Illegal immigration and Lawrence Anthony Earth Organization: Difference between pages

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{{npov}}

:''For the 1983 [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]] song, see '''[[Illegal Alien (song)|Illegal Alien]]'''''

[[Image:TEO1.jpg|right|]]

'''The Earth Organization''' is an independent, international [[non-profit]], [[non-partisan]], conservation and environmental organization, with new solutions, committed to the creative, responsible rehabilitation of planet Earth and the plant and animal kingdoms.

The Earth Organization was founded in 2003 by veteran [[South African]] conservationist [[Lawrence Anthony]].

{{unreferenced|date=October 2006}}

{{legal status}}

The Earth Organization works in association with corporations and other environmental groups around the world in projects of mutual interest.

''''''Illegal immigration'''''' refers to the [[immigration]] of people across [[nation]]al [[border]]s in a way that violates the [[immigration law]]s of the destined [[country]].

In [[politics]], the term may imply a larger set of social issues with disputed consequences in areas such as [[economy]], [[social welfare]], [[education]], [[health care]], [[slavery]], [[prostitution]], [[crime]], legal protections, [[public services]], and [[human rights]]. '''Illegal [[emigration]]''' would be leaving a country in a manner which violates the laws of the country being left.

==TerminologyPurpose==

The stated purpose of The Earth Organization is:

===Terminology used in Europe===

#''To create a fundamental change in mankind’s awareness of, and relationship to, his environment and the plant and animal kingdoms, by example and education, thereby reversing the downward spiral of life on Earth.''

* clandestine workers (Europe)<ref>{{cite news

#''To bridge the gap between mankind, industry, commerce and the environment through applicable environmentalism, workable tools, accurate data and a business and scientific approach to the field of the environment.''

| author= Reem Saad

#''To raise ethical standards within the conservation movement.''

| url = http://www.migrationdrc.org/publications/research_reports/EgyptianWorkersInParis.pdf#search=%22clandestine%20workers%20france%22 | title = Egyptian Workers in Paris: Pilot Ethnography

| publisher = SRC, American University in Cairo

| date = May 2006}}</ref>

The Earth Organization has a strong scientific orientation and a reputation for bold conservation initiatives, including the rescue of the [[Baghdad zoo]] during the coalition [[invasion of Iraq]] in April 2003, negotiations with the infamous Ugandan [[Lords Resistance Army]], to protect game rangers and raise awareness of endangered species, including the [[Northern White Rhinoceros]], and work with remote rural African communities to rebuild cultural and traditional ties to nature.

===Terminology used in Asia===

*[[boat people]]

Through the activities of its scientific advisory board, The Earth Organization forwards and supports environmental education, targeting different age and culture groups, with the intention of firmly entrenching environmental education as a part of the syllabus of educational institutions.

===Terminology in the United States===

Terms used in the [[United States]] include:

* illegal alien

* foreign national

* illegal immigrant/ migrant

* undocumented immigrant/ migrant/ alien / worker

* undocumented resident

* unauthorized immigrant/ resident

* paperless immigrant

* immigrant "without immigration status"

The Earth Organization is registered as an independent non-profit organization in South Africa, with branches in the USA, France, Canada, Hungary and Slovakia.

"Illegal alien" is the official term used in legislation and by the border patrol for a person who has entered the country illegally or is residing in the United States illegally after entering legally (for example, using a tourist visa and remaining after the visa expires).

==External links==

"Undocumented worker" is often used by supporters to refer to all undocumented individuals, including children and those who do not work, arguing that it is offensive to describe any human as illegal, whether or not their behavior is illegal. [[George Lakoff]], a [[University of California, Berkeley|University of California]] linguist and [[progressive]] strategist, has argued that "the terms 'aliens' and 'illegals' provoke fear, loathing and dread" and should thus be avoided<ref>{{cite news | author = Cindy Rodriguez | url = http://www.denverpost.com/rodriguez/ci_3668842| title = "Illegal" as a noun breaks law of reason | publisher = Denver Post| date = 04/04/04}}</ref>

*[http://www.earthorganization.org Official Website]

*[http://www.earthorganization.org/WhoWeAre.aspx?CatID=1 The Earth Organization Scientific Advisory Board]

*[http://www.lawrenceanthony.co.za Founder of The Earth Organization]

[[category:animal charities]]

The National Association of Hispanic Journalists recommends "undocumented immigrant"<ref>{{cite news | url = http://nahj.org/nahjnews/articles/2006/March/immigrationcoverage.shtml | title = NAHJ Urges News Media to Stop Using Dehumanizing Terms When Covering Immigration}}</ref>.

[[category:Environmental organizations based in South Africa]]

[[Victor Davis Hanson]], [[neo-conservative]] [[historian]] and author of "Mexifornia: A State of Becoming" has argued that "undocumented worker" is a euphemism or [[politically correct]] term for "illegal alien." He states: "'undocumented worker,' for example, is the politically correct synonym for ‘illegal alien.’

<ref>{{cite news

| author = Victor Davis Hanson

|url =http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2006/04/illeagal_immigration_and_the_e.html

| title = Illegal Immigration and the English Language

| publisher = Real Clear Politics

| date = 04/13/06

}}</ref>. David Ray, of the [[Federation for American Immigration Reform]] (FAIR) a proponent of [[immigration reduction]], has also criticized the use of the phrase “undocumented immigrant”. He states: “referring to an illegal alien as an ‘undocumented immigrant’ is "like calling a bank robbery an 'unauthorized withdrawal.'" <ref>{{cite news | author = David Limbaugh | url = http://www.jewishworldreview.com/david/limbaugh101402.asp | title = How can we pretend to be serious about protecting our borders when prominent politicians so casually dismiss illegal activity? | publisher = Jewish World Review | date = 10/14/02}}</ref>

==Causes==

Many illegal immigrants seek higher wages and standards of living than available to them in their country of origin. Another driver of illegal immigration is an attempt to escape civil [[war]], [[Political repression|repression]], [[military]] servitude (such as [[conscription]] or [[national service]]), or [[sexism]] in their native country. Yet another reason, especially in the United States, is for the purpose of setting up illegal drug networks, which are necessary for the smuggling and distribution of illegal drugs. Some undocumented immigrants seek to live with loved ones, such as a spouse or other family members.

==Methods==

:''For a US perspective on this subject please refer to: [[Illegal immigration to the United States]]''

Some illegal immigrants enter a country legally and then overstay or violate their [[Visa (document)|visa]], while others follow underground routes, such as illegally crossing a border without being inspected by an immigration officer at a Port of Entry (POE), with or without a valid passport and visa. [http://www.workpermit.com/news/2005_10_24/us/immigrants_overstay_visas_us.htm]

Most of the estimated 200,000 illegal immigrants in [[Canada]] are refugee claimants whose refugee applications were rejected but who have not yet been ejected from the country.<ref>{{cite news | author = Marina Jimenez | url = http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/Page/document/v4/sub/MarketingPage?user_URL=http://www.theglobeandmail.com%2Fservlet%2Fstory%2FLAC.20031115.UILLE15%2FTPStory%2F%3Fquery%3DCanada%2527s%2Bunderground%2Beconomy%2B&ord=1155738419213&brand=theglobeandmail&force_login=true| title = 200,000 illegal immigrants toiling in Canada's underground economy | publisher = Globe and Mail| date = 11/15/03}}</ref>

The other way of becoming an illegal immigrant is through bureaucratic means. For example, a person can be allowed to remain in a country - or be protected from expulsion - because he/she needs special treatment for a medical condition, etc., without being able to regularize his/her situation and obtain a work and/or residency permit, let alone [[naturalization]]. Hence, categories of people being neither illegal immigrants nor legal citizens are created, living in a judicial "no man's land". Another example is formed by children of foreigners born in countries observing ''[[jus soli]]'' ("right of territory"), such as [[France]]. In that country, one may obtain French nationality if he was born in France - but, due to recent legislative changes, it is only granted at the age of eighteen, and only upon request. Some who, for one reason or another, haven't asked for it, suddenly become illegal aliens on their eighteenth birthday, making them eligible for expulsion by police forces. {{citation needed}}

Immigrants from nations that do not have an automatic visa agreements, or who would not otherwise qualify for a visa, often cross the borders illegally. [http://www.vdare.com/misc/custred_alien_crossings.htm] In some areas like the [[U.S.-Mexico border]], the [[Strait of Gibraltar]], [[Fuerteventura]] and the [[Strait of Otranto]]. Because these methods must be extralegal, they are often dangerous. Would-be immigrants suffocate in [[shipping containers]], [[boxcars]], and trucks, sink in [[shipwrecks|unseaworthy vessels]], die of [[dehydration]] or [[exposure]] during long walks without water. Sometimes immigrants are abandoned by their human traffickers if there are difficulties, often dying in the process. [[Citation needed.]] Others may be victims of intentional killing. The official estimate, for example across the US-Mexican border, is that between [[1998]] and [[2004]] there were [[Immigrant deaths along the U.S.-Mexico border|1,954 people who died in illegal crossings]]. These smugglers often charge a hefty fee, and have been known to abuse or even kill [http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/mexico/tijuana/20060723-9999-1m23killed.html] their customers in attempts to have the debt repaid.

The [[Snakehead (gang)|Snakeheads]] gang of [[Fujian]], [[China]], has been smuggling laborers into [[Pacific Rim]] nations for over a century, making Chinatowns frequent centers of illegal immigration.[http://www.geocities.com/humanperil/FUZHOU.html]

[[Trafficking in human beings|Smuggling of people]] may also be involuntary on the immigrant's part. Following the close of the legal international [[slave trade]] by the [[Europe]]an nations and the United States in the early [[19th century]], the illegal importation of [[slave]]s into America has continued, albeit at much reduced levels. The so-called "[[white slave trade]]" referred to the smuggling of women, almost always under duress or fraud, for the purposes of forced prostitution. Now more generically called "[[sexual slavery]]" it continues to be a problem, particularly in Europe and the [[Middle East]], though there have been increasing cases in the U.S.[http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/708266/posts][http://www.walnet.org/csis/papers/doezema-loose.html#moralpanics] People may also be kidnapped or tricked into slavery to work as laborers, for example in factories. Those trafficked in this manner often face additional barriers to escaping slavery, since their status as illegal immigrants makes it difficult for them to gain access to help or services. For example [[Burma|Burmese]] women trafficked into Thailand and forced to work in factories or as prostitutes may not speak the language and may be vulnerable to abuse by police due to their illegal immigrant status.<ref>{{cite book

| last = Bales

| first = Kevin

| authorlink = Kevin Bales

| title = Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy

| publisher = University of California Press

| date = 1999

| id = ISBN 0520224639 }}</ref>

==Classification==

Immigrants are often divided into [[political migrant]]s - i.e. [[refugees]] - and [[economic migrant]]s. Those who migrate for personal reasons are generally classed as economic migrants, even if living in the new country greatly reduces their earning potential. Immigrants that may be legal and illegal from both divisions. Some political migrants are offered [[political asylum]] as a legal form of migration.

==Legal and political status==

{{unreferenced|date=October 2006}}

:''See also: [[Illegal immigration to the United States]], [[Immigration to the United States]], [[Australian immigration]], [[Immigration to the United Kingdom]], [[Illegal immigrants in Malaysia]]''.

Many countries have had or currently have laws restricting immigration for economic or [[nationalism|nationalistic]] political reasons. Whether a person is permitted to stay in a country legally may be decided by [[quota]]s or point systems or may be based on considerations such as family ties (marriage, elderly mother, etc.). Exceptions relative to political refugees or to sick people are also common. Immigrants who do not participate in these legal proceedings or who are denied permission under them and still enter or stay in the country are considered illegal immigrants.[http://149.101.23.2/graphics/publicaffairs/factsheets/948.htm]

Most countries have laws requiring workers to have proper documentation, often intended to prevent or minimize the employment of unauthorized immigrants. However the penalties against employers are often small and the acceptable identification requirements vague and ill-defined as well as being seldom checked or enforced, making it easy for employers to hire unauthorized labor. Unauthorized immigrants are especially popular with many employers because they can pay less than the legal [[minimum wage]] or have unsafe working conditions, secure in the knowledge that few unauthorized workers will report the abuse to the authorities. Often the minimum wages in one country can be several times the prevailing wage in the unauthorized immigrant's country, making even these jobs attractive to the unauthorized worker. However, most unauthorized workers are paid well above minimum wage[http://www.kvoa.com/Global/story.asp?S=5138629]

In response to the outcry following popular knowledge of [[the Holocaust]], the newly-established [[United Nations]] held an international conference on [[refugees]], where it was decided that refugees (legally defined to be people who are persecuted in their original country and then enter another country seeking safety) should be exempted from immigration laws. [http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/o_c_ref.htm] It is, however, up to the countries involved to decide if a particular immigrant is a refugee or not, and hence whether they are subject to the immigration controls.

The right to [[freedom of movement]] of an individual within National borders is often contained within the [[constitution]] or in a country's [[human rights]] legislation but these rights are restricted to [[citizen]]s and exclude all others. Some argue that the freedom of movement both within and between countries is a basic human right and that [[nationalism]] and immigration policies of state governments violate this human right that those same governments recognise within their own borders. According to the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], fundamental human rights are violated when citizens are forbidden to leave their country. (Article 13). This, however, only assists immigrants with the first part of their immigration process and does not assist with the second, finding a new home.

Since immigrants without proper legal status have no valid identification documents such as [[identity card]]s, they may have reduced or no access to [[public health]] systems, proper housing, [[education]] and [[bank]]s. This lack of access may result in the creation or expansion of an illegal underground forgery to provide this documentation.[http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/viewArticle.asp?articleID=9736]

Occasionally, authorities issue amnesties (often called regularization, "earned" legalization or guest worker programs).

When the authorities are overwhelmed in their efforts to stop illegal immigration, they have historically provided [[amnesty]]. Amnesties, which are becoming less tolerated by the citizenry, [http://www.tscl.org/NewContent/102756.asp] waive the "subject to deportation" clause associated with illegal aliens.

==Controversy==

Critics of the "illegal immigrant" status, such as [[Saskia Sassen]] in ''The Global City'' (1991, revised 2001), have contended that the artificial creation of legal aliens was necessary to ensure the reduction of production costs and low-wages policies demanded by the "new economics". Others, such as [[Giorgio Agamben]]{{citation needed}}, have pointed out the similarity between an illegal alien, an "[[enemy combatant]]" and a ''[[Homo Sacer]]'', a figure of Roman law deprived of any [[civil rights]].

Advocates of stronger restrictions on illegal immigration believe it is a given right of citizens to defend and maintain their traditional culture and standard of living without allowing unrestricted illegal immigration. They argue that illegal immigrants often do not behave on nationalistic interest, saying that their determination to migrate was not driven (or was driven to a lesser extent) by their willingness to abandon their native countries and make the receiving country, with its laws, customs, culture, and socio-political structures, their new homeland. Rather, they argue that many move in search of a higher level of subsistence for themselves and their families, often without feeling any obligation to assimilate or desire to renounce allegiances to their countries of origin and their governments. Those in favor of further restricting illegal immigration say that some show great patriotism for countries to which they would loath to return. {{citation needed}}

Many members of the public react negatively to the presence of unauthorized immigrants, who allegedly take desired jobs, crowd their streets, markets, schools, prisons and emergency rooms. However, allegations that the presence of unauthorized immigrants means increased costs and increased [[crime rate|rates of crime]] and [[unemployment]] with few compensating benefits are conversely attacked by unauthorized immigrant advocates as "[[anti-immigrant]]" or "[[xenophobia|xenophobic]]." {{citation needed}} Studies of Mexican immigrants to the United States have suggested that unauthorized immigration may in fact be associated with decreased crime.<ref>{{cite news | first=Robert | last=Sampson | title="Open Doors Don't Invite Criminals" | url=http://www.marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2006/03/does_mexican_im.html | work=New York Times (Op-Ed) | date=[[March 11]] [[2006]]}}</ref>

==European Union==

{{unreferenced|date=October 2006}}

Restricting immigration in the [[European Union]] has often been driven by the fear the immigrants will bring alien political values that will disrupt or dilute European values, by [[nativism]] or general fear of strangers, by fear of wage and benefit reduction, by concerns of adverse impact on [[public services]], or by security interests regarding criminals or [[terrorism|terrorists]]. {citation needed}

A major issue is illegal immigration from [[Africa]] across the [[Mediterranean Sea]], especially via the [[Strait of Gibraltar]], where thousands of people die every year in attempts to reach Europe. {{citation needed}} There have been suggestions about establishing immigrant centres in [[Morocco]], or elsewhere in northern Africa, to give information and protect the people risking their lives to reach Europe. {citation needed}}

Southern [[Spain]] is a major region of entry for illegal immigrants. It is estimated that about a million illegal immigrants from Africa live and work illegally in this area{{fact}}.

The European Union is developing a common system for immigration and asylum and a single external border control strategy.

In [[France]], helping an illegal immigrant (providing shelter, for example) is prohibited by a law passed on December 27, 1994 under the [[cohabitation (government)|cohabitation]] between socialist President [[François Mitterrand]] and right-wing Premier ministre [[Edouard Balladur]] [http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/1995/06/ROCHU/1546]. The law was heavily criticized by [[non-governmental organization]]s (NGOs) such as the [[CIMADE]] or the [[GISTI]], left-wing political parties such as the [[Greens (France)|Greens]] or the [[French Communist Party]], and [[trade-union]]s such as the magistrates' ''[[Syndicat de la magistrature]]'', who alleged that this brought France to the dark periods of [[Vichy France]] during [[World War II]]. {citation needed}}

In [[October 2005]], dozens of Subsaharian immigrants died trying to bypass the Spanish enclaves of [[Melilla border fence|Melilla]] and [[Ceuta border fence|Ceuta]]. Morocco's authorities decided to expel all of them, leaving hundreds stranded in the desert near [[Oujda]] (border with a zone of [[Algeria]] loaded with [[landmines]]) and south of Morocco, without water or food. This raised a public uproar in Europe, although Morocco legitimately pledged that Europe's 1985 [[Schengen Agreement]] compelled it to provide Morocco with funding to cope with the immigration influx. {{citation needed}}

Once in July [[2004]] and a second time in May [[2006]], [[Hellenic Coast Guard]] ships were caught on film cruising as near as a few hundred meters off the Turkish coast and abandoning clandestine immigrants to the sea. This practice resulted in the drowning of six people between [[Chios]] and [[Karaburun]] on [[26 September]] [[2006]] while three others disappeared and 31 could be saved by Turkish gendarmes and fishermen <ref> [http://deletetheborder.org/aggregator/sources/10 Delete the Border] quoting [[Khaleej Times]];

[http://www.adnki.com/index_2Level_English.php?cat=Security&loid=8.0.344294326&par=0 ADN Kronos] Survivors of the immigrant boat tragedy accuse Greeks (in [[English language|English]]) - [http://hurarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/goster/haber.aspx?id=5115588&tarih=2006-09-20]

[http://proje.hurriyet.com.tr/msnnews/?path=/gundem/5152587.asp&y=41] [http://proje.hurriyet.com.tr/msnnews/?path=/gundem/5155756.asp&y=41]. The newspaper [[Hürriyet]] (in [[Turkish language|Turkish]]). Three of the drowned were [[Tunisian people|Tunisians]], one was [[Algerian]], one [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] and the other [[Iraqi people|Iraqi]]. The three disappeared were also Tunisians. </ref>, the whole series of incidents added further strains on [[Greco-Turkish relations]]. {{citation needed}}

==United States==

{{Main|Illegal immigration to the United States}}

Illegal immigration has been a longstanding issue in the United States, creating immense controversy.

The [[Pew Hispanic Center]] state that 57% of illegal aliens are of Mexican origin and about 75% are of Latin American origin [http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/46.pdf]. They also report that while the number of legal immigrants (including LPRs, refugees, and asylees) arriving has not varied substantially since the 1980s, the number of illegal aliens has increased dramatically and, since the mid 1990s, has surpassed the number of legal immigrants.[http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/46.pdf]

Research by the [[National Science Foundation]] advances the position that the costs of social services for illegal aliens are greater than the taxes they pay, while some advocates claim they pay enough to cover these costs.

Some economists have argued that whether the impact on the US economy has been good or bad depends on which section of the US population you are concerned about the most. The cost of labor has cheapened and this has benefited business owners, but had a detrimental effect on American poor.[http://ksghome.harvard.edu/%7EGBorjas/Papers/w11281.pdf][http://ksghome.harvard.edu/~GBorjas/Papers/NYT071800.htm][http://www.nber.org/papers/w12518]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://ksghome.harvard.edu/~GBorjas/Papers/NYT121097.htm | title=Findings we never found | author= George J. Borjas and Richard B. Freeman | date=December 10, 1997 | publisher=The New York Times | accessdate=2006-11-04 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url= http://economistsview.typepad.com/economistsview/unemployment/index.html | title= Econoblog: The Costs and Benefits of Immigration| author=Philip Martin | date= June 25, 2006| publisher= Wall Street Journal Online Econoblog | accessdate=2006-11-04 }}</ref>

According to a news article written by Olga R. Rodriguez which appeared in 'The New Mexican' dated November 6, 2005, a ranking Drug Enforcement Administration official testified before a Congressional panel that Mexican traffickers supplied 77% of the cocaine, 53% of the methamphetamine and approximately 50% of the heroin that enters the U.S. Another growing issue is gangs which are made of and support illegal aliens such as [[Mara Salvatrucha 13]]. According to a Maldon Institute report, MS 13 “appears to be in control of much of the Mexican border and, in addition to its smuggling and contraband rackets, the gang collects money from illegal immigrants that it helps [move] across the border into the United States.”[http://www.policemag.com/t_cipick.cfm?rank=90876] Its members have committed murders, severing limbs, assault, robbery, and rape[http://www.policemag.com/t_cipick.cfm?rank=90876] and are protected by international law with El Salvadore[http://www.policemag.com/t_cipick.cfm?rank=90876].

Issues related to illegal immigration to the US include research that such immigration has hidden medical consequences, such as the importation of diseases (such as [[polio]], [[plague]], [[dengue fever]], drug-resistant [[tuberculosis]], the [[chagas|chagas disease]], and others), which some sources describe as serious. [http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=43275]

==Mexico==

[[Mexico]] has very strict immigration laws pertaining to both illegal and legal immigrants.[http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/viewArticle.asp?articleID=5240] The Mexican constitution restricts non-citizens or foreign-born persons from participating in politics, holding office, acting as members of the clergy, or serving on the crews of Mexican-flagged ships or airplanes. Certain legal rights are waived in the case of foreigners, such as the right to a deportation hearing or other legal motions. In cases of [[flagrante delicto]], any person may make a citizen's arrest on the offender and any accomplices, turning them over without delay to the nearest authorities.

In the first eight months of 2005 alone, more than 120,000 people from [[Central America]] have been deported to their countries of origin. This is a significantly higher percentage than in 2002, when for the entire year, only 130,000 people were deported [http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2005/08/24/018n3pol.php]. Another important group of people are those of Chinese origin, who pay about $5,500 to smugglers to be taken to Mexico from [[Hong Kong]]. It is estimated that 2.4% of rejections for work permits in Mexico correspond to Chinese citizens [http://www.cimacnoticias.com/noticias/01dic/01122403.html]. Many women from [[Eastern Europe]], [[Asia]], the United States, and [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]] are also offered jobs at [[table dance]] establishments in large cities throughout the country causing the [[National Institute of Migration]] (INM) in Mexico to raid [[strip clubs]] and deport foreigners who work without the proper documentation [http://www.tvazteca.com/hechos/archivos2/2004/10/102327.shtml]. After the [[Argentina|Argentine]] economic crisis of [[2001]] many Argentines have chosen to immigrate to Mexico either temporarily or permanently{{fact}}. Many of these are currently working in the country with the proper documentation, including some who work also in [http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2005/10/28/048n5est.php table dance] establishments. In 2004, the INM deported 188,000 people at a cost of [[US dollar|$]]10 million [http://www.migracion.gob.mx/paginas/entrevistas/entrevista10feb2004.htm].

While maintaining its own agressive stance on immigration Mexico condemns the United States for its efforts at building a fence to stem the flow of illegal immigrants from Mexico. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6090060.stm]

==See also==

*[[Immigration to the United States]]

*[[H.R. 4437]]

*[[S. 2611]]

*[[Illegal emigration]]

*[[2006 U.S. immigration reform protests]]

*[[United States immigration debate]]

*[[Ranch Rescue]], a U.S. [[Militia Movement|private militia]] outfit.

*[[Alien (law)]]

*[[Elvira Arellano]]

*The [[John and Ken]] Show

==References==

<references />

===Further reading===

* Barkan, Elliott R. "Return of the Nativists? California Public Opinion and Immigration in the 1980s and 1990s." ''Social Science History'' 2003 27(2): 229-283. in Project Muse

* Vanessa B. Beasley, ed. ''Who Belongs in America?: Presidents, Rhetoric, And Immigration'' (2006)

* Borjas, G.J. "The economics of immigration," ''Journal of Economic Literature'', v 32 (1994), pp. 1667-717

* Cull, Nicholas J. and Carrasco, Davíd, ed. ''Alambrista and the US-Mexico Border: Film, Music, and Stories of Undocumented Immigrants'' U. of New Mexico Press, 2004. 225 pp.

* Thomas J. Espenshade; "Unauthorized Immigration to the United States" ''Annual Review of Sociology''. Volume: 21. 1995. pp 195+.

* Flores, William V. "New Citizens, New Rights: Undocumented Immigrants and Latino Cultural Citizenship" ''Latin American Perspectives'' 2003 30(2): 87-100

* Nicholas Laham; ''Ronald Reagan and the Politics of Immigration Reform'' Praeger Publishers. 2000.

* Lisa Magaña, ''Straddling the Border: Immigration Policy and the INS'' (2003)

* Mohl, Raymond A. "Latinization in the Heart of Dixie: Hispanics in Late-twentieth-century Alabama" ''Alabama Review'' 2002 55(4): 243-274. ISSN 0002-4341

* Ngai, Mae M. ''Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America'' (2004),

* Ngai, Mae M. "The Strange Career of the Illegal Alien: Immigration Restriction and Deportation Policy in the United States, 1921-1965" ''Law and History Review'' 2003 21(1): 69-107. ISSN 0738-2480 Fulltext in History Cooperative

* Mireille Rosello; "Representing Illegal Immigrants in France: From Clandestins to L'affaire Des Sans-Papiers De Saint-Bernard" ''Journal of European Studies'', Vol. 28, 1998

* Tranaes, T. and Zimmermann, K.F. (eds), ''Migrants, Work, and the Welfare State'', Odense, University Press of Southern Denmark, (2004)

* Venturini, A. ''Post-War Migration in Southern Europe. An Economic Approach'' Cambridge University Press (2004)

* Zimmermann, K.F. (ed.), ''European Migration: What Do We Know?'' Oxford University Press, (2005)

[[Category:Human migration]]

[[Category:Crimes]]

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[[es:Inmigración ilegal]]

[[fr:Immigration illégale]]

[[ja:不法滞在]]

[[fi:Laiton siirtolaisuus]]

[[zh:非法移民]]