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[[Image:Bangladesh-demography.png|thumb|300px|right|Total population of Bangladesh, 1961-2003, in thousands. Source: [[FAO]]]]
{{Mergefrom|Rock Climbing|date=September 2006}}
[[Bangladesh]] is [[Ethnic group|ethnically]] homogeneous. Indeed its name derives from the [[Bengali]] ethnic and linguistic group which comprises 98% of the population. Bengalis, who are also present in large number in the [[West Bengal]] province of [[India]] are one of the most populous ethnic groups in the world. Variations in Bengali culture and language do exist of course. There are many dialects of Bengali spoken throughout the country. The dialect spoken by those in [[Sylhet]] is particularly distinctive.
The most significant minorities are the [[Urdu]] speaking [[Biharis]] around [[Dhaka]], [[Rangpur]] and elsewhere and various tribal groups such as the [[Chakma]] concentrated in the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]]. The Biharis emigrated from the Indian province of [[Bihar]] during the 1947 [[partition of India]]. In the 1971 independence struggle they supported West Pakistan, and those that remained became [[Stranded Pakistanis|refugees]]. [[Refugees International]] has called them a neglected and stateless people as they are denied citizenship and much of the 300,000 of them live in refugee camps, many being born there.<ref>[http://www.refugeesinternational.org/content/publication/detail/7828/ Refugees of Nowhere: The Stateless Biharis of Bangladesh], Refugees International, 2006-02-15</ref>
[[Image:Valkyrie (The Roaches).jpg|thumb|250px|Climbers on "Valkyrie" at [[the Roaches]].]]
The [[religions]] practiced in the region have changed significantly through history. At various times in the distance past, [[Buddhism]] and [[Hinduism]] were each the dominant religions. The [[Partition of India|1947 partition]] of Bengal along religious lines augmented the existing [[Sunni]] [[Muslim]] majority in the region. The most recent estimate of religious makeup from the 2001 census reported that the population was 89.58% Muslim, 9.34% Hindu, 0.62% Buddhist, 0.31% Christian and 0.15% Animist. [http://www.bbs.gov.bd/dataindex/census/bang_atg.pdf] .<ref name="bbs">[http://www.bbs.gov.bd/ Bangladesh Burueau of Statistics]</ref><ref name="cia_error">The CIA World Factbook's figures are apparently in error because they are incoherent. The 1990-1996 and 2001-2007 editions report 83% Muslim and 16% Hindu, but the 1997-2000 editions (as well as the 2005 Background Note from the US State Department) give Muslim 88.3%, Hindu 10.5%.</ref> About [[Demographics of Islam|5%]] of the Muslims (and most of the Biharis) are [[Shia]].
'''Climbing''' covers a range of recreational, adventurous or sporting activities involving using one's hands and feet to move up the surface of a steep object. Evolving from the pursuit of [[mountaineering]], '''[[rock climbing]]''' is the scaling of steep rocky surfaces, usually using ropes and other [[climbing equipment]] for [[protection (climbing)|protection]].
As in neighboring India, more than half of the population lives in [[agrarian]] rural villages. But urbanization is proceeding rapidly and the capitol [[Dhaka]] is one of the fastest growing and largest cities in the world. Other major urban centers include [[Chittagong]] and [[Khulna]].
Rock climbing can be subdivided into [[free climbing]] (where ropes and gear are used strictly for safety in the case of a fall), and [[aid climbing]], where a passage up a piece of rock is engineered by using equipment placed in the rock for upward progress.
<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&srt=npan&col=aohdq&geo=-29
| publisher = World Gazetteer
| title = Bangladesh: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population
| accessdate = 2006-07-28
}}</ref>
The least densely populated areas are in the [[Sundarbans]] jungle and the Chittagong Hill Tracts.
Bangladesh had one of the highest rates of population growth in the world in the 1960's and 1970's. Since then however it has seen a marked reduction in its total [[fertility rate]], from 6.2 thirty years ago to 3.2 (2003 UNDP figures).
==Demographic data from the CIA World Factbook==
[[Image:Bangladesh population pyramid 2005.png|thumb|300px|[[Population pyramid]] of Bangladesh]]
===Population===
:150,448,339 (July 2007 est.)
:124,355,263 (2001 Census)
== History of rock climbing - A brief Overview ==
===Age structure===
:0-14 years: 32.9% (male 24,957,997/female 23,533,894)
:15-64 years: 63.6% (male 47,862,774/female 45,917,674)
:65 years and over: 3.5% (male 2,731,578/female 2,361,435) (2006 est.)
===Median age===
{{main|History of rock climbing}}
:Total: 22.2 years
:Male: 22.2 years
:Female: 22.2 years (2006 est.)
===Population growth rate===
One of the earliest recorded climbs was by Antoine de Ville. His [[1492]] ascent of Mont Inaccessible, [[Mont Aiguille]], was accomplished under royal orders, through the use of techniques developed for sieging castles.
:3.09% (2006 est.)
===Birth rate===
The first ascent of [[Mont Blanc]] in the [[Alps]] in [[1786]] is often referred to as the start of mountaineering’s “modern era”. By the mid 1800's, climbing had developed into a recreational pastime, with equipment consisting mainly of an alpenstock (a large walking stick with a metal tip), a primitive form of an instep [[crampon]], and a natural fiber rope.
:29.8 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)
===Death rate===
The ''practice'' of '''rock climbing''' began as an important component of [[Victorian era|Victorian]] [[mountaineering]] in the [[Alps]]. But it is generally thought that the ''sport'' of rock climbing began in the last quarter of the [[nineteenth century]] in at least two areas: [[Elbsandsteingebirge]], in [[Saxony]] near [[Dresden]] [1], and the [[Lake District]] of [[England]] [2]. By the end of the Victorian era as many as 60 rock climbers at a time would gather at the [[Wastwater Hotel]] in the Lake District during vacation periods [3]. And by [[1903]] there were over 500 climbers active in the Elbsandstein region, with numbers growing, so that by the [[1930]]s there were over 200 small climbing clubs represented in the area [1].
:8.27 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
===Net migration rate===
As rock climbing matured, [[Grade (climbing)|grading systems]] were created in order to more accurately compare relative difficulties of climbs. Over the years both climbing techniques and the equipment climbers use to advance the sport have evolved in a steady fashion. A collection of '''[[History of rock climbing|historical benchmarks]]''' serves to illustrate progress in an activity that many participants regard as more a lifestyle than merely an athletic pursuit.
:-0.68 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)
===Sex ratio===
== Types of climbing ==
:At birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
:Under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
:15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
:65 years and over: 1.16 male(s)/female
:Total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2006 est.)
===Infant mortality rate===
<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:Sport climbing.jpg|right|200px|thumb|[[Sport Climbing]] on the rocks of Flatrock, Newfoundland]] -->
:Total: 60.83 deaths/1,000 live births
:Male: 61.87 deaths/1,000 live births
:Female: 59.74 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)
===Life expectancy at birth===
<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:Top rope clmbing.jpg|right|200px|thumb|[[Top Rope Climbing]] on the rocks of Flatrock, Newfoundland]] -->
:Total population: 62.46 years
:Male: 62.47 years
:Female: 62.45 years (2006 est.)
===Total fertility rate===
There are two general types of climbing. These are free climbing and aid climbing.
:3.11 children born/woman (2006 est.)
===HIV/AIDS===
* [[Aid climbing]] Is climbing using the equipment you place in the rock rather than using the rock to ascend the cliff face.
:Adult prevalence rate: less than 0.1% (2001 est.)
:People living with HIV/AIDS: 13,000 (2001 est.)
:Deaths: 650 (2001 est.)
===Major infectious diseases===
* [[Free Climbing]] is when the climber is using his hands and feet to against the rock itself to ascend a climb. The following are all types of free climbing:
:Degree of risk: high
:Food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
:Vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria are high risks in some locations
:Water contact disease: leptospirosis
:Animal contact disease: rabies (2005)
===Nationality===
** [[Top rope climbing]], or top-roping, is when an anchor is placed at the top of a climb and a rope is hung down from it. This is used to protect the climber on his ascent, and it is usually used to lower the climber off the face.
:Noun: Bangladeshi(s)
:Adjective: Bangladeshi
===Ethnic groups===
** [[Traditional lead climbing]], "Trad Leading", is when the leader ascends a climb while placing removable protection gear which is used to attach the rope to for safety. Once the leader gets to the top of the climb or pitch, the next person, the "cleaner", follows the leader up the climb and removes (cleans) the protective gear from the climb. Trad leading is more nature friendly because the gear is removed and nothing is left scarring the rock. Trad leading is as safe as your capability to take care of and place gear. The big disadvantage of leading is having to carry all the equipment up the climb.
:Bengali 98%, tribal groups, non-Bengali Muslims (1998)
===Religions===
** [[Sport lead climbing]], "sport leading", is the same as trad leading except there are bolts drilled into the rock face that are used to clip to instead of placing your own gear while you climb. Sport leading can be dangerous if the bolts are not upkept. They can rust out and break when weighted, so using bolts is at your own risk. The advantage of sport leading is you do not have to carry the trad gear to complete the climb.
:Muslim - 89.58%, Hindu - 9.34%, Boudhists - 0.62%, Christian - 0.31% and Animists - 0.15% (2001 Census) [http://www.bbs.gov.bd/dataindex/census/bang_atg.pdf]
** [[Bouldering]] is climbing short heights (usually a max of 15 feet) without a rope. Most boulderers will bring a pad to put on the ground to help pad a fall. Most of the time boudlering involves traversing around a wall or on a rock rather than climbing up it.
:Muslim - 88.31%, Hindu 10.52%, Boudhists - 0.58%, Christian - 0.33% and Animist - 0.26% (1991 census)
** [[Ice climbing]] is similar to traditional climbing except on ice-covered slopes or frozen waterfalls. Different equipment and ethical rules apply, however.
:Muslim - 86.65%, Hindu - 12.13%, Boudhists - 0.62%, Christian - 0.31%, Animist - 0.29% (1981 Census)
** [[Indoor climbing]] is done on a wood and plastic simulation of a rock attached to a wall, often in a dedicated rock gym. For most people it will be the easiest and cheapest way to get started. Climbing [[Climbing competition]]s are held on artificial climbing walls.
===Languages===
[[Image:Calico Hills climbing.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Short (one-pitch) climbs on the Calico Hills, west of Las Vegas, Nevada]]
:Bangla (official, also known as Bengali)
== Safety =Literacy===
:Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Being safe in climbing is mainly a process of making safe choices and decisions. Gear placements, the type of route, the difficulty of the route, attitude, experience, preparedness, capeability are all things that have to be taken into consideration in determining whether a given climber can "safely" attempt a given route.
:Total population: 43.1%
:Male: 53.9%
:Female: 31.8% (2003 est.)
==Other demographic data==
== Climbing system ==
Naturally there is some degree of uncertainty about the population, especially in a developing country such as Bangladesh with a high level of illiteracy and rural population. Thus the margin of error is such that in 2005 it was unknown which of Bangladesh and [[Russia]] has the larger population. For example the UN's ESA ranked Russia 7th and Bangladesh 8th, whereas the CIA World Factbook ranked Bangladesh 7th and Russia 8th. At any rate, the population of Russia is in decline while that of Bangladesh is growing. Most rankings in 2007 now show Bangladesh to be larger. The following table lists various recent estimates of the population.
{{main|Climbing system}}
{|class="wikitable"
== Techniques ==
|-
{{main|Climbing techniques}}
| Source
| align="center" | Year
| align="center" | Population (millions)
|-
Climbing Techniques can be divided into basic categories that frequently overlap.
| National Census<ref name="bbs"/>
:Face climbing:
| align="center" | 1991
*:High angle to vertical: Smaller hand holds and [[edging]]
| align="center" | 112
*:Overhanging: climbing rock features beyond vertical
*:Friction slab climbing: low angle [[smearing]] (with the sole of your foot)
|-
:Crack climbing:
| National Census<ref name="bbs"/>
*:Jam crack: Hand, fist, or finger size
| align="center" | 2001
*:Off-widths: bigger than fist, but smaller than chimney
| align="center" | 129
*:Chimneys: Body or larger sized cracks
|-
== Rappelling ==
| UN Population Fund<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.unfpa.org/profile/bangladesh.cfm | publisher = [[United Nations Population Fund]] | title = Indicators: Bangladesh | accessdate = 2006-07-28}}</ref>
| align="center" | 2003
| align="center" | 150
|-
{{main|Rappelling}}
| UN Dept Economic and Social Affairs<ref>Medium fertility variant, {{cite web | url = http://esa.un.org/unpp/ | title = World Population Prospects: 2004 Revision | publisher = UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs}}</ref>
| align="center" | 2005
| align="center" | 142
|-
Rappelling (Abseiling) is commonly accepted as being one of, if not the most dangerous part of rock climbing. The accident statistics support this view. One of the reasons is that many times on a descent or retreat people are tired and make mistakes. Another factor is that you are totally relying on your equipment to support your life instead of the normal method of using the rope as a back up to your rock climbing ability.
| US State Dept<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3452.htm | publisher = [[U.S. Department of State]] | title = Background Note: Bangladesh | date = 2005-08}}</ref>
| align="center" | 2005
| align="center" | 144
|-
== Grades ==
| Population Reference Bureau<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.prb.org/TemplateTop.cfm?Section=PRB_Country_Profiles&template=/customsource/countryprofile/countryprofiledisplay.cfm&Country=395 | publisher = Population Reference Bureau | title = Country Profiles: Bangladesh | accessdate = 2006-07-28}}</ref>
| align="center" | 2005
| align="center" | 144
|-
{{main|Grade (climbing)}}
| CIA World FactBook<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/wofact2006/geos/bg.html#People | publisher = CIA | title = CIA World Factbook 2006 }}</ref>
| align="center" | 2006
| align="center" | 147
|-
Climbing communities in many countries, as well as individual regions, have developed their own climbing rating systems. Ratings are a method to communicate or record the ''consensus'' difficulty of climbs. The more refined systems exist in areas where the routes have been ascended many times, by many climbers. Nevertheless, the ''perceived'' difficulty of a climb may vary from person to person, depending upon individual strengths and weaknesses. For a climber very good at pulling on large holds, for example, a [[Grade (climbing)|5.11a]] "jug" route will probably seem a little easier than it would for another climber whose specialty is balance-climbing on small holds.
| UN Population Fund<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.unfpa.org/swp/2006/english/notes/indicators/e_indicator2.pdf | publisher = United Nations Population Fund | title = State of World Population 2006 }}</ref>
| align="center" | 2006
| align="center" | 144
|-
There are three considerations that are commonly addressed by a rating system:
| CIA World FactBook<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bg.html#People | publisher = CIA | title = CIA World Factbook 2007 }}</ref>
| align="center" | 2007
| align="center" | 150
|-
: How hard is the ''hardest move''? (pure technical difficulty).
| UN<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2006/wpp2006_highlights.pdf | publisher = UN | title = World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision}}</ref>
: How ''sustained'' is the route? (how much stamina you need to climb the route).
| align="center" | 2007
: How ''dangerous'' is the climb? (what the chance of injury is upon making a mistake whilst climbing)
| align="center" | 159
|}
Hiking, Bouldering, Roped free climbing, and Aid climbing all share these factors to one degree or another.
==References==
Many existing systems deal only with one or two of the factors cited above - some emphasize the technical difficulty, some the endurance. Other systems (such as John Gill's [[Grade (bouldering)|"B" system]]) are partially based on the number of ascents the climb has had. The result is a complicated situation in which comparison of climbs from one region to another--particularly if the types of rock differ--can be tenuous. Go to the main article for details of the various systems, and a comparison chart.
*{{CIA WFB 2006}}
*{{StateDept}}
<!-- ----------------------------------------------------------
Just for good measure there is one more scale to remember. A scale for how much time a route typically takes to complete.
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for a
discussion of different citation methods and how to generate
footnotes using the <ref>, </ref> and <reference /> tags
----------------------------------------------------------- -->
<div class="references-small">
<references />
</div>
{{Asia in topic|Demographics of}}
== Access Issues ==
{{Asia topic|Ethnic groups in}}
[[Category:Demographics by country|Bangladesh]]
Rock climbing is not necessarily allowed on any given rock formation. The regulations vary from place to place but [[trespass]] laws are the most common impediment to climbing. Even where physical access is not an issue, climbing might not be allowed due to public [[liability]] concerns. Land owners often ban climbing during particular seasons to protect, for example, nesting birds. There are several organisations devoted to opening up new areas, or protecting access to existing areas, for rock climbing. In the USA, the largest of these is [http://www.accessfund.org The Access Fund]. In the UK, an equivalent organisation is the [http://www.thebmc.co.uk British Mountaineering Council's] Access and Conservation Trust.
[[Category:Bangladeshi society]]
[[fr:Démographie du Bangladesh]]
Climbing on buildings and structures ("[[buildering]]") without the owner's consent is illegal in most cases.
[[Image:Climbing Tower.jpg|thumb|Climbing on an outdoor climbing wall]]
== Climbing in popular culture ==
Rock climbing has been featured in many popular movies, such as [[Cliffhanger (film)|Cliffhanger]] and [[Vertical Limit]], but save for a few exceptions (''[[The Eiger Sanction]]'' being one example) it is generally given an inaccurate portrayal by Hollywood and much of the popular media. The sport of rock climbing was swept up in the [[extreme sport]] craze in the late 1990s which led to images of rock climbers on everything from anti-perspirant and [[US Marine Corps|United States Marine Corps]] commercials, to college promotional materials.
==Climbing clubs==
Climbers often belong to Clubs, some of which were started in the very early days of the activity. Clubs are often responsible for the publication of Climbing Guides. The article ''[[Alpine Club]]'' lists some of these organizations.
In the [[UK]] there are several prominent clubs, including:
*[[Alpine Club (UK)]] - probably the first Climbing Club.
*[[Climbers' Club]] - senior club for England and Wales, except the [[Lake District]].
*[[Fell & Rock Climbing Club]] - for the Lake District.
*[[Scottish Mountaineering Club]]
<!-- suggest we add only clubs that have a WP article, or the list will get very long -->
In the [[United States]] several venerable clubs are:
*[[American Alpine Club]] - founded 1902
*[[Sierra Club]] - founded 1892
*[http://www.cmc.org/ Colorado Mountaineering Club] - founded 1912
*[http://www.cmcwebsite.org Chicago Mountaineering Club] - founded 1940
*[http://www.mazamas.org/ The Mazamas] - founded 1894
*[[The Mountaineers (Pacific NW)|The Mountaineers]] - founded 1907
== See also ==
* [[List of climbers]]
* [[List of climbing topics]]
* [[List of climbing areas]]
* [[Climbing equipment]]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Climbing_organisations Climbing organisations]
* [[Glossary of climbing terms]]
* [[Cliffhanger (movie)]]
* [[Mountaineering]]
* [[Outdoor education]]
* [[Parkour]] - French technique of passing obstacles efficiently
==Sources and notes==
<references/>
* [1] Goldammer, Albert & Wächtler, Martin (1936). "Bergsteigen in Sachsen", Dresden
* [2] Jones, Owen Glynne (1900). "Rock Climbing in the English Lake District", G. P. Abraham & Sons, Keswick
* [3] Hankinson, Alan (1972). "The First Tigers", J. M. Dent & Sons, London
http://www.getbeta.com
==External links==
*{{wikitravelpar|Rock climbing}}
*[http://www.spadout.com Rock Climbing Gear and Articles]
*[http://www.abc-of-rockclimbing.com/rockclimbing-health.asp Rock Climbing and Outdoor Health & Safety]
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