Paratrooper and House of Tudor: Difference between pages

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{{otheruses|Tudor}}

[[Image:USMC_Paratrooper.jpg|thumb|200px|An American Paratrooper using a MC1-B series parachute]]

{{House of Tudor}}

'''Paratroopers''' are [[soldier]]s trained in [[parachuting]] and generally operate as part of an [[Airborne forces|airborne force]]. Paratroopers offer a tactical advantage as they can be inserted into the battlefield from the air, thereby allowing them to be positioned in areas not accessible by land. This ability to enter the battle from different locations allows paratroopers to evade fortifications that are in place to prevent attack from a specific direction, and the possible use of paratroopers forces an army to spread their defenses to protect other areas which would normally be safe by virtue of the geography. Paratroopers were first used extensively in [[World War II]] (and in German service, were referred to as ''[[Fallschirmjäger]]''.) A common use for paratroopers is to establish an [[airhead]].

The '''Tudor dynasty''' or '''House of Tudor''' ({{lang-cy|Tudur}}) was a series of five [[monarch]]s who ruled [[Kingdom of England|England]] and [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] from [[1485]] until [[1603]]. Three of them, ([[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]], [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] and [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]]) played important roles in transforming [[England]] from a comparatively weak European backwater into a powerful state that in the coming centuries would dominate much of the world.

The House of Tudor began with [[Owen Tudor|Owain ap Meredith ap Tewdur]], a Welsh squire in [[Henry V of England|Henry V]]'s court better known by the Anglicized version of his name, Owen Tudor. Owen Tudor married the King's widow, [[Katherine of Valois]], and had five children with her. Their eldest surviving son, [[Edmund Tudor]], married [[Lady Margaret Beaufort]], a descendant of [[John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster]], who in her own right was at one point a potential heiress to Edmund's half-brother, [[Henry VI of England]]. At the age of thirteen, Margaret bore a son several months after her husband's death. Following the [[Wars of the Roses]] in which the Houses of [[House of Lancaster|Lancaster]] and [[House of York|York]] struggled for control of the English throne, this child would become [[Henry VII of England]].

==Types of military parachuting==

During the Tudor period, the dynasty created the [[Church of England]] and also strengthened the [[Royal navy|navy]].

In [[World War II]] paratroopers most often used [[Parachute|parachutes]] of a round design. These parachutes could be steered to a small degree by pulling on the risers (four straps connecting the paratrooper's harness to the connectors) and suspension lines which attach to the parachute canopy itself. German paratroopers, whose harnesses had only a single riser attached at the back, could not manipulate their parachutes in such a manner. Due to the limited capacity of period cargo aircraft (eg. [[Ju-52]]) they rarely, if ever, jumped in groups much larger than 20 from one aircraft. In American parlance, this load of paratroopers is called a "stick", while any load of soldiers gathered for air movement is known as a "chalk".

==Feudal circumstances==

Today, paratroopers still use round [[parachute]]s, or round parachutes modified as to be more fully controlled with toggles. The parachutes are usually deployed by a [[Static line]]. Mobility of the parachutes is often deliberately limited to prevent scattering of the troops when a large number parachute together. Some military exhibition units, but most often [[special forces]] units, use "ram-air" [[paragliding|paragliders]] which offer higher ability to turn and maneuver and are deployed without a [[static line]] from high altitude.

While Tudors made much of their feudal title to [[Richmondshire]], [[Middleham]] and its subsidiary [[Snape, North Yorkshire|Snape]] were [[Neville]] bases. [[Bedale]] Ricardian [[Francis Lovell, Viscount Lovell]] resisted Henry VII. Robert Aske, of the family of Aske Hall in Richmond took complaints to Henry VIII in the [[Pilgrimage of Grace]], objecting to the King's "casting off" of Queen Catherine of Aragon and his daughter Princess Mary. [[Simon Digby]] resisted Elizabeth I, even though Digby's family were installed in the region by Henry VII as a replacement for Lovell. Sir George Bowes complained in defence of Digby's son's innocence, saying further that the rebels had not been able to be quelled by Lord Latimer. This [[Rising of the North]] for Charles Neville of Westmorland resulted in another installment of a dignitary puppet over Bedale by the Queen Elizabeth—Ambrose, Earl of Warwick.

Although dynastically [[House of Lancaster|Lancastrian]], the Tudors were politically [[House of York|Yorkist]]. In this sense, they were dual like the Nevilles (dynastically Yorkist, politically Lancastrian) and which was the point of union between both houses, supposedly resolving the [[Wars of the Roses]]. The Tudors, superseded this Neville crossover precedent, effectively balancing rival factions, as the Rising of the North itself ended the [[Percy-Neville feud]]. The Tudor dynasty and its unification of Richmondshire (like Wales, or Brittany to France) into the body politic of the English Royal Domain, thus contributed to the future Stuart succession by dominating foreign influences (e.g. the Castilian intrigue formed by John of Gaunt and pursued by Henry VII). The [[border country]] had become the pivot upon which the monarchy was secured, by subordination of the "Middle Shires"—as they came to be known under King James I.

==Paratrooper forces around the world==

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* [[Argentine Army]]

** 4th Parachute Brigade (Brigada Paracaidista IV)

* [[Australian Army]]

** [[3rd Royal Australian Regiment]]

*[[Belgian Army]]

** The Para-Commando Brigade

*[[Brazilian Army]]

** Paratrooper Infantary Brigade (Brigada Infantaria Paraquedista)

* [[British Army]]

** [[The Parachute Regiment]]

* [[Canadian Army]]- retains four airborne companies (three in the regular forces, and one in the reserves)

* [[French Army]]

** [[11ème Brigade Parachutiste]]

** 2eme REP (Régiment Etranger Parachutiste) ''Foreign Legion''

** 1er RPIMA (Régiment Parachutiste d'Infanterie de Marine) ''Special Forces''

** Commandos Parachutistes (formerly known as 'CRAP' Commando de Recherche et d'actions en profondeur (meaning : Long range action & recon commando).

** 13eme RDP (13eme Régiment Dragon Parachutiste), a very old French cavalry regiment now converted into a Paratroopers regiment. This unit is directly linked with the [[DGSE]]. Its mission is to collect intelligence on the ground in pre-war/war/battlefield environment.

* [[German Army]]

**[[Fallschirmjäger]]

* [[Indian Army]]

** [[Parachute Regiment (India)]]

* [[Israeli Defence Forces]]

** [[Paratroopers Brigade]]

* [[Italian Army]]

** Paratroops Brigade "Folgore"

* [[Mexican Air Force]]

** [[Brigada de Fusileros Paracaidistas]]

* [[Swedish Army]]

** K3 Fallskärmsjägarskolan (Airborne Rangers)

* [[United States Army]]

** [[U.S. 82nd Airborne Division|82nd Airborne Division]]

** [[173rd Airborne Brigade|173d Airborne Brigade]]

** [[4th Brigade Combat Team (ABN), 25th Infantry Division]]

** [[101st Airborne Division]] ''Now Air Assault''

This consolidation of power under the Star Chamber Court and its reliance upon the subordination of palatine agricultural districts (e.g. Council of Wales, Council of the North, etc.) was to resemble the original Lancastrian high court party of Henry VI, instigating once again a Low Country (Burgundian Flanders) mercantile and Estuary opposition in the heirs of [[Mary Tudor (queen consort of France)|Mary Tudor, Duchess of Suffolk]] and their Dudley allies (carrying the notorious Warwick title). These economic and dynastic alliances of the Yorkists would re-emerge in the wake of the beheading of the last Plantagenet, [[Margaret Pole, 8th Countess of Salisbury]]. Religion became intertwined with politics with the declaration of [[cuius regio, eius religio]]. This meant that English society had become divisive once more; even more so than before. Future Stuart succession would attempt to align the high court party with the high church party, in the same manner as the Spanish Habsburg standard.

==Basic paratroop safety==

Jealous heirs to the Yorkists would challenge the stratifying intentions of these Lancastrian heirs, championing "the underdog"—themselves and the mercantile, industrial classes. Feudal structure in which a monarch was held in check by peers of the realm was challenged by nationalism under the monarchy; the Tudors having broken [[bastard feudalism]] upon the support of civil servants who demanded compensation. In the traditions of Simon de Montfort and Richard of York, Parliament became the vehicle for upward mobility by those dispossessed by the Crown. These officers of state decided to do their own kingmaking when the opportunity presented itself, but choosing the rival faction established under the Burgundian and ultimately German alliances of the [[Hundred Years' War]] (against the French peace of [[Margaret of Anjou]]).

American paratroopers receive training in a number of areas to ensure they arrive in the battlefield safely. They are taught about how to respond to a premature deployment of their parachute in the aircraft, the need to push their static line into the hands of the safety or jumpmaster to prevent the line from becoming entangled around the next jumper and proper procedures in case the aircraft has an emergency. The five points of performance, a system of steps taught to paratroopers to be performed while jumping in order to successfully reach the ground from the aircraft, are also observed.

==Marriage==

===Five points of performace===

Owen and Edmund married Lancastrians, but Henry VII and Henry VIII, including [[Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset]] wed Yorkists.

Before each airbourne operation a jumpmaster runs through the "Sustained Airbourne Training" script, which contains a number of ''points of performance''. While the script is recited paratroopers perform the actions they will do when jumping from the aircraft, while being observed to ensure they are done correctly.

The first marriage of Henry VIII was Lancastrian and to [[Catherine of Aragon]], strategically poised to court [[Catholic]] (specifically, Spanish and Imperial) powers, a policy seen again in Mary's marriage to [[Philip II of Spain]]. After many attempts, Catherine only succeded in having one child—a girl—Mary. Henry VIII wanted a male heir, however, and the refusal of the Papacy to grant an annullment of the marriage was a key factor in Henry's split from the [[Roman Catholic Church|Church of Rome]].

The first point of performance is “PROPER EXIT, CHECK BODY POSITION, AND COUNT.” Here, the eyes are open, the chin is on the chest, elbows are tight into the sides and the hands are over the ends of the reserve parachute with fingers spread. The body is bent slightly forward at the waist, with the feet and knees together and knees locked to the rear. This body position ensures the jumper does not tumble on leaving the aircraft and ensures the parachute deploys correctly. On exiting the aircraft a slow count to four thousand (one thousand... two thousand...) is executed and if no opening shock is felt the reserve parachute is immediately activated.

Henry VIII's second marriage was to [[Anne Boleyn]]. She too failed to give Henry any sons, only a daughter, Elizabeth. She was accused of treason to the King and was executed.

The second point of performance is “CHECK CANOPY AND IMMEDIATELY GAIN CANOPY CONTROL.” To gain canopy control of the MC1-1D parachute, the jumper reaches up, secures both toggles and pulls them down to eye level, simultaneously making a 360-degree check of your canopy. To gain canopy control of the T-10D parachute, the jumper reaches up and secures all four risers and simultaneously make a 360 degree check of your canopy.

The third marriage was to [[Jane Seymour]]. She bore Henry a son, Edward. Unfortunately she died about two weeks after childbirth. Henry was heartbroken—many people think that Jane was the only one of his wives that Henry really loved.

Once control of the parachute is gained, the third point of performance is “KEEP A SHARP LOOKOUT FOR ALL JUMPERS DURING YOUR ENTIRE DESCENT.”, which covers the three rules of the air: Always look before you turn, always turn right to avoid collisions, and the lower jumper has the right of way. A fifty-foot separation must be maintained to all jumpers all the way to the ground.

The fourth marriage of Henry VIII was Yorkist [[Anne of Cleves]], strategically poised to court [[Protestant]] German powers. This idea was later picked up by the marriage between [[William and Mary]].

The fourth point of performance is “SLIP/TURN INTO THE WIND AND PREPARE TO LAND.” At approximately 200 feet above ground level a check is performed below the jumper and then the equipment is lowered.

The fifth marriage was to [[Kathryn Howard]]. She was very young and didn't really want to marry Henry. It was later proved that she had been unfaithful to him with his chief Minister. She was accused of treason and was executed.

:When jumping with an MC1-1D parachute, the turn into the wind is performed approximately 200 feet above ground level. If the wind is blowing from right to left, the right toggle is pulled and the elbow locked. Once facing into the wind the toggle is let up slowly to prevent oscillation. If the wind is blowing from the jumpers rear to their front, either toggle can be pulled. If the wind is blowing from the jumpers front to their rear, only minor corrections need be made to remain facing into the wind.

Henry's last wife was a rich widow, [[Catherine Parr]]. Though she was in love with Thomas Seymour (Jane Seymour's brother) at the time, she was forced to marry him. However, she was loyal to Henry and nursed him well until he died. She soon remarried.

:When jumping a T-10D parachute, the slip into the wind is performed at approximately 100 feet above ground level. If the wind is blowing from left to right, the jumper reaches up high on the left risers and pulls them down into their chest, holding them until landing. If the wind is blowing from your rear to your front, you will reach up high on your rear risers and pull them down into your chest and hold them until you land. If the wind is blowing from the jumpers front to their rear, the front risers are pulled down into the chest and held until landing.

Tudor marital policy with the Spaniards and Dutch (see [[Dutch Revolt]]) thus reflected the wish for "[[via media]]" as pursued in religious affairs, which was in some ways a continuation of the need to balance the Lancastrian and Yorkist camps.

After the jumper has slipped or turned into the wind, they assume a prepare to land attitude by keeping the feet and knees together, knees slightly bent, elbows tight into the sides, chin on the chest and eyes open.

The sisters of Henry were wed to the [[Auld Alliance]] dynasties of Scotland and France, but only the Scottish alliance was considered fruitful, with the French alliance lost to Suffolk. The Stuarts would continue this arrangement, through the marriages of [[Mary I of Scotland]] to the [[King Consort]]s [[Francis II of France]] and [[Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley]].

The fifth point of performance is “LAND.” A parachute-landing fall is made by hitting all five points of contact: balls of feet, calf, thigh, buttocks, and the push-up muscle. One of the canopy release assemblies is activated while remaining on the ground to prevent being dragged across the ground by the parachute. The harness can then be removed and the trooper is ready to move on.

==The Tudor Period==

===Malfunctions===

The Tudor [[history|historical]] period usually refers to the period 1485–[[1558]], especially in relation to the [[History of England]]. This coincides with the rule of the Tudor dynasty in [[England]], with the exception of Elizabeth I. Occasionally the term is used more broadly to capture Elizabeth's reign as well, though in general 1558–1603 is treated separately as the [[Elizabethan era]].

==Monarchs of England==

There are two types of malfunctions - a complete malfunction and a partial malfunction. A complete malfunction means the parachute does not provide any lift capability; therefore the reserve must be activated. There are several types of partial malfunctions with the action depending upon the severity and the effect of the malfunction.

The six Tudor monarchs were:

*[[Henry VII of England|King Henry VII]] ([[1485]]–[[1509]])

==History==

*[[Henry VIII of England|King Henry VIII]] ([[1509]]–[[1547]]); son of Henry VII

*[[Edward VI of England|King Edward VI]] ([[1547]]–[[1553]]); son of Henry VIII

*[[Lady Jane Grey]] ([[1553]]); great-granddaughter of Henry VII

*[[Mary I of England|Queen Mary I]] ([[1553]]–[[1558]]); eldest daughter of Henry VIII

*[[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth I]] ([[1558]]–[[1603]]); second daughter of Henry VIII

Henry VII's great-granddaughter, [[Lady Jane Grey]] also served as Queen for nine days before being deposed by Mary I. Jane was later executed along with her husband [[Guildford Dudley]], son of [[John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland]]. This was a prelude to the [[Puritan]] usurpations of the Stuart era, as the Dudleys were invested in the [[Pilgrims]]' American colonisation.

For a history of paratroop forces see [[Airborne forces]].

[[Image:tudors.JPG|thumb|right|200px|''Allegory of the Tudor dynasty'', (detail), attributed to Lucas de Heere, ''ca.'' 1572: left to right, [[Philip II of Spain]], [[Mary I of England|Mary]], [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]], [[Edward VI of England|Edward VI]],

== External links==

[[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth]]]]

* [http://www.army.mil/ US Army ]

To the Tudor period belongs the elevation of the English-ruled state in [[Ireland]] from a [[Lordship of Ireland|Lordship]] to a [[Kingdom of Ireland|Kingdom]] ([[1541]]).

== See also ==

*[[Parachute]]

*[[Static line]]

*[[Parachute rigger]]

*[[HALO/HAHO|HALO/HAHO]]

*[[Treejumping]]

*[[Skydiving]]

*[[Smokejumper]]

*[http://www.geocities.com/raymondrjs/armyparachuting.html Memoirs of a Paratrooper]

==[[Kings of England family tree|Tudor's Family Tree]]==

[[Category:Parachuting]]

[[Category:Military occupations]]

[[Category:Infantry]]

Margaret Beaufort was born in 1443, not 1433 as shown in the table.

[[de:Fallschirmjäger]]

[[Image:England-Tudor.png|700px]]

[[es:Paracaidista]]

[[fi:Laskuvarjojääkäri]]

==Further reading==

[[fr:Parachutisme militaire]]

*Guy, John (ed). ''The Tudor Monarchy''. St Martin’s Press, 1997.

[[he:&#1510;&#1504;&#1495;&#1503;]]

*Turton, Godfrey. ''The Dragon’s Breed: The Story of the Tudors from Earliest Times to 1603''. Peter Davies, 1970.

[[no:Fallskjermsoldat]]

[[zh:&#31354;&#38477;&#20853;]]

==External links==

* [http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/index.html Tudor Place]

* [http://tudorhistory.org/ Tudor History]

* [http://www.badley.info/history/House-of-Tudor-England.general.html House of Tudor Chronology]

* [http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page11.asp Official British Royal Site Discussion on the Tudors]

* {{PDFlink|[http://www.royal.gov.uk/files/pdf/stuarts.pdf Tudor and Stuart Family Tree from Official British Royal Site]|13.4&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 13759 bytes -->}}

* [http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/tudor_england.htm Tudor History]

==See also==

*[[England and Wales]]

*[[Wars of the Roses]]

*[[Tudor style]]

*[[Tudor rose]]

*[[Richmond Castle]]

*[[Richmond, London#Richmond_Palace|Richmond Palace]]

*[[Tudor re-conquest of Ireland]]

*[[The Tudors and the Royal Navy]]

{{start}}

{{s-hou|House of Tudor|||||name=*[[Royal House]]*}}

{{s-bef|before=[[House of York]]}}

{{s-ttl|title=[[Dynasty|Ruling House]] of the [[Kingdom of England]]|years=[[1485]] &ndash; [[1603]]}}

{{s-aft|after=[[House of Stuart]]}}

{{end}}

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