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WE WOO WE WOO WE WOO WE WOO WE WOO
''For other uses, see [[Brigham Young University]]''
{{LDSInfobox|
English name=Brigham Young|
image=[[Image:Brigham_Young.jpg|200px]]|
birth_name=Brigham Young|
birth_date=[[June 1]], [[1801]]|
birthplace=[[Whitingham, Vermont]]|
ordained_12= [[February 14]], [[1835]]|
predecessor_12=Original Twelve|
successor_12=[[John Henry Smith]]|
prophet=prophet|
prophet_date=[[December 27]], [[1847]]|
predecessor=[[Joseph Smith, Jr|Joseph Smith]]|
successor=[[John Taylor (1808-1887)|John Taylor]]|
dead=dead|
death_date=[[August 29]], [[1877]]|
deathplace=[[Salt Lake City]], [[Utah]]|}}
'''Brigham Young''' ([[June 1]], [[1801]] – [[August 29]], [[1877]]) was the second [[prophet]] and [[President of the Church (Mormonism)|president]] of [[Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]].
Young had a variety of [[sobriquet]]s, among the most popular of which is "The American [[Moses]]," [http://www.lds.org/newsroom/showpackage/0%2C15367%2C3899-31--34-2-190%2C00.html] (sometimes "The Modern Moses" or "The Mormon Moses" [http://overlandtrails.byu.edu/mapsessay.html]) because, like the biblical figure, he led his followers, the [[Mormon Pioneers]] in an often arduous "[[exodus]]" through a [[desert]], to what they saw as a "promised land." He was also dubbed "The Lion of the Lord" for his bold personality. He was also called "Brother Brigham."
==Life==
Young was born to a farming family in [[Vermont]] and worked as a traveling [[carpenter]] and [[blacksmith]], among other trades. Young first married in [[1824]].
Though he had converted to the [[Methodist]] faith in [[1823]], Young was drawn to Mormonism after reading the [[Book of Mormon]] shortly after its publication in [[1830]]. He officially joined the new church in [[1832]] and traveled to [[Canada]] as a [[Mormon missionary|missionary]]. After his first wife died in [[1833]], Young joined many Mormons in establishing a community in [[Kirtland, Ohio|Kirtland]], [[Ohio]].{{LDS}}
Young was strongly committed to his new faith. He was ordained an [[Apostle (Mormonism)|apostle]] and joined the [[Quorum of the Twelve Apostles]] as one of the first members on [[February 14]], [[1835]]. During the anti-Mormon persecutions in Missouri in the late 1830's, he suffered the loss of all his property, and other hardships. In [[1840]] and [[1841]], he went to [[England]] as a missionary for his church. Many of those Young converted moved to the [[United States]] to join Mormon communities there. In the 1840s Young was among those who established the city of [[Nauvoo, Illinois|Nauvoo]], [[Illinois]] on the [[Mississippi River]]. It became the headquarters of the church and was comparable in size to the city of [[Chicago]] at the time.
While in jail awaiting trial for treason charges, church president [[Joseph Smith, Jr.|Joseph Smith]] was killed by an armed mob of vigilantes in [[1844]]. Several claimants to his role as [[President of the Church (Mormonism)|church president]] emerged during the [[Succession crisis (Mormonism)|succession crisis]] that ensued. [[Sidney Rigdon]], the only surviving member of the [[First Presidency]] put himself forward as "guardian of the Church," but at a meeting of a congregation in Nauvoo, Young successfully counter-argued that the [[Quorum of the Twelve]] should instead lead the Church. This motion carried and Young, as president of the quorum, became the ''de facto'' president of the church at Nauvoo. Rigdon became the president of a separate [[Rigdonite|church organization]] based in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]] and other potential successors emerged to lead what became separate denominations of the movement. ''See'' [[Latter-day Saint movement]].
== Actions as Church President ==
After three years under the Quorum of the Twelve, Young reorganized a new [[First Presidency]] and was declared President of the largest remaining schism in 1847. Repeated conflict led Young to relocate his group of Latter-day Saints to a territory in what is now [[Utah]]; then part of [[Mexico]]. Young organized the journey that would take the faithful to [[Winter Quarters]], [[Nebraska]], in [[1846]], then to Utah's Salt Lake Valley on [[July 24]], [[1847]], a date now recognized as a [[Utah]] state [[holiday]] and known as [[Pioneer Day]].
Shortly after the new Mormon colonies were brought into the United States through [[Mexican Cession]], Young petitioned the U.S. Congress to create the [[State of Deseret]]. The [[Compromise of 1850]] instead carved out [[Utah Territory]], and Young was installed as governor. As governor and Church president, Young directed both religious and economic matters. He encouraged independence and self-sufficiency. Many cities and towns in Utah, and some in neighboring states, were founded under Young's direction. Some have accused Young of being an [[autocrat]] during his leadership in Utah [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761555412/Young_Brigham.html]. Others disagree with this assessment, recognizing Young as a strong, inspiring leader during a challenging era, and further noting that his reputation and legacy are generally well-regarded.
When federal officials received reports of widespread and systematic obfuscation of federal officials in Utah (most notably judges), [[James Buchanan|President Buchanan]] decided to install a non-Mormon governor. Buchanan accepted the reports of the judges without any further investigation, and sent troops. The troops, ironically, passed by the bloody Kansas-Missouri war without intervening in it. When Young received word that federal troops led by [[Albert Sydney Johnston]] (who later would fight against the Union during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]) were headed to Utah with his replacement, he directed resistance, but insisted that no blood be shed. During this episode, now called the [[Utah War]], Young successfully held the U.S. Army at bay for a winter. He made plans to burn [[Salt Lake City]] and move his followers to Mexico, but at the last minute he relented, and agreed to step down as governor. He later received a [[pardon]] from President Buchanan for his role in the episode. Relations between Young and future governors and U.S. Presidents were mixed. Abraham Lincoln, at the time the transcontinental telegram wire was laid across Utah, worked together with Brigham Young rather than with the federally-appointed governor of the territory.
A recurrent question is the nature or extent of Young's involvement in murders and other illegal activities in early Utah, particularly the [[Mountain Meadows Massacre]], which took place in [[Washington County, Utah|Washington County]] in 1857. Authorities in nearby [[Iron County, Utah|Iron County]] had sent a messenger to Salt Lake City seeking direction from Young, but his response—directing them to leave the wagon party alone—arrived too late to avert the massacre. According to some accounts, [[John D. Lee]], the only person convicted for participation in the massacre, maintained Young's innocence until his death. This in spite of the fact that Lee was personally bitter toward Young for excommunicating him. According to the [http://www.xmission.com/~country/reason/lee_mm.htm Life and Confessions of John D. Lee](p. 225), however, we find the conflicting statement, "I have always believed, since that day, that General George A. Smith was then visiting Southern Utah to prepare the people for the work of exterminating Captain Fancher's train of emigrants, and I now believe that he was sent for that purpose by the direct command of Brigham Young."
Young was actually indicted on murder charges in 1872, related to a separate incident. This indictment was based on the testimony of [["Wild Bill" Hickman|William Hickman]], who also felt jilted when 8 of his 9 wives left him, after Young had him excommunicated. Young's murder indictment was thrown out when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the process used to select grand juries in Utah was unconstitutional, because it was designed to keep Mormons off juries.
In addition to founding the [[University of Utah]], Young also organized the [[Mormon Tabernacle Choir]]. [[Brigham Young University]] is named after him. In [[1950]], the state of Utah donated a marble statue of Young to the [[U.S. Capitol]]'s [[National Statuary Hall Collection]]. <ref>http://www.aoc.gov/cc/art/nsh/young.cfm</ref>
For an overview of Brigham Young's philosophy and teachings, see the book "Brother Brigham Challenges the Saints," by [[Hugh Nibley]].
== Plural Wives ==
Young was perhaps the most famous [[Polygamy#Mormon Polygamy|polygamist]] of the early church. Young married some 50 women and had 57 known children. In [[1856]] he built the [[Lion House]] to accommodate his sizable family. This remains a Salt Lake City landmark, together with [[the Beehive House]], another Brigham Young Family home. A contemporary of Young wrote: "It was amusing to walk by Brigham Young's big house, a long rambling building with innumerable doors. Each wife has an establishment of her own, consisting of parlor, bedroom, and a front door, the key of which she keeps in her pocket".<ref>{{cite web |last= DeHegermann-Lindencrone |first= Lillie |title=The Sunny Side of Diplomatic Life, 1875-1912 |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13955/13955-h/13955-h.htm |publisher=Project Gutenberg |accessdate=2006-07-18 }}</ref>
What follows is a listing of Brigham Young's wives. An asterisk indicates "a wife not recognized in traditional histories, even though there is evidence of at least one of the following: the ceremony, sexual cohabitation, or a formal divorce"; names in parenthesis are the surnames of previous husbands; "divorce" indicates a formal dissolution of the marriage through secular or ecclesiastical procedures; "remarried" indicates later marriage of the wife to another husband. See D. Michael Quinn, ''The Mormon Hierarchy: Origins of Power,'' Signature Books, Salt Lake City, 1994, 685 pages, ISBN 1-56085-056-6; Appendix 6, "Biographical Sketches of Officers of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter- day Saints, 1830-47" pp. 607-608).
# [[Miriam Work]] - 1824 (2 children), included in his will.
# [[Mary Ann Angell]] - 1834 (6 children), in will.
# [[Lucy A. Decker]] (Seeley) - 1842 (7 children), in will.
# [[Harriet E. Cook]] (Campbell) - 1843 (1 child), in will.
# [[Lucy Augusta Adams]] (Cobb) 1843 (no children); requested cancellation of her [[Sealing (Mormonism)|sealing]], 1846; sealed by proxy to Joseph Smith, 1848; from 1850 onward asked Brigham Young to give her to various men in civil marriage but still included in will.
# [[Clarissa C. Decker]] - 1844 (5 children), in will.
# [[Clarissa Ross-Chase]] - 1844 (4 children), in will.
# [[Louisa Beaman]] (Smith) - 1844 (5 children).
# [[Zina D. H. Young|Zina D. Huntington (Jacobs, Smith)]] - 1844 (1 child), in will.
# [[Emily D. Partridge]] (Smith) 1844 - (7 children), in will. (daughter of [[Edward Partridge]])
# [[Eliza Roxcy Snow|Eliza R. Snow (Smith)]] - 1844 (no children), in will.
# '''*'''[[Elizabeth Fairchild]] - 1844 (no children), divorced 1855.
# '''*'''[[Clarissa Blake]] - 1844 (no children).
# '''*'''[[Rebecca W. Greenleaf Holman]] - 1844 (no children).
# '''*'''[[Diana Chase]] - 1844 (no children), separated about 1848, remarried 1849.
# [[Maria Lawrence]] (Smith) - 1844 (no children), separated 1845, remarried 1846.
# [[Susannah Snively]] - 1844 (no children), in will.
# [[Olive Grey Frost]] (Smith) - 1844 (no children).
# '''*'''[[Mary A. Clark]] (Powers) - 1845 (no children), divorced 1851.
# '''*'''[[Mary Harvey Pierce]] - 1845 (no children).
# [[Margrette W. Pierce]] (Whitesides) - 1845 (1 child), in will.
# '''*'''[[Rhoda Richards]] (Smith) - 1845 (no children). (she was Young's 1st cousin)
# [[Emmeline Free]] - 1845 (10 children), in will. (former fiance of [[John D. Lee]], her sister Louisa married Lee).
# [[Mary Elizabeth Rollins]] (Lightner, Smith) - 1845 (no children); remained with legal husband yet considered herself deserted by Brigham Young, 1846.
# [[Margaret Maria Alley]] - 1845 (2 children), in will.
# '''*'''[[Mary Ann Turley]] - 1845 (no children), divorced 1851.
# '''*'''[[Olive Andrews]] (Smith) 1846 (no children).
# '''*'''[[Emily Haws]] (Chesley, Whitmarsh) - 1846 (no children), separated 1848.
# [[Ellen A. V. Rockwood]] - 1846 (no children).
# '''*'''[[Abigail Marks]] (Works) - 1846 (no children).
# '''*'''[[Mary Elizabeth Nelson]] (Greene) - 1846 (no children).
# '''*'''[[Mary E. de la Montague]] (Woodward) - 1846 (no children); divorced and returned to legal husband, 1847; then returned to Brigham Young, 1851.
# '''*'''[[Amy C. Cooper]] - 1846 (no children).
# '''*'''[[Julia Foster (Mormonism)|Julia Foster]] (Hampton) - 1846 (no children), separated, 1846; married another man; returned to Brigham Young, 1855, only to leave him bitterly later.
# '''*'''[[Abigail Harback]] (Hall) - 1846 (no children), returned to legal husband, 1846.
# [[Naamah K. J. Carter]] (Twiss) - 1846 (no children), obtained cancellation of her [[Sealing (Mormonism)|sealing]] by 1871, anointed to deceased first husband but still included in will.
# '''*'''[[Nancy Cressy]] (Walker) - 1846 (no children).
# '''*'''[[Eliza Babcock]] - 1846 (no children), divorced 1853.
# '''*'''[[Jane Terry]] (Tarbox, Young) - 1847.
# [[Mary J. Bigelow]] - 1847 (no children), divorced 1851.
# [[Lucy Bigelow]] - 1847 (3 children), in will.
# '''*'''[[Sarah M. Guckin]] (Malin) - 1848 (no children).
# [[Eliza Burgess]] - 1852 (1 child), in will.
# '''*'''[[Mary Oldfield]] (Kelsey) - 1852 (no children).
# '''*'''[[Catherine Resse]] (Clawson, Egan) - 1855 (no children).
# [[Harriet E. Barney]] (Sagers) - 1856 (1 child), in will.
# [[Harriet Amelia Folsom]] - 1863 (no children), in will.
# [[Mary Van Cott]] (Cobb) - 1865 (1 child), in will. (Daughter of [[John Van Cott]])
# [[Ann Eliza Young|Ann Eliza Webb]] (Dee) 1868 (no children), divorced 1875; her story was [[fiction]]alized in Irving Wallace's 1962 novel ''The Twenty-Seventh Wife.''
# '''*'''[[Elizabeth Jones (Mormonism)|Elizabeth Jones]] (Lewis, Jones) - 1869 (no children).
# '''*'''[[Lydia Farnsworth]] (Mayhew) - 1870 (no children).
# '''*'''[[Hannah Tapfield]] (King) - 1872 (no children).
[[Image:BrighamYoungGrave.jpg|right|thumb|360px|Grave marker of Brigham Young. [[Image:BrighamYoungCemetery.jpg|left|100px]]
[[Image:BrighamYoungBust.jpg|left|100px]]
[[Image:BrighamYoungStatue.jpg|left|100px]] ]]
==Works==
*{{cite book|author=Young, Brigham|title=The Best from Brigham Young: Statements from His Sermons on Religion, Education, and Community Building|year=1952|publisher=Deseret Book Company|others=selected by Alice K. Chase}}
*{{cite book|author=Young, Brigham|title=Diary of Brigham Young, 1857|year=1980|publisher=Tanner Trust Fund, University of Utah Library|editor=Everett L. Cooley.}}
*{{cite book|author=Young, Brigham|title=Discourses of Brigham Young|year=1925|publisher=Deseret Book|others=selected by John A. Widtsoe}}
*{{cite book|author=Young, Brigham|title=Letters of Brigham Young to His Sons|year=1974|publisher=Deseret Book Company|editor=Dean C. Jessee.}}
*{{cite book|author=Young, Brigham|title=Manuscript History of Brigham Young, 1801-1844|year=1969|publisher=Eldon J. Watson}}
*{{cite book|author=Young, Brigham|title=Manuscript History of Brigham Young, 1846-1847|year=1971|publisher=Eldon J. Watson}}
*{{cite book|author=Young, Brigham|title=Teachings of President Brigham Young: Salvation for the Dead, the Spirit World, and Kindred Subjects|year=1922|publisher=Seagull Press}}
*{{cite book|author=Young, Brigham|title=Teachings of Presidents of the Church: Brigham Young|year=1997|publisher=The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints}}
==Legacy==
Brigham Young has several noteworthy descendants:
*[[Steve Young (athlete)|Steve Young]], [[National Football League|professional]] [[American football]] player
*[[La Monte Young]], [[minimalist]] music [[composer]]
*[[Brigham Young, Jr.]], Mormon [[Quorum of the Twelve Apostles|apostle]]
*[[Richard Whitehead Young]], [[U.S. Army]] [[general]] and [[judge|justice]] of the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines]]
==Controversy==
There is some level of controversy surrounding the prophet, even in the Mormon community.
- In the Journal of Discourses (a record of Young's talks with other Mormon members), he was quoted as saying "The only men who become Gods, even the Sons of God, are those who enter into polygamy." (Journal of Discourses, Vol. 11, page 269). As polygamy has been officially disestablished in the Mormon community for quite some time, it can lead to a certain level of confusion regarding Mormon doctrine.
==See also==
*''[[Brigham Young (movie)]]''
*[[Richards-Young Family|Richards-Young Political Family]]
==References==
<references/>
*[[Leonard J. Arrington]], ''Brigham Young: American Moses''; University of Illinois Press; ISBN 0-252-01296-8, (1985; Paperback, 1986).
*[[Hugh Nibley]], ''Brother Brigham Challenges the Saints.''
* Gary James Bergera, [http://www.signaturebooks.com/excerpts/conflict.html ''Conflict in the Quorum: Orson Pratt, Brigham Young, Joseph Smith'']
== External links ==
{{wikisource author|Brigham Young}}
*[http://www.byu.edu/about/brigham/ Biography from Brigham Young University]
*[http://www.signaturebookslibrary.org/essays/mormonpolygamy.htm The Brigham Young period of polygamy]
*[http://www.aoc.gov/cc/art/nsh/young.cfm Short biography of Young from Architect of the Capitol]
*[http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/s_z/young.htm PBS profile]
*[http://www.utlm.org/onlineresources/brighamyoungswives.htm Brigham Young's Wives and His Divorce From Ann Eliza Webb]
{{start box}}
{{succession box |
title= [[List of governors of Utah|Governor of Utah Territory]] |
years= [[1850]]–[[1858]] |
before= None |
after= [[Alfred Cumming (governor)|Alfred Cumming]]
}}
{{succession box |
title= [[President of the LDS Church]] |
years= [[December 27]], [[1847]]–[[August 29]], [[1877]] |
before= [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]] |
after= [[John Taylor (1808-1887)|John Taylor]]
}}
{{succession box |
title= [[President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles]] |
years= [[March 17]], [[1839]]–[[December 27]], [[1847]] |
before= [[Thomas B. Marsh]] |
after= [[Orson Hyde]]
}}
{{succession box |
title= [[Quorum of the Twelve Apostles]] |
years= [[February 15]], [[1835]]–[[December 27]], [[1847]] |
before=[[David W. Patten]] |
after= [[Heber C. Kimball]] |
}}
{{end box}}
[[Category:Apostles of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|Young, Brigham]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|Young, Brigham]]
[[Category:Mormon pioneers|Young, Brigham]]
[[Category:Leaders in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|Young, Brigham]]
[[Category:Governors of Utah|Young, Brigham]]
[[Category:American Freemasons|Young, Brigham]]
[[Category:People from Vermont|Young, Brigham]]
[[Category:Recipients of American presidential pardons|Young, Brigham]]
[[Category:1801 births|Young, Brigham]]
[[Category:1877 deaths|Young, Brigham]]
[[Category:Polygamists|Young, Brigham]]
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