa.JPG|thumb|150px|right|Gainesville is sister to the capital of [[Honduras]], [[Tegucigalpa]]]]

[[Image:Traianbd.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Baia Mare]] is the only [[Romania]]n city sister to Florida cities]]

[[Image:Catedral Primada - exterior.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Miami's sister, [[Santo Domingo]], had the first cathedral in the [[New World]]]]

[[Image:Pescara hafen.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Pescara]] is one of the nine [[Italy|Italian]] Cities sisters to Florida cities]]

[[Image:Palermo Piazza Pretoria1.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Palermo]] was founded by [[Phoenician]]s and is sister to Miami]]

[[Image:Kagoshima City.jpg|thumb|150px|right|One of Miami sisters, [[Kagoshima, Kagoshima|Kagoshima]] sits close to the [[Sakurajima]] volcano]]

[[Image:Palau dels Reis de Mallorca a Perpinya.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Sarasota's sister, the [[France|French]] [[Perpignan]] was [[Spain|Spanish]] for 17 years]]

==Operations against the British, 1770s-1780s==

[[Image:SP saopaulo 09 g.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[São Paulo]] is the biggest [[Brazilian]] city and sister to Miami-Dade County]]

In [[1778]] and [[1779]] Suffren formed part of the squadron of Vice-Amiral ès Mers d'Asie et d'Amerique [[Charles Hector, comte d'Estaing|D'Estaing]] throughout its operations on the coast of [[North America]] and in the [[West Indies]]. He led the line in the [[Battle of Grenada|action]] with [[John Byron|Admiral John Byron]] off [[Grenada]], and his ship, the ''Fantasque'' (64), lost 62 men. His letters to his admiral show that he strongly disapproved of D'Estaing's half-hearted methods.

[[Image:Dunfermline city chambers.JPG|thumb|150px|right|[[Dunfermline]] was founded by the [[Culdees]] and is related to Sarasota]]

[[Image:Krasnodar obelisk.jpg|thumb|150px|right|The city of [[Krasnodar]] evolved from a [[Cossack]] fortress and is sister to Tallahassee]]

[[Image:P San Miguel de Allende.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[San Miguel de Allende]] was founded in [[1542]], 23 years before its sister Saint Augustine]]

[[Image:Museo arte oviedo.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Spanish [[Oviedo]] is related to Tampa]]

[[Image:River Ness.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Scotland]]'s [[Inverness]] is sister...]]

[[Image:Citrus Cty Crths Inverness01.jpg|thumb|150px|right|...to its Floridian counterpart [[Inverness, Florida|Inverness]]]]

[[Image:Qalqilya wall.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Qalqilyah]], Gainesville's sister, is completely encircled by the [[Israeli West Bank barrier]]]]

In [[1780]] he was captain of ''Zèle'' 74, in the combined French and Spanish fleets which captured a great English convoy in the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]]. His candour towards his chief had done him no harm in the opinion of D'Estaing.

[[Image:Agrigent-web.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Founded in 580 [[Common Era|BCE]], [[Agrigento]] is sister to Tampa]]

[[Image:View-from-Q1-looking-north.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]] is a coastal city like its sister Fort Lauderdale]]

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"

It is said to have been largely by the advice of this admiral that Suffren was chosen to command a squadron of five ships of the line sent out to help the Dutch who had joined France and Spain to defend the Cape against an expected English attack, and then to go on to the East Indies. He sailed from [[Brest, France|Brest]] on [[March 22]] on the cruise which has given him a unique place among French admirals, and puts him in the front rank of sea commanders. He was by nature even more vehement than able. The disasters which had befallen the navy of his country during the last two wars, and which, as he knew, were due to bad administration and timid leadership, had filled him with a burning desire to retrieve its honour. He was by experience as well as by temperament impatient with the formal manceuvring of his colleagues, which aimed at preserving their own ships rather than at taking the English, and though he did not dream of restoring the French power in India, he did hope to gain some such success as would enable his country to make an honourable peace. On [[April 16]] [[1781]] he found the English expedition on its way to the Cape under the command of Commodore, commonly called Governor, George Johnstone (1730-1787), at anchor in [[Porto Praya]], [[Cape Verde Islands]].

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!Florida Jurisdiction

!Sister Jurisdiction

!Country

!class=unsortable|Flag

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||[[Bay County, Florida|Bay County]]||[[Mérida, Yucatán]]||[[Mexico]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Mexico}}

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||[[Bay Harbor Islands, Florida|Bay Harbor Islands]]||[[Marechal Deodoro|Marechal Deodoro, Alagoas]]||[[Brazil]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Brazil}}

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||[[Boynton Beach, Florida|Boynton Beach]]||[[Qufu|Qufu, Shandong]]||[[China]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|China}}

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||[[Bradenton, Florida|Bradenton]]||[[Barcarrota, Extremadura]]||[[Spain]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Spain}}

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||[[Cape Canaveral, Florida|Cape Canaveral]]||[[Kloten|Kloten, Zurich]]||[[Switzerland]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Switzerland}}

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||Cape Canaveral||[[Sagres|Sagres, Algarve]]||[[Portugal]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Portugal}}

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||Cape Canaveral||[[Guidonia Montecelio|Guidonia Montecelio, Lazio]]||[[Italy]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Italy}}

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||Cape Canaveral||[[Ithaca|Ithaca, Kefallinia]]||[[Greece]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Greece}}

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||[[Clearwater, Florida|Clearwater]]||[[Kalamaria|Kalamaria, Thessaloniki]]||Greece|| align=center|{{flagicon|Greece}}

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||Clearwater||[[Nagano, Nagano]]||[[Japan]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Japan}}

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||[[Coral Gables, Florida|Coral Gables]]||[[Aix-en-Provence|Aix-en-Provence, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur]]||[[France]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|France}}

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||Coral Gables||[[Cartagena, Colombia|Cartagena, Bolivar]]||[[Colombia]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Colombia}}

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||Coral Gables||[[Granada|Granada, Granada]]||Spain|| align=center|{{flagicon|Spain}}

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||Coral Gables||[[Quito|Quito, Pichincha]]||[[Ecuador]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Ecuador}}

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||Coral Gables||[[Pisa|Pisa, Toscana]]||Italy|| align=center|{{flagicon|Italy}}

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||Coral Gables||[[El Puerto de Santa Maria|El Puerto de Santa Maria, Andalucia]]||Spain|| align=center|{{flagicon|Spain}}

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||Coral Gables||[[Antigua Guatemala|Antigua Guatemala, Antigua]]||[[Guatemala]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Guatemala}}

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||[[Coral Springs, Florida|Coral Springs]]||[[Paraiso, Costa Rica|Paraiso]]||[[Costa Rica]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Costa Rica}}

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||[[Crestview, Florida|Crestview]]||[[Noirmoutier-en-l'Île|Noirmoutier-en-l'Île, Pays de la Loire]]||France|| align=center|{{flagicon|France}}

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||[[Daytona Beach, Florida|Daytona Beach]]||[[Bayonne|Bayonne, Aquitaine]]||France|| align=center|{{flagicon|France}}

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||[[Deerfield Beach, Florida|Deerfield Beach]]||[[Acre, Israel|Acre, Galilee ]]||[[Israel]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Israel}}

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||[[Delray Beach, Florida|Delray Beach]]||[[Miyazu, Kyoto]]||Japan|| align=center|{{flagicon|Japan}}

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||Delray Beach||[[Moshi|Moshi, Arusha]]||[[Tanzania]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Tanzania}}

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||[[Dunedin, Florida|Dunedin]]||[[Stirling|Stirling, Stirling Council]]||[[Scotland]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Scotland}}

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||Dunedin||[[Summerside, Prince Edward Island]]||[[Canada]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Canada}}

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||[[Fort Lauderdale, Florida|Fort Lauderdale]]||[[Gold Coast, Queensland]]||[[Australia]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Australia}}

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||Fort Lauderdale||[[La Romana, Dominican Republic|La Romana, La Romana]]||[[Dominican Republic]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Dominican Republic}}

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||Fort Lauderdale||[[Haifa|Haifa, Haifa]]||Israel|| align=center|{{flagicon|Israel}}

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||Fort Lauderdale||[[Agogo, Ghana|Agogo, Asante Akim North]]||[[Ghana]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Ghana}}

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||Fort Lauderdale||[[Belo Horizonte|Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais]]||Brazil|| align=center|{{flagicon|Brazil}}

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||Fort Lauderdale||[[Panama City|Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá]]||[[Panama]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Panama}}

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||Fort Lauderdale||[[Quepos|Quepos, Puntarenas]]||Costa Rica|| align=center|{{flagicon|Costa Rica}}

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||Fort Lauderdale||[[Mar del Plata|Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires]]||[[Argentina]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Argentina}}

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||Fort Lauderdale||[[Isla Margarita|Isla Margarita, Nueva Esparta]]||[[Venezuela]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Venezuela}}

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||Fort Lauderdale||[[Medellín|Medellín, Antioquia]]||Colombia|| align=center|{{flagicon|Colombia}}

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||Fort Lauderdale||[[Muğla|Muğla, Muğla]]||[[Turkey]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Turkey}}

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||Fort Lauderdale||[[Rimini, Italy|Rimini, Emilia-Romagna]]||Italy|| align=center|{{flagicon|Italy}}

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||Fort Lauderdale||[[São Sebastião|São Sebastião, São Paulo]]||Brazil|| align=center|{{flagicon|Brazil}}

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||Fort Lauderdale||[[Sefton|Sefton, North West England]]||[[England]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|England}}

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||Fort Lauderdale||[[Cap-Haïtien|Cap-Haïtien, Nord]]||[[Haiti]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Haiti}}

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||[[Gainesville, Florida|Gainesville]]||[[Novorossiysk|Novorossiysk, Adygeya]]||[[Russia]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Russia}}

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||Gainesville||[[Dahuk|Dahuk, Dahuk]]||[[Iraq]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Iraq}}

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||Gainesville||[[Matagalpa|Matagalpa, Matagalpa]]||[[Nicaragua]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Nicaragua}}

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||Gainesville||[[Manizales|Manizales, Caldas]]||Colombia|| align=center|{{flagicon|Colombia}}

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||Gainesville||[[Jacmel|Jacmel, Sud-Est]]||Haiti|| align=center|{{flagicon|Haiti}}

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||Gainesville||[[Tegucigalpa|Tegucigalpa, Distrito Central]]||[[Honduras]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Honduras}}

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||Gainesville||[[Kfar Saba|Kfar Saba, Center]]||Israel|| align=center|{{flagicon|Israel}}

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||Gainesville||[[Qalqilyah|Qalqilyah, West Bank]]||[[Palestine]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Palestine}}

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||[[Hollywood, Florida|Hollywood]]||[[Lechería, Anzoátegui]]||Venezuela|| align=center|{{flagicon|Venezuela}}

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||Hollywood||[[Ciudad de la Costa, Canelones]]||[[Uruguay]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Uruguay}}

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||Hollywood||[[Guatemala City|Guatemala, Guatemala]]||Guatemala|| align=center|{{flagicon|Guatemala}}

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||Hollywood||[[Herzliya|Herzliya, Tel Aviv]]||Israel|| align=center|{{flagicon|Israel}}

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||Hollywood||[[Romorantin-Lanthenay|Romorantin-Lanthenay, Centre]]||France|| align=center|{{flagicon|France}}

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||Hollywood||[[Baia Mare|Baia Mare, Nord-Vest]]||[[Romania]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Romania}}

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||Hollywood||[[Salvaleón de Higüey|Salvaleón de Higüey, La Altagracia]]||Dominican Republic|| align=center|{{flagicon|Dominican Republic}}

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||Hollywood||[[Vlorë|Vlorë, Vlorë]]||[[Albania]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Albania}}

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||[[Homestead, Florida|Homestead]]||[[Petit Goâve|Petit Goâve, Ouest]]||Haiti|| align=center|{{flagicon|Haiti}}

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||[[Inverness, Florida|Inverness]]||[[Inverness|Inverness, Highland]]||Scotland|| align=center|{{flagicon|Scotland}}

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||[[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville]]||[[Bahía Blanca|Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires]]||Argentina|| align=center|{{flagicon|Argentina}}

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||Jacksonville||[[Masan|Masan, South Gyeongsang]]||[[South Korea]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|South Korea}}

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||Jacksonville||[[Murmansk|Murmansk, Murmansk]]||Russia|| align=center|{{flagicon|Russia}}

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||Jacksonville||[[Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality, Eastern Cape]]||[[South Africa]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|South Africa}}

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||Jacksonville||[[Yingkou|Yingkou, Liaoning]]||China|| align=center|{{flagicon|China}}

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||Jacksonville||[[Nantes|Nantes, Pays de la Loire]]||France|| align=center|{{flagicon|France}}

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||[[Lakeland, Florida|Lakeland]]||[[Bălţi|Bălţi, Bălţi]]||[[Moldova]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Moldova}}

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||Lakeland||[[Imabari, Ehime]]||Japan|| align=center|{{flagicon|Japan}}

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||Lakeland||[[Richmond Hill, Ontario]]||Canada|| align=center|{{flagicon|Canada}}

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||[[Lantana, Florida|Lantana]]||[[Lapua|Lapua, Lansi-Suomen Laani]]||[[Finland]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Finland}}

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||[[Lauderdale-by-the-Sea, Florida|Lauderdale-by-the-Sea]]||[[San Isidro District|San Isidro, Lima]]||[[Peru]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Peru}}

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||[[Lauderhill, Florida|Lauderhill]]||[[Chaguanas|Chaguanas, Caroni]]||[[Trinidad and Tobago]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Trinidad and Tobago}}

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||Lauderhill||[[Gemlik|Gemlik, Bursa]]||Turkey|| align=center|{{flagicon|Turkey}}

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||[[Miami, Florida|Miami]]||[[Agadir|Agadir, Souss-Massa-Draâ]]||[[Morocco]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Morocco}}

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||Miami||[[Amman|Amman, Amman]]||[[Jordan]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Jordan}}

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||Miami||[[Nice|Nice, Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur]]||France|| align=center|{{flagicon|France}}

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||Miami||[[Palermo|Palermo, Sicilia]]||Italy|| align=center|{{flagicon|Italy}}

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||Miami||[[Ramat HaSharon|Ramat HaSharon, Tel Aviv]]||Israel|| align=center|{{flagicon|Israel}}

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||Miami||[[Santiago, Chile|Santiago, Santiago]]||[[Chile]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Chile}}

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||Miami||[[Santo Domingo|Santo Domingo, Distrito Nacional]]||Dominican Republic|| align=center|{{flagicon|Dominican Republic}}

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||Miami||[[Varna|Varna, Varna]]||[[Bulgaria]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Bulgaria}}

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||Miami||[[Bogotá|Bogotá, Distrito Capital]]||Colombia|| align=center|{{flagicon|Colombia}}

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||Miami||[[Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires]]||Argentina|| align=center|{{flagicon|Argentina}}

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||Miami||[[Cochabamba|Cochabamba, Cochabamba]]||[[Bolivia]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Bolivia}}

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||Miami||[[Kagoshima, Kagoshima]]||Japan|| align=center|{{flagicon|Japan}}

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||Miami||[[Kaohsiung|Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung]]||[[Taiwan]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Taiwan}}

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||Miami||[[Managua|Managua, Managua]]||Nicaragua|| align=center|{{flagicon|Nicaragua}}

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||Miami||[[Montes de Oca, San José]]||Costa Rica|| align=center|{{flagicon|Costa Rica}}

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||Miami||[[Murcia|Murcia, Murcia]]||Spain|| align=center|{{flagicon|Spain}}

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||[[Miami Beach, Florida|Miami Beach]]||[[Cozumel|Cozumel, Quintana Roo]]||Mexico|| align=center|{{flagicon|Mexico}}

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||Miami Beach||[[Fujisawa, Kanagawa]]||Japan|| align=center|{{flagicon|Japan}}

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||Miami Beach||[[Ica (city)|Ica, Ica]]||Peru|| align=center|{{flagicon|Peru}}

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||Miami Beach||[[Santa Marta|Santa Marta, Magdalena]]||Colombia|| align=center|{{flagicon|Colombia}}

|-

||Miami Beach||[[Český Krumlov|Český Krumlov, Jihočeský]]||[[Czech Republic]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Czech Republic}}

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||Miami Beach||[[Pescara|Pescara, Abruzzo]]||Italy|| align=center|{{flagicon|Italy}}

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||Miami Beach||[[Almonte, Spain|Almonte, Huelva]]||Spain|| align=center|{{flagicon|Spain}}

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||[[Miami Dade County, Florida|Miami-Dade County]]||[[Veracruz, Veracruz]]||Mexico|| align=center|{{flagicon|Mexico}}

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||Miami-Dade County||[[Iquique|Iquique, Tarapacá]]||Chile|| align=center|{{flagicon|Chile}}

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||Miami-Dade County||[[Kingston|Kingston, Surrey]]||[[Jamaica]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Jamaica}}

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||Miami-Dade County||[[Petit Goâve|Petit Goâve, Ouest]]||Haiti|| align=center|{{flagicon|Haiti}}

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||Miami-Dade County||[[The Bahamas]]||[[The Bahamas]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Bahamas}}

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||Miami-Dade County||[[Santo Domingo|Santo Domingo, Distrito Nacional]]||Dominican Republic|| align=center|{{flagicon|Dominican Republic}}

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||Miami-Dade County||[[Lamentin]]||[[Guadeloupe]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Guadeloupe}}

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||Miami-Dade County||[[Cabildo de Tenerife|Cabildo de Tenerife, Tenerife]]||Spain|| align=center|{{flagicon|Spain}}

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||Miami-Dade County||[[Asti Province|Provincia di Asti, Piemonte]]||Italy|| align=center|{{flagicon|Italy}}

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||Miami-Dade County||[[Stockholm County]]||[[Sweden]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Sweden}}

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||Miami-Dade County||[[Taipei County]]||Taiwan|| align=center|{{flagicon|Taiwan}}

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||Miami-Dade County||[[Pereira]]||Colombia|| align=center|{{flagicon|Colombia}}

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||Miami-Dade County||[[San Jose]]||Costa Rica|| align=center|{{flagicon|Costa Rica}}

|-

||Miami-Dade County||[[Turks and Caicos Islands]]||[[Turks and Caicos Islands]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Turks and Caicos Islands}}

|-

||Miami-Dade County||[[Saint Kitts and Nevis]]||[[Saint Kitts and Nevis]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}

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||Miami-Dade County||[[Province of Asti|Provincia di Asti, Piemonte]]||Italy|| align=center|{{flagicon|Italy}}

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||Miami-Dade County||[[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza, Mendoza]]||Argentina|| align=center|{{flagicon|Argentina}}

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||Miami-Dade County||[[Monagas|Monagas]]||Venezuela|| align=center|{{flagicon|Venezuela}}

|-

||Miami-Dade County||[[São Paulo|São Paulo, São Paulo]]||Brazil|| align=center|{{flagicon|Brazil}}

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||Miami-Dade County||[[Pucallpa|Pucallpa, Ucayali]]||Peru|| align=center|{{flagicon|Peru}}

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||Miami-Dade County||[[Santa Cruz de la Sierra|Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Santa Cruz]]||Bolivia|| align=center|{{flagicon|Bolivia}}

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||Miami-Dade County||[[Asunción|Asunción, Asunción]]||[[Paraguay]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Paraguay}}

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||Miami-Dade County||[[Maldonado, Uruguay|Maldonado, Maldonado]]||Uruguay|| align=center|{{flagicon|Uruguay}}

|-

||Miami-Dade County||[[Cayman Islands]]||[[Cayman Islands]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Cayman Islands}}

|-

||[[Mount Dora, Florida|Mount Dora]]||[[Forres|Forres, Moray]]||Scotland|| align=center|{{flagicon|Scotland}}

|-

||[[New Port Richey, Florida|New Port Richey]]||[[Cavalaire-sur-Mer|Cavalaire-sur-Mer, Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur]]||France|| align=center|{{flagicon|France}}

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||[[North Lauderdale, Florida|North Lauderdale]]||[[Yatağan, Muğla]]||Turkey|| align=center|{{flagicon|Turkey}}

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||[[Ocala, Florida|Ocala]]||[[Sincelejo|Sincelejo, Sucre]]||Colombia|| align=center|{{flagicon|Colombia}}

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||Ocala||[[Pisa|Pisa, Toscana]]||Italy|| align=center|{{flagicon|Italy}}

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||[[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]]||[[Guilin|Guilin, Guangxi]]||China|| align=center|{{flagicon|China}}

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||Orlando||[[Orenburg|Orenburg, Orenburg]]||Russia|| align=center|{{flagicon|Russia}}

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||Orlando||[[Seine-et-Marne|Seine-et-Marne, Île-de-France]]||France|| align=center|{{flagicon|France}}

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||Orlando||[[Urayasu, Chiba]]||Japan|| align=center|{{flagicon|Japan}}

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||Orlando||[[Tainan City|Tainan, Tainan]]||Taiwan|| align=center|{{flagicon|Taiwan}}

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||Orlando||[[Monterrey|Monterrey, Nuevo León]]||Mexico|| align=center|{{flagicon|Mexico}}

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||Orlando||[[Reykjanesbær|Reykjanesbær, Gullbringusýsla]]||[[Iceland]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Iceland}}

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||Orlando||[[Valladolid|Valladolid, Castilla y León]]||Spain|| align=center|{{flagicon|Spain}}

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||[[Palm Coast, Florida|Palm Coast]]||[[Liberia, Costa Rica|Liberia, Guanacaste]]||Costa Rica|| align=center|{{flagicon|Costa Rica}}

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||[[Pembroke Pines, Florida|Pembroke Pines]]||[[Astrakhan|Astrakhan, Astrakhan]]||Russia|| align=center|{{flagicon|Russia}}

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||[[Pensacola, Florida|Pensacola]]||[[Chimbote|Chimbote, Santa]]||Peru|| align=center|{{flagicon|Peru}}

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||Pensacola||[[Escazú, Costa Rica|Escazú, San José]]||Costa Rica|| align=center|{{flagicon|Costa Rica}}

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||Pensacola||[[Gorlivka, Donetsk]]||[[Ukraine]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}

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||Pensacola||[[Gero, Gifu]]||Japan|| align=center|{{flagicon|Japan}}

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||Pensacola||[[Kaohsiung|Kaohsiung, Lyngia]]||Taiwan|| align=center|{{flagicon|Taiwan}}

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||Pensacola||[[Miraflores District|Miraflores, Lima]]||Peru|| align=center|{{flagicon|Peru}}

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||Pensacola||[[Horlivka|Horlivka, Donetsk]]||Ukraine|| align=center|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}

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||[[Saint Augustine, Florida|Saint Augustine]]||[[Avilés|Avilés, Asturias]]||Spain|| align=center|{{flagicon|Spain}}

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||Saint Augustine||[[Cartagena, Colombia|Cartagena, Bolívar]]||Colombia|| align=center|{{flagicon|Colombia}}

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||Saint Augustine||[[Ciutadella|Ciutadella, Minorca]]||Spain|| align=center|{{flagicon|Spain}}

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||Saint Augustine||[[George Town, Bahamas|George Town, Exuma]]||[[Bahamas]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Bahamas}}

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||Saint Augustine||[[San Miguel de Allende|San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato]]||Mexico|| align=center|{{flagicon|Mexico}}

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||[[Sarasota, Florida|Sarasota]]||[[Hamilton, Ontario]]||Canada|| align=center|{{flagicon|Canada}}

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||Sarasota||[[Perpignan|Perpignan, Languedoc-Roussillon]]||France|| align=center|{{flagicon|France}}

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||Sarasota||[[Santo Domingo|Santo Domingo, Distrito Nacional]]||Dominican Republic|| align=center|{{flagicon|Dominican Republic}}

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||Sarasota||[[Tel Mond|Tel Mond, Center]]||Israel|| align=center|{{flagicon|Israel}}

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||Sarasota||[[Dunfermline|Dunfermline, Fife]]||Scotland|| align=center|{{flagicon|Scotland}}

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||Sarasota||[[Vladimir|Vladimir, Vladimir]]||Russia|| align=center|{{flagicon|Russia}}

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||[[Southwest Ranches, Florida|Southwest Ranches]]||[[Clifden|Clifden, Connacht]]||[[Ireland]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Ireland}}

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||[[St. Pete Beach, Florida|Saint Pete Beach]]||[[Sandown|Sandown, Isle of Wight]]||England|| align=center|{{flagicon|England}}

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||[[Saint Petersburg, Florida|Saint Petersburg]]||[[Takamatsu, Kagawa]]||Japan|| align=center|{{flagicon|Japan}}

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||Saint Petersburg||[[Saint Petersburg|Saint Petersburg, Leningrad]]||Russia|| align=center|{{flagicon|Russia}}

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||[[Sunny Isles Beach, Florida|Sunny Isles Beach]]||[[Netanya|Netanya, Central]]||Israel|| align=center|{{flagicon|Israel}}

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||[[Sunrise, Florida|Sunrise]]||[[Yavne|Yavne, Center]]||Israel|| align=center|{{flagicon|Israel}}

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||[[Tallahassee, Florida|Tallahassee]]||[[Krasnodar|Krasnodar, Krasnodar Krai]]||Russia|| align=center|{{flagicon|Russia}}

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||Tallahassee||[[Konongo-Odumase|Konongo-Odumase, Asante Akim North]]||Ghana|| align=center|{{flagicon|Ghana}}

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||Tallahassee||[[St. Maarten]]||[[Netherlands Antilles]]|| align=center|{{flagicon|Netherlands Antilles}}

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||Tallahassee||[[Sligo|Sligo, Connacht]]||Ireland|| align=center|{{flagicon|Ireland}}

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||Tallahassee||[[Ramat HaSharon|Ramat HaSharon, Tel Aviv]]||Israel|| align=center|{{flagicon|Israel}}

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||[[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]]||[[Agrigento|Agrigento, Sicilia]]||Italy|| align=center|{{flagicon|Italy}}

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||Tampa||[[Barranquilla|Barranquilla, Atlántico]]||Colombia|| align=center|{{flagicon|Colombia}}

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||Tampa||[[Granada, Nicaragua|Granada, Granada]]||Nicaragua|| align=center|{{flagicon|Nicaragua}}

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||Tampa||[[İzmir|İzmir, İzmir]]||Turkey|| align=center|{{flagicon|Turkey}}

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||Tampa||[[Le Havre|Le Havre, Haute-Normandie]]||France|| align=center|{{flagicon|France}}

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||Tampa||[[Oviedo|Oviedo, Asturias]]||Spain|| align=center|{{flagicon|Spain}}

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||Tampa||[[Veracruz, Veracruz]]||Mexico|| align=center|{{flagicon|Mexico}}

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||Tampa||[[Boca del Río, Veracruz]]||Mexico|| align=center|{{flagicon|Mexico}}

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||Tampa||[[Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba, Córdoba]]||Argentina|| align=center|{{flagicon|Argentina}}

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||[[Tarpon Springs, Florida|Tarpon Springs]]||[[Kalymnos|Kalymnos, Dhodhekanisos]]||Greece|| align=center|{{flagicon|Greece}}

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||[[West Palm Beach, Florida|West Palm Beach]]||[[Tzahar Region]]||Israel|| align=center|{{flagicon|Israel}}

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|}

==See also==

Remembering how little respect Boscawen had shown for the neutrality of [[Portugal]] at [[Battle of Lagos (1759)|Lagos]], he attacked at once, in the [[Battle of Porto Praya]]. Though he was indifferently supported, he inflicted as much injury as he suffered, and proved to the English that in him they had to deal with an admiral of quite a different type from the Frenchmen they had been accustomed to as yet. He pushed on to the Cape, which he saved from capture by Johnstone, and then made his way to the Ile de France ([[Mauritius]]), then held by the French. M. D'Orves, his superior officer, died as the united squadrons, now eleven sail of the line, were on their way to the Bay of Bengal.

*[[List of twin towns and sister cities]]

==References==

===Campaign Against Sir Edward Hughes===

{{reflist}}

The campaign, which Suffren now conducted against the English admiral [[Sir Edward Hughes]] ([[1720]]?-[[1794]]), is famous for the number and severity of the encounters between them. Four actions took place in [[1782]]: the [[Battle of Sadras]] on [[February 17]] [[1782]], south of [[Chennai|Madras]]; the [[Battle of Providien]] on [[April 12]] near [[Trincomalee]]; the [[Battle of Negapatam (1782)]] on [[July 6]] off [[Cuddalore]], after which Suffren seized upon the anchorage of Trincomalee compelling the small British garrison to surrender; and finally the [[Battle of Trincomalee]] near that port on [[September 3]]. No ship was lost by Sir Edward Hughes in any of these actions, but none were taken by him. Suffren attacked with unprecedented vigour on every occasion, and if he had not been ill-supported by some of his captains he would undoubtedly have gained a distinct victory; as it was, he maintained his squadron without the help of a port to refit, and provided himself with an anchorage at Trincomalee.

==External Link==

His activity encouraged [[Hyder Ali]], who was then at war with the [[British East India Company|Company]]. He refused to return to the islands for the purpose of escorting the troops coming out under command of Bussy, maintaining that his proper purpose was to cripple the squadron of Sir Edward Hughes. During the north-east monsoon he would not go to the islands but refitted in the Malay ports in Sumatra, and returned with the south-west [[monsoon]] in 1783. Hyder Ali was dead, but [[Tippoo Sahib|Tippoo Sultan]], his son, was still at war with the Company. Bussy arrived and landed. The operations on shore were slackly conducted by him, and Suffren was much hampered, but when he fought his last battle against Hughes at the [[Battle of Cuddalore (1783)]] ([[April 20]], [[1783]]), with fifteen ships to eighteen he forced the British admiral to retire to Madras, leaving the army then besieging Cüddalore in a very dangerous position. The arrival of the news that peace had been made in Europe put a stop to hostilities, and Suffren returned to France.

==Sudden Death==

While refitting at the Cape on his way home, several of the vessels also returning put in, and the captains waited on him. Suffren said in one of his letters that their praise gave him more pleasure than any other compliment paid him. In France he was received with enthusiasm, and in 1781 he succeeded Comte d'Aubigny unopposed to the office of vice-[[admiral of France]] (Ponant or the Atlantic). He had been promoted bailli in the Order of Malta during his absence. His death occurred very suddenly, when he was about to take command of a fleet collected in Brest. The official version of the cause of death was apoplexy, and as he was a very corpulent man it appeared plausible. But many years afterwards his body servant told M. Jal, the historiographer of the French navy, that he had been killed in a duel by the Prince de Mirepoix. The cause of the encounter, according to the servant, was that Suffren had refused in very strong language to use his influence to secure the restoration to the navy of two of the prince's relations who had been dismissed for misconduct.

Suffren was crippled to a large extent by the want of loyal and capable co-operation on the part of his captains, and the vehemence of his own temperament sometimes led him to disregard prudence, yet he had an indefatigable energy, a wealth of resource, and a thorough understanding of the fact--so habitually disregarded by French naval officers--that success at sea is won by defeating an enemy and not by merely outmanoeuvring him; and this made him a most formidable enemy.

The news of French aggressiveness and early successes in this naval campaign caused the British high command to change the destination of a fleet with land troops assembling in Canada from the American Colonies in rebellion to India. This decision made the successes won by the Colonial Army irreversible. World historical events stamp De Suffren's campaign as one of the greatest battles.

==Sources on Suffren's Life==

The portraits of Suffren usually reproduced are worthless, but there is a good engraving by Mme. de Cernel after an original by Gerard.

* The standard authority for the life of Suffren is the ''Histoire du Bailli de Suffren'' by Ch. Cunat ([[1852]]).

* The ''Journal de Bord du Bailli de Suffren dans l'Inde'', edited by M. Mores, was published in [[1888]].

* There is an appreciative study in Captain Mahan's ''Sea Power in History''.

* ''Mais qui est le bailli de Suffren Saint-Tropez ?'' Charles-Armand Klein - Mémoires du Sud - Editions Equinoxe, 2000.

==References==

{{commons|Category:Pierre André de Suffren|Pierre André de Suffren}}

*{{1911}}

[http://www.sister-cities.org/icrc/directory/usa/FL Sister Cities International]

[[Category:1729 births|Suffren de Saint Tropez, Pierre André de]]

[[Category:1788 deaths|Suffren de Saint Tropez, Pierre André de]]

[[Category:French Navy admirals|Suffren de Saint Tropez, Pierre André de]]

[[Category:French nobility|Suffren de Saint Tropez, Pierre André de]]

[[Category:French people of the American Revolution|Suffren de Saint Tropez, Pierre André de]]

[[Category:Sister cities and twin towns|Florida]]

[[fr:Pierre André de Suffren]]

[[Category:Florida]]