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{{otheruses|Tudor}}
{{House of Tudor}}
The '''Tudor dynasty''' or '''House of Tudor''' ({{lang-cy|Tudur}}) was a series of five [[monarch]]s who ruled [[Kingdom of England|England]] and [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] from [[1485]] until [[1603]]. Three of them, ([[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]], [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] and [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]]) played important roles in transforming [[England]] from a comparatively weak European backwater into a powerful state that in the coming centuries would dominate much of the world.
The House of Tudor began with [[Owen Tudor|Owain ap Meredith ap Tewdur]], a Welsh squire in [[Henry V of England|Henry V]]'s court better known by the Anglicized version of his name, Owen Tudor. Owen Tudor married the King's widow, [[Katherine of Valois]], and had five children with her. Their eldest surviving son, [[Edmund Tudor]], married [[Lady Margaret Beaufort]], a descendant of [[John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster]], who in her own right was at one point a potential heiress to Edmund's half-brother, [[Henry VI of England]]. At the age of thirteen, Margaret bore a son several months after her husband's death. Following the [[Wars of the Roses]] in which the Houses of [[House of Lancaster|Lancaster]] and [[House of York|York]] struggled for control of the English throne, this child would become [[Henry VII of England]].
During the Tudor period, the dynasty created the [[Church of England]] and also strengthened the [[Royal navy|navy]].
==Feudal circumstances==
While Tudors made much of their feudal title to [[Richmondshire]], [[Middleham]] and its subsidiary [[Snape, North Yorkshire|Snape]] were [[Neville]] bases. [[Bedale]] Ricardian [[Francis Lovell, Viscount Lovell]] resisted Henry VII. Robert Aske, of the family of Aske Hall in Richmond took complaints to Henry VIII in the [[Pilgrimage of Grace]], objecting to the King's "casting off" of Queen Catherine of Aragon and his daughter Princess Mary. [[Simon Digby]] resisted Elizabeth I, even though Digby's family were installed in the region by Henry VII as a replacement for Lovell. Sir George Bowes complained in defence of Digby's son's innocence, saying further that the rebels had not been able to be quelled by Lord Latimer. This [[Rising of the North]] for Charles Neville of Westmorland resulted in another installment of a dignitary puppet over Bedale by the Queen Elizabeth—Ambrose, Earl of Warwick.
Although dynastically [[House of Lancaster|Lancastrian]], the Tudors were politically [[House of York|Yorkist]]. In this sense, they were dual like the Nevilles (dynastically Yorkist, politically Lancastrian) and which was the point of union between both houses, supposedly resolving the [[Wars of the Roses]]. The Tudors, superseded this Neville crossover precedent, effectively balancing rival factions, as the Rising of the North itself ended the [[Percy-Neville feud]]. The Tudor dynasty and its unification of Richmondshire (like Wales, or Brittany to France) into the body politic of the English Royal Domain, thus contributed to the future Stuart succession by dominating foreign influences (e.g. the Castilian intrigue formed by John of Gaunt and pursued by Henry VII). The [[border country]] had become the pivot upon which the monarchy was secured, by subordination of the "Middle Shires"—as they came to be known under King James I.
This consolidation of power under the Star Chamber Court and its reliance upon the subordination of palatine agricultural districts (e.g. Council of Wales, Council of the North, etc.) was to resemble the original Lancastrian high court party of Henry VI, instigating once again a Low Country (Burgundian Flanders) mercantile and Estuary opposition in the heirs of [[Mary Tudor (queen consort of France)|Mary Tudor, Duchess of Suffolk]] and their Dudley allies (carrying the notorious Warwick title). These economic and dynastic alliances of the Yorkists would re-emerge in the wake of the beheading of the last Plantagenet, [[Margaret Pole, 8th Countess of Salisbury]]. Religion became intertwined with politics with the declaration of [[cuius regio, eius religio]]. This meant that English society had become divisive once more; even more so than before. Future Stuart succession would attempt to align the high court party with the high church party, in the same manner as the Spanish Habsburg standard.
Jealous heirs to the Yorkists would challenge the stratifying intentions of these Lancastrian heirs, championing "the underdog"—themselves and the mercantile, industrial classes. Feudal structure in which a monarch was held in check by peers of the realm was challenged by nationalism under the monarchy; the Tudors having broken [[bastard feudalism]] upon the support of civil servants who demanded compensation. In the traditions of Simon de Montfort and Richard of York, Parliament became the vehicle for upward mobility by those dispossessed by the Crown. These officers of state decided to do their own kingmaking when the opportunity presented itself, but choosing the rival faction established under the Burgundian and ultimately German alliances of the [[Hundred Years' War]] (against the French peace of [[Margaret of Anjou]]).
==
Owen and Edmund married Lancastrians, but Henry VII and Henry VIII, including [[Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset]] wed Yorkists.
The first marriage of Henry VIII was Lancastrian and to [[Catherine of Aragon]], strategically poised to court [[Catholic]] (specifically, Spanish and Imperial) powers, a policy seen again in Mary's marriage to [[Philip II of Spain]]. After many attempts, Catherine only succeded in having one child—a girl—Mary. Henry VIII wanted a male heir, however, and the refusal of the Papacy to grant an annullment of the marriage was a key factor in Henry's split from the [[Roman Catholic Church|Church of Rome]].
Henry VIII's second marriage was to [[Anne Boleyn]]. She too failed to give Henry any sons, only a daughter, Elizabeth. She was accused of treason to the King and was executed.
The third marriage was to [[Jane Seymour]]. She bore Henry a son, Edward. Unfortunately she died about two weeks after childbirth. Henry was heartbroken—many people think that Jane was the only one of his wives that Henry really loved.
The fourth marriage of Henry VIII was Yorkist [[Anne of Cleves]], strategically poised to court [[Protestant]] German powers. This idea was later picked up by the marriage between [[William and Mary]].
The fifth marriage was to [[Kathryn Howard]]. She was very young and didn't really want to marry Henry. It was later proved that she had been unfaithful to him with his chief Minister. She was accused of treason and was executed.
Henry's last wife was a rich widow, [[Catherine Parr]]. Though she was in love with Thomas Seymour (Jane Seymour's brother) at the time, she was forced to marry him. However, she was loyal to Henry and nursed him well until he died. She soon remarried.
Tudor marital policy with the Spaniards and Dutch (see [[Dutch Revolt]]) thus reflected the wish for "[[via media]]" as pursued in religious affairs, which was in some ways a continuation of the need to balance the Lancastrian and Yorkist camps.
The sisters of Henry were wed to the [[Auld Alliance]] dynasties of Scotland and France, but only the Scottish alliance was considered fruitful, with the French alliance lost to Suffolk. The Stuarts would continue this arrangement, through the marriages of [[Mary I of Scotland]] to the [[King Consort]]s [[Francis II of France]] and [[Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley]].
==The
The Tudor [[history|historical]] period usually refers to the period 1485–[[1558]], especially in relation to the [[History of England]]. This coincides with the rule of the Tudor dynasty in [[England]], with the exception of Elizabeth I. Occasionally the term is used more broadly to capture Elizabeth's reign as well, though in general 1558–1603 is treated separately as the [[Elizabethan era]].
==Monarchs of England==
The six Tudor monarchs were:
*[[Henry VII of England|King Henry VII]] ([[1485]]–[[1509]])
*[[Henry VIII of England|King Henry VIII]] ([[1509]]–[[1547]]); son of Henry VII
*[[Edward VI of England|King Edward VI]] ([[1547]]–[[1553]]); son of Henry VIII
*[[Lady Jane Grey]] ([[1553]]); great-granddaughter of Henry VII
*[[Mary I of England|Queen Mary I]] ([[1553]]–[[1558]]); eldest daughter of Henry VIII
*[[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth I]] ([[1558]]–[[1603]]); second daughter of Henry VIII
Henry VII's great-granddaughter, [[Lady Jane Grey]] also served as Queen for nine days before being deposed by Mary I. Jane was later executed along with her husband [[Guildford Dudley]], son of [[John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland]]. This was a prelude to the [[Puritan]] usurpations of the Stuart era, as the Dudleys were invested in the [[Pilgrims]]' American colonisation.
[[Image:tudors.JPG|thumb|right|200px|''Allegory of the Tudor dynasty'', (detail), attributed to Lucas de Heere, ''ca.'' 1572: left to right, [[Philip II of Spain]], [[Mary I of England|Mary]], [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]], [[Edward VI of England|Edward VI]],
[[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth]]]]
To the Tudor period belongs the elevation of the English-ruled state in [[Ireland]] from a [[Lordship of Ireland|Lordship]] to a [[Kingdom of Ireland|Kingdom]] ([[1541]]).
==[[Kings of England family tree|Tudor's Family Tree]]==
Margaret Beaufort was born in 1443, not 1433 as shown in the table.
[[Image:England-Tudor.png|700px]]
==Further reading==
*Guy, John (ed). ''The Tudor Monarchy''. St Martin’s Press, 1997.
*Turton, Godfrey. ''The Dragon’s Breed: The Story of the Tudors from Earliest Times to 1603''. Peter Davies, 1970.
==
* [http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/index.html Tudor Place]
* [http://tudorhistory.org/ Tudor History]
* [http://www.badley.info/history/House-of-Tudor-England.general.html House of Tudor Chronology]
* [http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page11.asp Official British Royal Site Discussion on the Tudors]
* {{PDFlink|[http://www.royal.gov.uk/files/pdf/stuarts.pdf Tudor and Stuart Family Tree from Official British Royal Site]|13.4 [[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 13759 bytes -->}}
* [http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/tudor_england.htm Tudor History]
==See also==
*[[England and Wales]]
*[[Wars of the Roses]]
*[[Tudor style]]
*[[Tudor rose]]
*[[Richmond Castle]]
*[[Richmond, London#Richmond_Palace|Richmond Palace]]
*[[Tudor re-conquest of Ireland]]
*[[The Tudors and the Royal Navy]]
{{start}}
{{s-hou|House of Tudor|||||name=*[[Royal House]]*}}
{{s-bef|before=[[House of York]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Dynasty|Ruling House]] of the [[Kingdom of England]]|years=[[1485]] – [[1603]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[House of Stuart]]}}
{{end}}
[[Category:European royal families|Tudor]]
[[Category:Family trees]]
[[Category:House of Tudor|*]]
[[Category:1485 establishments]]
[[Category:1603 disestablishments]]
[[ar:بيت تيودر]]
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[[he:בית טיודור]]
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