French and Indian War and Talk:Chet Blaylock: Difference between pages

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{{WPBiography

{{Infobox Military Conflict

|living=no

|conflict='''French and Indian War'''

|class=Start

|image=

|priority=

|caption=

|politician-work-group=yes

|date=1754–1763

|listas=Blaylock, Chet

|place=North America''

|casus=

|territory=All of [[New France]] east of the [[Mississippi River]] ceded to Great Britain; French territory to the west ceded to Spain; [[Spanish Florida]] ceded to Great Britain

|result=[[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]], British victory.

|combatant1={{border|[[Image:Pavillon royal de France.svg|20px]]}} [[Ancien Régime in France|France]] <br> First Nations allies: <br> * [[Algonquin]]<br> * [[Wyandot]]<br> * [[Ojibwa]]<br> * [[Ottawa (tribe)|Ottawa]]<br> * [[Shawnee]]

|combatant2=[[Image:Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg|20px]] [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] <br> [[Image:Flag of the Iroquois Confederacy.svg|20px]] [[Iroquois Confederacy]]

|strength1=3,900 regulars<br>7,900 militia<br>2,200 natives (1759)

|strength2=50,000 regulars and militia (1759)

|casualties1=

|casualties2=

}}

{{Campaignbox French and Indian War}}

The '''French and Indian War''' was the nine-year [[North America]]n chapter of the [[Seven Years War]]. The conflict, the fourth such [[French and Indian Wars|colonial war]] between the kingdoms of [[Kingdom of France|France]] and [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]], resulted in the British conquest of all of [[New France]] east of the [[Mississippi River]], as well as [[Spanish Florida]]. To compensate its ally, [[Spain]], for its loss of Florida, France ceded its control of [[Louisiana (New France)|French Louisiana]] west of the Mississippi. France's colonial presence north of the [[Caribbean Sea|Caribbean]] was reduced to the tiny islands of [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]].

{{WikiProject Montana|class=start}}

==Naming the war==

----

The conflict is known by several names. In [[British North America]], wars were often named after the sitting British monarch, such as [[King William's War]] or [[Queen Anne's War]]. Because there had already been a [[King George's War]] in the 1740s, British colonists named the second war in [[George II of Great Britain|King George's]] reign after their opponents, and thus it became known as the ''French and Indian War''.<ref>Anderson, ''Crucible of War'', 747.</ref> This traditional name remains standard in the [[United States]], although it obscures the fact that [[American Indian]]s fought on both sides of the conflict.<ref>Jennings, ''Empire of Fortune'', xv.</ref> American historians generally use the traditional name or the European title (the [[Seven Year's War]]), and have also invented other, less frequently used names for the war, including the ''Fourth Intercolonial War'' and the ''Great War for the Empire''.<ref>Anderson, ''Crucible of War'', 747.</ref>

In Great Britain and France, the North American [[theater (warfare)|theatre]] of the Seven Years' War war usually has no special name, and so the entire worldwide conflict is known as the ''Seven Years' War'' (or the ''Guerre de sept ans''). The "seven years" refers to events in Europe, from the official declaration of war in 1756 to the signing of the peace treaty in 1763. These dates do not correspond with the actual fighting in North America, where the fighting between the two colonial powers was largely concluded in six years, from the [[Battle of Jumonville Glen|Jumonville Glen skirmish]] in 1754 to the capture of Montreal in 1760.<ref>Anderson, ''Crucible of War'', 747.</ref>

In Canada, both French- and English-speaking Canadians refer to it as the Seven Years' War (''Guerre de sept ans'') or the War of the Conquest (''Guerre de la conquête''), since it is the war in which [[New France]] was conquered by the British and became part of the [[British Empire]].

==Causes==

*Using trading posts and forts, both the British and the French claimed the vast territory between the [[Appalachians]] and the [[Mississippi river]], from the [[Great Lakes]] to the [[Gulf of Mexico]], known as the [[Ohio Country]].

*Both European countries ignored [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] claims to the land in order to pursue their [[Fur trade|beaver pelt]] economies.

*The British colonists feared [[Pope|papal]] influence in North America ([[New France]] was administered by French governors and [[Catholic Church hierarchy|Roman Catholic hierarchy]] and [[missionary|missionaries]] such as [[Armand de La Richardie]] were active). For the predominantly [[Protestant]] British settlers, French control over North America could have represented a threat to their religious and other freedoms that were provided by English law.

*[[Newfoundland]]'s [[Grand Banks]] were fertile fishing grounds and coveted by both sides. The conclusion of this war would see France keeping only the islands of [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]], allowing them access to the [[Grand Banks]] to this day.

==Before the War==

===Céloron's expedition===

In June [[1749]], [[Roland-Michel Barrin de La Galissonière]], the Governor-General of New France, ordered Pierre-Joseph Céloronm to an expedition to the [[Ohio Country]] with the objective of removing British influence from the area. Céloron was also to confirm the allegiance of the [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] inhabiting the territory to the French crown.

Céloron's expedition consisted of 213 soldiers of the [[Troupes de la marine]] (French Marines), who would be transported by 23 canoes. The expedition left Lachine, on June 15, 1749, and two days later reached [[Fort Frontenac]]. The expedition then continued along the shoreline of present day [[Lake Erie]]. At Chautauqua Portage ([[Barcelona, New York]]), the expedition moved inland to the Allegheny River.

The expedition headed south to Ohio, and Céloron buried some lead plates which were engraved with the French claim to the Ohio Country. Whenever British merchants or fur-traders were encountered by the French, they were informed of the illegality of being on French territory and told to leave the Ohio Country.

When Céloron's expedition arrived at [[Logstown]], the Native Americans in the area informed Céloron they owned the Ohio Country and that they would trade with the British regardless of what the French told them to do. (Fowler, 14)

The French continued their expedition. At its farthest point south, Céloron's expedition reached the junction between the Ohio River and the Miami River. The junction lay just south of the village of [[Pickawillany]], where the [[Miami tribe|Miami]] Chief, "Old Britain" (as styled by Céloron), lived.

When Céloron arrived at Pickawillany, he informed "Old Britain" of the "dire consequences" if the elderly chief continued to trade with the British. "Old Britain" ignored the warning. After his meeting with Old Britain, Céloron and his expedition began the trip home. They did not reach Montreal until November 10, 1749.

The best summary of the expedition's findings came from none other than Céloron himself. In his report, Céloron wrote: "All I can say is that the Natives of these localities are very badly disposed towards the French, and are entirely devoted to the English. I don't know in what way they could be brought back." (Fowler, 14)

===Langlade's expedition===

On March 17, 1752, the Governor-General of New France, [[Jacques-Pierre de Taffanel de la Jonquière, Marquis de la Jonquière|Marquis de la Jonquière]] died. His temporary replacement was Charles le Moyne de Longueuil. It was not until July 1, 1752 that [[Marquis Duquesne|Ange Duquense de Menneville]] arrived in New France to take over the post.

In the spring of 1752, Longueuil dispatched an expedition to the Ohio River area. The expedition was led by [[Charles Michel de Langlade]], an officer in the Troupes de la marine. Langlade was given 300 men comprised of [[Ottawa (tribe)|Ottawa]] and [[French-Canadians]]. His objective was to punish the Miami people of Pickawillany for not following Céloron's orders to cease trading with the British.

At dawn on June 21, 1752, the French war party attacked Pickawillany, killing fourteen people of the Miami nation, including chief "Old Britain". The expedition then returned home.

===Marin's expedition===

In the spring of 1753, [[Paul Marin de la Malgue]], was given command of a 2,000 man force of Troupes de la Marine and Aboriginals. His orders were to protect the King's land in Ohio from the British.

Marin followed the route that Céloron had mapped out four years previously. The main difference in the two expeditions were that, whereas Céloron had buried lead plates, Marin was constructing and garrisoning forts.

The first fort that was constructed by Paul Marin was at Presque Isle (Erie, Pennsylvania) on Lake Erie's south shore. He then had a road built to the headwaters of Rivière aux Boeuf. Marin then constructed a second fort at [[Fort de la Rivière au Bœuf|Le Boeuf]] (Waterford, Pennsylvania). This fort was designed to guard the headwaters of the Rivière aux Boeuf.

===Tanaghrisson's proclamation===

On September 3, 1753, [[Tanaghrisson]], Chief of the [[Mingo]] arrived at Fort Le Boeuf. Tanaghrisson hated the French because, as legend had it, the French had killed and eaten his father. Tanaghrisson told Marin, "I shall strike at whoever..." (Fowler, 31). This was, of course, a threat to the French.

The show of force by the French had alarmed the Iroquois in the area. They sent Mohawk runners to [[Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet|William Johnson]]'s manor in Upper New York. Johnson, known to the Iroquois as "''Warraghiggey''", meaning "He who does big business," had become a respected member of the [[Iroquois|Iroquois Confederacy]] in the area. In 1746, Johnson was made a colonel of the Iroquois, and later a colonel of the Western New York Militia.

At Albany, New York, there was a meeting between Governor Clinton of New York and Chief Hendrick, as well as other officials from a handful of American colonies. Chief Hendrick insisted that the British abide by their obligations and block French expansion. When an unsatisfactory response was offered by Clinton, Chief Hendrick proclaimed that the "Covenant Chain", a long standing friendly relationship between the Iroquois Confederacy and the British Crown was broken.

===Dinwiddie's reaction===

[[Image:WashingtonFIwar.jpg|thumb|250px|Major [[George Washington]] ]]

Governor [[Robert Dinwiddie]] of Virginia found himself in a predicament. Many merchants had invested heavily in fur-trading in Ohio. If the French made good on their claim to the Ohio Country and drove out the British, then the Virginian merchants would be out of a lot of money.

Dinwiddie could not possibly allow the loss of the Ohio Country to France. To counter the French military presence in Ohio, in October 1753, Dinwiddie ordered Major [[George Washington]] of the Virginia militia to deliver a message to the commander of the French forces in the Ohio Country, [[Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre]]. Washington along with his interpreter [[Jacob Van Braam]] and several other men left for [[Fort Le Boeuf]] on the 31st of October.

A few days later, Washington and his party arrived at Wills Creek (Cumberland, Maryland). Here Washington enlisted the help of Christopher Gist, a surveyor who was familiar with the area. Gist joined the party.

Washington and his party arrived at Logstown on November 24, 1753. At Logstown, Washington met with [[Tanaghrisson]], Chief of the Mingo. Tanaghrisson was angry over the encroachment by the French military of his land. Washington convinced Tanaghrisson to accompany his small group to Fort Le Boeuf.

On December 12, 1753, Washington and his men reached Fort Le Boeuf. Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre invited Washington to dine with him that evening. Over dinner, Washington presented Saint-Pierre with the letter from Dinwiddie that demanded an immediate French withdrawal from the Ohio Country. Saint-Pierre was quite civil in his response, saying, "As to the Summons you send me to retire, I do not think myself obliged to obey it." (Fowler, 35)

Washington's party left Fort Le Boeuf early on December 16, 1753. By January 16, 1754, they had arrived in Williamsburg, Virginia. In his report, Washington stated, "The French had swept south." (Fowler, 36) They had constructed and garrisoned forts at Presque Isle, Le Boeuf and Venango.

==War==

[[Image:French and Indian War map.png|right|350px|Map of the scene of operations of the French and Indian War]]

The French and Indian War was the last of [[French and Indian Wars|four major colonial wars]] between the British, the French, and their Native American allies. Unlike the previous three wars, the French and Indian War began on North American soil and then spread to [[Europe]], where Britain and France continued fighting. Britain officially declared war on France on May 15, 1756, marking the beginnings of the Seven Years' War in Europe. [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]]s fought for both sides, but primarily alongside the French (with one exception being the [[Iroquois Confederacy]] which sided with the colonies and Britain). The first major event was in 1754. Major [[George Washington]], then twenty-one years of age, was sent to negotiate boundaries with the French, who did not give up their forts. Washington led a group of Virginian (colonial) troops to confront the French at [[Fort Duquesne]] (present day [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]]). Washington stumbled upon the French at [[Jumonville Glen]] (about six miles NW of soon-to-be-established [[Fort Necessity]] <see below>), and in the ensuing skirmish, a French Officer ([[Joseph Coulon de Jumonville]]) was killed, news of which would certainly provoke a strong French response. Washington pulled back a few miles and established [[Fort Necessity National Battlefield|Fort Necessity]]. The French forced Washington and his men to retreat. Meanwhile, the [[Albany Congress]] was taking place as means to discuss further action.

[[Edward Braddock]] led a campaign against the French in 1755; Washington was among the British and colonial troops. Braddock employed European tactics: bold, linear marches and firing formations. This led to disaster at [[Braddock expedition|the Monongahela]], where the French and natives, though heavily outmanned and outgunned (the British had a heavy cannon), used superior tactics (using the trees and bushes as cover) to gun down and rout the British. Braddock was killed; Washington, despite four close calls, escaped unharmed and led the survivors in retreat. When he took off his jacket, it had four bullet holes in it.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Major French victories continued at [[Battle of Fort William Henry|Fort William Henry]], [[Battle of Fort Duquesne|Fort Duquesne]], and [[Battle of Carillon|Carillon]], where [[Louis-Joseph de Montcalm|Montcalm]] famously defeated five times his number. The only British success in 1755 was the taking of [[Fort Beausejour]] by Colonel [[Robert Monckton]], thus protecting the [[Nova Scotia]] frontier. An unfortunate consequence of this was the subsequent forced [[Grand Derangement|deportation]] of the [[Acadian]] population of [[Nova Scotia]] and the [[Beaubassin]] region of [[Acadia]].

1756 brought with it [[William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham|William Pitt]], [[Secretary of State for the Southern Department|Secretary of State]] of Great Britain. His leadership, and France's continued neglect of the North-American theater, turned the tide in favor of the British. The French were driven from many frontier posts such as [[Battle of Fort Niagara|Fort Niagara]], and the key [[Fortress Louisbourg]] fell to the British in 1758. In 1759, the [[Battle of the Plains of Abraham]] gave [[Quebec City]] to the British, who had to withstand a siege there after the [[Battle of Sainte-Foy]] a year later. In September of 1760, [[Pierre François de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal]], the [[Governor of New France|King's Governor of New France]], negotiated a surrender with British General [[Jeffrey Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst|Jeffrey Amherst]]. General Amherst granted Vaudreuil's request that any French residents who chose to remain in the colony would be given freedom to continue worshiping in their [[Roman Catholic]] tradition, continued ownership of their property, and the right to remain undisturbed in their homes. The British provided medical treatment for the sick and wounded French soldiers and [[French Army|French regular troops]] were returned to France aboard British ships with an agreement that they were not to serve again in the present war.

{|class="wikitable" align=center

|+'''French and Indian War timeline'''

|- valign=top

! Year

! Dates

! Event

! Location

|- valign=top

! 1754

| May 28th <br> July 3rd

| [[Battle of Jumonville Glen]] <br> [[Battle of the Great Meadows]] ([[Fort Necessity]])

| [[Uniontown, Pennsylvania]] <br> [[Uniontown, Pennsylvania]]

|- valign=top

! 1755

| May 29th – July 9th <br> June 3rd – 16th <br> July 9th <br> September 8th

| [[Braddock expedition]] <br> [[Battle of Fort Beauséjour]] <br> [[Battle of the Monongahela]] <br> [[Battle of Lake George]]

| [[Pennsylvania|Western Pennsylvania]] <br> [[Sackville, New Brunswick]] <br> [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]] <br> [[Lake George (New York)|Lake George, New York]]

|- valign=top

! 1756

| August 10th – 14th <br> September 8th

| [[Battle of Fort Oswego]] <br> [[Kittanning Expedition]]

| [[Oswego, New York]] <br> [[Pennsylvania|Western Pennsylvania]]

|- valign=top

! 1757

| August 2nd – 6th

| [[Battle of Fort William Henry]]

| [[Lake George (New York)|Lake George, New York]]

|- valign=top

! 1758

| June 8th - July 26th <br>July 7th – 8th <br> September 14th <br> October 12th

| [[Fortress of Louisbourg|Second Battle of Louisbourg]] <br> [[Battle of Carillon]] ([[Fort Ticonderoga]]) <br> [[Battle of Fort Duquesne]] <br> [[Battle of Fort Ligonier]]

| [[Louisbourg, Nova Scotia]] <br> [[Ticonderoga, New York]] <br> [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]] <br> [[Pennsylvania|Western Pennsylvania]]

|- valign=top

! 1759

| <br> July 6th – 26th <br> July 31st <br> September 13th

| [[Battle of Ticonderoga (1759)]] <br> [[Battle of Fort Niagara]] <br> [[Battle of Beauport]] <br> [[Battle of the Plains of Abraham]]

| [[Ticonderoga, New York]] <br> [[Fort Niagara]], [[New York]] <br> [[Quebec City]] <br> [[Quebec City]]

|- valign=top

! 1760

| April 28th <br> July 3-8th <br> August 16th – 24th

| [[Battle of Sainte-Foy]] <br>[[Battle of Restigouche]]<br> [[Battle of the Thousand Islands]]

| [[Quebec City]] <br>[[Pointe-a-la-Croix, Quebec]] <br> [[Ogdensburg, New York]]

|-

! 1762

|September 15th

| [[Battle of Signal Hill]]

| [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's, Newfoundland]]

|-

! 1763

| February 10th

| [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]]

| [[Paris, France]]

|}

==Outcome==

[[Image:French attack St. John's Newfoundland 1762.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The descent of the French on St. John's, Newfoundland, 1762]]

Though most of the North American fighting ended on [[September 8]], [[1760]], when the Marquis de Vaudreuil surrendered Montreal &mdash; and effectively all of Canada &mdash; to Britain (one notable late battle allowed the capture of Spanish Havana by British and colonial forces in 1762), the war officially ended with the signing of the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]] on [[February 10]], [[1763]]. The treaty resulted in France's loss of all its North American possessions east of the Mississippi (all of Canada was ceded to Britain) except [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]], two small islands off [[Newfoundland]]. France regained the Caribbean islands of [[Guadeloupe]] and [[Martinique]], which had been occupied by the British. The economic value of these islands were greater than that of Canada at the time, because of their rich [[sugar]] crops, and the islands were easier to defend. Spain gained [[Louisiana (New France)|Louisiana]], including [[New Orleans]], in compensation for its loss of [[Florida]] to the British.

One result of the war was that Britain gained control of [[Canada (New France)|French Canada]], a colony containing approximately 60,000 French-speaking, [[Roman Catholic]] residents. Early in the war, in 1755, the British had expelled French settlers from [[Acadia]] (some of whom eventually fled to [[Louisiana (New France)|Louisiana]], creating the [[Cajun]] population). Now at peace, and eager to secure control of its hard-won colony, Great Britain found itself obliged to make concessions to its newly conquered subjects; this was achieved with the [[Quebec Act]] of [[1774]].

The European theater of the war was settled by the [[Treaty of Hubertusburg]] on [[February 15]], [[1763]]. The war changed economic, political, and social relations between Britain and its colonies. It would only be a little while before the country of Britain would be at war again, this time with people it considered subjects of the King.

==Trivia==

*The [[Battle of Fort Necessity]], one of the opening engagements of the war, marked the first and only instance of [[George Washington]] surrendering in battle.

*[[Fort Ticonderoga]] was built by the French after a battle near [[Lake George (New York)|Lake George]], [[New York]].

*The novel and movie ''[[The Last of the Mohicans]]'' is set around the events of the [[Battle of Fort William Henry]]

*The final battle of the war in North America was the [[Battle of Signal Hill]], in which the French surrendered [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's]] to the British under the command of Colonel William Amherst.

*As part of the peace treaty, France agreed that it would not build any military establishments in [[India]], thereby allowing Britain to become the dominant European power in India.

==Battles and expeditions==

;[[United States]]

*[[Pennsylvania]]

**[[Battle of Jumonville Glen]] ([[May 28]], [[1754]])

**[[Battle of Fort Necessity]], aka the [[Battle of Great Meadows]] ([[July 3]], [[1754]])

**[[Braddock Expedition]] (Battle of the Monongahela aka Battle of the Wilderness) ([[July 9]], [[1755]])

**[[Kittanning Expedition]] (climax [[September 8]], [[1756]])

**[[Battle of Fort Duquesne]] ([[September 14]], [[1758]])

**[[Battle of Fort Ligonier]] ([[October 12]], [[1758]])

**[[John Forbes (General)|Forbes Expedition]] (climax [[November 25]], [[1758]])

*[[New York state|New York]]

**[[Battle of Lake George]] (1755)

**[[Battle of Fort Oswego]] (August, 1756)

**[[Rogers' Rangers|Battle on Snowshoes]] ([[January 21]], [[1757]])

**[[Hague, New York|Battle of Sabbath Day Point]] ([[July 26]], [[1757]])

**[[Battle of Fort William Henry]] ([[August 9]], [[1757]])

**[[Battle of Carillon]] ([[July 8]], [[1758]])

**[[Battle of Ticonderoga (1759)]]

**[[Battle of Fort Niagara]] (1759)

**[[Battle of the Thousand Islands]], 16-25 August, 1760

*[[West Virginia]]

**[[Battle of Great Cacapon]] ([[April 18]], [[1756]])

;[[Canada]]

*[[New Brunswick]]

**[[Battle of Fort Beauséjour]] ([[June 16]], [[1755]])

*[[Nova Scotia]]

**[[Battle of Louisburg]] ([[July 27]], [[1758]])

*[[Ontario]]

**[[Battle of Fort Frontenac]] (August, 1758)

**[[Battle of the Thousand Islands]], 16-25 August, 1760

*[[Quebec]]

**[[Battle of Beauport]] ([[July 31]], [[1759]])

**[[Battle of the Plains of Abraham]] ([[September 13]], [[1759]])

**[[Battle of Sainte-Foy]] ([[April 28]], [[1760]])

**[[Battle of Restigouche]], July 3-8, ([[1760]])

*[[Newfoundland]]

**[[Battle of Signal Hill]] [[September 15]], [[1762]]

==Further reading==

<div class="references-small">

*[[Fred Anderson|Anderson, Fred]]. ''Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754-1766''. New York: Knopf, 2000. ISBN 0-375-40642-5.

*Anderson, Fred. ''The War that Made America: A Short History of the French and Indian War''. New York: Viking 2005. ISBN 0-670-03454-1. Released in conjunction with the 2006 [[PBS]] miniseries ''[[The War that Made America]].

*[[Allan W. Eckert|Eckert, Allan W]]. ''Wilderness Empire''. Bantam Books, 1994, originally published 1969. ISBN 0-553-26488-5. Second volume in a series of historical narratives, with emphasis on Sir William Johnson. Academic historians often regard Eckert's books, which are written in the style of novels, to be fiction.

*Fowler, W.M. ''Empires at War: The French and Indian War and the Struggle for North America, 1754-1763''. New York: Walker, 2005. ISBN 0-8027-1411-0

*Jennings, Francis. ''Empire of Fortune: Crowns, Colonies, and Tribes in the Seven Years War in America''. New York: Norton, 1988. ISBN 0-393-30640-2.

*[[Francis Parkman|Parkman, Francis]]. ''[[France and England in North America|Montcalm and Wolfe: The French and Indian War]]''. Originally published 1884. New York: Da Capo, 1984. ISBN 0-306-81077-8.

</div>

==See also==

*[[Fort at Number 4]]

*[[French and Indian Wars]] (article includes [[King William's War]], [[Queen Anne's War]], [[King George's War]], and the '''French and Indian War'''.)

*[[Great Upheaval]]

*[[Military history]]

*[[New Hampshire Provincial Regiment]]

*[[Join, or Die]], the famous cartoon by Benjamin Franklin

*[[Pontiac's Rebellion]]

*[[Rogers' Rangers]]

*[[Mitchell Map]]

==External links==

*[http://www.militaryheritage.com/7yrswar.htm The French and Indian War Website]

*[http://www.nfoe.org/ New France Old England, 7 years war re-enactment]

*[http://www.historicalpreservation.org Historical Preservation Archive: Transcribed Articles & Documents]

[[Category:French and Indian War| ]]

[[cs:Francouzsko-indiánská válka]]

[[da:Franske og indianske Krig]]

[[de:Franzosen- und Indianerkrieg]]

[[fr:Guerre de Sept Ans#Le_th.C3.A9.C3.A2tre_d.E2.80.99op.C3.A9rations_am.C3.A9ricain]]

[[ia:Guerra franco-indigena]]

[[it:Guerra franco-indiana]]

[[he:מלחמת הצרפתים והאינדיאנים]]

[[ka:ფრანგებისა და ინდიელების ომი 1754-1763]]

[[nl:Franse en Indiaanse oorlog]]

[[ja:フレンチ・インディアン戦争]]

[[pl:Brytyjska wojna z Indianami i Francuzami]]

[[pt:Guerra Franco-Indígena]]

[[sl:Francoska in indijanska vojna]]