Music of Turkey and Ryan Franklin: Difference between pages

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Revision as of 22:14, 14 July 2007

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{{Infobox MLB player|

[[Turkey]] is a country on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea, and is a crossroads of cultures from across [[Europe]], [[North Africa]], the [[Middle East]], the [[Caucasus]] and [[South Asia|South]] and [[Central Asia]]. The '''music of Turkey''' includes elements of [[Music of Central Asia|Central Asian folk music]], [[Arabic music|Arabic]], [[Persian music|Persian]] [[classical music (disambiguation)|classical music]], [[ancient Greco-Roman music]] and modern European and American [[popular music]].

bgcolor1=#c41e3a|

Though, its culture is getting closer towards Western European cutlures, its music rythms, cuisine, and ancient history are heavily influenced and connected to the Lebanese & Phoenicia, who have had established the first prestigious civilization in the ancient world.

bgcolor2=#0a2252|

Thanks to the Greeks who adopted the Lebanese/Phoenician culture and alphabets and made sure to spread it in the Hellenic Empire of Macedonia during Alexander's era in the Caucasus, Middle East, and the Balkans. The strong family ties, strong friendship, and hospitality are all of the Lebanese cultural influences in Anatolia, Caucasus, Persia, and Greece.

textcolor1=#FFF200|

textcolor2=#FFF200|

name=Ryan Franklin|

image=|

position=Relief Pitcher|

team=St. Louis Cardinals|

number=31|

bats=Right|

throws=Right|

birthdate={{birth date and age|1973|3|5}}|

debutdate=May 15|

debutyear=1999|

debutteam=Seattle Mariners|

statyear=July 14, 2007|

stat1label=[[Win (baseball)|Win-Loss]]|

stat1value=44-57|

stat2label=[[Earned Run Average]]|

stat2value=4.21|

stat3label=[[Strikeout]]s|

stat3value=487|

teams=<nowiki></nowiki>

*[[Seattle Mariners]] ([[1999 in baseball|1999]], [[2001 in baseball|2001]]–[[2005 in baseball|2005]])

*[[Philadelphia Phillies]] ([[2006 in baseball|2006]])

*[[Cincinnati Reds]] ([[2006 in baseball|2006]])

*[[St. Louis Cardinals]] ([[2007 in baseball|2007]]-present)|

}}

{{MedalTop}}

{{MedalSport|Men’s [[Baseball at the Summer Olympics|Baseball]]}}

{{MedalGold | [[2000 Summer Olympics|2000 Sydney]]| [[Baseball at the 2000 Summer Olympics|Team competition]]}}

{{MedalBottom}}

'''Ryan Ray Franklin''' (born [[March 5]], [[1973]]) is a [[Major League Baseball]] player. Franklin is a right-handed [[pitcher]] for the [[St. Louis Cardinals]].

==Modern history==

On [[August 2]], [[2005 in sports|2005]], Franklin became the eighth Major League player, and second [[Seattle Mariners|Mariner]], to test positive for [[steroid]] use. He received a ten day suspension.

The traditional music of Turkey is composed of two major traditions with distinct characteristics. The first one is [[Turkish folk music]], characterized by the culture of Turkish-speaking rural communities of [[Anatolia]], [[Balkans]], and [[Middle East]]. While Turkish folk music contains some traces of the Central Asian Turkic cultures, it has also strongly influenced and been influenced by many other cultures in the region. The second one, on the other hand, is [[Turkish classical music]], which is characterized by the culture of Ottoman elite and strongly influenced by Islamic (mainly Arabic and Persian) cultures, a trace of [[Indian Music]], but still contains traces of the Greco-Roman history of the region.

Franklin was a member of the gold medal winning US baseball team at the [[2000 Summer Olympics|2000 Olympics]], where he had a 3-0 pitching record in 4 appearances.

During the Ottoman era, Turkish classical music was known to be the authentic music of Turkey. Folk music was being repressed from time to time and region to region, because of several reasons including religious intolerance. When the modern Turkish state was proclaimed in [[1923]], the new republic aimed at creating a nation with a distinct and unified culture. This included replacing the culture of elite Istanbul, which was considered Ottoman, by the culture of rural Anatolia, which was considered Turkish. Hence, folk music was promoted, while classical music faced some restrictions. Moreover, western classical music was introduced and encouraged as one of the most important policies of the new state was westernization of the society.

Born in [[Fort Smith, Arkansas]], Franklin grew up in [[Spiro, Oklahoma]].

By the 1960s, western popular music had been introduced to Turkey, with the name "western music with Turkish words", which literally was true. At the same time, socialist movements were getting popular in accordance with the world. Musicians who were inspired by these movements started adapting folk music with contemporary sounds and arrangements, giving rise to [[Anatolian rock]] and protest music.

{{-}}

==Career Stats==

<pre>

Yr Ag Tm Lg G GS W L S ERA CG SHO IP H R ER HR BB K AVG IBB H BS

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1999 26 SEA AL 6 0 0 0 0 4.76 0 0 11.1 10 6 6 2 8 6 .238 1 0 0

2001 28 SEA AL 38 0 5 1 0 3.56 0 0 78.1 76 32 31 13 24 60 .250 4 5 1

2002 29 SEA AL 41 12 7 5 0 4.02 0 0 118.2 117 62 53 14 22 65 .255 1 3 1

2003 30 SEA AL 32 32 11 13 0 3.57 2 1 212.0 199 93 84 34 61 99 .251 3 0 0

2004 31 SEA AL 32 32 4 16 0 4.90 2 1 200.1 224 116 109 33 61 104 .285 1 0 0

2005 32 SEA AL 32 30 8 15 0 5.10 2 1 190.2 212 110 108 28 62 93 .280 4 0 0

2006 33 PHI NL 46 0 1 5 0 4.58 0 0 53.0 59 28 27 10 17 25 .280 4 8 1

2006 33 CIN NL 20 0 5 2 0 4.44 0 0 24.1 27 14 12 3 16 18 .297 6 0 2

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

TOTALS 247 106 41 57 0 4.35 6 3 888.2 924 461 430 137 271 470 .268 24 17 5

7 Seasons

</pre>

Stats as of 2006

Starting in 1970s, increasing immigration from rural areas to big cities (particularly Istanbul) gave rise to a new cultural synthesis, which is regarded to be a degeneration by some sociologists. The new residents of metropolitan areas were mostly suffering from hard economical conditions and having difficulties in adapting to the big city. This newly constructed culture generated its own music, [[Arabesk]], known to be the music of suffering. Arabesk was a synthesis of Turkish folk and middle-eastern music. Following the [[Kenan Evren|military coup]] of 1980, the suffering left-wing subculture also found its own arabesk, in a new degenerated version of protest music, named özgün muzik (authentic music). In the era influenced by the military government, arabesk and özgün muzik were labeled "degenerate" and discouraged by the government, while Turkish classical music was promoted.

{{2000s-baseball-pitcher-stub}}

Lebanese Arabesk music, for a brief time was banned from Turkey, as for it to create its own identity, despite being heavily intertwined. Noteworthy, in 1960's and 1970's Ankara, Athens, and Tel Aviv had competed on imoproving and adopting the Lebanese style of music and prestigious life style; Former cultural ministers of Turkey had clearly announced to make from Izmir, Kushadasi, and Antalya as the second Lebanon. Lara, Ismail YK, Shebnem Ferah are few celebrities of Lebanese origins in the Turkish music industry. In a similar move, [[Indian Music]] was banned from Turkey, since Hindi, the language sung in, despite having similar Turkish words, also possessed many Arabic loan words, and at a time when the country was trying to create its own identity, [[Indian Music]] was also downplayed alongside Arabic music.

[[Category:Major league players from Arkansas|Franklin, Ryan]]

Western-style pop music could only become popular by the beginning of 1990s, as a result of opening economy and society, and still dominates the popular culture. The increasing popularity of pop music gave rise to several international Turkish pop stars such as [[Tarkan]]. Note that Turkish pop is still strongly influenced by Arabesk, Turkish folk and middle-eastern music.

[[Category:Baseball players suspended for drug offenses|Franklin, Ryan]]

[[Category:St. Louis Cardinals players|Franklin, Ryan]]

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[[Category:Philadelphia Phillies players|Franklin, Ryan]]

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[[Category:1973 births|Franklin, Ryan]]

[[Category:Living people|Franklin, Ryan]]

[[Category:People from Fort Smith, Arkansas|Franklin, Ryan]]

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[[Category:Olympic gold medalists for the United States|Franklin, Ryan]]

[[eo:Ryan Franklin]]

Turkish folk, which has been popular from time to time, again came into public attention by the end of 1990s. It now has a broader popularity regardless of subcultures. Moreover, the folk music of several ethnic cultures such as Kurdish and Laz, which were not able to express themselves openly due to language restrictions, are rediscovered and gain popularity following the recent democratization attempts.

==Pop music==

''Main article: [[Turkish pop music]]''

Turkey has produced a number of popular musicians from a wide range of styles, most famously including Lebanese or [[Arabesk]] performers. There is also a wide range of imported popular styles, including [[rock and roll]], [[hip hop music|hip hop]], [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]], [[tango music|tango]] and [[reggae]].

The biggest Turkish pop star of the 20th century was probably [[Sezen Aksu]], known for overseeing the Turkish contribution to the [[Eurovision Song Contest]] and was known both for her light pop music and her controversial stances on [[feminism]], [[Serbia]] and the [[Cumartesi Anneleri]].

The biggest male pop stars in Turkey are probably [[Tarkan]] and [[Mustafa Sandal]]. Tarkan conquered not only Europe but also the entire world with his single [[Simarik]] (Spoilt) which has been covered by numerous artists just like the British Holly Valance in her "Kiss kiss" song or the Russian [[Filipp Kirkorov]] in "Potzeluy" (Kiss). And a little while ago, Mustafa Sandal has topped with his latest song [[Isyankar]] (Rebellious) the charts in [[Europe]], like [[Germany]], [[Austria]] and [[Switzerland]]. So, he also becomes internationally famous and in the course of time being just the one performer, who is presenting Turkish pop to the world.

===Arabesk===

''Main article: [[Arabesk]]''

Arabesk music dominates the Turkish pop scene. It is largely Lebanese in origin, which led to condemnation from some Turkish nationalists. Arabesk stems from [[Raks Sharki]] (more often known as ''belly-dancing music'') and was popularized beginning in the [[1940s]] by [[Kaydar Tatliyay]] and other performers, leading to a [[1948]] ban on Arabic language music. The effort was largely unsuccessful, as most Turks listened to [[Radio Beirut & Cairo]] and Arabic music continued to be popular. In the middle of the [[1960s]], Turkish urban and folk styles were incorporated into Arabesk by musicians like [[Ahmet Sezgin]], [[Abdullah Yüce]] and [[Hafiz Burhan Sesiyilmaz]]. This was followed by performers like [[Orhan Gencebay]] who added Anglo-American [[rock and roll]] to Arabesk music.

===Anatolian rock===

''Main article: [[Anatolian rock]]''

[[Cem Karaca]] is the best known performer of Anatolian rock music, which was banned for most of its existence. Karaca set the stage for politically-charged performers like [[Mogollar]], [[Yeni Türkü]], [[Bulutsuzluk Özlemi]], [[Zen (band)|Zen]] and [[Zülfü Livaneli]]. Livaneli was known for the mid-80s innovation of [[özgün]], a [[guitar]]-based genre that combined mellow vocals with Arabesk music and rural melodies. The lyrics were generally not revolutionary, though the Kurdish [[Ahmet Kaya]] performed the poems of [[Nazim Hikmet]], a leftwing activist banned by the government.

===Turkish hip hop===

''Main article: [[Turkish hip hop]]''

In [[1995]], the Turkish-German community produced a major [[hip hop]] crew named [[Cartel (hip hop crew)|Cartel]] which caused controversy in Turkey and [[Germany]] for its revolutionary lyrics. Other Turkish-German rappers include [[Nefret]], [[Aziza-A]], [[DJ Volkan]], [[KMR]] and [[DJ Mahmut]].

==Folk music==

''Main article: [[Turkish folk music]]''

The folklore of Turkey is extremely diverse, consequently the music. Nevertheless, Turkish folk is dominantly marked by a single musical instrument called [[saz]] or [[bağlama]], a type of long-necked [[lute]]. Traditionally, saz is played solely by traveling musicians called Aşık (see Aşık tradition below). In modern times, saz orcheastras, accompanied with many other traditional instruments, keep folk music popular in Turkey. The [[zurna]] and [[davul]] duo ([[shawm and drum]]) is popular in rural areas, and play at [[wedding]]s and other celebrations. Some other common instruments are [[elektrosaz]] (especially around [[Ankara]]), [[darbuka]] (especially in [[Thrace|Rumeli]]), and [[kemenche]] (around [[Black Sea]]).

<!-- often with electric [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]], are also popular // Folk music and keyboard????

Saz orchestras, sometimes with imported [[guitar]]s, [[bass guitar]]s and [[drums]], are the basis for a type of folk music called [[Türkü]]. The most influential performer of Türkü and other urban popular folk music was mid-[[1980s]] superstar [[Belkis Akkale]]. Akkale's format include the saz orchestra with soulful vocals singing a type of folk song. // These look like the views of a person who is not familiar with Turkish folk

-->

Folk music generally accompanies folk dances, which vary significantly across regions. The diverse range of folk music and dances include [[çiftetelli]] ([[Thrace]]), [[zeybek]] ([[Agean]]), [[horon]] ([[Black Sea]]), and [[halay]] ([[Eastern/Southeastern Anatolia]]).

===Aşık tradition===

''Main article: [[Ashik tradition]]

===Alevi music: Semah, Deyiş, and Nefes===

''Main article: [[Alevi music]]

About a third of the Turkish population are [[Alevis]], whose folk music (performed by travelling bards called [[aşik]]) is well-known. These songs, which hail from the central northeastern area, are about mystical revelations, invocations to Alevi [[saint]]s and [[Muhammad]]'s son-in-law, [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Ali]], whom they hold in high esteem as [[Shi'a]] [[Islam|Muslims]]. Many of these songswere written by the [[Seven Ulu]]s, for example in the [[15th century]] by [[Sah Hatayi]], founder of the [[Safevi Empire]], or in the [[16th century]] by [[Pir Sultan Abdal]], a [[martyr]] who rebelled against the [[Ottoman Empire]]. [[Ruhi Su]], an outspoken leftwing massace, led a [[roots revival]] of asik music in the early [[1970s]]. Many of the biggest stars of the [[1990s]], including [[Muhlis Akarsu]], were killed in a fire started in [[1993]] by [[Sunni]] extremists. Some aşiks included socio-politically active lyrics, especially [[Mahsuni Şerif]], [[Aşik Veysel]] and [[Ali İzzet]], who were well-regarded by the Turkish left. Western Anatolia is home to [[bozlak]], a type of declamatory, partially improvised music, especially known for [[Neset Ertas]]. Around the city of [[Kars]], aşik music has a more spiritual bent, and also features ritualized insult contests.

===Roma music:===

''Main article: [[Roma music]]''

[[Roma (people)|Roma]] are known through Turkey for their musicianship. Their music is called [[fasil]] and is often associated with the [[underclass]] of Turkish society, though it also can be found in more respectable establishments. Many of the most popular Roma performers come from [[Tarlabasi]] and play the [[klarnet]] and [[darbuka]]. [[Mustafa Kandirali]] is the most famous fasil musician.

===Kurdish music===

''Main article: [[Kurdish music]]''

Traditionally, there are three types of Kurdish performers -- [[storytelling|storytellers]] (''chirokbej''), [[minstrel]]s (''stranbej'') and [[bard]]s (''dengbej''). Many songs are [[Epic poetry|epic]] in nature, recounting the tales of Kurdish [[hero]]es like [[Saladin]]. [[Love song]]s, [[dance music]], [[wedding]] and other celebratory songs, [[erotic poetry]] and [[work song]]s are also popular. [[Musical instrument]]s include the [[bloor]] ([[flute]]), [[ghol]] ([[drum]]), [[duduk]] ([[oboe]]), [[tenbur]] ([[saz]]), [[kamanche]] ([[spike fiddle]]) and [[zurna]] (wooden [[shawm]]).

The most frequently used song form has two verses with ten [[syllable]] lines. Kurdish music is characterized by simple [[melody|melodies]], with a range of only three or four notes, and [[strophic]] songs, in which an identical line of poetry and music occur at the end of each [[stanza]].

For most of the [[20th century]], [[Kurdish language]] songs were banned in Turkey. Some Kurdish singers, like [[Ibrahim Tatlises]], sang in [[Turkish language|Turkish]], while others violated the ban and fled to various countries, especially [[France]]. A [[black market]], however, has long existed in Turkey, and [[pirate radio]] stations and underground recordings have always been available. [[Sivan Perwer]], the most famous Kurdish musician, came from the Kurdish-Turk community. He came to fame in [[1972]] during a Kurdish revolt in Iraq, and became a superstar before fleeing to [[Germany]] in [[1976]].

===Mevlevi music: Ayin===

''Main article: [[Ayin]]''

The [[Mevlevi]] (whirling) dervishes are well-known outside of Turkey, in spite of frequent state oppression during the 20th century. Their music consists of long, complex compositions called [[ayin]], which is both preceded and followed by songs using lyrics by the founder and poet [[Rumi|Jelaleddin Rumi]]. Internationally well-known musicians include [[Necdet Yasar]] and [[Kudsi Ergüner]].

==Classical music==

''Main article: [[Turkish classical music]]''

Most Turkish music share the [[makam]], a system of modes or scales and other rules of composition, as well improvisatory pieces called [[taksim]]. Taksim are part of a suite of music consisting of a prelude, postlude and a primary section which begins with and is punctuated by taksim. Songs are a part of this tradition, many of them extremely old, dating back to the [[14th century]]; many are newer, however, with late [[19th century]] songwriter [[Haci Arif Bey]] being especially popular.

Commonly used instruments in Turkish classical music are the [[oud]], [[tanbur]], [[ney]], [[Qanún| kanun]], and [[darbuka]].

Turkish classical music is taught in conservatoires, the most respected of which is Istanbul's [[Üsküdar Musiki Cemiyeti]]. The most popular Turkish classical singer is [[Münir Nurettin Selçuk]], who was the first to establish a lead singer position. Other performers include [[Bülent Ersoy]], [[Zeki Müren]], and [[Zekai Tunca]].

===20th century classical history===

Parallel to this, some radical and practical actions were taken, such as the transfer of the former Mızıka-ı Hümayun (Imperial Orchestra) from [[İstanbul]] to the new capitol of the state [[Ankara]], and renaming it as Riyaset-i Cumhur Orkestrası (Orchestra of the Presidency of the Republic. The name would later be changed to Cumhurbaşkanlığı Senfoni Orkestrası or [[Presidential Symphony Orchestra]]) in 1924; founding of a new school for the training of Western style music instructors in 1924, renaming the İstanbul Oriental Music School as the Istanbul Conservatory in 1926, sending talented young musicians abroad for further music education (these students include well-known Turkish composers such as [[Cemal Reşit Rey]], [[Ulvi Cemal Erkin]], [[Ahmet Adnan Saygun]], [[Necil Kazım Akses]], [[Hasan Ferit Alnar]]), and finally the founding of the Ankara State Conservatory with the aid of the German composer and music theorist [[Paul Hindemith]] in 1936.

Again on Atatürk's order, a wide-scale classification and archiving of samples of Turkish folk music from around [[Anatolia]] was launched in 1924 and continued until 1953 to collect around 10,000 folk songs. Hungarian composer [[Béla Bartók]] visited Ankara and the south-eastern Turkey in 1936 within the context of these works.

Atatürk's restriction of Arab and Persian influenced music policy in 1934 was misinterpreted by the bureaucrats, and turned into a full-scale ban on the Ottoman classical music, which was abolished about a year later by Atatürk himself. By [[1976]], [[sanat]] (a form of classical art music) had undergone a renaissance and the [[State Conservatoire]] in [[Istanbul]] was founded to give classical musicians the same support as folk musicians. The [[1980s]] saw President [[Turgut Özal]] liberalize media regulations, and [[pop music|pop]], [[Rock and roll|rock]], [[hip hop]] and [[arabesk]] music made inroads into mainstream Turkish music. [[Kurdish language]] music was also allowed for the first time, and religious [[Sufi music]], especially [[Mevlevi ayin]] ([[whirling dervish]]es).

===Turkish influence on Western classical music===

''Main article: [[Turkish music (style)]]''

European [[european classical music|classical]] composers in the [[18th century]] were fascinated by Turkish music, particularly the strong role given to the [[brass instrument|brass]] and [[percussion instrument]]s in [[Janissary]] bands. [[Joseph Haydn]] wrote his ''Military Symphony'' to include Turkish instruments, as well as some of his operas. Turkish instruments were also included in [[Ludwig van Beethoven]]'s ''[[Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)|Symphony Number 9]]''. [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]] wrote the "Ronda alla turca" in his ''[[Piano Sonata, K. 331 (Mozart)|Sonata in A major]]'' and also used Turkish themes in his operas. Although this Turkish influence was a fad, it introduced the [[cymbal]]s, [[bass drum]], and [[bell (instrument)| bell]]s into the symphony orchestra, where they remain.

[[Jazz]] musician [[Dave Brubeck]] wrote his "Blue Rondo á la Turk" as a tribute to Mozart and Turkish music.

''See also: [[List of Turkish musicians]]''

==References==

*Stokes, Martin. "Sounds of Anatolia". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East, pp 396-410. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. ISBN 1-85828-636-0

==External links==

*[http://www.discoverturkey.com/english/kultursanat/muzik.html Music from Turkey in MP3 audio format]

*[http://www.cankan.com/gturkishfolks/12mehter_janissary%20band.htm JANISSARY BAND (MEHTER)]

*[http://members.tripod.com/ovh/music/traditional.html TRADITIONAL ART MUSIC]

[[Category:Turkish music]]

* [http://torokzene.lap.hu/ Turkish Music Link Portal] Bilingual (Hun-EN) with over 350 Turkish music links

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[[ja:トルコ音楽]]