Hypothyroidism and Yaya Touré: Difference between pages

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{{Infobox Football biography

{{Infobox_Disease |

| playername = Yaya Touré

Name = Hypothyroidism |

| image = <!-- Commented out because image was deleted: [[Image:Yaya_Toure.jpg|210px]] -->

Image = Triiodothyronine.svg |

| fullname = Gnegneri Yaya Touré

Caption = [[Triiodothyronine]], the most active form of [[thyroid hormone]] |

| dateofbirth = {{birth date and age|1983|5|13}}

DiseasesDB = 6558 |

| cityofbirth = [[Sokoura Bouake]]

ICD10 = {{ICD10|E|03|9|e|00}} |

| countryofbirth = [[Cote d'Ivoire]]

ICD9 = {{ICD9|244.9}} |

| height = {{height|m=1.87}}

ICDO = |

| currentclub = [[FC Barcelona]]

OMIM = |

| clubnumber = 17

MedlinePlus = |

| position = Midfielder

eMedicineSubj = med |

| youthyears =

eMedicineTopic = 1145 |

| youthclubs =

MeshID = D007037 |

| years = 2001<br/>2001–2003<br/>2003–2005<br/>2005–2006<br/>2006–2007<br>2007–

| clubs = [[ASEC Abidjan]]<br/>[[KSK Beveren|Beveren]]<br/>[[Metalurh Donetsk]]<br/>[[Olympiacos|Olympiakos]]<br/>[[AS Monaco]]<br>[[FC Barcelona]]

| caps(goals) = - (-)<br/>70 (3)<br/>33 (3)<br/>19 (3)<br>27 (5)<br/>{{0}}0 (0)

| nationalyears = 2004–

| nationalteam = [[Cote d'Ivoire national football team|Cote d'Ivoire]]

| nationalcaps(goals) = 19 (2)

| pcupdate = 5 June 2007

| ntupdate = 8 october 2006

}}

'''Gnegneri Yaya Touré''' also spelt '''Yahya Toure''', ([[Arabic language|Arabic]] pronunciation: '''Yaheeyaa Tooray''') (born [[May 13]], [[1983]] in the [[Ivory Coast]]), is an Ivorian [[soccer|footballer]] who currently plays for [[FC Barcelona]]. He has 17 [[Cap (football)|caps]] for the [[Côte d'Ivoire national football team|Côte d'Ivoire]].

'''Hypothyroidism''' is the disease state in humans and animals caused by insufficient production of [[thyroid hormone]] by the [[thyroid gland]]. It affects about 5% of the United Kingdom population over 60 years of age. As of 2006, more than 1% of the United Kingdom population were receiving T₄ ([[Thyroxine]]) replacement therapy for hypothyroidism.<ref name="tjcemjul06">{{cite journal |author=Grozinsky-Glasberg S, Fraser A, Nahshoni E, Weizman A, Leibovici L |title=Thyroxine-triiodothyronine combination therapy versus thyroxine monotherapy for clinical hypothyroidism: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=91 |issue=7 |pages=2592-9 |year=2006 |month=July |pmid=16670166 |doi=10.1210/jc.2006-0448}}</ref>

Touré, a midfielder, is the younger brother of [[Arsenal F.C.]] defender [[Kolo Touré]]. They have a younger brother [[Ibrahim Touré]], who plays for [[OGC Nice]].

==Causes==

There are several distinct causes for chronic hypothyroidism. Historically and, still, in many developing countries [[iodine deficiency]] is the most common cause of hypothyroidism world-wide. In present day developed countries, however, hypothyroidism is mostly caused by [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]], or by a lack of the [[thyroid]] gland or a deficiency of hormones from either the hypothalamus or the pituitary.

Touré joined [[ASEC Mimosas]] youth academy in 1996. After two years in [[KSK Beveren]] ([[Belgium]]) and two more at [[FC Metalurh Donetsk]] ([[Ukraine]]), he moved to [[Olympiacos]] in 2005. He was nicknamed "the new [[Patrick Vieira]]" by his brother Kolo. He is said to have attracted the interest of clubs such as [[Olympique Lyon]], [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]], [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]], [[Everton FC|Everton]], and [[A.C. Milan]], but has since expressed a wish to play alongside his brother Kolo at [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]]. He was also selected by Eurosport in 2005 as one of the most promising young players worldwide ([[Javier Mascherano]] and [[Sergio Agüero]] were included in the list as well). It has since emerged that Arsenal made a €7m bid in January 2006 which was rejected as Olympiacos wanted to wait to the summer to consider selling.

Hypothyroidism can also result from sporadic inheritance, sometimes [[autosome|autosomal]] recessive. It is a relatively common disease in purebred domestic dogs as well, and can have a hereditary basis in [[dogs]].{{Fact|date=March 2007}}

Olympiakos decided to accept a mere €4.5m from French Ligue 1 side [[A.S. Monaco]] as a result of the players refusal to return to Greece for the team's pre-season training. Touré accused Olympiacos of not paying his due salaries, while Olympiacos accused him of lying in order to get transferred. On [[August 15]][[2006]] Touré completed his move to the Ligue 1 side.

Temporary hypothyroidism can be due to the [[Wolff-Chaikoff effect]].

Touré is a central midfielder who stands out because of his physical abilities. Very capable in holding and protecting the ball, he excels in a variety of passes, including long, short and direct. In difficult situations, when his team is under pressure, he has the ability to make forward runs, thus he has been recognized as a box-to-box player.

Hypothyroidism is often classified by the organ of origin:<ref>http://www.umm.edu/patiented/articles/what_causes_hypothyroidism_000038_2.htm</ref><ref>http://www.pathology.vcu.edu/education/endocrine/endocrine/pituitary/diseases.html</ref>

On [[26 June]][[2007]] Spanish La Liga giants [[FC Barcelona]] announced the signing of Touré for a reported fee of €10m (£6.7m). He is the Catalan outfit's second signing of the summer 2007 transfer window following the capture of striker [[Thierry Henry]] from Arsenal, and he will wear the number 17 shirt.

{| class="wikitable"

| '''Type''' || '''Origin''' || '''Description'''

|-

| ''Primary hypothyroidism'' || [[thyroid gland]] || The most common forms include [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]] (an [[autoimmune]] disease) and [[radioiodine]] therapy for [[hyperthyroidism]].

==External links==

|-

*{{lfpfr|114076}}

| ''Secondary hypothyroidism'' || [[pituitary gland]] || Occurs if the pituitary gland does not create enough [[thyroid stimulating hormone]] (TSH) to induce the thyroid gland to create a sufficient quantity of [[thyroxine]]. Although not every case of secondary hypothyroidism has a clear-cut cause, it is usually caused when the pituitary is damaged by a tumor, radiation, or surgery so that it is no longer able to instruct the thyroid to make enough hormone<ref name="ATA">{{cite book |author=American Thyroid Association (ATA) |title=Hypothyroidism Booklet |year=2003 |pages=6 |url=http://www.thyroid.org/patients/brochures/Hypothyroidism%20_web_booklet.pdf#search=%22hypothyroidism%22 |format=PDF}}</ref>

|-

| ''Tertiary hypothyroidism'', also called ''hypothalamic-pituitary-axis hypothyroidism'' || [[hypothalamus]] || Results when the hypothalamus fails to produce sufficient [[TRH]].

|}

{{Côte d'Ivoire Squad 2006 World Cup}}

===General psychological associations===

{{FC Barcelona squad}}

Hypothyroidism can be caused by [[Lithium_pharmacology|lithium]]-based [[mood stabilizer]]s used to treat [[bipolar disorder]] (previously known as manic depression).

In addition, patients with hypothyroidism and psychiatric symptoms may be diagnosed with:<ref>{{cite journal |author=Heinrich TW, Grahm G |title=Hypothyroidism Presenting as Psychosis: Myxedema Madness Revisited |journal= |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=260-266 |year=2003 |pmid=15213796 |doi=}}</ref><!-- this seems a broken link, or is subscription required: <ref name="Identifying hypothyroidism’s psychiatric presentations">Current Psychiatry Online, [http://www.currentpsychiatry.com/article_pages.asp?AID=4545&UID=29961]</ref> -->

* atypical [[Clinical_depression|depression]] (which may present as [[dysthymia]])

* bipolar spectrum syndrome (including bipolar I or bipolar II disorder, [[cyclothymia]], or [[premenstrual syndrome]])

* [[borderline personality disorder]]

* a [[psychotic disorder]] (typically, paranoid [[schizophrenia]])

* [[ADHD_predominantly_inattentive|inattentive ADHD]] or [[sluggish cognitive tempo]]

<!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] -->

==Symptoms==

{{Persondata

The ability of Hypothyroidism to mimic a number of medical conditions originates in the vast functions of the thyroid hormones, which are absent in this case.

|NAME= Touré, Gnegneri Yaya

The functions of thyroid hormones include modulation of carbohydrate, protein and fat [[metabolism]], vitamin utilization, [[mitochondrial]] function, [[digestive]] process, muscle and nerve activity, blood flow, oxygen utilization, hormone secretion and sexual and reproductive health<ref name="Geneva Diagnostics">{{cite web |title=Comprehensive Thyroid Assessment |url=http://www.gdx.net/home/assessments/thyroid/ |publsiher=Geneva Diagnostics |accessdate=2007-05-21}}</ref> to mention some. Thus, when the thyroid hormone content gets out of balance, systems covering the whole body are affected, and that's why hypothyroidism can look like other diseases.

|ALTERNATIVE NAMES= Touré, Yaya; Yahya Toure

|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Professional footballer

Conversely, sometimes other conditions can be mistaken for Hypothyroidism.

|DATE OF BIRTH= [[1983-05-13]]

|PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Sokoura Bouake]], [[Cote d'Ivoire]]

===Adults===

|DATE OF DEATH=

In adults, hypothyroidism is associated with the following symptoms:<ref name="ATA"/>

|PLACE OF DEATH=Slumz

}}

====Early symptoms====

<ref name=nlm> [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000367.htm#Symptoms NLM] </ref>

* Poor muscle tone ([[muscle hypotonia]])

* [[Fatigue (physical)]]

* Cold intolerance, increased sensitivity to cold

* [[Constipation]]

* [[Weight gain]]

* [[clinical depression|Depression]] (especially in the elderly)

* [[Muscle cramps]] and [[joint pain]]

* Thin, [[Brittle fingernails]]

* Thin, brittle hair

* [[Paleness]]

====Late symptoms====

<ref name=nlm/>

* Slowed speech and a [[hoarse]], breaking voice. Deepening of the voice can also be noticed.

* Dry puffy skin, especially on the face

* Thinning of the outer third of the eyebrows

* Abnormal [[menstrual cycles]] (Specifically [[Menorrhagia]])

====Less common symptoms====

* Heat intolerance, increased sensitivity to heat

* Impaired [[memory]]

* Impaired cognitive function (brain fog) and inattentiveness

* [[Urticaria]] (hives)

* [[Migraine]] headache

* A [[bradycardia|slow heart rate]] with [[ECG]] changes including low voltage signals. Diminished cardiac output and decreased contractility.

* [[Reactive hypoglycemia|Reactive(or post-prandial) hypoglycemia]]<ref name="hypoglycemia"> Fred D.Hofdelt, Stephen Dippe, Peter H. Forshman "Diagnosis and classification of reactive hypoglycemia based on hormonal changes in response to oral and intravenous glucose administration" ''The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition''[http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/25/11/1193.pdf]</ref>

* [[Pericardial effusion]]s may occur.

* Sluggish [[reflex action|reflexes]]

* [[hair loss]]

* [[Anemia]] caused by impaired hemoglobin synthesis (decreased [[Erythropoietin|EPO]] levels), impaired intestinal iron and [[folate]] absorption or B12 deficiency from [[pernicious anemia]]

* [[anxiety]]/panic attacks

* [[difficulty swallowing]]

* [[Shortness of breath]] with a shallow and slow respiratory pattern.

* Impaired ventilatory responses to [[hypercapnia]] and [[Hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]].

* Increased need for sleep

* [[Osteopenia]] or [[Osteoporosis]]

* [[Irritability]] and mood instability

* Yellowing of the skin due to impaired conversion of [[beta-carotene]] to vitamin A

* Impaired renal function with decreased [[Glomerular filtration rate|GFR]].

* Thin, fragile or absent [[eponychium|cuticles]]

* [[Elevated serum cholesterol]]

* Acute psychosis ([[myxedema madness]]) is a rare presentation of hypothyroidism

* [[Decreased libido]]

* Decreased sense of taste and smell (late, less common symptoms)

* Puffy face, hands and feet (late, less common symptoms)

===Pediatric===

Hypothyroidism in pediatric patients can cause the following additional symptoms:

* [[short stature]]

* [[mental retardation]] if present at birth, and untreated.

===Severity===

The severity of hypothyroidism varies widely. Some have few overt symptoms, others with moderate symptoms can be mistaken for having other diseases and states. Advanced hypothyroidism may cause severe complications including cardiovasular and psychiatric [[myxedema]].

==Diagnostic testing==

To diagnose primary hypothyroidism, many doctors simply measure the amount of [[Thyroid-stimulating hormone]] (TSH) being produced. High levels of TSH indicate that the thyroid is not producing sufficient levels of [[Thyroid hormone]] (mainly as thyroxine (T4) and smaller amounts of triiodothyronine (fT3)). However, measuring just TSH fails to diagnose secondary and tertiary forms of hypothyroidism, thus leading to the following suggested minimum blood testing:

* thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

* free triiodothyronine (fT3)

* free levothyroxine (fT4)

* total T3

* total T4

Additionally, the following measurements may be needed:

* antithyroid [[antibodies]] - for evidence of [[autoimmune disease]]s that may be damaging the thyroid gland

* serum cholesterol - which may be elevated in hypothyroidism

* prolactin - as a widely available test of pituitary function

==Treatment==

{{main|Thyroid hormone#Medical use of thyroid hormones|l1=Medical use of thyroid hormones}}

A doctor can perform blood tests to see if a patient suffers from hypothyroidism. Both synthetic and animal-derived thyroid tablets are available and can be prescribed for patients in need of additional thyroid hormone. Thyroid hormone is usually taken daily, and doctors can monitor blood levels to help assure proper dosaging. The American Thyroid Association cautions against taking herbal remedies, and warns that taking too much iodine can actually worsen both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.<ref name="ATA"> </ref>

A great deal of debate has emerged between treatment with T₄ ([[Thyroxin]]) monotherapy versus T₄ - T₃ ([[Thyroxine]]-[[Triiodothyronine]]) combination therapy. In July 2006 an evaluation of 11 published randomized clinical trials was published concluding no benefit to treatment with the T₄ - T₃ combination therapy over the T₄ monotherapy.<ref name="tjcemjul06"/>

== External links ==

*[http://www.aace.com/ American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists]

*[http://thyroidfoundation.org/ American Foundation of Thyroid Patients]

*[http://www.allthyroid.org/ Thyroid Foundation of America]

*http://www.veterinarypartner.com/Content.plx?P=A&A=461

*[http://www.thyroid.org.au/ Thyroid Australia]

==References==

<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Toure, Yaya}}

{{Endocrine pathology}}

[[Category:1983 births]]

[[Category:Living people]]

[[Category:Côte d'Ivoire footballers]]

[[Category:Football (soccer) midfielders]]

[[Category:AS Monaco FC players]]

[[Category:K.S.K. Beveren players]]

[[Category:Olympiacos footballers]]

[[Category:FIFA World Cup 2006 players]]

[[Category:Muslims]]

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[[Category:Thyroid disease]]

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