Hydropower and Pride 2: Difference between pages

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[[Image:Orontes.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Undershot [[water wheel]]s on the [[Orontes River]] in [[Hama]], [[Syria]]]]

[[Image:SaintAnthonyFalls.jpg|250px|thumb|right|[[Saint Anthony Falls]]]]

{{portal|Energy}}

{{Infobox MMA event

'''Hydropower''' is the capture of the energy of moving water for some useful purpose.

| name = PRIDE 2

Prior to the widespread availability of commercial [[electric power]], hydropower was used for [[irrigation]], [[watermill|milling]] of grain, [[textile]] manufacture, and the operation of [[sawmill]]s.

| image = PRIDE FC II.jpg

| promotion = [[PRIDE Fighting Championships]]

| date = [[March 15]], [[1998]]

| venue = [[Yokohama Arena]]

| city = [[Yokohama]]

| attendance =

| buyrate =

| previousevent = [[PRIDE 1]]

| followingevent = [[PRIDE 3]]

}}

'''PRIDE 2''' was a [[mixed martial arts]] event held by [[PRIDE|KRS-PRIDE]] (later renamed PRIDE Fighting Championships). It took place at [[Yokohama Arena]] in [[Yokohama]], [[Japan]] on March 15, 1998. Kazushi Sakuraba, Mark Kerr, Vernon White, and Marco Ruas all made their PRIDE debuts at this event.

The energy of moving water has been exploited for centuries; In [[History of India|India]], [[water wheel]]s and [[watermill]]s were built; in [[Roman Empire|Imperial Rome]], water powered mills produced flour from grain, and in China and the rest of the Far East, hydraulically operated "pot wheel" pumps that raised water into irrigation canals. In the [[1830s]], at the peak of the [[canal]]-building era, hydropower was used to transport [[barge]] traffic up and down steep hills using [[inclined plane railroad]]s. Direct mechanical [[power transmission]] required that industries using hydropower had to locate near the waterfall. For example, during the last half of the 19th century, many [[gristmill|grist mills]] were built at [[Saint Anthony Falls]], utilizing the 50 foot (15 metre) drop in the [[Mississippi River]]. The mills contributed to the growth of [[Minneapolis]]. Today the largest use of hydropower is for [[electric power]] generation, which allows low cost energy to be used at long distances from the watercourse.

== Types of water powerResults ==

==={{flagicon| BRA}} [[Royler Gracie]] vs. {{flagicon| JPN}} [[Naoki Sano|Yuhi Sano]]===

There are many forms of water power:

Gracie defeated Sano by armbar at 33:14 of round 1.

* [[Waterwheel]]s , used for hundreds of years to power mills and machinery

* [[Hydroelectric]] energy, usually referring to hydroelectric dams or run-of-the-river setups.

* [[Tidal power]], which captures energy from the tides in horizontal direction

* [[Tidal stream power]], which does the same vertically

* [[Wave power]], which uses the energy in waves

=== Hydroelectric power ===

''Main article: [[Hydroelectricity]]''

==={{flagicon| BRA}} [[Juan Mott]] vs. {{flagicon| JPN}} [[Akira Shoji]]===

[[Image:Water turbine.jpg|thumb|right|260px|[[Water turbine|Hydraulic turbine]] and [[electrical generator]].]]

Shoji defeated Mott by submission (Rear Naked Choke) at 3:47 of round 1.

==={{flagicon| JPN}} [[William Roosmalen]] vs. {{flagicon| USA}} [[Ralph White]]===

Hydroelectric power now supplies about 715,000 [[MWe]] or 19% of world electricity (16% in 2003). Large dams are still being designed. Apart from a few countries with an abundance of it, hydro power is normally applied to peak load demand because it is readily stopped and started. Nevertheless, hydroelectric power is probably not a major option for the future of energy production in the developed nations because most major sites within these nations are either already being exploited or are unavailable for other reasons, such as environmental considerations.

William Roosmalen defeated Ralph White by KO (knee to the body).

==={{flagicon| JPN}} [[Kazushi Sakuraba]] vs. {{flagicon| USA}} [[Vernon White]]===

Hydropower produces essentially no [[carbon dioxide]] or other harmful emissions, in contrast to burning [[fossil fuels]], and is not a significant contributor to global warming through CO₂.

Sakuraba defeated White by submission (armbar) at 6:53 of round 3.

==={{flagicon| BRA}} [[Renzo Gracie]] vs. {{flagicon| JPN}} [[Sanae Kikuta]]===

Hydroelectric power can be far less expensive than electricity generated from fossil fuels or nuclear energy. Areas with abundant hydroelectric power attract industry. Environmental concerns about the effects of reservoirs may prohibit development of economic hydropower sources.

Gracie defeated Kikuta by submission (guillotine choke) at :43 round 6.

==={{flagicon| TRI}} [[Gary Goodridge]] vs. {{flagicon| BRA}} [[Marco Ruas]]===

The chief advantage of hydroelectric dams is their ability to handle seasonal (as well as daily) high peak loads. When the electricity demands drop, the dam simply stores more water (which provides more flow when it releases). Some electricity generators use water dams to store excess energy (often during the night), by using the electricity to pump water up into a basin. Electricity can be generated when demand increases. In practice the utilization of stored water in river dams is sometimes complicated by demands for irrigation which may occur out of phase with peak electrical demands.

Ruas defeated Goodridge by submission (Heel Hook) at 9:09 of round 1.

==={{flagicon| CRO}} [[Branko Cikatic]] vs. {{flagicon| USA}} [[Mark Kerr]]===

=== Tidal power ===

Cikatic was disqualified for grabbing the ropes at 2:14 of the first round.

''Main article: [[Tidal power]]''

==See also==

Harnessing the tides in a bay or estuary has been achieved in [[France]] (since 1966), [[Canada]] and [[Russia]], and could be achieved in other areas with a large tidal range. The trapped water turns [[turbine]]s as it is released through the tidal barrage in either direction. Another possible fault is that the system would generate electricity most efficiently in bursts every six hours (once every tide). This limits the applications of tidal energy.

* [[List of PRIDE events]]

== External links==

* [http://www.pridefc.com/ Official PRIDE Website]

* [http://www.sherdog.com/fightfinder/fightfinder.asp?search=yes&eventid=47 Sherdog.com]

=== Tidal stream power ===

A relatively new technology, tidal stream generators draw energy from currents in much the same way that wind generators do. The higher density of water means that a single generator can provide significant power. This technology is at the early stages of development and will require more research before it becomes a significant contributor.

{{mixedmartialart-stub}}

Several prototypes have shown promise. In the UK in 2003, a 300 kW Periodflow marine current propeller type turbine was tested off the coast of Devon, and a 150 kW oscillating hydroplane device, the Stingray, was tested off the Scottish coast. Another British device, the Hydro Venturi, is to be tested in San Francisco Bay.

[[Category:Mixed martial arts events|PRIDE 02]]

[[Category:1998 in sports]]

The Canadian company Blue Energy has plans for installing very large arrays tidal current devices mounted in what they call a 'tidal fence' in various locations around the world, based on a vertical axis turbine design.

=== Wave power ===

''Main article: [[Wave power]]''

Harnessing power from [[ocean surface wave]] motion might yield much more energy than tides. The feasibility of this has been investigated, particularly in Scotland in the UK. [[Electrical generator|Generators]] either coupled to floating devices or turned by air displaced by waves in a hollow concrete structure would produce electricity. Numerous technical problems have frustrated progress.

A prototype shore based wave power generator is being constructed at [[Port Kembla]] in [[Australia]] and is expected to generate up to 500 MWh annually. The Wave Energy Converter has been constructed (as of July [[2005]]) and initial results have exceeded expectations of energy production during times of low wave energy. Wave energy is captured by an air driven generator and converted to electricity. For countries with large coastlines and rough sea conditions, the energy of waves offers the possibility of generating electricity in utility volumes. Excess power during rough seas could be used to produce hydrogen.

==Physics==

A hydropower resource can be measured according to the amount of available [[Power (physics)|power]], or energy per unit time. The power is a function of the hydraulic [[head (hydraulic)|head]] and [[rate of fluid flow]]. With water in a reservoir, the head is the height of water in the reservoir relative to its height after discharge. Each unit of water can produce a quantity of work equal to its weight times the head.

The amount of energy <math>E</math> released by lowering an object of mass <math>m</math> by a height <math>h</math> in a gravitational field is

:<math>E = mgh</math> where <math>g</math> is the acceleration due to gravity.

The energy available to [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric dams]] is the energy that can be liberated by lowering water in a controlled way. In these situations, the power is related to the [[mass flow rate]].

:<math>\frac{E}{t} = \frac{m}{t}gh</math>

Substituting <math>P</math> for <math>E/t</math> and expressing <math>m/t</math> in terms of the volume of liquid moved per unit time (the [[rate of fluid flow]] <math>\phi</math>) and the density of water, we arrive at the usual form of this expression:

:<math>P = \rho \varphi g \cdot h</math>

For <math>P</math> in [[watt]]s, <math>\rho</math> is measured in kg/m³, <math>\phi</math> is measured in m³/s, <math>g</math> ([[standard gravity|gee]]) is measured in m/s², and <math>h</math> is measured in [[metre]]s.

Some hydropower systems such as [[water wheel]]s can draw power from the flow of a body of water without necessarily changing its height. In this case, the available power is the [[kinetic energy]] of the flowing water.

:<math>P = \frac{1}{2}\rho\varphi v^2</math> where <math>v</math> is the [[velocity]] of the water,

or with <math> \varphi = A \cdot v</math> where ''A'' is the [[area]] through which the water passes, also

:<math>P = \frac{1}{2}\rho A v^3.</math>

Over-shot water wheels can efficiently capture both types of energy.

*'''''(cf cours P. Méderic)'''''

==Small scale hydro power==

[[Small hydro|Small scale hydro]] or [[Micro hydro|micro-hydro]] power has been increasingly used as an alternative energy source, especially in remote areas where other power sources are not viable. Small scale hydro power systems can be installed in small rivers or streams with little or no discernible environmental effect on things such as fish migration. Most small scale hydro power systems make no use of a dam or major water diversion, but rather use water wheels.

There are some considerations in a micro-hydro system installation. The amount of water flow available on a consistent basis, since lack of rain can affect plant operation. Head, or the amount of drop between the intake and the exit. The more head, the more power that can be generated. There can be legal and regulatory issues, since most countries, cities, and states have regulations about water rights and easements.

Over the last few years, the U.S. Government has increased support for alternative power generation. Many resources such as grants, loans, and tax benefits are available for small scale hydro systems.

In poor areas, many remote communities have no electricity. Micro hydro power, with a capacity of 100 kW or less, allows communities to generate electricity^{[[#References|1]]}. This form of power is supported by various organizations such as the UK's [[Practical Action]].

Micro-hydro power can be used directly as "shaft power" for many industrial applications. Alternatively, the preferred option for domestic energy supply is to generate electricity with a generator or a reversed electric motor which, while less efficient is likely to be available locally and cheaply. Also Johnathon Brinkman told me that this energy source is cheap and kool.

== See also ==

* [[Hydroelectricity]]

* [[Renewable energy]]

* [[Micro hydro]]

* [[Pico hydro]]

* [[Water turbine]]

* [[Ocean thermal energy conversion]]

* [[Deep lake water cooling]]

* [[Blue energy]]

* [[Hydraulic power]]

* [[Water wheel]]

==References==

* [http://www.itdg.org/docs/technical_information_service/micro_hydro_power.pdf Micro-hydro power], Adam Harvey, 2004, Intermediate Technology Development Group, retrieved [[1 January]] [[2005]] from http://www.itdg.org/docs/technical_information_service/micro_hydro_power.pdf.

* [http://www.eere.energy.gov/consumer/your_home/electricity/index.cfm/mytopic=11050 Microhydropower Systems], U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, 2005

==External links==

* [http://www.ich.no/ International Centre for Hydropower (ICH)] hydropower portal with links to numerous organisations related to hydropower worldwide

* [http://www.practicalaction.org/docs/technical_information_service/micro_hydro_power.pdf Practical Action (ITDG)] a UK charity developing micro-hydro power and giving extensive technical documentation.

* [http://www.hydro.org/ National Hydropower Association]

* [http://www.british-hydro.org/ British Hydropower Association]

* [http://microhydropower.net/index.php microhydropower.net]

* [http://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs/search.tkl?q=Hydropower+&search_crit=title&search=Search&date1=Anytime&date2=Anytime&type=form Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding Hydropower]

* [http://www.hydroquebec.com/en/ Hydro Quebec]

* [http://ferc.gov/industries/hydropower.asp The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)] Federal Agency that regulates more than 1500 hydropower dams in the United States.

* [http://www.hydroreform.org Hydropower Reform Coalition] A U.S.-based coalition of more than 130 national, state, and local conservation and recreation groups that seek to protect and restore rivers affected by hydropower dams.

*[http://www.doradovista.com/DVPower2.html Small Scale Hydro Power]

[[Category:Environment]]

[[Category:Sustainable technologies]]

[[Category:Power stations]]

[[Category:Energy conversion]]

[[Category:Renewable energy]]

[[ar:طاقة مائية]]

[[ca:Energia hidrològica]]

[[da:Vandkraft]]

[[de:Wasserkraft]]

[[es:Energía hidráulica]]

[[fr:Énergie hydraulique]]

[[it:Energia idroelettrica]]

[[he:אנרגיית מים]]

[[nl:Waterkracht]]

[[ja:水力]]

[[nn:Vasskraft]]

[[pl:Energia wodna]]

[[pt:Energia hidráulica]]

[[ro:Energie hidraulică]]

[[sv:Vattenkraft]]

[[tr:Hidroelektrik Santralı]]