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[[Image:Aqua-distillata.jpg|thumb|250px|Bottle for Distilled water in the Real Farmacia in Madrid.]]
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'''Distilled water''' is [[water]] that has virtually all of its [[Impurity|impurities]] removed through [[distillation]]. Distillation involves [[boiling]] the water and re-condensing the [[steam]] into a clean container, leaving most contaminants behind.
<tr><td colspan=2 align=center bgcolor="#ff9999">'''Llanfairpwllgwyngyll'''<br><font size="-1">''Ynys Môn''</font></td>
<tr><td colspan=2 align=center><div style="position: relative">[[Image:WalesAnglesey.png]]<div style="position: absolute; left: 78px; top: 28px">[[Image:Red_Dot.gif]]</div></div></td></tr>
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==Applications==
'''Llanfairpwllgwyngyll''' (long form '''Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch'''), also spelt '''Llanfair Pwllgwyngyll''' and commonly known as '''Llanfair PG''' or '''Llanfairpwll''', is a village and [[community (Wales)|community]] on the island of [[Anglesey]] in [[Wales]], situated on the [[Menai Strait]] next to [[Menai Bridge]] and across the strait from [[Bangor, Wales|Bangor]]. According to the 2001 census, the population of the community is 3,040,<ref>[http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=801487&c=llanfair+pwllgwyngyll&d=16&e=15&g=413017&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&enc=1&dsFamilyId=779 Neighbourhood Statistics]</ref> 76% of whom speak [[Welsh language|Welsh]] fluently; the highest percentage of speakers is in the 10–14 age group, where 97.1% are able to speak Welsh.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
{{Unreferencedsect|date=July 2007}}
In chemical and biological laboratories, as well as industry, cheaper alternatives such as [[deionized water]] are preferred over distilled water.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} However, if these alternatives are not sufficiently pure, distilled water is used. Where exceptionally high purity water is required, [[double distilled water]] is used.
Distilled water is also commonly used to top up [[lead acid batteries]] used in cars and trucks. The presence of other ions commonly found in tap water will cause a drastic reduction in its lifespan.
The long form of the name is the longest officially recognised place name in the [[United Kingdom]] and one of the [[Longest word in the English language#Place names|longest in the world]], being 58 letters in length (51 letters in the Welsh alphabet, where "[[Ch_%28digraph%29#Voiceless_velar_fricative|ch]]" and "[[Ll#Welsh|ll]]" count as single letters). The name is Welsh for "St Mary's church in the hollow of the white hazel near to the rapid whirlpool and the church of [[Tysilio|St Tysilio]] of the red cave".
Distilled water is preferable to tap water for use in automotive cooling systems. The minerals and ions typically found in tap water can be corrosive to internal engine components, and can cause a more rapid depletion of the anti-corrosion additives found in most [[antifreeze]] formulations.{{Fact|date=May 2007}}
==Name==
This village was originally known as ''Llanfair Pwllgwyngyll'' (is sometimes still referred to as ''Llanfairpwllgwyngyll'') and was given its long name in the 19th century in an attempt to develop the village as a commercial and tourist centre (see [[Llanfair PG#Significance of the name|Significance of the name]] below). Today the village is still signposted as ''Llanfairpwllgwyngyll'', marked on [[Ordnance Survey]] maps as ''Llanfair Pwllgwyngyll'' and is known to locals as ''Llanfairpwll'' or simply ''Llanfair''.
Using distilled water in [[steam iron]]s for pressing clothes can help reduce mineral build-up and make the iron last longer. However, many iron manufacturers say that distilled water is no longer necessary in their irons.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
The name is also seen shortened to ''Llanfair PG'', which is sufficient to distinguish it from the many other Welsh villages with ''Llanfair'' in their names. Other variant forms use the full name but with ''tysilio'' [[Welsh morphology#Soft mutation|mutated]] to ''dysilio'', and/or with a hyphen between ''drobwll'' and ''llan''. In [[Welsh language|Welsh]], the initial ''Ll'' may be mutated to a single ''L'' in some contexts.
Some people use distilled water for household [[aquariums]] because it lacks the chemicals found in [[tap water]] supplies. It is important to supplement distilled water when using it for [[fishkeeping]]; it is too pure to sustain proper chemistry to support an aquarium ecosystem.{{Fact|date=May 2007}}
Visitors stop at the [[Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch railway station|railway station]] to be photographed next to the station sign, visit the nearby Visitors' Centre, or have 'passports' stamped at a local shop. Another tourist attraction is the nearby Marquess of Anglesey's Column, which at a height of 27 metres offers views over Anglesey and the Menai Strait. Designed by [[Thomas Harrison (architect)|Thomas Harrison]], the monument celebrates the heroism of [[Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey]] at the [[Battle of Waterloo]].
==Drinking distilled water==
==History==
{{Unreferencedsect|date=February 2007}}
[[Image:Marquess of Anglesey's Column.jpg|thumb|right|The Marquess of Anglesey's Column]]
Drinking distilled water is quite common.
A settlement has existed on the site of the village since the [[Neolithic]] era, with [[subsistence agriculture]] and [[fishing]] the most common occupations for much of the village's early history. The island of [[Anglesey]] was at that point only reachable by boat across the [[Menai Strait]]. The area was briefly invaded and captured by the [[Roman Britain|Romans]] under [[Gaius Suetonius Paulinus]], temporarily abandoned in order to consolidate forces against [[Boudicca]], then held until the end of Roman Britain.
Many beverage manufacturers use distilled water to ensure a drink's purity and taste. Bottled distilled water is sold as well, and can usually be found in [[supermarkets]]. [[Water purification]], such as distillation, is especially important in regions where water resources or tap water is not suitable for ingesting without boiling or chemical treatment.
With the withdrawal of the Roman forces, the area fell under the control of the [[Kingdom of Gwynedd]], an early [[Medieval]] kingdom. Under this [[feudal system]], the residents worked small farms for the king. The rural nature of the settlement meant that the village had a population of only around 80.
Water filtration devices are common in many households. Most of these devices do not distill water, though there continues to be an increase in consumer-oriented [[water distiller]]s and reverse osmosis machines being sold and used. Municipal water supplies often add or have trace impurities at levels which are regulated to be safe for consumption. Much of these additional impurities, such as [[volatile organic compounds]], [[fluoride]], and an estimated 75,000+ other chemical compounds{{Fact|date=February 2007}} are not removed through conventional filtration; however, distillation does eliminate nearly all of these impurities.
However, with the introduction of estates in the 16th century, much of the land was absorbed into the Earldom of Uxbridge, currently under the [[Marquess of Anglesey]], and the population forced to work as [[tenant]]s on [[enclosure]]s. The population of the village boomed, with a population of 385 in the 1801 census.
Distilled water is also used as drinking water in arid seaside areas which do not have sufficient freshwater, by distilling seawater. It is quite common on ships, especially [[nuclear ship|nuclear powered ships]], which require a large supply of distilled water as coolant. The drinking water is produced in [[desalination plant]]s, although it is very expensive due to the large amount of fuel needed to boil water. Alternative technologies like [[reverse osmosis]] are becoming increasingly important in this regard due to their greatly reduced costs.
In 1826 the village was connected to the rest of Wales by the construction of the [[Menai Suspension Bridge]] by [[Thomas Telford]], and connected with [[London]] in 1850 with the building of the [[Britannia Bridge]] and the busy [[North Wales Coast Line|North Wales Coast railway line]], which connected [[London]] to the ferry port of [[Holyhead]]. The village decentralised, splitting into Upper Village (''Pentre Uchaf''), which was made up mainly of the older houses and farms, and the new Lower Village (''Pentre Isaf''), built around the railway station and consisting mostly of shops and workshops. The village became a hub of commerce, as the railways and road network brought traders and customers from across north Wales.
===Pros and cons===
The first ever meeting of the [[British Women's Institute|Women's Institute]] took place in Llanfairpwll in 1915 and the movement (which began in Canada) then spread through the rest of the British Isles.
The drinking of distilled water has been both advocated and discouraged for health reasons. The lack of naturally-occurring minerals in distilled water has raised some concerns.
The Journal of General Internal Medicine<ref>{{Citation
==Significance of the name==
| last1=Azoulay | first1=Arik
[[Image:LlanfairLARGE.jpg|thumb|400px|A sign showing the name and English translation of the town]]
| last2=Garzon | first2=Philippe
The village's long name cannot be considered an authentic [[Welsh language|Welsh-language]] [[toponym]]. It was artificially contrived in the 1860s to bestow upon the station the honour of having the longest name of any railway station in the United Kingdom: an early example of a [[publicity stunt]]. The village's own web site credits the name to a cobbler from the local village of Menai Bridge. According to Sir [[John Morris-Jones]] the name was created by a local tailor, whose name he does not give.
| last3=Eisenberg | first3=Mark
| year=2001
| title=Comparison of the Mineral Content of Tap Water and Bottled Waters
| periodical=Journal of General Internal Medicine
| volume=16
| issue=3
| pages=168-175
| url=http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/j.1525-1497.2001.04189.x/enhancedabs/
}}</ref> published a study on the mineral contents of different waters available in the US. The study concluded, "drinking water sources available to North Americans may contain high levels of [[Calcium]], [[Magnesium]], and [[Sodium]] and may provide clinically important portions of the recommended dietary intake of these minerals. Physicians should encourage patients to check the mineral content of their drinking water, whether tap or bottled, and choose water most appropriate for their needs." Since distilled water doesn't contain minerals, supplemental mineral intake through diet is needed to maintain proper health.
It is often observed that consumption of "hard" water, or water that has some minerals, may have beneficial cardiovascular effects. As noted in the American Journal of Epidemiology, consumption of hard drinking water is negatively correlated with atherosclerotic [[heart disease]].<ref>{{Citation
[[Image:Llanfair Church.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Wiktionary:eponymous|eponymous]] St Mary's Church]]
| last=Voors
| first=A. W.
| year=1971
| title=Mineral in the municipal water and atherosclerotic heart death
| periodical=American Journal of Epidemiology
| volume=93
| issue=4
| pages=259-266
| url=http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/93/4/259
}}</ref> Since distilled water is devoid of minerals, it will not have these potential benefits.
It has been suggested that -- because distilled water lacks [[fluoride]] ions that are added by many governments (e.g. municipalities in the United States) at water treatment plants using [[fluoridation]] for its supposed effect on the inhibition of [[caries|cavity]] formation -- the drinking of distilled water may increase the risk of tooth decay due to a lack of this element.<ref>[http://www.medpagetoday.com/PrimaryCare/DentalHealth/tb/1756 ''Bottled Water Cited as Contributing to Cavity Comeback'' at MedPage Today]</ref>
The village was originally known as 'Llanfair Pwllgwyngyll' "St Mary's church in the hollow of the white hazel." 'Pwllgwyngyll' was the name of the original medieval [[township]] where the village stands today.<ref>Melville Richards, 'Enwau Lleoedd', in ''Atlas Môn'' (Llangefni, 1972). The late Professor Melville was one of Wales' leading authorities on place names.</ref> Although when written and read in English, the name has 58 letters, in Welsh it has only 51 because ''[[ll]]'' and ''[[Ch (digraph)|ch]]'' are each regarded as a single letter.
A purported effect of drinking water in its pure form is a 'more powerful solvent' that helps cleanse toxins from the body{{Fact|date=February 2007}}.
The name was used in the movie ''[[Barbarella (film)|Barbarella]]'' as the password for the headquarters of Dildano, the comical revolutionary.
The cost of distilling water (about 0.04 to 0.10 Euro or USD per litre in 2005) prohibits its use by most households worldwide.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
The village is split into two, smaller, villages, Llanfairpwllgwyngyll-uchaf (Upper Llanfairpwllgwyngyll) the original part of the village and
Llanfairpwllgwyngyll-isaf (Lower Llanfairpwllgwyngyll) the newer area nearer the railway station.
==PronunciationMyths==
A popular myth about distilled water is that it has the dangerous property of being more easily heated above its normal [[boiling point]] without actually boiling (as seen in "Mythbusters") in a process known as [[superheating]]. When superheated water is disturbed or has impurities added to it, a nucleation center for bubbles form. These bubbles are then new nucleation centers, and a sudden, explosive boiling can occur, possibly causing serious injury to those nearby. However, distilled water and tap water do not differ in their ease of or danger in being superheated. The dissolved impurities in motionless tap water do not present enough disturbance to inhibit superheating.
==References==
The full name of the village is pronounced {{IPA2|ˌɬan.vair.puɬ.ˌɡwɪ̈n.ɡɪ̈ɬ.ɡo.ˌɡɛr.ə.ˌχwərn.ˌdro.buɬ.ˌɬan.tɪ̈.ˌsil.jo.ˌɡo.ɡo.ˈɡoːχ}}, or with {{IPA|[ɪ]}} for {{IPA|[ɪ̈]}}, {{IPA|[pʊɬ, bʊɬ]}} for {{IPA|[puɬ, buɬ]}}, depending on the speaker's accent.
<references/>
The approximate pronunciation in English orthography is given at the station as: ''Llan-vire-pooll-guin-gill-go-ger-u-queern-drob-ooll-llandus-ilio-gogo-goch'', although "chwurn" would be a far better representation of the middle syllable than "queern", and "llantus" would be more accurate than "llandus". The ''ch'' is a [[voiceless uvular fricative]] {{IPA|[χ]}} or [[voiceless velar fricative]] as in "Bach" ({{IPA|[bax]}}: see [[German phonology#Ich-Laut and ach-Laut|ach-laut]]) in most varieties of [[German language|German]].
The ''ll'' is a [[voiceless lateral fricative]] {{IPA|[ɬ]}}, a sound that does not occur in English and is sometimes approximated (rather poorly) as {{IPA|[θl]}} (''thl'' as in ''athlete'') or even {{IPA|[xl]}} by English speakers.[[Image:Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch station sign (cropped version 1).jpg|thumb|right|The sign at the railway station gives an approximation of the correct pronunciation for [[English language|English]] speakers]]
==Rival names==
There have been several attempts to steal the village's record. The [[Carmarthenshire]] village of [[Llanfynydd]] unofficially adopted the name ''Llanhyfryddawelllehynafolybarcudprindanfygythiadtrienusyrhafnauole'' in 2004 in protest at plans to erect a [[wind farm]] nearby (the name means "a quiet beautiful village; a historic place with rare kite under threat from wretched blades" in English). A station on the [[Fairbourne Railway]] was named ''[[Gorsafawddacha'idraigodanheddogleddollônpenrhynareurdraethceredigion]]'' (translated as "the [[River Mawddach|Mawddach]] station and its dragon teeth at the Northern Penrhyn Road on the golden beach of [[Cardigan Bay]]") for promotional purposes. No such attempts have gained widespread recognition amongst official bodies or transport authorities.
i like fanny
==See also==
* [[Deionized water]]
* [[Lake Chaubunagungamaug|Lake Chargoggagoggmanchauggagoggchaubunagungamaugg]]
* [[Atmospheric water generator]] ''(Make distilled water from air)''
* [[Llanfairpwll F.C.]], the Town's Football Club
* [[Heavy water]]
* [[Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateapokaiwhenuakitanatahu]], a hill in New Zealand
* [[Double distilled water]]
==External links==
*http://www.llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch.co.uk Village website, listed in the 2002 ''[[Guinness Book of Records]]'' as the world's longest valid [[Internet]] [[___domain name]]
*http://www.bbc.co.uk/h2g2/guide/A403642 Article at [[H2G2]]
*http://www.flickr.com/photos/tags/llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch Flickr photos
==Notes==
<references/>
{{coor title dms|53|13|24|N|4|11|58|W|region:GB_type:city}}
[[Category:VillagesLiquid in Angleseywater]]
[[Category:World record holdersDistillation]]
[[Category:Drinking water]]
[[de:Destilliertes Wasser]]
[[als:Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch]]
[[es:Agua destilada]]
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[[gl:Auga destilada]]
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[[it:Acqua distillata]]
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[[he:מים מזוקקים]]
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[[nl:Gedestilleerd water]]
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[[ru:Дистиллированная вода]]
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[[sl:Destilirana voda]]
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[[zh:蒸馏水]]
[[ko:랜바이어푸흘귄기흘]]
[[hi:ख़्लानवाइरपुख़्लग्विनगिख़्लगोगेरअख़्वर्नड्रोबुख़्लख़्लानटिसिल्योगोगोगोख़]]
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[[ja:ランヴァイル・プルグウィンギル・ゴゲリフウィルンドロブル・ランティシリオゴゴゴホ]]
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[[ru:Лланвайр Пуллгвингилл]]
[[simple:Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch]]
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[[sr:Село са најдужим именом на свету]]
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[[uk:Лланвайрпуллгвінгіллгогерихуїрндробуллллантисиліогогогох]]
[[zh:兰韦尔普尔古因吉尔戈格里惠尔恩德罗布尔兰蒂西利奥戈戈戈赫]]
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