Malagasy language and Wind Point Light: Difference between pages

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{{Infobox_Lighthouse
{{Expand|date=January 2007}}
| image_name = WindPoint.jpg
{{redirect6|Malagasy|the Malagasy ethnic group|Malagasy people|the residents or citizens of Madagascar|Demographics of Madagascar}}
| caption = Wind Point Lighthouse
{{Infobox language
| ___location = Racine, Wisconsin
|name=Malagasy
| coordinates = {{coor dms|42|46|52|N|87|45|30.2|W|region:US_type:landmark}}
|states=[[Madagascar]], [[Comoros]], [[Réunion]], [[Mayotte]]
| yearlit =
|speakers=17 million
| automated =
|familycolor=Austronesian
| yeardeactivated =
|fam2=[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
| foundation =
|fam3=[[Borneo-Philippines languages|Borneo-Philippines]]
| construction =
|fam4=[[Barito languages|Barito]]
| shape =
|iso1=mg|iso2=mlg|iso3=mlg}}
| height = 112 feet
| lens = DCB-24R Aerobeacon
| range = 19 miles
| characteristic =
}}
'''Wind Point Lighthouse''' is an active aid to navigation located at the north end of [[Racine, Wisconsin|Racine]] Harbor in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Wisconsin]]. Designed by [[Orlando Poe|Orlando Metcalfe Poe,]] it was constructed in 1880.
 
It is one of the oldest active [[lighthouse]]s on the [[Great Lakes]]. The beacon, originally powered by third order [[fresnel lens]], was replaced by a DCB-24R Aerobeacon in 1964. The light can be seen for 19 miles.
'''Malagasy''' (in [[French language|French]] also: '''Malgache''') is the national language of [[Madagascar]].
 
The lighthouse stands 112 feet tall. It is on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] (Reference #84003780).
==History==
Malagasy has a fairly limited relationship to nearby African languages, instead being the westernmost member of the [[Malayo-Polynesian]] branch of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] language family, a fact noted as long ago as the eighteenth century. It is related to the [[Malayo-Polynesian]] languages of [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], and the [[Philippines]], and more closely with the South-east Barito group of languages spoken in Borneo. Malagasy shares 90% of its basic vocabulary with [[Maanyan]], a language from the region of the [[Barito River]] in southern [[Borneo]]. This indicates that Madagascar was first settled by Indonesians from this area, though it is not clear precisely when or why such colonisation took place. Later, the original Indonesian settlers must have mixed with East Africans and Arabs, amongst others{{Fact|date=January 2007}}.
 
Located on Lighthouse Road, next to the Shoop Park golf course, it is set on a sprawling lawn overlooking Racine Harbor. A signal house (horns removed) remains on the grounds as well as a garage, 2 storage buildings and an oil house. The Wind Point Police maintain offices in the attached building.
The Malagasy language also includes borrowings from [[Bantu languages]], [[Swahili]] and [[Arabic language|Arabic]], as well as from [[French language|French]] (the former colonial rulers of Madagascar) and [[English language|English]] (spoken by 18th century pirates as well as Christian missionaries from Great Britain).{{Fact|date=January 2007}}
 
The language has a written literature going back to the 15th century. Malagasy has a rich tradition of oral and poetic histories and legends. The most famous is the national epic, [[Ibonia]], about a Malagasy folk hero of the same name.
 
==External Links ==
The first [[book]] to be [[printed]] in Malagasy is the Malagasy [[Bible]] which was translated by British Christian missionaries working in the highlands area of Madagascar. The Bible was the first book to be printed in [[sub-Saharan Africa]].
* [http://www.lighthousefriends.com/light.asp?ID=242 Lighthouse Friends]
 
* [http://www.lighthouseratings.com/WindPoint/ Lighthouse Ratings]
==Phonology==
* [http://www.cr.nps.gov/maritime/light/windpt.htm NPS Inventory of Historic Light Stations]
===Vowels===
{{Wisconsin-struct-stub}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
[[Category:Lighthouses in Wisconsin]]
!
[[Category:Racine, Wisconsin]]
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
The tower is 108 feet tall with a 111 foot focal plane.
! [[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[High vowel|High]]
| {{IPA|i}}
|
| {{IPA|u}}
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPA|e}}
|
|
|-
! [[Low vowel|Low]]
|
| {{IPA|a}}
|
|}
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
!colspan="2"|
! [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! [[Labiodental consonant|Labiodental]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
!rowspan="4"| [[Stop consonant|Stop]] or [[affricate consonant|affricate]]
! <small>[[Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]</small>
| {{IPA|p}}
|
| {{IPA|t}}
| {{IPA|ts}}
| {{IPA|ʈʂ}}
| {{IPA|k}}
|
|-
! <small>[[Voiced consonant|Voiced]]</small>
| {{IPA|b}}
|
| {{IPA|d}}
| {{IPA|dz}}
| {{IPA|ɖʐ}}
| {{IPA|ɡ}}
|
|-
! <small>[[Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]] [[Prenasalized consonant|prenasalized]]</small>
| {{IPA|ᵐp}}
|
| {{IPA|ⁿt}}
| {{IPA|ⁿts}}
| {{IPA|ᶯʈʂ}}
| {{IPA|ᵑk}}
|
|-
! <small>[[Voiced consonant|Voiced]] [[Prenasalized consonant|prenasalized]]</small>
| {{IPA|ᵐb}}
|
| {{IPA|ⁿd}}
| {{IPA|ⁿdz}}
| {{IPA|ᶯɖʐ}}
| {{IPA|ᵑɡ}}
|
|-
!rowspan="2"| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! <small>[[Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]</small>
|
| {{IPA|f}}
|
| {{IPA|s}}
|
|
| {{IPA|h}}
|-
! <small>[[Voiced consonant|Voiced]]</small>
|
| {{IPA|v}}
|
| {{IPA|z}}
|
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA|m}}
|
|
| {{IPA|n}}
|
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"| [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
|
|
| {{IPA|l}}
|
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"| [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|
|
| {{IPA|r}}
|
|
|
|}
 
The alveolars {{IPA|/s z l/}} are slightly [[palatalization|palatalized]]. The velars {{IPA|/k g/}} are noticeably palatalized after /i/ (e.g., ''alika'' /alikʲa/ "dog").
 
Words are generally accented on the penultimate syllable, unless the word ends in ''ka'', ''tra'' or ''na'', in which case they are accented on the antepenultimate syllable. In many dialects, unstressed vowels (except /e/) are devoiced, and in some cases almost completely [[elision|elided]]; thus ''[[fanorona]]'' is pronounced "fa-NOORN-ah", with the final syllable barely spoken. (''Malagasy'' sounds similar to its French transliteration ''Malgache''.)
 
== Orthography ==
Malagasy has been written using the [[Latin alphabet]] since 1823, before which the Arabic [[Ajami script]], or [[Sorabe alphabet|Sorabe]] ("large writings") as it is known in [[Madagascar]], was used for astrological and magical texts.
 
The alphabet consists of 21 letters: ''a, b, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, v, y, z.'' The [[orthography|orthography]] maps rather straightforwardly to phonetics. The letters ''i'' and ''y'' both represent the /i/ sound (''y'' is used word-finally, and ''i'' elsewhere), while ''o'' is pronounced /u/. The affricates /ʈʂ/ and /ɖʐ/ are written ''tr'' and ''dr'', respectively, while /ts/ and /dz/ are written ''ts'' and ''j''. The letter ''h'' is often silent. All other letters have essentially their IPA values.
 
''@'' is used informally as a short form for ''amin'ny'', which is a preposition followed by the definite form, meaning for instance ''with the''.
 
=== Diacritics ===
[[Diacritics]] are not obligatory in standard Malagasy. They may however be used in the following ways:
*` ([[grave accent]]) shows the stressed syllable in a word. It is frequently used for disambiguation. For instance in "tanàna" (town) and "tanana" (hand), where the word that is an exception to the usual pronunciation rules (tanàna) gets an accent. Using accent on the word that follows the pronunciation rules ("tànana") is less common, mainly in dictionaries.
*´ ([[acute accent]]) may be used in
**very old dictionaries, along with grave accent
**dialects such as [[Bara Malagasy|Bara]]
**French (Tuléar) and French-spelled (Antsirabé) names. Malagasy versions are Toliara/Toliary and Antsirabe.
*^ ([[circumflex]]) is used as follows:
**ô shows that the letter is pronounced /o/ and not /u/, in malagasified foreign words (hôpitaly) and dialects ({{IPA|Tôlan̈aro}}). In standard Malagasy, "ao" is used instead.
**sometimes the single-letter words "a" and "e" are written "â" and "ê" but it does not change the pronunciation
*¨ ([[diaeresis]]) is used with {{IPA|n̈}} in dialects for a velar nasal {{IPA|/ŋ/}}. Examples are place names such as {{IPA|Tôlan̈aro, Antsiran̈ana, Iharan̈a, Anantson̈o}}. This can be seen in maps from FTM, the national institute of geodesy and cartography.
*~ ([[tilde]]) is used in ñ sometimes, perhaps when the writer cannot produce an {{IPA|n̈}}. In Ellis' [[Bara Malagasy|Bara]] dialect dictionary, it is used for [[velar nasal]] {{IPA|/ŋ/}} as well as [[palatal nasal]] {{IPA|/ɲ/}}.
 
==Grammar==
===Word Order===
Malagasy has a highly unusual [[Verb Object Subject]] [[word order]]:
 
''Mamaky boky ny mpianatra''<br />(read book the student)<br />"The student is reading the book"
 
''Nividy ronono ho an'ny zaza ny vehivavy''<br />(bought milk for the child the woman)<br />"The woman bought milk for the child"
 
Within phrases, Malagasy order is typical of [[head initial]] languages: Malagasy has prepositions rather than postpositions (''ho an'ny zaza'' "for the child"). Determiners precede the noun, while quantifiers, modifying adjective phrases, and relative clauses follow the noun (''ny boky'' "the book(s)", ''ny boky mena'' "the red book(s)", ''ny boky rehetra'' "all the books", ''ny boky novakin'ny mpianatra'' "the book(s) that the student read").
 
Somewhat unusually, demonstrative determiners are repeated both before and after the noun ''ity boky ity'' "this book" (lit. "this book this").
 
===Verbs===
Verbs can be either [[sejunctive]] (having a separate object) or [[Adjunct (grammar)|adjunctive]] (taking a joined subject, like a personal pronoun). Sejunctive forms are used for [[active voice|active verbs]], while adjunctive forms are used for the [[passive voice]].
 
Verbs inflect for past, present, and future tense, where tense is marked by prefixes (e.g., ''mividy'' "buy", ''nividy'' "bought", ''hividy'' "will buy").
 
===Nouns, Pronouns, Locative Adverbials===
Malagasy has no grammatical gender, and nouns do not inflect for number. However, pronouns and demonstratives have distinct singular and plural forms (cf. ''io boky io'' "that book", ''ireto boky ireto'' "these books").
 
There is a complex series of personal and demonstrative pronouns, depending on the speaker's familiarity and closeness to the referent.
 
== Lexicography ==
The first known ''Vocabulaire Anglais-Malagasy'' was published in 1729. An 892 page Malagasy-English dictionary was published by James Richardson of the [[London Missionary Society]] in 1885. It is available as a reprint. It seems that a similar English-Malagasy dictionary was never published. Later works have been of lesser size.
 
*Richardson: A New Malagasy-English Dictionary. Farnborough, England: Gregg Press 1967, 892 p. ISBN 0-576-11607-6
*Diksionera Malagasy-Englisy. Antananarivo: Trano Printy Loterana 1973, 103 p.
*An Elementary English-Malagasy Dictionary. Antananarivo: Trano Printy Loterana 1969, 118 p.
*English-Malagasy Phrase Book. Antananarivo: Editions Madprint 1973, 199 p. (Les Guides de Poche de Madagasikara.)
*Paginton, K: English-Malagasy Vocabulary. Antananarivo: Trano Printy Loterana 1970, 192 p.
*Rakibolana Malagasy. Fianarantsoa: Régis RAJEMISOA - RAOLISON 1995, 1061 p.
 
==References==
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<div class="references-small">
<references />
* Biddulph, Joseph. ''An Introduction to Malagasy''. Wales, 1997. ISBN 1-897999-15-1
* Matthew E. Hules, et al (2005). The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages. ''American Journal of Human Genetics, 76:894-901, 2005.''
</div>
{{Citations missing|date=December 2006}}
 
== See also ==
* [[Jean Joseph Rabearivelo]]
 
== External links ==
{{InterWiki|code=mg}}
*[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=plt Ethnologue report for "Plateau" Malagasy], a major dialect of Malagasy.
*[http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Malagasy-english/ Malagasy - English Dictionary]
*[http://www.panafril10n.org/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Malagasy PanAfrican L10n page on Malagasy] (information for/on localization)
 
[[Category:Languages of Madagascar]]
[[Category:Malayo-Polynesian languages]]
 
[[am:መለጋሲ]]
[[br:Malagasieg]]
[[bg:Малгашки език]]
[[de:Malagasy]]
[[es:Idioma malgache]]
[[fr:Malgache]]
[[ko:말라가시어]]
[[hi:मलगासी]]
[[it:Lingua malgascia]]
[[he:מלגשית]]
[[mg:Fiteny malagasy]]
[[nl:Plateaumalagasi]]
[[ja:マダガスカル語]]
[[no:Gassisk språk]]
[[nn:Gassisk språk]]
[[pl:Język malgaski]]
[[pt:Malgaxe]]
[[ru:Малагасийский язык]]
[[fi:Malagassi]]
[[sv:Malagassiska]]
[[zh:馬達加斯加語]]